SUITABILITY OF SIDE CAVITIES & DEAD ZONE IN RIVER TO CREATE SHELTER FOR SMALL & YONG FISHES ABSTRACT

Fish are good indicators of the environmental health of rivers and their catchments as well as important conservation targets. To meet with increase populations demand humans are destruct the habitant places of small native fishes. So the native small fish extinction face in danger, & to protect our small native fish alternative habitant can create in river by installing side cavities & sudden enlarge section which can control the stream velocity of river & create safe zone for native small fishes. To ensure the habitant two studies was done, first is determination of fish size with respect to sustainable velocity & second is the velocity variation in the river side structures & finally confirm the specific area for small native fishes. 1. INTRODUCTION Freshwater species of many taxa are declining due to increased stresses placed on freshwater resources from human populations. Habitat destruction and alteration have been identified as the primary reason for the decline of myriad fish species (Matthew, 2001) and other aquatic organisms. For this reason small fish production faces a horrible danger & it also affect their extinction. To maintain ecosystem balance & protect biodiversity its important to protect these fishes by creating alternative shelter, & there is huge scope in river for alternative shelter. The main stream of a river, where the velocity is high, is not suitable for weak and small fishes. For an example: In case of natural channel if we consider Brahmaputra-Jamuna, The recorded highest peak flow of Brahmaputra-Jamuna is 98,000 cumec in 1988; the maximum velocity ranges from 3-4 m/sec with a depth of 21-22m. Flow velocity at main stream is intolerable for all small fishes, because maximum tolerable velocity of small young fishes (up to 11cm) is 60to 70 cm/sec. To solve this velocity problem low velocity area can establish by creating rectangular side cavities & dead zone beside the river. Flow velocity inside such kind of arrangement is lower than main channel. So such structures increase the biodiversity of aquatic species by creating habitat and providing shelter for them. Thats why the dead zone is a suitable shelter for them. Recent research paper shows that without exception sustainable water velocity of fishes varies linearly with respect to their body length & this study is important to indicate safe zone for various size fish shelter. So the main objective of this research paper is (i) to find out the fish body size with respect to sustainable velocity of water & (ii) analyze the suitability of dead zone creating structures to create shelter for small young fishes.

2. Background Studies In this study the flow field in two types of dead zone have been studied: one is rectangular side cavity and another one is the dead zone created at the downstream of channel with width enchroachment (i.e. sudden enlarged zone). 2.1 Rectangular Side Cavity It is an enclosed portion in a side of open channel where there is no longitudinal flow from upstream and no downstream flow from the cavity; the flow enters laterally from the main stream and there is a lateral interchange of flow between mainstream and cavity. Figure 1 shows two field photographs

of typical flow fields in a side cavity. Figure 2 shows a typical sketch of a rectangular side cavity, where the dead zone like flow is generated.
T L W s D B A B s

y x T Flow

Figure 1 : Sketch of the flow domain with rectangular side cavity (L=length of the cavity, W=width of the cavity, B= width of the main channel) (Ali et al..)

2.2 Dead Zone at the downstream of enchroached width in a open channel In Bangladesh, the typical river encroachment means the earth filling of a portion of river course along the bank and pushing of river bank towards the center of river. Downstream of the fill, it creates a sudden enlarged portion along the river side. Such sudden enlarged zone due to width enhroachment are mainly observed in small rivers running through the cities or towns. Such filling may be continuous along the stream or discontinuous. This type of encroachment causes the reduction of channel cross-section, and thus the conveyance capacity of the river. Fig. 3 shows the definition sketch of open channel with sudden enlargement.

Dead zone

Line of separation

W D/S U/S B Flow direction

Figure 2 : Definition sketch of open channel with sudden enlargement (B=Encroached width, W=Enlargement in width)

3. METHODS 3.1. Fish Collections & Experiment An apparatus was built to enable the determination of swimming speeds of small fishes. The apparatus was similar to that used by Matthews (1985) but was modified to obtain variable current' velocities. The system consists of, a submersible pump with an 18-inch riser 1.5 inches in diameter. This discharges through a diverter valve and a main flow valve. Bushings in pipe size ultimately divert flow through a three-inch clear PVC pipe. A petcock at one stage allows air to bleed from the tubing. An access plug located at the end of the clear pipe allows fish entry and exit to the system. A strainer at each end prevents fish from moving downstream or upstream out of view. Flows are diverted back into an aquarium equipped with temperature control; the same location as the water source. Fish were collected on June 1, 1992 from the upper Ouachita River at three, localities using a backpack electrofishing unit . High mortalities were encountered and fish were again collected on July 7, 1992 near Pine Ridge, Arkansas. A third collection of fishes was made on August 10, 1992. Four 20-gallon aquaria with carbon filters were used to maintain fishes in the laboratory. Individual fishes were placed into the testing apparatus; then allowed to acclimate to a low velocity. After acclimation was achieved, velocity was increased slightly. The fish was again acclimated for approximately two minutes. Eventually a point was reached at which the fish encountered some difficulty maintaining position. This point is referred to simply as "difficulty. Velocity was again increased until the fish was swept through the tube with no recovery upstream. This point was termed "cannot hold. Due to highly variable results for native fishes and high mortalities, golden shiners from the University of Arkansas at Pine Bluff's experimental fish hatchery were also tested. These fish cultured in ponds at that facility. After a three day acclimation period, these fish were used to determine swimming speeds. Fish were collected by seining and tested before any disease incident occurred. 3.1.1. Water velocity measurement Flow through the clear pipe was determined by allowing the pump to run at a particular setting for a known period of time. Water volume per unit time was divided by area of the pipe cross section to obtain velocity. The process was repeated five times at five settings. With settings regressed against velocities one could enter the setting from the valve handle guide into the regression equation to obtain velocity at any desired time, Velocities produced by the apparatus ranged from 11.124 cm/sec to 72.890 cm/sec. 3.2 Velocity Measurement in Side Cavities & Dead zone Simulated velocity field in open channel with dead zone is considered here as possible shelter of young and small fishes.

4. RESULT & DISCUSSION Swimming speeds were obtained for several species of fishes comprised of 89 individuals (Table 1). Correlations between fish length and difficulty or cannot hold velocities were low for all species. High mortality and injury of specimens collected in the initial sampling effort were noted. These

fish had been collected by electrofishing. Fish from the second collection were taken by either kickseining or electrofishing with a very brief exposure to electricity. Injury appeared less prevalent however an outbreak of a bacterial disease, Columnaris, occurred in the laboratory. Fish were treated with a faint solution of potassium permanganate and appeared to recover. The third collection of fishes was subjected to levels of high chlorine being passed through the city's water supply. Filters were ineffective in removing the chlorine and some mortality occurred. Means of "difficulty and "cannot hold velocities for fish length groups by species were plotted (Figures 3). Neither the orangebelly darter, greenside darter, nor redfin darter showed a relation between velocities and length. Body form of these fishes may be as important as size in determining critical current speeds (Matthews 1985). Additionally we were working with small fishes and had few specimens which would be considered large adults. This size restriction may have hampered our success in determining fish length-water velocity relations.
70 Water velocity (cm/sec) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 Difficulty 5 10 Length (cm/sec) 15 Water velocity (cm/sec) 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 5

y = 5.7716x

y = 6.3977x

Can not hold 10 15

Length (cm/sec)

Figure 4: Mean water velocities where the experimented fishes shows difficulty to stay with respect to their body size

Golden shiners collected from the Ouachita River ranged from 50-110 mm in length (Table I)-. Difficulty and cannot hold velocities ranged between 40 and 50 cm/sec and 50 and 60 cm/sec, respectively, regardless of length (Figure 3d). These golden shiners had all been collected by electrofishing. (Fig:6) shows the time averaged profile of stream-wise velocity (u) along the transverse crosssection at centerline of dead zone (the section is shown in Fig. 2 as T-T). The comparison of simulated result with experiment shows good agreement. So small weak fishes whose cannot hold up in main stream of river can stay at the midpoint of the side cavities & low velocity portion of the dead zone. Such as some Etheostoma blennoides & its family species of 3to4.5 cm length cannot hold on velocity 25to 35cm/sec so these fishes cannot hold on main stream where velocities are 40cm/sec. So for safe possible habitable place these fishes search for low velocity area where velocity is below 35cm/sec & where cultured golden shiners 4cm fishes cant 30cm/sec & when its 11cm it can sustain maximum 60 to 62cm/sec velocity water.

0.4 0.3

Exp. (Kimura & Hosoda, 1997) Calculation

U (m/sec) .

0.2 0.1 0.0 -0.1 -0.2 -0.10 -0.05 0.00 0.05 y (m) 0.10 0.15

Figure 5: the time averaged profile of stream-wise velocity (u) along the transverse cross-section at centerline of dead zone & Instantaneous velocity vectors in side cavities (Circular mark shows the safe shelter for small fishes)

Reference Vectors

0.2 0.1 0 0

0 0.29

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.2

Figure 6: Instantaneous velocity vectors in dead zone (Triangular mark shows the safe shelter for small fishes) In figure (fig 5 & 6) graphical representation shows that the velocities reduced at Y direction, i.e. in the main stream of river have high velocities & there have an imaginary zone in side cavities where velocity decreased to zero. From figure 6 this imaginary point may be at the mid & corner of the side cavities. In figure 8 it represents also the same criteria as side cavities. Time average profile of stream flow velocity doesnt represent the direct natural channel velocity but its a laboratory experimental data presentation. In natural channel the flow velocity is more than the laboratory flume velocity. 4. CONCLUSION Fishes uses in this experimental project are collected from Ouachita River of Arkanas, USA. These data provide evidence that golden shiners collected by electrofishing exhibit poorer swimming performance than those collected by seining especially for larger individuals tested (Figures 4 and 5). High mortalities of electroshocked fish also give rise to concern over the practice of electroshocking fishes in areas of unique faunal composition or areas that contain threatened, endangered, or rare fishes. o The result shows that sustainable velocity of fishes depends on their body size & the study of some American fishes shows the relation , Sustainable velocity of fish = 5.77* Body size of fish.

o Small & young fishes cannot sustain in high velocity of main stream of a river o Simulated flow field of dead zone created in Side Cavity & Sudden enlarged zone in a laboratory channel showed that such zone can create low velocity region. o Such dead zone creating structure can be used for restoration of fish habitant by providing shelter for small & young fishes. The flow fields in an open channel with two types of dead zone have been investigated by threedimensional unsteady RANS computations: one is rectangular side cavity and another one is the dead zone created at the downstream of channel with width encroachment (i.e. sudden enlarged zone). The time averaged flow properties and temporal change of velocity profiles are well compared with previous experimental results. REFERENCES Ali M. S. et al. (2011). Numerical simulation of dead zone flows in an open channel with a side cavity and sudden enlargement.JCE (IEB), December,2011 Layher W.G. (1993). Determining swimming speeds for darters of the Genera etheostoma and Twocyprinid fishes. PhD. Thesis, University of Arkansas at pine Bluff, U.S.A Schiemer F., Keckeis h., Kamler E. (2002). The early life history stages of riverine fish: ecophysiological and environmental bottlenecks. CBP, Poland