Chapter 6 Notes Page 1 Updated 12/9/2012

Chapter 6: Moles, Molar Mass, Percent Composition and

Formulas
6.1 Atoms and Moles
1) Avogadros Number
a) Memorize: 6.022 x 10
23

b) Avogadro discovered that there are 6.022 x 10
23
atoms
in 1 gram of hydrogen.

2) Be able to explain and use the concept of the mole
a) Avogadro called his number a mole of matter.
b) The word mole is just like the word dozen. Dozen means 12. You can have
a dozen of anything. You can also have a mole of anything.

3) How big is a mole?
a) Here it is written out: 602,200,000,000,000,000,000,000
b) Thats 602 billion groups of a trillion!
c) Lets just do an example with paper clips.
d) If you have a mole of paper clips and made them into a chain, how many times
could you go to the moon and back with your chain? (You dont need to do this)

4) Convert moles to # of atoms
a) How many atoms are in 3.2 mol potassium (K)?
b) Remember: 1 mol = 6.02 x 10
23
atoms
c) This can be written as a conversion factor:



5) How do we use the Mole in chemistry?
a) The atomic mass of an element is the grams of 1 mole of that atom
b) Why do chemists use moles?
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mol 1
10 6.02
23
atoms
( ) K of atoms 9.264 1
mol 1
10 6.02
K mol 2 . 3
23
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Chapter 6 Notes Page 2 Updated 12/9/2012
i) Its fun.
ii) Its impossible to count atoms with your hands.
iii) Numbers of moles are smaller and easier to do math with than big numbers of
atoms and molecules.
6) Convert moles of an atom to grams
a) I need 2.0 moles of copper (Cu) for an experiment. How many grams is that?
b) Atomic mass of Cu = 63.55 g/mol (round to 2 decimals)
c) mol is the abbreviation of Mole I know its only one letter different
chemists!!!




7) Converting grams to moles
a) I have 302 grams of silver (Ag). How many atoms of silver do I have?
b) Step 1: Atomic weight of Ag = 107.8682 g/mol
c) Step 2: Calculate





6.2 Molar Mass and Percent Composition
1) Atomic Mass = mass of one mole of an atom
2) Molar Mass= mass of one mole of a substance
3) Calculate Molar Mass
a) Example: Calculate the Molecular Weight (MW) of RbI
2

Step 1: Assume you have 1 mole of this molecule and determine how much each element
weighs from the periodic table.
Rb is atomic # 37. How much does each mole of Rb weigh?
85.47 grams/mol Rb
( )
) figs! sig (2 Cu 130g
127.01g
mol 1
g 55 . 63
Cu mol 0 . 2
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( )
figs) sig (3 mol 2.80
mol 2.79966
g 107.87
mol 1
Ag g 302
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Chapter 6 Notes Page 3 Updated 12/9/2012
I is atomic # 53. How much does it weigh?
126.90 g/mol I
Step 2: Determine how many of each element you have
Look at the formula: RbI
2

We have 1 Rb atom and 2 I atoms

Step 3: Add all the masses together
You will need to show this work:





Because the units are the same we can add these two numbers together, so
253.80 g/mol + 85.47 g/mol = 339.27 g/mol
339.27 g/mol is the molar mass
4) Converting from moles of a compound to grams
a) Example: I need 3.00 mol NaCl for an experiment. How many grams is that?
Step 1: Find the molar mass
Molar mass = 22.09g/mol + 35.45g/mol
= 57.54 g/mol
Step 2: Use the molar mass like a conversion factor.





5) Converting from grams of a compound to moles
a) Example: How many moles are in 10.0 g of Na
2
SO
4
?
Step 1: Find the molar mass.
Molar mass = 142.1 g/mol
g/mol 253.80 I) (2 g/mol) 90 . 126 (
g/mol 85.47 Rb) 1 ( Rb) g/mol 47 . 85 (
=
=
plus
( )
NaCl 173g
g 62 . 172
mol 1
g 54 . 57
mol 00 . 3
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Chapter 6 Notes Page 4 Updated 12/9/2012
Step 2: Use the molar mass like a conversion factor. You need grams on the
bottom of the fraction.




6) Calculate percent composition
a) Just like any other %



b) Stuff = grams of elements
7) Calculate percent composition
a) Ex: calculate % of Cu and S in Cu
2
S
Stuff = grams Cu
(63.55 g/mol Cu)(2 mol Cu) = 127.1g Cu
Total stuff = grams Cu + grams S
= 127.1 g + 32.07 g = 159.17 g = 159.2 g




6.3 Formulas of Compounds
1) Identify an empirical formula and a molecular formula
a) Empirical formula simplest ratio of atoms of each element in a compound
(whole numbers only)!!
b) Molecular formula actual # of atoms of each element in a compound
n Compositio Percent 100 x
stuff total
stuff
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% 84 . 79 100 x
g 159.2
g 127.1
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2
2 4
1 mol
moles of Na SO = 10.0 g 7.04 10 mol
142.1 g

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Chapter 6 Notes Page 5 Updated 12/9/2012

2) Using % composition to determine a formula
a) Law of Definite Composition Any amount of a pure compound will always
have the same ratio of masses for the elements that make up that compound
b) Ex: H
2
O is always 88.9% O and 11.1% H by mass
i) Only the simplest formula (ratio) can be found in other words, you can only
find empirical formulas
c) Process is as follows:
i) Calculate % by mass of each element
ii) Determine mass of each element
1. Easy if you use 100 g of the chemical
2. Use mass to find the # of moles of each element
3. Find the smallest ratio of the atoms
4. the number of moles of each element by the element with the smallest # of moles
5. Round to the nearest whole #

d) A molecule is 75% C & 25% H. Calculate the empirical formula.
i) Using 100g total = 75g C and 25 g H
ii) Calculate moles of each =



iii) Ratio = 6.24C : 24.8H, simplify by each by 6.24 Whole number only!!



4
6.2
25
H 1
6.2
6.2
C = = = =
( ) ( ) mol 25
1.01g
mol 1
H g 25 mol 2 . 6
12.01g
mol 1
C 75g =
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Chapter 6 Notes Page 6 Updated 12/9/2012
iv) Final ratio 1C : 4H so CH
4

v) When you solve this problem, make a table AND show your work:
C H
Percent 75% 25%
100 g total 75g 25g
Moles
( ) =
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12.01g
mol 1
C 75g ( ) =
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1.01g
mol 1
H g 25
6.2 mol 25 mol
Ratio

6.2
6.2
=
6.2
25
=
1 4
Formula CH
4


3) Find the molecular formula
a) Ex: C
3
H
6
O
2
is an empirical formula for a chemical. The molar mass of the
compound is 148 g/mol.
What is the molecular formula of the compound??
i) Point: The ratio of C:H:O will always be what the empirical formula shows
b) Steps
1. Calculate the empirical formula mass
2. Calculate molar mass/empirical formula mass
3. Multiply your subscripts by that #.
4) Example:
1. Calculate the empirical formula mass:
C
3
H
6
O
2
mass = (3)(12.01) + (6)(1.01) + (2)(16.00)
= 148.09 g/mol

2. Calculate (molar mass)/(empirical formula mass). Round to a WHOLE number.


3. Multiply the subscripts of the empirical formula by that number.
i) C
3x2
H
6x2
O
2x2
= C
6
H
12
O
4

2
74
148
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