LECTURE NOTES MATH 122 - Advanced TUP VISAYAS Instructor: Eddie Santillan, Jr.

., ECE Week 9 - Matrices MATRIX is defined as a rectangular arrangement of m x n variables arranged in m rows and n columns. th th = element of i row and j column Example: 3 x 3 matrix [ 1. ] [
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Find the value of D: [ SOLUTION: [ ] [ ] ]

D = [(1 x 3 x 6) + (2 x 4 x 4) + (3 x 2 x 5)] [(4 x 3 x 3) + (5 x 4 x 1) + (6 x 2 x 2)] D = [18 + 32 + 30] [36 + 20 + 24] D = 80 80 = 0 Ans. Note: Diagonal multiplication technique is only applicable for a 2 x 2 and 3 x 3 determinants.

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TRANSPOSE OF MATRIX (A ) elements of i row th becomes elements of j row and vice-versa Example: [ Answer: [ ] ]

A.

Cofactor matrix of an element the resulting matrix when you eliminate all the elements of the row and column to which the said element belongs Example: Find the cofactor matrix of 1, 6, and 8: [ ]

2.

DIAGONAL MATRIX matrix whose non-main diagonal members are zero Example: [ ] [ ] [ B. ]

SOLUTION: The cofactor matrix of 1, 6, and 8 are [ ] respectively.

Signs of cofactors follows the alternate pattern | |

3.

SCALAR MATRIX a diagonal matrix whose elements of main diagonal are the same Example: [ ]

So that the cofactors of 1, 6, and 8 has +, , and sign, respectively. Example: Find the value of D using cofactor method.

4.

IDENTITY MATRIX all main diagonal elements are unity or 1 and all the other elements are zero Example: [ ]

[ Solution: ( )|

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NOTE: A x I = A 5. DETERMINANTS OF A MATRIX number associated with a square matrix PROBLEM 1: Find the determinant A of the matrix, SOLUTION: A = [ Downward diagonal product] [Upward diagonal product] A = 2(4) 1(3) A = 5 Ans. PROBLEM 2: [ ]

D = [(1)(18-20)]+[(-2)(12-15)+(4)(8-9)] D = (-2)+6+(-4) D=0 6. Method in Solving Determinants A. Using Cramers Rule Example: Solve the system of equations using Cramers Rule. 2x + y 2z = 2 3x 2y + z = 2 6 y + 4z = 4 Solution: Solving the determinant D;

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D = [(2 x -2 x 4) + (1 x 1 x -6) + (-2 x 3 x -1)] [(-6 x -2 x -2) + (-1 x 1 x 2) + (4 x 3 x 1)] D = [-16 + -6 + 6] [-24 + -2 + 12] D = -16 (-14) D = -2 Solving for x: Replace all values of x with the corresponding numerical coefficients | |

D = (2)(-8+1) + (-3)(4 2) + (-6)(1 4) D = -14 + -6 + 18 D = -2 Solving for x; | |

Nx = [(-2 x -2 x 4) + (1 x 1 x 4) + (-2 x 2 x -1)] [(4 x -2 x -2) + (-1 x 1 x -2) + (4 x 2 x 1)] Nx = [16 + 4 + 4] [16 + 2 + 8] Nx = 24 26 Nx = 2 x = Nx / D = -2 / -2 x=1 Solving for z: Replace all values of z with the corresponding numerical coefficients | |

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Nx = (-2)(-8+1) + (-2)(4 2) + (4)(1 4) Nx = 14 + -4 + -12 Nx = -2 x = Nx / D = -2 / -2 x=1

Nz = [(2 x -2 x 4) + (1 x 2 x -6) + (-2 x 3 x -1)] [(-6 x -2 x -2) + (-1 x 2 x 2) + (4 x 3 x 1)] Nz = [-16 + -12 + 6] [-24 + -4 + 12] Nz = -22 (-16) Nz = 6 z = Nz / D = -6 / -2 z=3 Solving for y: Replace all values of y with the corresponding numerical coefficients | |

Solving for y; | |

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Ny = (2)(8 4) + (-3)(-8 + 8) + (-6)(-2 + 4) Ny = 8 + 0 + -12 Ny = -4 y = Ny / D = -4 / -2 y=2 Solving for z; | Solving for D; ( )| | ( ( )| )| | | |

Ny = [(2 x 2 x 4) + (-2 x 1 x -6) + (-2 x 3 x 4)] [(-6 x 2 x -2) + (3 x -2 x 4) + (4 x 1 x 2)] Ny = [16 + 12 + -24] [24 + -24 + 8] Ny = 4 8 Ny = 4 y = Ny / D = -4 / -2 y=2 B. Expansion by Minors is solved by using cofactor method Note: Minors is a 2 x 2 determinants. Example: Solve the system of equations using expansion by minors: 2x + y 2z = 2 3x 2y + z = 2 6 y + 4z = 4 7. Solution: | Solving for D; |

Nz = (2)(-8 + 2) + (-3)(4 2) + (-6)(2 4) Nz = -12 + -6 + 12 Nz = -6 z = Nz / D = -6 / -2 z=3 ADJOINT OF A MATRIX (ADJUGATE) AADJ It is a transpose of a matrix of cofactor Problem: Find AADJ | |

The matrix of cofactors considering sign is | Thus; | 8. |

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INVERSE OF A MATRIX (A ) -1 A x (A ) = I (Identity Matrix) Problem: Find the inverse of matrix A | | d.

Multiplication by constant | | | | |

Solution: D = 1(4) 3(2) D = -2 -1 A = 1/D Aadj | | 9. | |

10. EIGENVALUES the solution set of the resulting equation if the determinants of the matrix I A = 0 I = Identity Matrix A = Given Matrix = Eigenvalue Problem: Find the eigenvalue of | Solution: | | | | | | | | | | |

MATRIX OPERATION a. Addition and Subtraction | | | | | | b. | |

( 5)( 2) = 0 = 2 and 5 (NOTE: KUN GAREVIEW KAMU CALCU LANG NI ANG KATAPAT!!!WAHAHAHAH)

Multiplication of Matrix | | | |

A is 2 x 2 matrix -> row C is 2 x 3 matrix -> column A x C is a 2 x 3 matrix Take rows of A multiplied by the columns of C ( | ( ( | ( ) ) | c. Division of a Matrix Problem: Given Solution: Solve for AADJ. | | | |. Find B A. ( ( )( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( | )( )( ) ) ( ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )( )( ) ) ) | ) ( ( ) | )