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SHORT ANSWER
According to scribes, when Alexander entered Babylon, a number of (1)____________________ fell dead at
his feet. Soon after, Alexander developed severe pain, chills, weakness, delirium, and paralysis from
which he died. Modern infectious disease experts have looked at those writings and concluded that
Alexander died of (2)____________________ encephalitis, which is caused by a(n)
(3)____________________ that was common in the Middle East. This virus was first reported in New
York City in the year (4)____________________ and has rapidly spread. The virus is transmitted by
(5)____________________ and not by contact with infected people. Many species of
(6)____________________, (7)____________________, and reptiles can become infected with this
virus.
ANS:
1. ravens
2. West Nile
3. flavivirus
4. 1999
5. mosquitoes
6. birds (mammals)
7. mammals (birds)
2. Choose from the lettered terms; write the letter in the blank next to the best description.
a. chemoautotrophic bacteria
b. chemoheterotrophic bacteria
c. photoautotrophic bacteria
d. photoheterotrophic bacteria
1. ______ Use CO2 from the environment as the usual source of carbon atoms and use
electrons, hydrogen, and energy released from chemical reactions to assemble
chains of carbon (food storage)
2. ______ Use CO2 and H2O from the environment as sources of carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen atoms and use sunlight to power the assembly of food storage molecules
3. ______ Cannot use CO2 from the environment to construct own carbon chains; instead
obtain nutrients from the products, wastes, or remains of other organisms; can
break down glucose to pyruvate and follow it with fermentation of some sort
4. ______ Cannot use CO2 from the environment to construct own cellular molecules but can
absorb sunlight and transfer some of that energy to the bonds of ATP; must obtain
food molecules (carbon chains) produced by other organisms to construct their
own molecules
ANS:
1. A
1
2. C
3. B
4. D
3. Bacteria are microscopic, (1)____________________ cells having one bacterial chromosome and,
often, a number of smaller (2)____________________. The cells of nearly all bacterial species have
a(n) (3)____________________ around the plasma membrane, and a(n) (4)____________________
or slime layer surrounding that. Typically, the width or length of these cells falls between 1 and 10 (5)
(choose one) millimeters nanometers centimeters micrometers. Most bacteria reproduce by
(6)____________________. Spherical bacteria are (7)____________________, rod-shaped bacteria
are (8)____________________, and helical bacteria are (9)____________________. Gram-
(10)____________________ bacteria retain the purple stain when washed with alcohol.
ANS:
1. prokaryotic
2. plasmids
3. cell wall
4. capsule (glycocalyx)
5. micrometers
6. prokaryotic fission
7. cocci
8. bacilli
9. spirilla
10. positive
(13)____________________ are different from the Bacteria. Although prokaryotic, they make
(14)____________________ proteins like eukaryotes and, also like eukaryotes, initiate protein
synthesis with (15)____________________ instead of the formylmethionine used by Bacteria. Many
(16)____________________, which live in highly salty environments, use the unique photopigment
(17)____________________ in their photosynthesis. Some chemoautotrophic
(18)____________________ live near deep ocean vents and are the base of vent food webs.
(19)____________________ are symbiotic in the guts of cows and termites.
ANS:
2
1. Cyanobacteria
2. oxygen
3. heterocysts
4. nitrogen
5. Rhizobium
6. Chlamydia
7. ATP
8. Lactobacilli
9. endospores
10. anthrax
11. Clostridium botulinum
12. collective
13. Archaeans
14. histone
15. methionine
16. extreme halophiles
17. bacteriorhodopsin
18. extreme thermophiles
19. Methanogens
5. Match each of the numbered items with a lowercase letter designating its principal bacterial group and
an uppercase letter denoting its best descriptor.
a. Archaea
b. chemoheterotrophic Bacteria
c. photoautotrophic Bacteria
A. Live in anaerobic sediments of swamps and in animal gut; chemosynthetic; used in sewage
treatment facilities
B. Endospore-forming rods that live in the soil and in the animal gut; some major pathogens
C. Gram-positive nonsporulating rods that ferment plant and animal material; some are
important in dairy industry
D. In acidic soil, hot springs, hydrothermal vents on seafloor; may use sulfur as a source of
electrons for ATP formation
E. Live in extremely salty water; have a unique form of photosynthesis
F. Gram-negative aerobic rods and cocci that live in soil or aquatic habitats or are parasites of
animals and/or plants; some fix nitrogen
G. Mostly in lakes and ponds; cyanobacteria; produce O2 using water as an electron donor
H. Helically coiled, motile parasites of animals; some are major pathogens
ANS:
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1. c, G
2. b, B
3. a, E
4. b, C
5. a, A
6. b, F
7. b, H
8. a, D
6.
a. State the principal characteristics of viruses.
ANS:
a. Consist of protein coat around nucleic acid core; require living cells to act as hosts for their
replication.
b. The core can be DNA or RNA; the coat is protein and in some viruses is surrounded by a
lipid envelope.
c. Viruses may use the lytic pathway, in which the virus quickly subdues the host cells and
replicates itself and descendants are released as the cell undergoes lysis; or they may use a
lysogenic pathway, in which viral genes are integrated into the host's chromosomes and
remain inactive inside the host cell during a period of latency, which may be a long time,
before activation and lysis.
ANS:
There can be multiple answers (see Table 21.2 in text). Possible answers include Herpes simplex (a
herpesvirus), rhinovirus (a picornavirus), HIV (a retrovirus), West Nile virus (a flavivirus),
cytomegalovirus.
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TOP: 21.8 EVOLUTION AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES
ANS:
1. virus
2. nucleic acid
3. protein coat
4. Viruses
5. Herpesvirus (or Varicella)
6. Retroviruses (HIV)
7. lysogenic
8. latency
9. prions
9. Identify the viruses that cause the following illnesses by writing the name of the virus in the first blank
preceding the diseases. In the second blank, categorize it as a DNA virus or an RNA virus.
ANS:
1. Rhinoviruses, RNA
2. Retroviruses, RNA
3. Herpesviruses, DNA
10. Match each numbered item with the correct lettered description.
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during this time.
i. Any disease-causing organism or agent.
1. ______ bacteriophage
2. ______ endemic
3. ______ epidemic
4. ______ lysogenic pathway
5. ______ lytic pathway
6. ______ pathogen
7. ______ prion
8. ______ sporadic
9. ______ virus
ANS:
1. E
2. C
3. B
4. H
5. F
6. I
7. D
8. A
9. G
ANS:
D
ANS:
A
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b. one, HIV, causes AIDS
c. causes the common cold
d. photosynthetic cyanobacterium
e. parasitic bacteria, cannot produce ATP
f. rod-shaped, used in yogurt production
g. Archaean methanogen
h. Archaean thermophile
i. anaerobic, forms endospores
1. ______ Anabaena
2. ______ Chlamydia
3. ______ Clostridium
4. ______ Herpes simplex
5. ______ Lactobacillus
6. ______ Methanococcus
7. ______ Retrovirus
8. ______ Rhinovirus
9. ______ Sulfolobus
ANS:
1. D
2. E
3. I
4. A
5. F
6. G
7. B
8. C
9. H
ANS:
Answer not provided.
15. Describe the principal body forms of Bacteria (inside and outside).
ANS:
Answer not provided.
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16. Explain how, with no nucleus and few if any membrane-bound organelles, bacteria reproduce
themselves and obtain energy to carry on metabolism.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
18. Describe the shapes of various viral types and explain the ways in which viruses infect their hosts.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
19. Distinguish between the lytic and lysogenic patterns of viral replication.
ANS:
Answer not provided.
20. Natural gas is considered a nonrenewable fuel resource, yet there is a group of Archaea that produce
methane, the burning of which can serve as a fuel for heating and/or cooking. Recall or imagine how
these bacteria could be incorporated into a system that could serve human societies by generating
methane in a cycle that is renewable. Why does your text categorize natural gas as a nonrenewable
resource? Is methane a constituent of natural gas? Why or why not?
ANS:
Answer not provided.
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PTS: 1 OBJ: Integrating and Applying Key Concepts
21. How might pathogens like viruses and prions have arisen?
ANS:
Answer not provided.