JUAN RIVANO

Sobre la clasificacin de

las ciencias

Ediciones Revista ATEi\EA;

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SOI] IiE .T,A C I,ASI I.'I CAC]I O N ]] L

L.\S CJI.],NCIAS

)\.

Di1i.\i.hl t clu.til itnr:ir)n.

r.oc(jr\ clcnrc.llLirl $c h;rblr ric tlirisirir v tlc cl:rsiticcirin. f.: 'li\i'i'ln,r t,r 1,r,,,(,o jrt, li,rrr rl rrr1 rr,,.,,r,.1,,,,:,1,.,1c Lrr nori,r gtnricir. l tlirrs clt r Ir sc<rclrriu r)t(lri]irlit dr csp{\:ifi(:acioncs, ltasll no(iorcs {lr( l)os(,n rl' :rrrxlo crrlicito, o irctrritl, (jl nrii\ilo de rtiaulL(itill si;|rifi(lrtir,tr. Ltrs rlilclt:lrr i;rs r! (lrrc jjc (l(.li l-lllin:L l:r o ti tiv(lsilJ, o rtrirr'ro. irtlrlLtIrr cr) Io (lrtrrnilit,lo. lt(lcrn;is rlc lir fonrrir rlrrc cllrs rrrisrr s (olsti{u}clt, tr)!lir rtil (r)sr{.lirci(il1 (lc ])rol)it(lil(l(]s. Ih lnllltciil (lll(: lit c5pc(ic irliln lr(hnitc llllit ri(il it, ticilrrtl tl,- rrcrlir:rdos. lnr<rlrrci. 1ncs, <|ivr:r.sirlarl cn cl rri\crsirl i0rlica urrlr l)cnc!ritciritr t'rr Jo qLrc c(),lstilLyc sr LUlirllrtl. No sq tt.rta dc urrr orct:rcirirr r'i(crior. ill)strir(:tir y sint(lric, (,lt cl scrti(lo (lc un:r .'li,i,'r (l, rr.,.. .,rrr, 'l, .rr ,r,,., .,, ,,,,.:r,,,niri,, r,.rr.ir.. S,. tr.r!;r dc irsurrrir la rcsrorrrtrlrilirl:rrl ilrt,.:llr tLrlrl rlt, colt,r.,:rtrlcr.. ]I1. pucs" cfc llroljr(rto lst,rrritrl rl, rrrLtr:rririrr (()lt(rrtlr cD I rrocirjI]. ' l)c1o (li(ltit olJuil(i(il lifl(: \illcl{jir (n al plitro (l(, I:rs rroaiones; YIr0 Li rc cl si ll lrsiIIiIitIIrtI rlc lrrnrrl l lrr intlivi<trrrlirlrrrl jrrlrcrliut (]u((l;uros, (ritt(lo .t lrrlicrrrror. cn cl J lillit. lriillro (lc Jirs (sl)ecics firlirr;rs. ]' l;r l;z(irr cs qu(i n() lllr\' rlr rr.irrr iIio ic rlctcnrrirr;rci,ln tluc nos pcrrri.1 i):ri;tr- tlc r illlrirrr rrrrirr:r.srrl, roI r.orrsirlcr.:rblc rlrrc sca ! dcrsidil(l sigtili.lttjllr, l rr insttrucir irlrlivielurl: rr hrrv rra,di, i hroir r , I , rr l,r,llil,,, rrrr. ,ort.rrrro. r,.,,..j,, (rr ,. ,ir,.l l.r i,l',r t ilrL ru, ,rrir,' (I(,,rIILrLIr Lr cslrrric rrlirrr.r ,,)ll,o ii,li. I' Idt
Ei\''
i
r r

rIi

i, J

ri uo tiriro

lst oirscIvlciril, lrr hr

blcce

cros Cr
(

cn iri!irrr cltllrrcrfirl

fcnai(it jr Iil t-clll.i(lt qrrc sc cstit rtl.(l rlirisirirr y cLrsifit:rciio. I-u clrrro, rli23

lgLuros

(lur:

24

AlLNIiA / r,. lr 'la l:'n ;trr 't lt, '

;0'

"l:L (litcrcrciiL cIrc <lirisirjrr y cl;rsilicatin prrrcce, pliruortli;rhncntc, scl l sigtri!:rrtc: (luc (livi(lilrlos cl !,rlclo, rrrir:lrtl;rs qrrc cllrsi[i_ cirr os los (crrtcs) rarticrrlutcs (ltlc f'crtrrrcc{:tr :r i1. llr otrirr, Pl' lras, Ir clirisirin sc nruct,c lI:r(iit alrrrjo, d, stll Ir nrris lcrrclrrl rr lo rr.ls (sl)c(irl: rritrrrlirs cuc irr clsilir;"i,'rrr lo lrrrc'c hrrr:jrL lrribr, rlLstlc los (crrtc) p;r!i(:trl:1cs. ir L\'s (lt lo nrlis r:sp'.cirrl. Jrlrcia lo urlis ;ttrrcial. .. .

irgrcg;r:

(iorrcs (orl.itrrrluLrtl],rlc; cl Plo((::o clc tlir'itliI ci qrr( ro cs l rrlilno 1icrtIo cl rtrtcso rlc dirsiJic:rr lirs (oss l)irjo (rl grr'r'r1)' (ll. \\

''...alr cl hc(llo, lllcitro i)Llr\'rlrrirllto \, rIltriti. tlr

',rLrirns Llicc-

Ii. .f oscir, IttLtrxlwtiort It4it.).

L:r rli{jcrlturl quc (r!rcrrros r'crttrlr: cuarttlo (lrlrirlr'()llirrrlos t\to rc' si(lc crr (lLrc. rto prrdicrrtlo itlcirrrrrr Irirstir cl irrdi\'irlLo rrrt(liirtil{ h nlc" rir (li\ir,i(iIl licrr. no prrdierrtlo dcril sirr clrtllLilLl fl s.rrlirlo rlc lils p:rlalrlas tLrc lrrs csctics itrlirt)iIs s(r cli!itlcn clc l:r ristrr lrrnc (lc sc (lividctl los trrircsrtlcs slll)clior(ri, lri pLlrlicrrrlo tirrrrfoco (lccir {lue los jrr{li\i(ltlos sc'lr:tirrcrl', <lc la lrr:t ro:ro sc lcrirrcIl cn cl glcro las Iro(iorrot cri)c(i rlrs, no orltrrros cnlonc,:s idclll;lit.;rr sill

nt;is lrrs oPcJciollcs (lLc olnl)lilnlor alilsili.ilcirr y tlir'isir'rrr' Diclto rlc rrtr;t vtz. lrL tlivisirlrr rro xlclrrrzrt ]rrrrr;is:rl intliritlrror lrr clLsilie;rcilt r1o loslrr lo(irt los trIrl;rulcs tlcl rrrircrsirl l,;t rlivisin Irtorlttcc rtnr artiLulr(i(irl rlc rrociottcs c sccucncia rll rlctcrrnil::rt:itiIl; Ll clsilicL' tir!rr rrrl aIIc3,lo (l(r c1scs (lrrc st cxcltrytrrr r tuirrncrtc y rlrrrr se intlLl' )cn (lils (lc rrrt rnisrrlo rircl) clr rlla cl;rsc sLrpLrior (rrrll clirsc tlc clascs) . La rrrriLl:rrl tlc lrr scr:rrtrcia (lc (sl)(rrilit'irci(in (ic lirs Ir')(i'Jrrct cs urrir tlr)i(Lrrl lror slrtcsis rorrLrclir (o ;;oI a:rrilisis corrcl'r!o, Prr0sto qlrc irnrb:rs lrilnrrl:rs sc inrPliaitlt nrululllllclrtr) . Lit rlni(l:r(l rlc l;L luticulcir'rrt tlc l.rs (lllscs cs tlr:t lrlri(li{l li)ritr:r({il, I)lrriL cocxistcllci, nl)i_

I t1c:tp,r'cu.rrLr. l)c rrr;rncr'r tLrc:rl drrsilir:rLI tlo t!rirlros cl lcsllltit(lo clc rrn rtuirc sl gc Llino. lltt ttrir,ctsttl gcllltir)o irtll)iic:tli:l ll:rsccnLlc llr ptuir di' rclsiclurl. l'clo ttlsccl(lcrlx l)rolri:rrrrcrrt(r sigtrilicltti;r (ltrc Ilcnros puclto crl irclo l11 i(lcir Ln r(iguir como irr:lc(.sil)k: VcI dircctirrrlctrt' 1o no cn lo sclrsil)l('lllillll{r lli\'cIso; r'cL lo tlto et lo tlivcrso, tlo como
tlrr
r

mctir scrrrtjarrzil corrro csrlucnrritica itlcrrr.itl:rtl. rorrro lrrri!cr-s:rlidrrd cr_ lelior no lllrrlitdlli SirIo Ycllo colno lo ullo c()llcr(Lirulclltc tlnivelsirli_
zuclr. conro tlllo"(lc irs irrst:rl)(:iirs

si al RtlgI;TSq Ad.!]<lr'

t1siIicrL
i''l

{lilcr()ltcs llitllo tlr otllls rrrlltcudirlrlros colLclclirrnrllt(l cl rrrrircrsal

L

pahbils' lrprchctt'

r.ri()'i

\n1 .11:{

dci;ucs !rr rIirc nirnrrr rlr: l:r rrlilatl ctl (Lriruto sc (lcL.,rqrina cr la pirrian;,,: l (listjlt:j(irr (lc l:r rlirr.l.,,irlrrl srliil (,|llo ,.trj ati.rJ(l; sin rltos: l;r riir,:sirlarl scli:t rir( i!)r;rl;ziL(|r, \ Lrs (lilrtcrciirs ilcotPor.urlas
rt

rr:rur'r;r <lr:

rtrLrcrirrriltos irll)l(ros ilrrir)

rlrl uriicrsll.

rr .r,,,,.r r..r.rr,/.r ,.r Ltr ,lr.ir;,.r rLl.i ;n. lLlii!ilrlc(/uirl tir, lr;rrLirrrr;ri (lticit (.trll,. libct.tircl r, lrt(:asi(l:tcl cs 0l r': '., ,1ll. ., , I rt.t.,. , r,,, .Jit, r..;,J.,1 1 :rr: ': ,l (rrri.iir,rrrru, irrorporru l.r Iil)otr(l (lLc nor; cs il;rrla, ;r h rrccsirlurl (lrtt rtrr cor), (liLi(irt irr( lr(tirl)lc (lcl ,tl)sr!ltt{), rlr,j(li (Jur r,! o_ ()ririrlr.lrnrs r,nto tt:tt los 1;ritrtirios (lr ilrt(,tir)r-iii i cr!il1_, lilrcrt:rri 1 lr.c(.si(l(1. I)cl .,.r,' r'r,"J ,., .1.r..:,,,, rirrrrlr.:,r L, ,tir., i' ,1. ,,,, r,,,,.,,,,,,,,. lr.t.r. :r lr'.rrrr'.r ,lr r.,,rr,,,1,t. .,|:j.r, ,,,||.. r,, I r.t, l|.. ,l,.rrrr, rlt la rrrnrori;r orrnjrorurrlrrrir:,, 1 r iir,rjrrr: ,,s Irr ir,rstrt,tt rrovilitl;rrt <L: lo ',r,r',. \r ,r,, rri ,:,, l,,\,,r., ,.,.rrr ,t I i,l. ,t. Ni Lcro, lu
Jr..,l.r ,,,r,,
rirlcntc
llcrrr
tlrtl

I,.st l,r)!l)r.i1;\'ir. cor(.lrilrl,trr r3crr,-,rul, o (.s r((itsiLlc cl sLr (orl0\to. Il iIllcl(cto sc nl. rlicn. i ,j'tirl)lo (itIIiIltII(I(; Ll c<ui!ilrr.io clivi_ no) :r rrcrlii; (,rll;no (irLl(. 1rL;rIrrrilrrcirr lro I ll{lirrl:r y.l Lsoluto.

ilitc|sjr|rtl. l,os rrricnrlrros rrrt: (r)ir-\Lilty(,rr lrrs clrsr.s sorr rrrlcs rrrt, ,,bjo
tur
lto

. lirit r c, lrrrrr.rr rlc rrr;r li.lrsiciri, orrlr.rlrr tlc l:r rlirtli:;i,lrl ctt rrrc sc rlr. l,l frrrrrIrrrrrt:rto rl,. l:, rlrrilic;rr:irirr c.s rLrr r.ltrnr.lrtr tls nctirrrcl)1.( irlclrrtiro. lllr itc|lrr irl, rrl (l (, oc l.t.c irrlltorliiir:trtlo crr lr
(irt(in:rrlir r.cl:rirln vn l' nri,nr) (,n Llr srrii(lo ,,,,,,,,,,r,,"y rrti(tl;l(lrr. I lrc lor rL(,r|/)s o1r(, rrrcl,trrl 1o,r ri,,los lel.rciol,r durrros fl)rrrrrrrrlo (r)r cllos lrr rJ,r.r rlc i,rs lrl;rDctirr,,,rrlrr LD{) ([r sroi scri rllr p!:rrrr.rrr cl villIrt tlc Prorir,rlerlr.s. o r.:r..f( (r. b. ...tl: \ otr,, .',1,i ,, ,i I , l,i.r, r.r t,...i.r. \irr,r(l rt.. r t,:,,,i.,.,r. r:r,, lluc (s Iijtirlr:jIllclt(.,1 l isrno. Si ,l ), /j !,)r rlrrDr,tus, scr;ilt, ajr (:uil|lro hrctrrs. irrrlisrtruilrlcs. y lti:it,t ,rrrlrirrrrlos rlcciI rrre nr;urciinrlo cl r0lrc(l)to (lr' t !|silir cir'rrr ir l)ltii (l| (rtr)$ sul) (,st(]s. rro lr ry, lrrrLILrIrlo ruro|r, t. I r I I rrl3rLlt rrr| ,(Lrsiii(l c. \' lu r.:rrrirL r:r; r;rrc cl ILrlr(lirrtrr)tr) rlc ia r l;rsiiclr irlt, iirlltcJio ir pi rir rlr J,, r lLri rrl <tlc_ lrlcrt{) s( llrrrstlir Irrtcr)(.ci{.ll(lo o rro IL:ttrrrcrie do ;t il clits(., ilrlplicl tuna ptrrlirllr (lr su (lirclsi(lllrl. LoJi cl(.lnclltos (l {,coltstitlycr) l^ clse l0ll, (n cuirlr() l;r trIIIstjtrIrr'IL (rlil)l(:tiinlnt{, lo nisrlo. Y csto rrrictc (lcrir rlLrc ll cl;isilir :rcir!r rro prrcrlc stl crr rlolo :l,ltr r,o,l ,,l.i ,i\,,,1. , ,.r .(ri\j,t.,.I r.;ri,.r l,,,r,i,r r . or,t. r,i.,i,rr {tc ctlx ritr irirr;' 'cclrlr frcl.l (lc si , si :rlrsoillr:r.. ti sr]!Jrr:lt. lx (li\r:r.si'1r., tl r, .,,r.r I,,., 1,r,\r,,1,,, Lr rrtl ri,;r. D,r,,r,rr..,Lr .,,rrl.r._

a Lrr lilrurrrrrl c,r Lr rc((\i(lir(1. ri rr l;r rlirrrsil:rtl cr lrr rrrirtrLtl.. (,Llsiljcrr. ctrl)ti(cr. itl-,,)rtit rrr)\r,tsr rlcs(k: lr) rJu(. ti(lc silrqlllrrri_
_

rr

ir I :rr

AIIIN[A

./,So/ Ld

.ltiliti

,1

k i""kt

cia rcn5ilrlc, no corro nr:rtcliu dc uDa activi(la(l c cxi!x, sino rjmplc_ tncntc co'r10 no ser. coDro nrcrx Dacla o ihlsin. I'cro hay ms; y lo rlre Ily cs, asi l)rccc, irrdcpcrl(licrrLc (le lo qLte
ir.;rl)irmos (le rlccir. FIcr)os visto quc h (lasiIicacin plte (lel jrt(livi(hro y (cono uo scl cl cl lLsco dc los rnir'crsulcs abscrlrttos) rro salc dc
1.

Dichr ol)cllciril ticrc conio lcsulli(io, como hcros (licho, (rn uc' glo tlc cllscs, rru.r orrlcnarl clisposicirin dc cotrjtrrtos. Los clitcrios (luc lrcrrritcn psxl de una clsc (lc clascs a strs clscs cons!ituyctllcs
$c

:rl)licln r inrlilicluos y lo soll dclcrutirraciolrcs dc utrivcrsalcs, Si tcns) l:l cllsc (lc lor cocr-i)os cclcslcs, no es po ilrtcliol y conclcta <1ctcrnrirlci<in (lc rn ulivclsirl (luc scl)irro la L:lasc (lc los pl;rt)c!as, sino Por ncri "urlicirr rlc cullirludcs" qre rlrc Pcrnlitit-ii dcciclir en los
Los cirsos singul:lcs no sc tlar c<no la tlivcrsiIiclcilr c irrclivitlrrcir!rr (lc urla cscDciit uri!clsrrl, silro (Luc Ios (lc!clnrino (lcsdc
c;rsos sin!Lrlucs.

lrrcra y con vjstlrs

rnrL

oldenacin no conslilLLiva, cs dccir', nrcrarntulc

cs llcg:rt rIns cosas a otrs, tlc motlo quc cxlciori([:L(l; y hrccrlo adcnr;is rctlir!c PrirrciPios cot_ prctos, quc sor abstract ulisrltitltl. No hay crl lir clllSilic(i)ll lir illtcr' rrir rcccsi(Lr(l rlc l:r rlivisirin. Ln stir, lrs [:rscs clcl loccso (1trt cs qcllUill:ncnlc uo l)occso) son [scs dc <lr:tct ln inacin, lo dctcmirrr]o hrrcc r.xlrlir'itlL srr (lrrcrnrirlilci(irr: cD l;I thsiIic1(i(il tto Jley lttt tttto' (ic (liicrcr(ins, silo un no irtli{clclciarlo; no tray una clivcrsitl:rd en ui(lil(l srro u r phl:rli(l;l(L irlutctliata y discolrtilLl1. Al (1ir$iliclr llo llr:rnos':r*rnri<lo'cl rivcrsrrl. no hcnros cllido lr :Lctivi(i:rcl (lc sLr intcnir y corrclcLiL clctcrnrircit!1. l\o vclos la rlivcrsirllcl cl lrr uriclilsi' clarl, ot gr'u ricrrnrcn tc ritrl(lll(ll (lcr)tlo dci PriIl(iPjo tllivcrsal. llrl lic:rr operar os Ior mcrrr abstracci<1l) y rrurc Pollrcnros llrlic ^l illc' |iorrnirLc los PlinciPios clr cI irlcliridLo.

c(i(lcrtill. I)c rancr quc clasilicxl

nrlllticrcD
sLl

l,l itslltlo (luc llos intclcsa c\anri11irr sc oflccc, t PrtiI-tlc nucstrs (rn s itlcrl< ioncs xrrtcliorcs, ya bosqllcjlrlo cll tltr l)1trlcr lli\'cl. SiLl)cnros iLhor (luc, si nos irlcuerDos al crnirlco corricnc clc lrrs cxpresiolres dilisitirl y clsilicaci<in, rro Potlcrlos cntcr(iel conlo (lilclcntcs dcrlomi_ rr;rciorcs (lc lo risrno las cx.rLcsir:llcs que cmPlc:rDos xl signilicar, des' prcoarl)rr(la crrtc, cl;rsunto (lc ltos illtcrcsa; mc )cIicro lls fuuu_ ls 't lusiliccirirr (lc lils (icll(:is, 'sislcLn (lc las cicncilts y 'rlllidrd de la cir'rrcia. Ilr l:rs rlos t'ltiur:ts, cs cl:rro crrc hay rtll;r rclciril hastil el prrto {lc qtc (lcbculos cllLc)(1erlil conro cxPrcsiollcs sinlrimiLs. No ilsi l:r princlx quc sigliIic:r ur]a irrticllLrcirr l)stliLct clc utt clivcL"
sirlrl.

tltc)iol cs collccto y cs illcrniis lcgiLirrro cnr;lcar rsi (orn() (luc{l:r ili iml)licitnlcttlc irl(li.(lo, scr;i til dcdicr'rros ;L orrt:r ortlcrr cn lrt tcrnrirroIrgil rrsrr1 1{csLrltr ;rs' colno iltlllc(litl)lLrlltc vcl'lllos {lrc es l)olil)lc clcsPlcgxr coll nlis alnpliturl cl astrrrto que nos o(Lrl)i'. ir) Llr plirtlcl-lLIg:rt, t:l cPisttntologo (llc lrtil (lc inLto(lucil ol(lcn cn lir cicIlti:r tcrrrlrii tuc l):irlil tlc liL (ir.ullstrr(rirr ItrrrrllllcntaJ tlc ruc
Si Illrfso() irttrilisis

hs rociorcs

(lc htclro c\isLcl (icncj;rs tlctcrnrirrrrtl;rs. Lril (li!rrl-!idir(l tLr cicncirLs (lrc (lcLur_ r (lcsiiDoll;rn. l'-L r:rrsl rlr: l.r olcrlar:irill cslri incqLli!o'amrlrtc

ninrlo: sr'|;rrtc rlc rrrr rrirrrrcro rlc ir)slnlixs (lircr'sirs )' lit irrtictll(itl (luc laii rr0 pucrl(r sitr{} slt tl:rsifictori:r' Ils clillo (luc no l)uc(lc dc(ilsc

<listirns cicrrcius c\Pc(iirlcs sc;rrr illrlivirltro:: sill r'nllratgtr, lo trrc h;r1 to_ r,J rnto (lc rrrr Lirlrr cs rrrrrr lirtrsirl.rtl. sitr rlrt: irrrortc r:L tipo clc tlivrrr' sitllrrl tlc rrrc s(l tliltlr. I'ol l{) tillrt{}. (]l rro\ irllir'lllo. cll cuiillto [onlil tllil

rlir,crsitlarl rorrro tlrrto. cs inclrrrl;rlrllrrrcrric clsilicirtolio. I'clo' s(3Lrlo cs tirnll)irr quc si loij clcrncrrLori (lrrc rorrstiluyctr rrrrcstro ptrllto clc prrr_
LkliL

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\ctdird

n.fl 4'...t1tt.'1.,
llcuros

tL

:,u"'t,in tiuent.
popularr,s dc r:l;rsitir::rcir

listo lriuticll(lo (lc ls trrciocs

ldilisir!r- quc

rro sor dc igrrrJ lalor lls iclcus lc articrrlrci<jn cl:rsili(lLtoli (lc iit (icrrci ) lir rlc clivisjrr o sistcma (lc lu llisrril. l,oclcmos,

,\r'llNli,\ /,!d,. t) ,t,'ilif i", lr

(l{rs(lc JllrijD. ls.rr

1'

t,rtit

(ll il(.lLclLlo {lll qlc is $il)lcsiollcs iltl)lica(ls -}io sicrrrrc oscLr cl snLitlo rirrt: hluros <lr:s:rrlc'llrrclo rrtitr' I'cro lo itnhrrll;lr''tlc sisttrlra dc.l Iort.Lulr rs l)cfcil)il 1il tlilcrillci.r. IJllo Prr'(lu iic,rci,,' 1' t"r'cI l)rcscrrtc cl a()Irccpto (lq sul)or'(l;rcill cl'lsilictoli; pclo cs nr(v c1,,,o,1rtc, ",, P(xlrti rrr lrrl cirso lsiIil;rr ri scntido sclarilt r:l curl l,rs i]iI,,L.,,,,r"" (]icrlillri ljt)n clilclrrrtcs Lrrjo rrrrlr lrrluirrrL urrivrr' srLlirirrtl, conro o(,-rl :c (orr l:Lr lrrIrrs rl: rrllrr rtirisirirt Iiqic' Irl,) ltily {ioo sclrliLlo dr llr tlir'isrirr (lrr! tcrrcrlr()r {ltc tcrrcr Prc5cntc clrbi(lo rt {ltc l)rrrt:r rr o.Lil}Lr rrrr rnrrl irrrpor't:rrrtc lLgirr (ltllruo dc la Lr cxptccLcltti(il) (l'c r:ruros torrrrrdt rrltrc lrrirrro\- LlLtrIlcrrrrros rrrri (le cslL rir!rr 'tliriririrr' \(rl)rc tollo l)ol(lLlL' rs Ir)iis l)lxilnll rcrii)ccto tlorrlo lclclrros rro cs lll rrclucirir rlrrc lrL d'l t:llisilit;lci'irll rcro D;r ri ott;r. sc triLti t:Lrirl,i1r clr csLc (irs.r rl, Lrrr rltrtlrsrr tlc csrL:ciliclrcirirl o dc t!irnirirci(in. l'rr( cr i)rirnci lrin rro lrrrl rrtrri lrL irrrrrticicncirr cxistcnri;l rlc b rci:lli\irlir(rlrlt'rro rlcllirritlirllo l'o Iro dctclrrlinaclo arrtccc tttl rr:,rrro rrLl vrlrrrrtrrlr rr) srrlii(io r;rr:rltigitrr' Lo rro rlctcrrlinrrdo rostc (rc lc r orrlicr c lr I clr!l ilir nrrl{)nr!lt{:rcrcrir qrrc I I r I tiro rIL i ,,,,,",," ,.,t,, rristir. l,o (lctairli!ril(lr) ( li ;silllisrll() (irlcrlllilil(lo lll)l l-s <lctjr'' lo Lru:rk;-irr ; Ir{r (stri(trLruirrrll rr l'jrrltit (lc io irrLr:lrrrrirrrrlrt colr'rlr!o rrllrrlctrrrrir,Llr tl() (s, ar)rrrr) cr rl L,L\o lL irr tlilisirjlr cll sti
r
I r

rIi

i r

rI Ii

{ I iI (

rirrrcrrtr, urrrlir;rrlo, 'lctrralizrrriirr t1c Lr rr )osiirilirlrrrl irrrPlicitll crt tttt 'rcalicl:rtl tlislirita riuc lrs<1rc tlcrrtro (lrr st llrrtrLijilc1'1), ijilt(r rirc cs rlc otllr rr';llitllrr.i; Pt!(J l's1lL olla lrilllllllc/a rlo cs r:iilclir lrr llllllllill(rlir cn lc tilt''rrlir,rilo <rrrro i:l gintlo rs cn sus csccics' sirro bsorbiclo rrlli totrto Lttt 'iirrLol' (lL!r st irrr:orr;rrr ;r u1r PLrrr strpcrior' I'cro tto cs t:-tlr irrrolrollrtit'r!r lrlcl,L sltlnr il(l llilir (osiL il olt [)rx constltull' urr t.rtrr':. iirrrrc sitrtcsi'r iirtLri'l I rirri''is '-rltri.r' (\irrLt\i\ :'l'\tr'r(tr ./ sirrlrs;s (oncrclir) ( rii:il( trl.l orrrL rrrul rliJ rtl 'l{ 'LtlL'i5 O nlliiirr ,1i,i,,.,,.t,,,,,,t,, rlc rrri,lrr rrrcclrr (lrr(l r c::l)rrs:r frr lir xlti(Lrlir(irr (oll_ clcl grrcto ) llr (ijlllrll(:irr' tlrl']cnlos a,lr:ilrt' cstc rlllo sLrrlls lo rti;1o (lre Ix)s(c irttliljtlrr;rlidrrtl sc irlcoll)orr conlo crct,iy *t'.,,i Lr cl crr;rl '1,,.r<,i' ttenr,,r rlc rtl::,c ir:irnirno irrrliviLlLrrrl l)ich'r Illror \icrrc r scl tln :rspr.lo tLr:l pialr rlc lo irltr:;l:rtlo ) P:tsrt x scl_ llstritcto;tlli Y ltc) ili) Ll)slr'l.lo (r rrrirnto 1;or':cl:rrririlr x lo ilrtc3-.lil(lo cs' lllc]lllnlcntc'

irsir((l('l csto scliil crltcl)rlcr rrl)stliL(lrrrcrrt(l la irrrcttacin Sino quc (i; iu r'rrlrsis Lr r;rtLlrlrlt:r (lc r(lr rl lrrct()r (s illt'liorlcIllc uasccll' rliriiL 1Ls'-rrcillrrrlrrtc rrotlilirrrd:r' l)c rrrrrrrrir quc cu:rntlo scpitrattttx r,l '1,rlt,,r'ticl ,r'rxlrrrto l;r tto cs'-l I;tctot tlrrc iiri:rllucrrtr: crccbiit'

rroii (r)rrro irrc,tor,irrdo.tr i'lli Y _stc' rios nrLtrsLr:r lrrris cl:Llrrrcntc lo (luc :iirtc\ rllll tiiilrlos c\1)l(silr: rr (lr(ir' (ltc 1'r rlo tlclcttrtin:rrlo apitrccc

{l rtr srrti(lo ilnill(igi(o, l)Lrcs, nr] cs lo no rk:lcrnrinrlo 'cxterior-' lotttisruo rur lo rrc rlctrlrrinlr,lo'int'r'ior'. Ni cs lo (letclrnina(lo 'intcior'' itlrrrir.o (ni rrrr(ho rrriro, I l(, lcrcnrirr:rlrr 'o't<rior'.
cor)o rt-rtrrlttollos rrrrr;rlgrrrros cicrIlJlos y ir l)irrtir rlc cllos vc:rmos porLrnos alr.cilir ir Ucsll:L rlcsr:rirci,!rr au(rrior.'Io(kis siLl)ctlros (lLlc I;l lliril!Lr';r 'ririIlr{rr(} s( la)llr.r (:i)rro cxpr.csiri ria rIlr (lc las oaiorL,rs l)iisi(:,rs rlr'lrr i(.n<i r,rt.rrr;'rticu. \'cstrnros fa riliurizarlos t:rmLi11 ton r I Irorcrlirrricrrrr dc los r:rtrtr'rr;'rticos (luc lr()s (or(hrcc for succsirs lirsrs ir ;rllo (lrc l)o(11'r)r()s rlcvrilril corrr ur) (lcslrrollo dc la locin dc DLilJr,-r'r. icrrr|rrliz rcirirr. cl:lcrsi(i , r tlcsrrrrollo cle la no(itiI (lc n('rllcro..\ rrrtl: lrsI rorrrs;orrrlc u ')ocn (li{crrntc rlc lliiri, ro. ,\lrrir:r lri|ll, cl rr'rr.irrrtri rlc cslrrs llo:i,rrcs y cl til)o dc ]rs

I'cto

tttrl

rcl(iorrrs rruc rll;rs (()llstit\r] Lrrr r jcrrrrlo

crtc

rlr 1o qLrc cs rl suDLo dc (l)ilulo. rs (lccil. unir rlirisirjn cr sltLt'rci.r liucal o unr scrj Lilr' lir, i. l','o,r.'r,ir',r,,'., Ir, Si (ono (liri(rcn irlqlnr'),j rririlnriiLi(os l,ilttir1rs (lc lu locin (lc corrjrrnLo r:rru introrlrrrir lrrs rrirrririos tlcnrcrrlrrlr:s rlt la r'jtnticu, cutorrrcs. lr ro(irirr (lc urrrcros rlrrr: crrrrlc:ucrtos scrii l qtLc (lctcr'
nriDir

iir scri(: (sq

rlcrir, rLrc I ro s rrrill(,l cr cstc rrivcl l)lrcsto qrrc Do ]r)' un conjurrto rLrc rosr';r s,ilo ur rl(lrLlto. Si trrcroros jrrrrrrlrr il I conrr rrrinrrro. rrrrcstr rro itjn dc nrinrcrcr tlcLc rlilr:rir (lr l:r (iuc lclcrri :r (:ir). Y (lilcrir, cortro cs Iiicil !cr-, c nn r rti(lo .srll( iirl. lbl (ir lr1), lrr rr:ii L: r)rirr () cD (:j() cxclr,vc corro siD scrrtido lrr orcrrrciriu:
cs

(i,5
nicntri s
rlccir,

(lrir lrr rre\'ir rrrci,ir l:r inrluyr: y h;rcc posibJr:. L.sto riuicrc r'nlorcs, rlrrc l:ls li:rci()r)(s opclr(iorrirlcs lr) son ls rrismrrs crrrr.lo prrs:rn:os clc lSc) :rl rr(\r) (rrrl)o (luc l)o(lLlruos clt:Iiri asi:
(s")
L;r orclrrcirirr r.slir (llrc oxclul,(', tilicrsc cor lrr orrrrir'rrr rcst:r qrc

po c.icnrlrlo, ti-ir, no Irrctle lir iir.l!rlc.

i<1cn.

l)r' tst

ruurc

l ls si:rirs:

^I

riN-Ii/\

/ .!,b,, In rI4\ili\,jt

Lt

.itt.n

2,3,'1.....
1. J. r".. ', rro sc r'(rlircion:rl cn cl sclrti{lo tlc s<rl url stll)'oll.i!tllto irl)lrrrc de h ot, arllqtlc 5i lril) rr,/rft)!1. clltrc Lrlla y rrn srtl>corrjLrnto (lc lit otrn (unatogit tluc los ;l:rlcnr;tticos lLllltlln 'isollorlisrrlo )' ' ti,,,i"t'o, cIr cl lilcl (Srr), ccro rro cs rln llt'111coi cs rlccit' crprcsion(s (onro 6 6 lto ticlcn scnti(l'). Si cs' llrlr\rllltlcDlc' lrLltstlo I'ro_ csclr(:iirlrrr('rtc nucsllx no_ t!sito irrtiotlrrr:ir cer-o, clcbctrto:i rllo{lilicitrro'i(')rl (lrrc conlPr-(rr(lir ccro ii,ilr .lc rr,irc,o. I)Ll)cDros crrrl)lcilr Lrrlir (r 1rr auscrrcirr tot;rl clc ulli(l:l(lcs) (ollro trll ciso o ilrstrr)ciit stryir' ijst cn (lLlc r,L,,,r',r ,ro,i,!n irrrpolt;r lrn p;rso cscrlrirl' (rr cl rlrisrrro scrrl;(lo io iur.rlic:LLa cl Pso (lcj'(lc (Sr) n (srr) l'ot cjurrrlo:

.,
Si Lr ulr

,,1

+ I silr scnti(lo cu (Sc) t- 0 si1 s{rrtirlo cr (Srt)

r l,rr', L,o il,l' t rr 15' l ' ir'r'o'il'l ' rr sr)i 'l' l" rr'r .,,'l'l.r,tu l,.t'r,:r,.rlit'r:rr' trr .'rrrl"' rrirrl'' 1")r l') 'l'rrri' rr; (lc lro Ixxlriit ocLIlIir' lrlo ctrlciirlrrr(rrlc ilrrtico cirrtlo rrri co Ccl)lo 'nLilltcto ' 'SLllra'J (liIrlcllcii ' i:ort" ? l)lcilllrls ,.,i,DcIc, Illr lr I) (11rc'(ollllllltr'no
a :i I
i : I ( I aJ

jrlrto'; flcro lo irnPort;rrrtu,r'sigrrific:rti\o c5

Ptrcd{:

i,*r,,,,,,,i lo nlsrlto (t rstos Lrcs li\clrJ' l)c'ir (lrlc 'co')jLrtrto" cu:rn(lo I r:s urr (rnjrrrrto cs lo nlisnlo (lllc '(otlilllllo' ctlilrl(lo ro cs cstc cl ! so' truivllc a ricrir ctrc'lronrlrlc'cs lo rrrisrrr crrrrrtlo irrtltyc stilo r llipcill)' tk'rs rlcio rrlcs, qrr,: cltlur.lo :t stos iriir(l{], por c]errrlo' socir'(h(lcs lcrir,1,,".,r,,juuru cr lo tllisrtto crr (Srr) tlue 'Ir (Se) ((lolrdc ninrs. Y r \ lt,' 1.,\ ( 'tt,rru{ ';'1"' ' ' 'r'il''r" "1" ir 'rr" rrr rl" ',"''" 'l'l:il: rlrrt r 'r'r'lr-r 'r'rrr rrri' Ir rtr''tctr:t ,1,, ,.,rll1 r',1, l;, rrr'',ri:r t\itrrlr' cxtcttslr y tll',\'l(io incx!cllso jl I)jclrr;'rlc orta In;llrcriL (llri/r'rs ll rrr;1s crrrrcct:r): tr:rrrtlo carrrl-io l)lli(ilr 'xllucllo ir lloci(tll (lc rl11clo, csclrcirlllllclllc, ll(r li(lnc slllli(lo t'l'r'rr'-r'l' ( I I olr'r,r,rrtir 'l l,r, r',1 l Lrrrrl'ir rl I 1 r" l'r' r" ',rr' rr.rl^li:r 'l'i" '\; rir' l)rr 'tu 'l'rr"r Ir ,;,;'r \. "in 'rrrl,rlln, '.1-rrrr'r (lil rrivcl iulrjior' lntro' caurlrio, cs plIa clirlriDrrr nliirrrrlrs lirrritciorrcs rs, I ,1, I rl'u,l" 'i lrri' rrr' : rlrr' irr.o.. I'u,.

0'

1,

?.. .

(Sc)
rr '
r

' 'r""1'rrr'rs rlc L:r r, .r ,r' Ll I ir'l ,l"rrz 'ln 'l rrt':r I ' ( \ ' ij rrrL'lo: :'r' r') rrrr'r I ''r''i"rr rrrc rr ri'rr( \crrlr(10 "r,rr, rrri . I'ur clc'rLlo tll los Iir itcs
rrr
rr l r

f.r" ,rn.ur.nr. 1'1,, c,,1,, c,"so cs rlilril rrrrrutcrrcrscpottcrnos: rllc cl LIlrino 'corrjtrrrto' PrrlccLr solx)rtnl Si

5-6 =

= {i *.t

x. (]rtLJlr(cs, crrfiitictrct(c t{r c\istc. ,5i tuctcnrol olrtcttcr- utr sct!i(lo prtrL dirlrrr o1;crlrcirin dclclos rccpLilr- otl-x nocir'rn rlc nr'rurcro, scen l cLr.rl, l, --!..., sor nrrcror. Y dc csrir rltartr:r cl1rlrinros la ]roci(iD. Nucstl

a srric {rs;rlr()l,r: 0,

1,

r, 2, _2...

(st

y rlcbcrrros

l,o lt;rlrrrrs

irrtrotlucir' Lrs ol)ctitciollcs rlcurlo clc rn lrri.rct.so Llilcrcnrc. rll nlrnc (Luc ll)s solJcoljultos {lc (Sr) (llrc solr:

:,3, I, 2,
0, I,
Jlrrr rcspr( ti\,anrctltc i;oIrorlos con (Sc) , (Slt) y (Sc) . V: nos !icnrlo nsi rlLrc cstir conrlicirjr dc ;rnr(,lisuro cs cxprcsirr cic ra rclacitllr

tntlc
rlcl

lli\Ll y cl irrLcriol c) yirtn(i (lc la cjtlal hay 'dctcrt)iltirci ' rirrrtro por,cl sr'!urrl(): cs rlcrir', rc uu ni\,cl rrrpcrior. sc corslitulc (r)u virts lr rrrra suplr:rr:irirr (lcl irlc,iol, pero urrn sllpc:rci(ir ri,r irl' url'( l, irlrri'r ,,rro ir.rt riir'. lit {icrlo (luc los rurcrrriiticos jrrtroduct:: (Sr) coD :ryu(la (lc (Sc) , lliccn r-llos (l c lr ilr )ctttr) (lc (Sr) cs Lll l)ar or(lclltlo (lc clcDtc tos (lc ( c). l-a itlcrr rll p:lI r)l(lctit(lo, no ol)stultcr colltit c ill)plicita cstir orir i(lr:r rlc orcrrrcirirr irrlcrs:r crr la cu:rl sc colsriruyc h rliticultil(I. i\"o cs clLr rri'ls (lLlr l.rit rrrttc|a rlc dccil: "N.-ucstl nocil dc nrimcro 0D (Sr) ) cs tal qrrc l l)' cs s;crDIlr.c u rrrircro e1 (Sr) ". l.ls rltcir', cl:rriLtrrritic< l)i (c (lc 'r ' r:orrro opcrirtirill (lrc l)lillrrc r)a cLlcsli(jIl (le cxistcr(iiir, y (li(c: rn clcrctllo, o Dril c.o, (lc (Sl.) cs rrtl pru o|tlcrr;rtlo tlc clc: cDtos o rLirrr(ros (lc (S9 !l qrc:
r.rr

(, ) - k, l) a 1 tl: c+ b
l litr rlc

si y slo si

crrtrtlrs, lo rlLrc ticrrc cn vists es le fr!rrrrula:

"t,b : c -tI si y s(ilo si al d : ci b" Dc 1ll;lncir quc llLlcsuo LclllliLico cljtinlil h;il)cr irrtr.otlucirlo la nLLcla rocirin a pirltir' (1c (Sc) . l'co ( 1/) no rs sicnpc Ltr r)tnc10 cr (Sc) i lror lo t;rnto. ro ci ll I):rrtir soliuDcrlc (lc (ljc) (luc coJrs ItLtyc su rocirr (li l cl-o. Lit oIcr(i sl a r1o sc puc(lc dclivtr

^ll-N0^

/ J,r 1t ,rtlttt'ta

,:

ln\ titrrir

!) = l2'i, 1 + l4 = 12 -l- 1)) lr;rrtir (lc ( ,) cll cl cslx c\l)r'csj(ilr ro tcrl srlli(lo rn (5c) . Y la rarl cs qLrc dc un sir) sclIiclo r(i;r sc lrcdc obtcrrcr. El conjuntr) (ljr') cs, cntollccs, (lctcrrri)(lo Por alro rrrrcvo ruc sc inLro(la.c. Y cstc ':rlSo nucrlo'cs, sinrplurcrttc, (lLrc l;r rr:riir rocin collrl)1cdc 1-l)' aonro rtinicro clr torlos lcs r:sos. Vcmrs ls (lrrc --conro dccirnros lrll unu rclrr:in cnoc (Sc) ] (Sr), cr cl sirrttirlo crr (luc (:iI) r'csulrrl 'rlctcrrllir;rclo' lJor' (rtcstionci dc irrxrsiLriJitl:rrl x l)tir-clc (Sc) . l'cro crr cl rilr:l ric lrrs ronsirk:r'cio' ncs lirgir;rs. hay rrr;r uasccrrtlerciir (lrrc r)t) porlcrrros lurlLrtir'. L cxtclrsi(jr1 (lc rri)clo trrr lrtntos fxiurlil:lrlo hirstir ir(lLi irlroLlucc I:r porrilrilirlad urrilr:rsirl rlc l rcstrr. Y srrrc lho:a rr;r cncs(i(in (lrc pirrccc lcgitirno i)lrrtc1. l ir surrir cs siL'nrr'c rosiLlc crr (Sc) , irrcyr, si ll Icst;r cs ol)crircin irvcls;r rlc lrr surra, dclricr:L sct cl1;r sicrrrprc 1:osil;le- Y no cs iri. Lucgo, lo corlcctt cs (lccir: lir r'csur crr (5rr) cs ilrlclsr (lc lil slllnx crl (Sc).

(r| cj. tlc 7

cr (luc

clso

Y lo ruisrro hu dc rlccirsc rlc lu divisirlu. l.u tlilisiio cr (Sc) cs irrrcrsa cle llr 1llLl]ti1)litlrci(in cLlll (lo cs posiblc, cs clc<:ir, cu:Lirdo a: cs t:rL (luc cxisle r tiLl (l(c, 1) r" : f]. Iir dcair, (luc l.Js Plol)l(urrs (lc ro,.xistcll.ia llo sc Il;rt]L(rirn i)orqlrc la opcrarin sca irrvr'r'sl, sino ttrr: ttutrrnros dc rrrrstitrri tln (lontillio cr qLc r.urll opclrrcirin lLnrilosir srir xrsilrtr:. l.s pulir cli rinr rtn'sill scrtido'quc l)s;Ios r rll rLcVo ri\rl (lc scnti(lr). l'-s (lili(il cstltlilc' ccr crr grlrclo rlc siu scrrtirlo sca, tt cj., t{-0 cn cl rlorrinio rlc los ltinrcros Dirtrrr'1(s, I)irIc(rc irrrlx)r't;rlllc irrtt<-rl cit lir (listillci(il clltrc cl sin scrltitlo Ligico, o elrsu11lo, y cl silr sclrtido lt'rtlico (tr otlo nolbrc corlro cstc quc porlrjir (Lirsclr) . l--s daro tlrrr: ro cs lo rrrisnro l.r prrradoj {luc plo\:icllc rlc l rrrrrIrsitilr, (ltlc qtlcllil quc cxticl](lc u1r dourillio nrc(ljrnlc ;rrlirlogiirs tn;is rcrros lcritirnrls. l)cro crr rc:rli<lrrtl lro cli_ l)ilruos cl sin scnticlo, crr c1 nivcl:rltcrir, tiliro en rtrc scrr lcgl ti1lo lrll)Lrt dc clitinarlo. ,\hora, cuilrclo tlcciuros rrrc la tcsa cs (rll (5r) lrrri,,crs:rLncllte Po' sil)lc Lclla1 os qLlc r-aclrzilr l:r lc(lr(i(ill (lr l nrtrltil)lic:rci(ir a lit s!lnril; rolrluc si ILrcr:r csto rs, ]u rlivisirin ruc cs;rv('rs:r rlo l:r rrrrrltiplicacin (lcl)ci s(r rrivcr'srrlrncltc posiLlc. Y cslc uo cs cl cirso. Ltrugo, cn (Sr), le nrultirliclcin rs illc(irctiblc h srnnir: es irril nllcv;L ol)cr(i1rt. trD (Sr), lrr rlivisirr, conto opcrar:irin irrlcrs:L tlc l:r nrrrltiplicrcin nos sull,.iclc crrcstioncs dc inll)osilrilirliL(l, cs dccir, tlaclos t y no cs licnrrc solrrblc cn (Sr') l:r cctrrcirllr:

31

13

llr rrc\() colrccpto rlc nnrcro, clc nrancra qLrc x Ilrnlcro. l,o hLccrrros lr I)ar.til rlcl artilicio.ljar or(lctiir(lo LIc clc cD_ Los dc (jt)'. I)cIjDj)os lu iuurlrlarl:
Ctcanros cntonr:cs

(a,

l') : (. d)

sf

y sto

sI

Lo quc, lrrriiloranrcrrtc;ll caso

llltcior, cs I.lrnLLlilci(itt
s

ettl)osc:l(lir (lr,:

-b-

_--

y srllo si

y, como tcs. 1a orrrracirirr 'rr.uzatla' no sicml)r.c ticrrc scnti(lo cn 15r.. Lu u,,. Ir r:o, i,rrr rlrrr' r,r,,rIrr, iLILr. , , r. rrtin.rrr,.rt ort.,; r,,t rl 'orr. rr,irLr v ' ' , i.rl :,,,r,.. ,,t,) ,1, , r,. , rr ,.t ,orirrrr,, oll(\ {S,) , cxistc uri srl)(or.iLrto isorrrorto con (.5r).

fi,.1i",,' rl( ir, \i(r,.r, i,.. ,,,r ,irrr,1,r. 1;: ,n,rn o1, r.:,ri,irr sirr cll (Sr), nori (o(lu(cn ir (lik) . y (:LicsLjollcs (lc illcxi!Lrrciir el (Sl) ror c.icnr.'lo rrtr 1-a t " irnll,)s;trlc ;,lt - ros crrrtuccrr Ia
rcDti(lo

0rrcnsi(ir (luc ir ro{lu(c (Si). Y asi tclr.trros ult:r srtic (lc noriocs clc rLinrr:r.o:

(:j(), (su), (s|), (sr),

(sict),

(sk),

(sD.

Y cs cstir scric liL tLrc torrr;rrrros crrrDo c.jctrrplo dc lo (lrrc lrc)tos tt'a_ ttdo (lr (lrs(ril)i (oulo llt)il 'ilivisitirr c sccLctrail iiltc1,,. Iis, rrrizlis,
cl cjcnrlrlo rncrros Irr,;rlrlc <lr,srlc
quc

tl

ros irtctcir; y,

[cDCja.

I) l-l

conccpto dc lllircro (lrc ticnc collln rlorrriirio (Sc) ni cs cl ]ij,nro .:r csr.u- scrLrro (ic cllo, .on cll nirilrr)o (la lo$ otr_os (:irsos. il,rsLir, verjlicir1 (irrc i)n)c(liil!lD)cllr(i slll)cr.ior sc (lJnstitryc coll cl pror!

Vci]]ltos ilhotil jjus tirsli()s t,s:Dcirlcs. corrccrto rlc rnrcrr rlLrr licrc conro rlonrirrio (Sn) rrr., z.r cl

cll Ll (;rs{), cl t)liis it(ltcuit(lo piua alil)tr su c\is_

pLrrrto Llc vistrr clc I:L ocrirci(irr

dc'slrpclilr' ut)il cucstirin rl: l1r;r dc scirti(lo (i' no cxirtcn<:il,) 'cn cl iulo;or'. y quc pira l()trrLrlo ricrrc rlrrc constitrrir:;c cn uu sc;rLido
ito cscDcilnlcI]

rl

Ii

tc (lilclclltc (lcl attcri(J].

solrrcirirr rlcl Iloblcmtr (llrf: sc l)liuttcx cn rn ilcl, cD cl trivcl sLperior r.) cs sir 'srircirirr an;rlrigicil'; cstrictirrncIltc, no huy solucin,
Pollllc

l) Ll

el I)roi)irDtir ll.) (:s ull l)tolJlcrnu. [J) l)rolrlcm;r, cnr]r(lo cs gcluiio, no cs rtriis quc rcr.plcji<lar1 rcl:rtiva ruc csultit dc uuu .ontua

^TL\r.\

/.s L. lt

It l: t,

a ,! |nt .:.

:d.

con(lici(in. Cundo su plntcair;cnto inrrlica ir rniis xliii dc los trrDinos clr quc sc IrLrDtcil, no cs propillD)cnl.e ll l)I-ol)lclIil, sirro un al)sl1do, 3) Dc rnancla (lLc lorl.I l,L consLclrcin dr: itlculitl:rrl trrc cxlribe un IinriLc cs tlsccn(li(la ul trnsccldc cl Iinritc. \--o iry, cr rrttcslro caro, siro anrrlog^ia crrtlc lrrs opclrcioncs cn (Sr) y crt (Sr). I-l surrt:t, potcj{rl)lo,cn (lj(r) rro cs l misrn opcrir(.i(rt (lrc llilrniiDlos srrri! cn (Sr) I.-stirblccr'r l i<lcntild cuLIc rnrrs sclit corrlo icllrltificirr opcl'tcioncs anrilogas curLrrrlo insunros rlci xlliurl ir la cspccic hrrrnirnu. l,:t continui_ rllrrl rlcl sistcnr qlrc cri cl orijinisnro irrll)licit utlx frrsiriu y Lutlt rtrorliIicacirir intcrior clc orlos sts ilsl)cctos. lJc nrancrll (lrrc 1a pcrccl;r'irirl crr cl honl)lc no cs lo rrismo <ltrc |L clccpcirlrr cl cl anirual. Por lo qrrc csLii a lit \i5tl, prcce lcgiLinto soslcDcl (lrc cll cl llorlrbrc hily frr cioncs csrilitualcs quc no hay cD cl l)rlrto; y cstas Iurrciorcs lr;rrr dc inllrottlr rlDa slrstirnti\rrr nlodiliciLci(in nrulrir (loc Iros ilnPi(lc itlclr!ificr abstlac_
t;u.r,

'1) Sin crll:argo, ro cs si'r nr:is unir sc1;;rracirin l;t (lLc (lcl)crnos cstx_ llcccr. crrtrc llls di[ccrtlcs nociolrcs (lc n(ir]r'(rlo- 1-\o l)ssrrrllor dc tlll ni\'cl al < c lc cs irrDIc(liiLtanlcItLe supcrior si lro cs por. tlilictrltlrlcs nrnltucn_

llIc l:r l', I((l'(i'ltr ,l 'lrrl;.t tr'! rlri'lrlo'.

lcs ir r(lul; o Nciot (licho, or- lillritaciorrts (lrc ]c soll l)r'oPiirs. l)c cslil nralcr,r, cl nircl irr[cIior Do cs ])!iLiLaloi csl() (llrc sc illstll]it cu urtll J oLr:l idcil aonro'lo rnisro' no Ptlcdc sirlo scr lo lnisnlo rrll rtniL y ol1ll, cs {lcair', cr y colno (lilcccias.

5)

I'o<[cruos dccir

qr(i tll Iri\'rl irirrrilc cotlro rl]lrtclii] cl nivcl

illl)le_

di,rLirnrcrtc irIcrior, potrluc lit lrctilirl;rtl iricrl lo t:onsirk:lr 5(ili(lillllrJl]tc, cs rlccir, conro .lnto impcuctrul)lc tlLrc rlclrcnros srlrstlrit crl tln conlct' to nliis arricli:rtlo que Io (luichl ,v tlilsPsii irl.:riolr\clt!c. lis (lacir, quc rrDa r:orcc1;cirirr itl)1r.rc Lron 'l. ctor lrasir,o dcl proccso tolirl cn qlc c$
;11)sorl)i(lu

trrLsccn(iid;i.
cs

cl:rIo,.orno l)cnros lrirtaLlo (lc nrostl-;rl, quc dicho 'Iactor', crrrnclo cs l)stliliclo clcl l)lo{,cso cnlcro (llIC lo suPcrlL ctt tt ivcl rris rtic]rllerlo, "yx no cs cl Irctor_ ruc ilticirrLrncrrlc collccl)ix os conlo ir' (orpoliin(losc irlli". ?) liirrilhncntc, sclcrnos (llrc lits dilclcntcs nocioncs dc nmco ro sol cspccics, o aasos, dc nrirrl:o clr gcllt:lal, sirro (lLlc nrirDcro sc d cr, v corrro, srr tlivtrsirl11, l:s clrro (luc cnlrcl)tiLlnos cn cslc cso cl Pro' 1lcura rlc ll urrida(I, dcl pliuciio trnitario, (lrrc (istli corllo luutlltutcrtto (lc cstc sistcnl rocionrl. I'r:ro s<r:r lo tuc scrL rlrrc dclranros dcr:ir- no cs cn cstc caso (conro arccnros I1;ll)cr nt()stlclo sulicicntcmcrtLc) un plint:ipio gcnrico cl quc crr(:orrtrirrcrlros. \crtros xsi quc l:r sclic 1c rociotr:s rrtnrrlrir:;rs (:rrDslituvc Ltlrir :rrLicll' lacin cottccpttral dcl tipo tuc ([cscrilril]ros irl inici:rl cstc cPitulo. Otros

(t) Y asi,

ejcrlrlos rrrlirrros dirr', r:orrro cs cl c:rso (lc irL sct.ic rrociorrrl qrc irrri(u, Iir lirs l)iLrtrs (lc lil Jiiosoliir, sc!irrr r.ollcilr: cl pulllo llcgcl. Dicc c la "lrnr:itlorrlirL rlc lus (licrrris l;iloslicrs":

"(.i:rrl ur:r (lc ls l); rcs tlc l lilosoIi:r cs ur)ir t.ot:rti(lir(l Iilo5Iic, rn cirr:ulo c(r'llr(lo y cn si lllisnro c()mplcto. Sin crtlrrrgo, ll i ea li. losrjfir:r sc rn(:ucntlir. clr crrd:r rrn tlc cst:rs rrir:s, crr rlrl cspccilirirl:rd o Drcrlio PintirLrl:. l'()r(luc cs cl ciIcrrlo 1;rLrtir: l;Lr'ua r.rrirli(ll(l rc1, ilrrDrpc nriis lLi rl{r 1o:; lhrritcs it Iucstos lror srr nrc(lio espcrinl, y firrrtla ri (rir rsl(r';t tliis i plil. I)c csr;r nr;rnc.a, lir Iot;lli(lit(l rlc la filosol: sclrcja rrn ricrlo rlc cir'(rlos. L:r itlca ap:rrccc cn cu(l cirrlo sirrrlar'; rcrr, irl rrisrr)o L;cril)o. lir rorrlirh(l (lc l:r i(lcir cs (]orsil.uirla Iol cl ristallr;r rlc cst;rs ftrscs l)c.Lliutcs, ) cir([;r u]ra tle cllrrs cs ur nri(nllo rcccsirrio (lc Iu orglrrrizacirirr" (Illtr. Nq i5).

cr cst(. l)iLsiri(. lros r.nritc ulr 1j)iis lo (|rc hcnlos <lilro. l- ctiLc c.rso rl (lcsir ollo ((lnc cs, cstlic, trnrrrtc. un rlcs:rrIrlio ligi<o; rlc Io rrnirr.rs;rl s( l)ro(lcc l)ol. supcr:rcirirl y crt!o1r;rirrlo (cr lo fllir] cnro]rtlilos rIll cvolucin clcl tiPo quc hcrnos cxlrrrcsto trl t(.lclil)r)s it lu lloririn rlc irncro) . I)cr.o. a(Lcltliis, cl (lrs;rirollo rs IrDl illln ricIltc lolzositliltl; o lriry u :rgcnLc o l)rirlriIio c\t( rllo (Ju. I)ollr;r clr Irovi icrl<r rli;rlctico cl sisl(rIlr: Iis lrorqc cs rr "lr)lllj{l|ll |c:rl" y Iorrluc sc cr1(: cDtr.iL clr Lrn '!cclio espcciirl" (lrr( l itlcL "rr ) llirrir s". cs rlrrir. l:r i{lca c\plicitr, rro Pr(le siro:rr nnir lo (llr. lrr rri|ga y I)sil- sn iir bito, es dccir., 'luLccr'sc' sr ltcliil;rl (v rlr: csrrr |]r:llrcrir l)rsrrr (lctc]l)i :rr. cl circlrlo dc l rrirLLrlulczr) . t:l lrritc tcrlcscrlrrtlo ror 1;r csrccialici:rcl dcl mctlio- corrstitrry::rrrri rrrr rrrrrrcnto rlc la arriri<lrrcl clc lrr jtic;r. llsra ilsuula l() (luc lrr rxclrryc -l(, (luc cs s( ncgacii) por cccsiLlilcl in
t<rlnrinoloiu rlrrr sc crlrlcrL
irllii (lc

l,l

li

scc:r ir sn Iclrlirlrrrl. Srr n((..si([it(l .r sn iibl.c <lcsrrol]o. I-;r libcrt;rd l; irlc.r sc llruu;r asi rutrlrrlo Irr rrrsirlcllrtos tlr:srlc (ic{ro; crr ttrnro q c cs rrr(csi(l,r(l cL:rlr, trtr.rlilrrtc Ils iulillogilri o lnct.iif{rrils (lcl clttcrldinrirrto, (lol)tiull(,s l)unto (lc r'ir;l; (!.:tcrior. L activirhrl rluc cs inoirr\.(irrnrrr(c Irr irltl. st I]r;uili:st:r (,s (Lc(ir., sc corsriLrly(, :llrldc

Jgicrrrrrtnlc (
tos,

n lil ;rl);rlicllcir) (onlo (Irl (lcsilnollo cn

lirscs, o ntonlcr,

(lc urr:L 'scri(:'. L;t itlcL ln y p.ua si, iLilrnlr: sr:lltcri(li(i colltr(li(it(losc. lln cstc scnti(lo. 1. lrr(c (rrrjr 1 si ,riqrr;, dcstlc si rnisr . La atrcr.irlrrrl, tuc yicnc dct:rurir(lir c,r ia .trit.)i1[irn11.i(ilr dc ]it i(lcu. corrtillrc lr irlc;r couto atrrcllo rluc Ja sopoltl. l)c rrilrcrir qrrc lrr irlcl cr st ltcridrcl !c hacc !llcrr;r ;l si lrisu)ir, (n cl sclti(lo cr quc sc (lividc y cstrlrlc. L iirsc (lcl csrritu cs l:r curirit clc cstos rnonr(,r!os: "la irlca vLclvc

li{ti.jt;I?! ,,, r. .,; ,..5fct.ftlr ii.i rr,ir

,.

AIIINI1 /.i.r,.

]a tili:n,it

lnt.fniir

a ri nisIrriL iL I);lLir (lc s illtcridu(1". ]rst (ulnriDircirjn cs jrLr.i1:icrr a la idca, quc o drjllr't'! (lc rlcsplazetsc tllicltrits no l)itlit cliIlrjrLl(lo cstc irspc(to (lc lo csr.ci:rl y tlcfccrivo. trl:is c:rplir-iLo :rill) (oll rcs|irclo sc'1rlijirntc l)ocrso l(igico cs cl pitsjric (lLlc sc cllcrcllUlr cll cl cilpitllcl tt r.lc )t lincirLolt:t1irr y rrrc pesurrros ll trir)tscjilrir:

"Ls hirri{lll ttilt1 it l lirlcLic;r conto lli ttc (lvcrtl.icio qlc irIu]l(l,L(larucrtc ir)trorlr(c cD ls rocioltcs rlclillirlus la r:orfrriirin v unir rrcra scnrcjirlzrr tlc r:olr.rLrliccitir. l,)l csrc cirso Lr scurcjanrl cs i ro-cnti(ll(1, nricntlas tluc l:l \cr(lir(lrt:L rcllirlatl sc sullonc l)crtcrcacr ll rltcltuL oit:ital (lcl crrtfrr(lint'clto. l,:r \,cl-(lil(1, il tllcnLl. rlo lll rliillti.t.ic no cs rr;is rluc rr srrlrjr:tiIo rrririrr tlc lrglrnlclltr)s L:n pro I cn rontlir cn Lloll(lc ll usL,llLirr rlcl ,r.rrsrrri.rrro gcrruillo cs crrl;irrta nrc(lirrrc slltilczirs (lu(] (l1 olil]cr rr r.rlcs lrr.qrrnrcn. tos. lcl() cr rirr vc.{lit(lclo y propi0 crrr;irtlr, lir (liirl(li(:l} cs lit trttu|alczu y cscDciir risrDi rlc todo arrrr,llo tuc cs Icriic;rrlo rncrlirrrr. r, "l rr,r,,,rtcr,lrrr(r.lo -r, l,rir, Lr l,r ,lc Ls (or.L \ (lc lo tiirito c(rnro u!rir l.or.llidir(1. l,rr (li,rlrtirl .*,iit.,,,,r," rlc lllrc0cxirin,. l'in rirLcru insrillc:i, Lr lr[1cri(in cs trrlrrcl rnovirLricrrro rrrc sc <lililit' 1cJil y rr;is all;i (lcl prc(liclclo ili5llrlo (lc llrrir cos y alc lc (l^ x 5Lc irlsrr)a rclcl-clciir, ill liculpo rrc cxrlicit.r su t.clrrtirirluri, nricrtI:rs qric, totlarrr y crr otros r.rsl)ccros, lo (lci:r .{.ll sL r,ulidcz irilrLrlr. LrL clilrlicriclr. clt ci trlrio, siqrrilictr arrr<.ll;r lc (lctl(i;r intc-

lior (loc iplrlit Ilirci;L r[c;r rncrli:llrtc ]ir (rxl l;r u ililtcrlirlil(l v 1 iirijrtrci:r clc los prcrlir:;rrlos (l.l rlltcn(lil)ric'tto rn,, tirLr. sr',
",r Iuz rcrrlrclcI:r, v nrirriiicst;ut scr lir rr(.!irci(in rlt: tirLs rtctlicarlos. I',r., ,r,.r ,.., ,rr.'1,rri, r,', ',, liri,:. ,, i.r.r.rrrr rrre rl,ri,,rir" y l,u. rcr-sL' ,rprltc (lc si mjs tir. Irrlcr)(lirlo (lc cslir rriLt]cl-ir. cl l]ritrcipio rlirlrlctico torrstituyc llt \i(lir y rl :tltr (lcl l)r1)grcso (icr)tlico, la

tiricu rlil:inrica qc sunriDisttr crrcririn irntrncrrc y rcccsidall irl cucrpo rlc ltr cicrrria; y vcnros, ctr rrul pirlirLrl, (luc (onstituyc l:r lcll v llxl:rclcllr ol)llrstil il lir c\tcriol, cxilitaci(itr qlc sLlpcfir lo liiio'.

L)c ;urclrr (lllc h iiruikrstil( i(il) (1c rl (ucrl)o rlc noriolcs cr sc. riacirirr or irt.r'iol tlcscrrolrirrricntr rntolLrri.t srr rr.irrririrr rlirri trico crr ur) ilslrnil ;r Ioll(lo lo <Lrc crr {.lr(lil l]sc rir tslirl)lc(c. IJl)a tcorir c.icrtili(;r, l)or rirrrplo. qrno unil:rrl i(lcrl rrr;rrilcst;Lriir sus lInitcs tD lirz('l rlc un intctiol ) cotrsislallLc rlcslrtrollo (luc, l)ot ColtLc cr. inrplicitr:ncutc uu priu.ipio inlilito. lir Irifirzt :r ut)x pruci)il clt quc stt rcccsrni:r Lrniltcr'rrlirlLLrl y lirnitrrcirirr irrrr)ill lilrirlcurc conro resultit(lo lo (luc crir ill)licitirnrclttt ct (iill. L:r iclclr, corno uuir lol.Drulaci coIlsistcntc rlrrc;rspitabrr lt oc l)ilr cl Jrrr:Lr: tlc urr;r rleliDicir arlccuit. rla o alyrluL rlt: Io rcal, llcv;r cn si ntisnrir cl rlcrurcl clc su (lcsu.uc-

I.r', \r, r,, r ,i,lrr, r r ,rt , r,.: r .r, ,r.,,Lr. Lr ,,.rllrllrl tro es ttris rlLrc rl iilr:)ito (jl)icliro (1(,ir rror.irl lrrry r(,c(,siih(l rrutLrir cn!rc cstos nrorrftoj_ L;r qrritlrr:r rlc lrr tc,ori,r cs rlrrir.lrr:r lc la l:rli dirtl qLrc rlclirrc; \' ia (lLicl)rit rlI l:r lc;rlitl:trl (.s (llritbrit tlc Ia irlclrlirlrrrl cu (l!rc cfir \'cr(lit(l(,r;r. cs l s nri l1r,,t, cxpr.csirirr rl| r lrniLc Lcrico, dc cst firsc cn trrc liL illr:;r r:x.,lit:iLrL la colt.r;rrlicritilt (ullc inllliturl y Iinilu(1. \' crtrr (or(lir(irilr ,,c nur{tstr;r ct) cl ltccho ck, rrrc I:t srrpcrl, ciri rlc lrr crisis,t(r {rs rr) rr(r) s(}rrfrcl(c r lrr rr:rrlirlrrl si o rrD uasrrr ttl nuc\n ri\t,l tc(ili(rr, \',r,slr i)iisr) cs itsinlislro tlilrlictico. ,,,, ,,1'ranlido rll (ln(] rcsolr'r,rlrr;s ltr (liris. Is tlccir, rc:rlizrn,rr ll sirt{.si:; por rupct:rtirirr Llc i,r torrrLiirijrr. t-irs rcoriirs (ic,rtli.is r() sc rLlolro_ nr siDo (lllt 1jct(ll rn ltivrl (lc ir!I(,( rrir( i(irL I,cIo scllr it.ratiorr:rI prctcn(lcr.lu. cstos r)ivclrs lr) ln)scrr inlr:r.rrr rclir(i(,,jr. IItl (l;r(.onrirnri,
tlc csLrr rirtrrr;rlczu srrrorrrlrir rrrrrr rlisX,rsirirr r{c lrrs irlr..rrs rrrc clinlinrrir to(Lt c\l)li(ilci(ilr r;riortrl tlcl I)l(xrcso tc(iri(o. \'rr;rtlic roth.il cludit ur ilr'rciralsrrro, irr,ositrlr currrrlo l,r r.r;Lli(l.r(l csrri cr) incgo. Qt.r sirlrilit:rrio po(lriul]tor ittrilril. il lr ltcljrllrrL cuntlo srponcntos quc L:ry (listintrs rcillilir(lcs sirr r:<;::xirir tnltc cll,rs l,cr.o tlcjc
Ll;rd

,l l.r\,,.

(i{:)rr Lrr lr (.scnai:r l)tisn)it tlc lr irltiL vl coIlt(.lt(lir rst;L ()(li(i(,) llo )il dc so'llttcrsc lll l)t.ll( i)ir t]c i;t r.c:rlirlrl ,r lrr 1,crtlu1, sino (lc [orz l;r rc.rlirlrrrl ir )lrct(rsij a jr |Lrtrrr tlc l;r iilcrr. La rriris, sirr cnrbargo, 0s cllsis (iir ltL irlca y Ilo rlc lr .clitLrrl. ltr ltr crisis, (lllc i(lclltilic;u)1os c0n lir IrirllrrliL'f;rsr: ct.rciirl <lc l;r r:iclcirr', lc t)irsti l:r tcori;r cicnrli{:i ,rlqo,,r ,s , r'(r.'lr, Ir. i,,l r. ,;r'l ,iir'r,r:,rrrlu o l,:.t,l.r ,lc lr dilllcLirtr. Lr tior,1 sc II.IIIiIii.{i) :i si nti\rrl (olnr) itlc;lli:lu(l isldit. coDlo nrclo I)r(licl{lo: y sc l)or)c ir|;Lrtc (orj rcsIrcto;r si rtrism, cs tlccir, s:rrr clc si stl tit,! r(i(jn. I,]ji (i]tr) (luc ltor()ur)s cst)nos l uy jl;t_ i'irr.,1,,. .r . l, rr l Lr {,, 1.r ,1, l . r,..ri, rr. i, r. ., r ,r,,.:irr.,r ,rr,: 1,,,y dirLir:ririn crur: cstos . r I :i : lrL ror.irr vrr rlt, su l:rrin y la ric;rli,llrl
rrrr)
r

lll nrolilrir,Dto tli:rlctiro rorrsrirulc:;icrrrrr.c cu c.rh rn clc sus o tiiir(l.rs r c.jcllrplo rlcl tilxr rll iulicLrlxci(iIl jjstc:rl;itiair (|rc hcruos LILsrritr rrntcs. ll: cfi.rrr: l) Is l ttoviricrto (lcs(lc lo lrclos (lrtrnltillil(lo Itaria l< r.l;is rlc_ tcnllirlr(lo. l,l loLitcsis yirnr (Icl.rr)i (lir c I:r rr.sis. rs lo q c l;r lli(:gr; y l l$iri, c)t llL ilr)tit(sis. I,clir cri cr Ia sDtcris rlorrrlc cuInirril cl ploaco; v lit sitrles;s ci l Iilsc dc rlrtr.r ii :rr:ijt n]iis collcrctx. 2) Lo rlcuos (lcrcrnrin;r(l (o rrr; rlctcrurinrrtto cl r.flir(i(il t l sirr_ ttsis) rro rlcj (lc l)osccr sll lrj\cl (lc (l(.Lc]iltiltjL(:i(jr). rju erit(lo.lc;ndirirhuriirIrr1. I',rs.c xrtr'liori(lirrl lrigic;r y cs ,.(Jro (li r Ilc!cl lotlicll liksriiitrr, rrn cr(r1() rcrr:ulo y crr rji urirlo ctllrl)lc!o.
ctilprs

4)

Arl\r\

'','/r" lt ,lt,il;.r,. 1

1,

1.,,, r.tr

(tcsis y :rrlitcsis) rro es 'arui colno alli'. silrtcsis rro hlry une irbstlct:r sllmir; si no fllcr_a rlri no Iabriaros rcsuclto la contediccir antcrior ir i:r culrDirrcir. ,1) Lo riis dctcmrirrrclo no cs cn iLl)sohrto sjro ir pilrtit dcl rlcs;rr'o. llo ntr:rior qLc lo corpr-cuclc corno cll)ninaci(in. I-a actiliclad dc l;L .l(lcir sc tourir r si n)irmir )ro rr:rtrrir, sac;r rlc s cl irpolo pirrtir 'r rlel crill sc trsaicn(lc, Otro cjcnrplo qrrc podertros nonrlrrr dc Iirs(l cs cl qlc ros srl. nrillistra llr(llcy crrlrrdo clcsclil:c las [ascs <1Lrr: pulccc irrplicar h cxpclicrrcir intclcctrral. lltadlcl concibc cl ALsolto como l:r lotxli(lxd onrnicor:rrr-cnsiv;r, (nrro cl toclo sisLcrnrilico qrrc sc c{rrstitu)c iDtlrryclltlo (lclrtlo (lc ur)lL irrmorrir l)cllc(t;r l:r clivcrsa y lirrit.r cxlrcricncirri to(lo lo (lrc cs p-

3) Lo rncros clctcrlinario

lllr l

icrcia cs ubsoI'biclo y srrrclaclo rrlJi; 1o(lo lo quc l)orfrr ;rl)surctirmcntc l)or uloslbsistir- rncrcc(l ir lr cusi rrtll pcr[cccirr (lc li! urriiiltcrrll crptiir:ucia Iinitir cs imsccrr(li(lo rlcntlo de rrrr:r or'errit: acirin crc lo

clisclvc cll s sisicriitica c irriinita r:ontinLrirlrrd. I'clo la i(lca ck: cslc Absoluto ]lo cs lir nlclir oaulrcrtairr dc uD cspi_ iru al;irrr'io, o la >otica insl:lir';rcin rlc rrrr tr;icLcr-rllsli.o. lil ^b. $oluto corro i(lcir l)rota r:otr irrr:rlrcrLc [orzosi(la(l it Iirltir (lcl Pcns' rrirrrto coro irlca. lil pcnsurnicrrlo prrc{lc (icsciil)irsc conro tllit tcxlLlir rlc rclircio)cs cntlc clrrrrcnlos. li] pcrsrnricnlo implic:r c1 rlrr;rlisrno clc lrL cxistcnciu y l i{lcrt y l)lo(lucc <-l)rr su itativi(Lr(l tllx xrlictrlcin rclirc;onl crtrc cstos dos nrorlrcrrtos rlc l:r Ic:rlirl:rcl. I-n ar:ti!idad tlcl pcnsirnlicnto l;ota dc la coir[Lrsr conrl)irclir, ] lro saLisIlcloriir cxPclicncia quc 1lm(llcy Ilxnlir scntinricnto. 'l-cnrruos, lrr.rrs, trcs fascs clc rrr rlcsurrollo tlLrc grrartlr cstlcchir lcliici(irr con cl lro\.iL1ricrto clilctico ltcgclillro: scrLilricrrlo. Pcllsa_

nric to, Al)solLto. VciLr]los tln psajc (lc,rpfdrrrnrc 4nd llenlill:

"lttllclo, crr cl Drcfo scr)Linricnto, o l)lascrrta(iiir illmr(litll, tc' nclos lu exl)eri(rci tlc rrn totuli(lir(l. l',\lir tot.lljrlad conticllc di' tcrsnlud, y, pol otr:r p:rtc, no sc cncucrlrir tlivitlitl:r pol rclacioncs I)cbcrros adnritir' lluc tal cxpericll(:iir cs (lc io Irrs inrpcrlccto e incs till)lc, y sus incosistcllci;rs os ccnclutr:rr irlIlcLljirLrlrcrl!c ir trrs_ cel(lcrlil. lin Ycrdacl, apcriLs pttc(lc dccirsc (luc lir poscclnos collro algo 1rrs quc (lucllo qlrc csternos cn xcto dc pctdcr. I'eo si c {llir lrit suscriluos Lr idca gerlcrll clc Lr1it c\pclicrcii! total cr lir crrll i;r voluntud, cl pcrijiLricrto, y cl scrrlirlicnto l)ucdcn unr rcl
nllis hir(crsc llDo. A(lcrr;is, esLil nrisnia rri(lild, scrl.i(l baio lils di$_ liD(:ior)cs, sc nrucstrr lucgo ctl corttlit (l(, allirs. IaIl{oDlr;lrtlos tslo, lir vcz, cn los cslLrerzos hcchos pol la tuoria y la prlctica, cl tttc ca(lir nir tlittir rlc cor lctiusc a si rnisnr y asilr rlc csla fanct3

'1

fi

{l{)tlo (lr l:t {)tl;i. Y, il(lrlltiis, lx Iottra cllrr:iorrnl, conlr lrcrros ,islr, rtl)r!it irrr'.oills Pertcs hrrirr t |iclld. ItnIlictL ollir rrtrit totlr-

lirlrrl strlrst:Llcil n;is rrllri rlc l;rs rclrcionr:s i, por. sobrc clltrs, rrn to(lo (lrc 5c l)roporrr: sin t<xjto uror,r';rlizrrsr rn sr (lcllllc.. -,,
1;r

Y rlc alrr trrrrtltryc lir.rrllcr.rlrc si .()llrji(lcr;llnr)r csrc, jLtst:ullctrLc con rrrr;ilo3:r trrrrlcrrcirr lr'lrrs irlcus tlc lo lrcno y lo bcllo,

" -.. ol)lrt(!rfrlro\ tl (rrorinricnto tlc rllr rruirlatl (llc tl.;rscien(lc \ l) r)l,st;!ntc (olltir.rr(: tr)(li il rlivcrsiclrrtl tlt, la aplriic cilr ...,'

lll vrrrtiricrir I)irsir iL s(l lllt( liir rlcl l)crsrrr;crrto. y cs trlscrnrlirlo rlli. It,l sclrti liclrlo o rs (Jui.otrl{r ;llii'. I,cr.o si11 scntir ic]tto lo liiry Icnrirtlricllto. Sitr curbar!'o, l; lto cl scrtinricjrto corno cl pc s:rnrir1r) I)')sc|'rt srr lrroPio cil'cnlo rlc idi\'itlLralirl;rrl; so)r, (:on la frrDuliL

ciillcs, cs {lrc no l)lr((lct si o urot.as(n(lctsc. (ilnto clicc ]hirdlcy: "l r:rtrrr;Llcza r5.rr(i.rl (lc lo liriro cr, rlrrr:, rlondrrlrricr:L (lLc sc
tc, sLr

(lc Ilrscl. "XlirliLlirlcs r.culrr". \'Drrrrc solt lc;lk,s, y si

cspc

crlii(tcl rr (lcsliru ullis allii (lc los lilltitcs (lc s|l cti:itcnci.'. ,\sjrrisrrro, rl prrrsrrrnitrrro cr;rLr,rr'l:itlo (lcnrro (lcl ,\t;solLrro. I'r:r.o llo'(rilil irll silrr) (lllc cs ull asl)(,.to tlc srr ctivitlrrl. l.l pcsallrictto
5c

l)r.csc,r,

ilrtoLrirsciclr(lc L:rrirtlosr:':rsLorto (lc s risrno', t()rIr:r]do ,n cont].itrlirciirr orllo rn:rtcIi;r. l,r qur ro tcniiL Il I)rnsnricnro cra lrl corrlicirirr rk:l scntinicnlo. y stc (.Lrr(iir dcL .iuliclrl (lllc ll rcli(lit(l ntorics;rrrollit clr cl nrorlo rlcl rcnsrrnricnro.,\ ri rrz, cl ;\lrwlrrto cs cl

ri!cl cr (lrc Ir tcllitlrrrl rctonr;r il si lllisilrir (r)rr rl c; iictc). sirjtcIri tico (lcl |(]rrsi ri( D1o y lil innr!liirlcz rlcl sclrliriclrto.
lisi(ir cr s(n('rrciir linc:rl'.

'l rrlcs clcurrlos l.r;rstrurirr p: ra rlrrr vi:crrciir clcctirir ir l.r :uricnIrci{in Irocior!l (lrr lrcnros tk:s(l jkr irl co rcll,/ill-, ] (lrc hcto5 Ilont)r(lo.di

l, l,l AltL,ininlo ,11).\lttt(to tlr l)t trnt,t(it)tr.

/\rii corio csiirnjrsri ()r(liliuiitn)crrc (lrc 1ir rlilsiIir]r(i(jlr e5 ( l Ic\crso 1l tlirisitilr. lrsi 1lrl)ilt s: roncil;c rrrrir ocr.ar.irirr l(i!i(ir colrsistct)tc cn Jirirl lrr soirrcirirr rrorionirl qrrc hr.nros rlscliro, y cn proccdcr desrlc
tlc

lo

lis rlclcrrrirtrclo a lo

'nrltr5

dct:rnlillrtlo. l);rtla rrn scic:

nucroo 1r;rrr
pasr,

r:,r

coDsistir.;i

or

c.j.. rlcsrlc 1J

C.

.r clirnitlr cl prorh(rr) (lc l;r;rcririda(l qrtc l)( critir rriulctft cilcriirnos cr io qrrc crs rIlc,

^Ill.N[A

^to, i

.titu.i.i . Inr .i(nio!

rlllnctltc /J. Nucstr'a opcr-acir!1l, c,l llI l)irirbrir, colrsistiri:r c1l cxtr:lcr, I)or (lcscrr\ol\'irrjcnto, rn,l sct-ic (lc lrocioDcs crcll) lla(hs cleDtro de una iclca sigrril icati\/rnelrlc cl!lrsir. l'-n curnto :r nosotro$. rlclcnrlclos ullr opini(in aniiloi;r la que exprrsinros al Ic[cirnos lL uIl ])ll-ccjrlir :!iculllcjn cDtlc divisin y clsilic:Lci(irr. [Jr]i! opclci(il cor)sistcntc cr ir (lcs{lc lo rlcrcrninrlo uri|crsil ll:1ci lo Llctclnlina(lo cspcciIi(o l)or clinrinacitr (lc aspccto y a rravs rlc rnu sccrrcci lirrcrLl, pucdc dcscrilir-sc y, cn ulBn sctrti. tlo, dc[ctrtlcrsc; l)cIo o) ]rorlo irlrulro plrcllc scr r cr.arrrcrtc cl lcvcrso dc r)ucstra opcr'ci(')l orieilral. Y lo (ltc l)ctlos rlicho rlclicra sc zr sulicicntc 1r;ua nlcsttl irc!rtivr. Ill pus,o tlcsrlc Lnll [;rsc otr no ei ^ Lllrir Iclitci(ir (llrc sc (olstitrv conro sillLcsis cxtctior. Is cicrLo (l c no lray (li siquiclrr cn cl cirso tlc Ilcgcl, crr cl .lso (lc lu clielr:tica) mera (ol1tirrri(l:r(l clttrc llrs (livclss fscs. I'clo l: riiscontiuiclcl ro cs coJlclici(ir slllicicntc parr i(irrti[iclr cl nro\,iD)icnlo ](igi(o (lc (lc!criraci(')11 cort u ir suDir itl)sLractil. l,ir s ra itbstr':lcl.ll $c rlascribc rtccliantc la cxtcriol cotlccti\,i quct c\l)rcslnros (:on "y. lll prso dc ulla lirsc a otr, en ulriL scCrcI(iir (lc rlctcL-nrirllrcirirr, sc exl)rcs l{](liant.c lu ncgcirr. I-l raso dc unir llse :r oLr';r cs un "situr'sc clr otlx iirsc"; y ]nc sit!io crr otLir I;rsc roI urli dificultd irmncntc r l:l Iirsc antciorj la cxchIo corrro tal litsc; pcro ]:r cxclrrro "pot rrna diIicrrlturl' quc lc cs intrrior'. ,\si, alnndont lir lirsc rLlrtcriol conro tal, par-;r supclrrla. Si aglcgaa yo al!o rucrarncDtc e lo nlcriol Do supctirria entonces su dificrrlrrl, asi coDro rro srrpcro I:r dilicrrlt:r11 dc rrrr cnlcmro polque sc Suar(ic stc cn cl Lolsillo lr r'crta. 'J'cneo (jLc rbsorl)c lirs coodiciorrcs (lcl nlorl)o, irl)soll)crlils:rlli rlordc sc Llirscicl(l:ri cn su contrrio. Y si rs ;rsi, no puc(lo crtoilces \.ohcr 1 l)rnLo rlc parLirla por rnera al)sLrxcci(ilr dentro dcl l)r'o(llc1o sl)crior'. lil ovinricDto {lc (lctcni riLci(in por irl):rllir(:(i(in orlrri (rro lo srLI;crrros Lod;r!ir) tcncr na purlicrrl:r clc jrrstilicirci<in lrigicrr, I)clo (lcsllc (iuc lo lcliarnos cstaDros en un (lornirlio iriclo. csLri(trlDcntc, il qucl cu (llC l)l;cilmos [lC!tra Dtrriol oprrirci(ir). S! plo(lucto cs ulror' itl)strircto y clcpcn(licntc, no posc! iu(liri(luiLIi(liLd, y llo puc(lc idcntificr'sc corr lir Isc honloga

rlc l:r ol)circin ar)tc].ior-. [)cro Lrv ]Iris: Plrcs cl punto tlcsdc cl crl partirnos pxra iniciar
alrstract.o r-occso

cl

(llc

hcri)os rlcsclitr, rro cs uir(l (luc po(llmos scpxar

dci proccso

cl

(lrc l sc rcnstituyc. lis clr:cir, rluc

ui

si(luicr;r puedc

llrlo dc otll. tlir.crsrrs opclat:ioucs quc pucdn irplicr'sc:r ur) urislno clor inio, y (luc dc cstx rlrcrt sc cDticnlan corIlo oIcr'acioncs (lc iluxl nivcl. I'or(lre lr( ol)ciaci(in irbstlacta dcpendc dcl tlcserrollo scli:Li e) quc s(-'constituv(: sll l)rrirto (lc partid; y ro
tlrx:Jtsc trrc haya, una ;rl

cs

pclspcctiva (lrc rir(llt

sLgicfc.

si 'iiro un atifiLtio qLc Dilrla colrsLituyc, urra lrLra cstri(rL, una {lc Drrovo irrtt.oclucc y qr,c Dada de nrcvo
c:u,o

llrr cl

rrpJlrr a rrna lr)nniLl o c\crior.accpr;rcir!n ck. lo qrrc hcios rlictro. lir proccso tli:rl&rir:o cs ir.t.c.,,tllrilllc; y cs iircrcrsiLlc porgrrc cs rrrr rrrori nritrrtr r'r,rl. Iir ci ruo,-irricrro rli;lrtiro sc cxPli<-itrr lo irnpiicito, si: rticlllr lo no-rti(:irlit(Lo, sc (lcslrrollil l,r quc cs nrr:ru potcrriiu. t._r c1 nuirrjrltto rlilrlictit:o ro lr;ry ,crr un !i(Jlll)() cso'y,cr otr.o tierrr,r rqucllo'. i.:r irItvcrsit;ilitllcl rlci ro\'irricrrro rlirrlcrirlo r..r cs h ircvcr_ ibilitlarl tlr:l tirrrtro. l.l ti(,rrllo cs otLr (lc lirs ril)jrr;cnrirs rIrc lrL iclcu rlcs;rlrollu i' :rlrsorl)c. l:l r ; r i r i r: r r ; rlirrlrlr:tico cs ir.r.crcrsil_rlc xrr.rrL,.r ci tl rDo\illti(trrt{) rlc rk.rtr.nljnrrrii!r colr(tct,r. l)ir r clir irr;rt rrrr ,r.o_ rlucto. rlr fiLsf. nr) ;r l)rr ro r, ll(nncnt(), tlcl rloccso rlialcticr llrrir.ia quc,;rl1 rrrisrrro, x_rrr'r rlc rr:tis lu r<1itl;rcl y !rars[ornrlrlh rt lrrdir. I |sto rrri,:rc rlcrir. rrrc trrlrrcllo rlLrc c cl l)o(cso !c; rt(xlcLclrrliuir no (r, cll (U;ll]ro rlr ri.tllrirrrtlo, U,r r)tco lorlo,(lc p:r11cs. ouilir(ll, lii_ qLricla i(lcillJltrutr, lr)ir i)irtc <lc trl totulirltrl ,,o i, y" 1,oiilrl" ,.,,,,r. tr lcsLlll(lo. llllr(lltc fucrit l]rr:lnlcutc irlc1, c tc l;,s lr,os. I'cro, l;icir rrrrrr(lirl(). 1o(l;rs lrs (orsi(lcr.cioncs rclutirtjr!s {lLrc l)cn()s llc(lriJ ticnrD i,rr \,islir rrurr trrutr.lrririrr s(srilt liL cLIlrl u,,u 'o1xr';rcirirr irrrfls,r rkt l,r tIstritr. I,:s.lirro "_*i*r" qu(,;rkLricr: pLrcrlc r.occtlcr:
r
r r

rle rcsrlos (l()s rillirros ejurrpJos rro cs si(lLicnl itei.iro

rr

rlciclril l)()l irlrstrir((i y;!larll/;rf rl_,Lrro scr:. y f;ltbicr cs sr rr': rsil( rlLsrlc Irr r.x1:i:r icrrr irr lrsolUrrr clc IjriLrll$, 1,,,j., 1., t1,,r.,r'' \ , t,llr. r., , .r.,,, i, r, rr,,,.,Ij,r, z ..r,.iLI,. I,.r,, r.,t, L,trrIi,irr',. r,r,rr,,l,rr r, 'l rrri. , rrrr I I,i1,.,, rlr. ;rrrr,.t rL.,.rI.I,rII,, rli:rl<ltrito grrr rr'L:ur clt) c\l)rcsirr cr rrr s-,rl iLlo cortr.,riio. y to,l< io qLrc ltcrllos dirlru c()lno r;r/()l]rs r]tr irp()),() (lc IstI (uirLi\i!, Iros
rlr:vlc cl

c0rrcl)il'lc (lllc

sIficicDtc.

l)lecc

l)clo cr crLvrs Lorl() rl (luc lrirrn(J5 cxlllcst,) 5()J)rc lil rclcj(iD rnatc, riitic (lc llLrrlrcr() po(liil {lc[(ll(lcrsc 1rr rosibilitlacl rlI rrrrrr orr:r.ucirin ilvcrsr. Y irr razrirr cs rrrt crr:onrlu)J()! it(lui alrir irr.t;(Lrlil(il'ln ri BidiL clrtre lils l;rsc sutr.sjr':s. I)c llcclro, c] rllrrcut;iti<r llocc(lc cl) ln Pctic: (:oltro si trrl opcrrririrr qLrr: hrrrrrrs lcrrorrrilr<lo rlc <I,:rurIrrirI:L_
ci(ir iJs(r'irctr, o rlc cspt(ilicir(irjn ;or. rlc-rerrvoh.irtrir.,:rro, I.ucr.a pur.rtttcutc lr ilrvc|so rlcl rroccso dc gcrrcrrlizacirirr pr)r. cDvolviIllicnto.
conrplcjos

Dr clc(rr), cl rirrtclr)iiii(()'Lriursitir.(lcs(lc cl (lo)irtio dc L)s uncro\ al nircl illcriol-tic ios rriDrcros Ic:rlcs rcrlirte rrrre sinrplc ottacirirr. Oonsirtc 5tir (rr sui)ourr rrrrlo cl 5g,, clcnlcrrto clcl llr
{ltc

dcliltc crr rirllciill

=d dclitro cslc

l;l rr)(i(j (lc trillcJo rcill. Si cn afl,hirgo lli!cl ilrffriol. Sin crrrbarqo, lrablarrrlo cstrict:rmcntc

l(i

AlliNtl\ /

J_

rr l tlr')t;'r'i

'l' 't\ 'i""'n

rcitl no lrc suli(lo (lcl crnrPo colrl)lljo- Ni Lrlrrsilo (lcsclc cl (ltrc lrL tortl(lLrr;r cs r':rciol;rlr la cothrrcia ci lariollal cuatrtlo strponto Dc In'r_ trrtlurrL trtioDrtl Iro cs llrcllos (lnil (oltll(lrtril (ltlc li rlo til(iorlill 'linlo lo (luc logro (on gLrc sc plctcntlc ucrL {luc r)o hry cl rrrtnsito rri o1r'ctlciril cs sclrxlrl r,,u <,l,,"" tlcrtrtt' dc otrrr; rcro clla jrrmis po' tl;i c,rrrlucirrc (lcs(lc lrn (rrrrc(Plo dc urtro ir oLro Si oPcro iL Pir_ Iir'(lc 1,r uoLi(irr tlc rrrt:ro conrplcio tlcntro (lc cill Pcllrrllczco; y lir irl)sllirctir ol)erci(tlt (lrlt cslirll()5 o'rrurirrirrrtlt cs rrL l)riu'jPio y cscrl_ (qrlivocil(lallclltc' ciahncrrrc irrt:r'p:rz (i( illc:lllzxf liL rrtx (lLlc 5r'lllc

(lollrjnio

iiroli.',(
(

rsr

l'

\ qlu n,," , r, ', , tl' rrrr.r \' '. 'lrr' rrrr ":r\ lirl' J 'lr"r'rr rurrc\ rrr\Ltl .rr. I'oi,rl,'lr',,i,;rr .',, '('l'! irrr '' r'rr l"' r'rrrrrrr"' :l'"r l'iLlos .n cl cvoivillli(lllto. Str jllililitltrllljrlrrl sc rtlrliri l)ill:L sicrrlPlc cn cl
rJ,rL(\\, (,r' ," r' I''IiI'rII,rrl

l'r'rr'1 '' 'l"ir" rrl irri'rtlu'r rI'l u irr,1,i,' ,fi'i," Ir ir'l \ilrrrrilr'l 'l l- rrr' rior' lo rlrr i,,,,,,,,',, tio IoI rrl;srrlrclilr cs lllr ill)slla(to oslrrsilri('' cs (lecir'' IolnlLr_ "ll.r,c rlorlo crlitito sLr c:rrcntir II ; t I r i I i t I ' lo rlc llrrr rrrlictllrcirin coll(cPtlllll alrllto lll (ltr: hcntos "_xirrliltlrlo' ctr la (liIcnr((li(Lr rrr ,1t,. rr,,t t,""t,ci"1"s Irs rrotiorrcs (lrrc (orrrl)r'crl(l(ln slls ir rrrr'r (lir!rsiJr(l rlc 'rir'rrr:i:rri' <ttcr cstrtIrrlL(s lsrs illlr;i lLllrtlir]ncrto (lcr Ir'flr rclrciorrrrrlus (ritlc si (T(r l;r nlisltrt lltltcl:t l'il lliLtrllr('n sc (lc lll)strll(1ll (li1)irii o (or o rrn (lesrr oil() o (orrro urr l)locr:dillricnto s:cgrirr sca strL o arLrtllrr lrr oiri,r:iritt ilcncr-rLlirrci(irr l) csPt.iIicrcritr) , ,"",,,frpt,,t,"" *frlc la vclrlrr<k::r nirltlr'lll/il (ic l)tlrslrn ol)clci(1ll l:l (l)islfrn{iloilo qLrc il(rl)l.r cl cirr:irtcr tlc!ctrirrrLlrLc tlc tirlcs scctcrropcrri;rs corLrcrttrrrlcs rros dilrl rrrc lrr licnci;r sc ll:lllilirstil corllrJ trllil ;rl)str(tr rrrcclirrrrtc trtt rocc_ ci(in lillc;'l (iLr(l !lt (lcl(lc lo coltccto il l{) ,lirricrto :rrrirlitico (lrrci lo (:orr{l(.( :r l't 1'Lrr'r rlirrtsrLl'r'l J rrrLrrrctit r) o )DLr' :r lr1,rrr. ' \r' rr.ii'rr '. or'rrrr'r'.lr'l'rrr rr:1 rrr'1' r'rrl'r'rlrr 1 lir sc irilrt{rl cstc (ic)-a(:i(irl t.(iricx clc lrt cxtclrsirilr aonlo l)rrr tri!c1rsi(t lo conrrLrero usi)ccto clc lrr rlivclsiclrr<l itltforlrlcifrl{lo lrt tlist:rcciril cll st hiLcc :rllor'lL llis col)crcto' crl cl scn_ tinLLo, tle rrlllr (ltl0 cl ol)]cto rTos har titlo (lc (lilr,,ll ,l,:lin;c;,in rlris a(lccuir(llt (lc io lcl Lucgo' (ll ticrrrl)o conlo rlniL lcr' (1irllo irrticLrlir, crl ci tonrl:lc]o lsi colstitLritlo cluc tlos nlrcvir (liIcfcnciil; y lcn(llcl1lo5 (lc csx r]lllncril cl lo\'iDticnto' rlr' IuL lr'lr"lrl'lro' Lr qtlrrr'rli' ,,r,r.,riur t'..t',,,,l'rl'l'lrrrilr"ri"rl alil',,.f.' f,"- nL,rirrricrrro "s'r"i ;L Lransiolrnrrrsc cn cl irdjctiro clc esi, sc irlttorlLlcc l rrrcirt[ (lc r]Illsir (ltrc' (onro {rl ticml)o fl.) ulirtctiitli (lcfiir lr ln cl rriucl ntclior rcsi)cc[o rlcl nlorirrlicrrto lros PellrjLc aclui; t(xk) (lcPcn(lc (le ciclt^s Iucrzrt. lll 1r.nr:,".o 1,r,"iI" rlrtctrclsc cccucilrs liksrilicns (lrlc l)n(lclllos ilccl)tar_ o rccllllzitr''
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l',s clo (iuc ilr artcrir coIlsirlcicil l)ucdc torasc cortro cxl)rcsirl <lc rr:r or'(lrlt:r( i(ill rlc lrs licncias. Lxjsrc, sirr c,,,blrro,.,,u,,,,r,

1,",,r',,,,1,r,t,, .. r(,..,,t,,, ,,,,., ,tir..r.i,l, tt ,i\I,.ri;r;,.,.,,,,., q,.,,,,'rr rirl;d rlLl sirl)cr .icllrifi.oi lrs (Lrro (luc ro (stutos plarlr:|r(lo cu$lioncs (lr lIlct;r cicll(i;r. 1,-i )r srIlricllro quc lonrl ls cicnrias cs. c.irrlLs corrro oLjctt> hrr rrirs.rcrr(li(to sLr ui\cl. No rrrcla cl cpistcrrl(ilojo, cl Iil(Jsr)io (luc sc o(r]rlr (ic lirs (ict(ixs, ?ttr clls collo LI NlijtisLro (lc liclirrir)rrcs l.-rrr:riorrs; c,l cristr:rI)<ilo,;o sLl)oIlc ls cicrrti:rs, cr tanto (luc cl (icrtili(() -(lr (rrrto (ict)tilico_ sc ocil)it (lc un ol)ictc) quc to r\ lir rir'lritr. l-l r,lristcrrrrilogo ticrrc l;r rcsl)o)sirl)ilitl:rtl tlc lrrl (ll'r lo (iur cl ticrrrilico <lcs.rrr'<,lla irrrplciLlncnrc, (lc cicr.:rrlo al l,li,urr (lc h uutLru(lJ(xi(il \ i:r cliLicit. l)c nrilllcl-il quc Lxlcs l)icgllDtrs, (luc trLrrlcr sor'rrcltlcr ir Lnt J),)rrlrtc rlc rii.urias, sorr lcgitirrrls cn cl rlrrrro
q,istcrrrol,i1ico. Jis oirlio rLrl rl l)rcgunt;rnros si rr crt,.rior.rs l:rs rcl:rcirr:s crrrc hs cir:rrr irs tlrrc sc rorrciLcrr colrr urr rlcsrrollr.r cD sclic no cs!iulros iL(lol)tirilo lltil ol)it)il scnl.iitntc rcsl)ccto (lc los ol)jcLos rluc a r:;rcla rrn:r I r {, r I (. I ) r ( r ' 1 . lrrrlcrcrrrlicntrrrrcrte rlc lo rrrc clLcrrnros h:rccr (or cl oLjrto tlc 1:rs cicDci;rs, rit(1ic (lucrr;i proIoltcrDos uniL r.ticllllci(ill clilcliol clttlc (.j csl),tcio, lrr clivcrsid;rtl y r,J ticrrrro pluu <l:rr sLrbstarrci,r l rrovirrricrrtor r, rrrrclic rrcrcrrtlrr:i (lrr rl rrro\iricnro l)rrro l):rsc lrils lj (lc scr Ilnit ll)suc(i(ill. y (lLrc no sc;t lil 1tilL..ia ll (llrc cxl)rcs:r Icxlrrrclrtc csc spcctt) qLre cl lisico cstu(li ;risLl(l:rrrcutc.
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Ligiicrllrl rrrc lcLr.rr, ciirritrtrr, so pfriir Ll(.r)(, sirlrcr ct qLl coIlsisLc pIe(it.llrlcrlc r)r(rtta) l(.rirllil(lc- l, tos cs )it tllrv lllllrililu- cl scDti(lo dc csl:r;rmlriitilirrlr(1. Sc rclioc a la irrrcr.Prcrircirr (uc (lclrcr)ros haccr rlt l:rs clir<iorrcs crtrc lirri {lilarcltcs cirlrci\. ljrprcsirn cllas uitil ll{.,_ ril 1in(ul(i(iD cxtcrior, cs rlitci, Itc rlciotlirl o Do lulcluda? O lclrr'

r\l rlcr:urrtrrruos si sor c\rctio.cs lrrs lcl;Lciolcs cttt.c lils (li\,crsirs l,rr'Suirl:rros ror.cl tipo rlr: ittr:liLl;rcl corr rlrrc tr;rLuia cl ciclltilico, cs rlccir, tl rirt.l cl) quc ol)ct..l su l)cltsillltiIlrt(). Noj prc!.ul_ lll,\tos si sr los diIct(r)trs itsix]ctor (llrc Ja cicrrr:ia incorrr:rr;r t-rr crrla $rir (lc rrs Irs.s, clc]rcrtos (lLrc crrtritn r(litivirllclttc cD l.r rlcIiDicirin til(l \r rlris (.on(lctll (lc l:r c I . L) iclro rlc otr.a nraltcl., si sc ltclcrrrlc qrrc Ia 'rralirl,rti'rlc:',lrrlii, corrccpru,rr:i(in .ic,rtti(:r qrre sc rrt I tlir\s (lc llrs cli[crcrrtls cicociits cs l lir 'calidit(l de agrcuaclo' rrc potltros rrrrli/xr xl)stl.itctat)crtc. Y cr cstc scrrti(lo, cl cl)istcrnlogo q,r. Ia,,l.. rr 'r:, ,l, l ,ir,l i,l, r (i,.uI,,.r,, ,t ,i|rili,o rrnrtr.i ilLrc pasrr atk:)antc y (oD{cslrrtos (lLrc cr) riitiD)o tnIiDo tcncnlos r\y loco (luc l):rccr co critc til)l) ({c l}cns:urric ro crrrrclo llos rlispo crrros olrcclcttr'. l)ol crrrirrr clc torlo, Ios (li(tl(loi (lr la IilcjoIluli(la(1. l,orciencius nrs
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r'rr r,rr .r,tri,l,-, {llc lrLllrlir s,llislrtr-|rnos tol plclirrrlcnlc' lll Proccso l)llr_ Ic.lc 1,, rn,i" 1"',",ri y u,,i. sirnl;lc lrirri:r 1o rls r:spcci:rl 1 rnris conrplcjo'

l'."rrrrit'r'i-'' rr..i I t, " ''rr"i".r' '"r ''r''l" "ir Irti'iro Ilr,",.,,!,:irrl'riur'''rl'rr'Ir'l'ri"r'''rrlr"lr'rr;\'r"r\trr'rr' \( rr'rli/r ltor jrr' ,i.,1 .r,:,',,r. i',i 's 'rr Ir r"li'l "rr lr" 'lrr'irr'rt' ruisrLr'L l't Llivclsithd liLrlcnlc lorlosi(lii(i. l,ir nrclx rxtInsitlri srt'r 'lc:'i rl' I \LL lrroLlrrLtn I'roNr @ Irr tIir, r':itI:rtI rlc si rrrisrr:L lir '\r' rr'i';rr\ i ) :"i ',1' I rr' lr" 'r'r rrr' rtr I r' "l'rri' r" " tttt'lo Ittr' tl rror.r,i, rrr',. y irrrico signiIicrtlo crraclo la erpir:sitirr 'sistcrrrrr rlc Iir (:icr)riir" llslc cs rl c'trrctlirrros las cicn" sistcr;r:r cltrrlo i.. f,*r,r,',i" tribuir':r l i.lc;r tt. (lc cstrr lirrr:rr1 Y si Jrrs tirncils uo csl:'rrr or'(lcnir(ls J-i,'. "tt,t.,,,",,,in sclrti(lo ll{l cs cIciti\'o (lcl]cllros cDloLlccs rc_ l;utcr' v it(lli l)osil)lc ii\l'lsiollcs (luc lurrci;t1 ; sL rlrri(lll(1. i,n tirl c:rso' ''rtlrtnr"s I'LrstrL Ir\ i r' riutrtcs (luc scrn Jis hrrgurL rIrrrsil;Lc la itlc tic "i$trrrr' : PLr "'r ."),,,,,,,"'.r,,, lcrruirltr)s Pitlil (:llo. P'rrlrrn"s ( \t rl rr qtrlo\ llrc lio Prsrr't rl caricltrrr'izar rltrcstro prc,<isito. llcs(lc (1rlc LLs :ictrcils sc clisPorlcl r'rr scric linr:rl ) sirtrllriilicir rlli)cnlos cltln(lcl-(1uc Ly clelcnrlirlcirr irrtclior cn cl scnli{lo clrrt: hcrlros crl)rrcsto l)or-111!ldo qllc llos inPrc' que sclt siorctr Irrs (lilrlr'lriils (lllc arisLcr rntlc cllirs',\' l)o lcgir;rtro hrll <lc tliscorrLirruitlr<l llr: l:r s':r'it. tro rorlti:tnos clLcl(lcr qtrc Ix ar' ticrlleci,il sca crtclioi. tlll sis{cllril Pos(rc irrtlividL:rlirlad y autosulxis' cs rcquci(lo Lcrrci;rr rrrlr qrrc sca cxtr:ro rr lrr rrrrLrrlirl{r/ir clc srrs Plrllcs rlc lrr rc'rlithd su urli,l",l. lls (jclto qrr! l;'q ' i' rrcirrs so itcrrc
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(y rro rncro cillculo pr;iatico) lcsllt [otzosincltLe ric sri nrisma vcrd(] intro(lucc u priD. cipio irlirrito qrc los ll\':r, a I)rrtil.(lc la nrismr irlclr a fscs cu !luc irta sr: ir)colIor' corrro nrct.o;rspccro dc una i(lelicir(l nrhs vcrdadJ r. LiL cicn(iiL qLrc l)roelcsl cor visls ir constituirsc cr rta dclinicil lo rLrc rs Icl sc rlcsrrvrclvc irrcriot.Drcrrc y sisrcrnriricamcntc. L:r Licncil quc no irrplica riLl l).ol){isito puc(lc por st par!c, qrc(iilr. lill.cl crl rclitci(in a lta;rcti!icl:L(l tcririr.;r gclluie. y le couclusi/rrr rlci cPis
rlc

tcnrlo!o cl cst(: ctrso llo ptsillri (lc rlr cnrlrciirr a vc cl lir cic ciit rl rrrrr''lirrriLnto'lc Jo rrl, r lrr(l,i.ll( lt,. roloilri,.rrro. Vrrlga la rottrlirlrrtl dc lo cxl)ucsto hrrsta:trr corno arrLcr:c(lclrrc l, gico, rorrrr Lrrr couiunto (lc (rilcli()s crr lcfcrcrcii a los crlcs rraL,rc_ ruros tlc porrcl lLlgri or(lcr (lcIltro dcl:l5rrnto quc tcDcntos por dcl:u)_ lc. l-o rljcllo tros lJcrnite rlrsrlc 1,rr cr.ciLir rnrL rotirl)lc arnl)igiicducl
l)urLir nrrrirrrrcrc rlc las lrirrrrLrlts qrrc se crrrpJclrtr I)r. dcsiqnar (li,lro (rr.r. l'ollt, t, lLlr,,\ lun,l.rll,.r.lo :rrlir i, rt, ,:rr.r rll i,lir r r, rro cs Io isrno, (iuc rro cs rll rrr scti(lo c:rrital, cscrrciirl. lo Dlisrrro, lta)Lrr dcl "sistcr| tlc lrrs cicDci;rs", "dc ll r idacl dc las ciencias', o clc la "clsilicaciriu rlc lir s cicncirs".
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y tr()s;r)r(Lrrcnros tarlirr rlc

otr.os :lutoIcs. I,c1o v.t.si(jn ha.to ccrtsisr.cutc rlcl conttrtirristu lluc Il(ritos tcucioIlrdo. r\noritrIlos los si,Juicnt.s psirjcs dc su coDrcDt:rfi(r :r l litt t:
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i rrI
,

r'i ,ot l', t r'l'lr' '"rr '"rr' llo 'rrt lrtirliur'r ll',ill'1" (rc ,.. 1 :!r'1,, 'trr! "1,ll", ' r , I , I i ' ' ' Irr Ir rr'lilr trr (l'r' (t 'irlr/ ,l' l ' rrl,j'r rr l)ru(uto crr i,',, i. r' I ,o'oUl.,r 'fl '.rri. i,irr. l :r lrrIr,rt no l,-r' ol'jr r,,s. ' rr , rr:,rrr ' 'r rr l' ro l' r i'rr' ir l'r'r' ti' r \ lrro'lrr'li\ir' 1"'r lo 'rrrl \rrstlclcs rl I"'rrrl'r' sc t rr ire r ' , r rllo"rrro crr lrl)lll dc iils ci(rlciilrj PriicLicrrs y lotlrrctivrs cono ca:Lcidarlcs o fl_ stgtlt' ctrlteclt:s (clilrlrtllis) | lirlcs, cll tll scllli(lo clcl rrrnillo, r/itdtrtts lic 'l:r Iucnrc dcl carnLio cn oto."
I r
r

rrr

r,r

'

cll csLx :rrticulilci(ilr llocio' clrsificcir]n, uu rlcsrLlrolll ror crn'ollirnicn nal, <1c tt tlivisitirr, rrnil lo, o ulrr tlclcrntirLicill por abstraccin? Scg(rn ]oechillr' Aristtelcs
l)t!crgrirnotr()5 cD csLc l)unlo. Sc tr't:r,

lurrtllr cIr l:r lliittlrillet r,,.f",1" u,t rrincipio quc, cs!rittanrcrrlc, sc

5l

rllisllir rlcl Iorlrc. Poscc stc l:r (lilcrcrtcia qrrc Dorrrbratros colr la t)_ IL'r 'L.iurr.,I . l-l Irollrl'rc, toDto sc rlirc,,c Ll.trrrritir (orn cl r'lli_ nrl (rc ticle loeos, qrrc rcrcibc prillciios, (l c rcl;r{riot)ir no(ioncs,

y cs cirl)rr (lc c\rcriorizirr cor ficlclirltrd su cxpcricncia intclcctu1. 'forla ctiridud qrrc c)crnc cstrs posilJilid(lcs cs cpist.Dricl. Y nlrcstro pol)lcrir c$ el dc (lcscubli cl tipo clc ticular:irtil cn, trc cl rri\crslI y sus divisioncs. LiL crlrstin quc plaltcalllos p:Llccc rcl)clalsc ir la inrposiciritr dc uro culquierll dc los csalrcDr^s lraicos (lc
rrrc cukrrla

rrr' rlil r,,rrr rr',..

lr('Irs

l-) l)rintcr lltjjilr, cxistc (]lr vct.(h(l

tr-cs rlivisiorcs clc

rlivisijrr

cstl t-orrdicirr parccc rrcccsrrri;r. Ls cl rrivcrsal cI que y: rlirrdr; l:rs pltrtcs (lle rcsrltitn (ic cstit ol)crcirju son djfcrcrciLs /1

l cicrrril

Lrr)rr articulaci)n sisrcr;lti(:ir cn I,or.rrrc, si (orn:uros rn cjcrn,lo rlc

univcrsi1. "CiLr;rli(Lrrl
colno

rclsirlitrl dc )arlroncs scrrsor.ialcs (iuc

10". (lo1)o

, or cjcrrrplo, cs un rrrrircrsalj la errrcrclcnros co!cuirlo (lc la pcrccPcir. Y as.,crirlida<l sc di!i(lc cll .'color,', "sirl)or'", "sonido", "cxtcnsit)", "soli(lez", ctc. lin cstc caso, cl prircipio dc Il <lirisirr cstri dado cr lir Iorrl tlc lpchcnsir; sr ls r.tilc rrrrciirij (lc lu l)crcc]rcin lls quc inlrodutt,n ifrirr.rnarl una (iivt. sirin crr ll cu;rlidatl. L:r rlivcrsiLlrrtl cs. cr) csrc csr. inLcriorrcDtc rrui toiir. l-: cuali<hrl cs cr ) (orno lrs di[r.ercias cn quc s(] (lctcl-riltlt. No ptrcrlc crrtr:lrdcrsc (lu.c scil lir (llali(la{l corto tul uDe,i,scncirL:rutosLbljslcr)1." <rrc sc diridc Por cn1)c rlisrirrros cursoji; (lrrc hav ura cliilnllrDn cljvcrsiclad cl ..lo Dristlicc ltradlcy, "ltr cullirlad ro es silro cD I.cl!rcin ir urr rir grno". lis (lr( ir-, l:r craiid;rrl coDro tl cs qrrcro nratctia iIldctcntillcla quc rc rctritlizit cll srs (lilitrcllciils. lls, pucs, l:r l.ch{irin x n rgitIro, (onstitutivir tic 1a {rrrrlirl;rcl; rlc narc,r.;L (lrc lit divcr.sjli(aci(ir clc sLir cs, corlo llcnros (liclto. intclior. Iliclro lc otr': nlrrcr:r: i:r cst:ncia, o rlctirricin clc ,,cralirlrtcl,' irrllit rir (lctcDriltxciti cr l dj\,(l.sj{l(l; l)or'{lLrc .l)(t.ccpcjrir),' corrr_ p,ir,1 ,rr:, ,lirt .i,l.,rl , rr rrr,t.,,t: Ir ri rrrr:r ,Irrr.rIi,L,rI ,1,, trirr, iorr , r. 1,, ccPluiLIcs. l,:s 1r rlivcrsidatl (luc cotictc la nocrir rlc Pctccl:ritlri la qttc iItrr)(lUcc ulil divcrsi(l;t(l c ja noci) tlc cLr;rlitLrd; pcl.o ,,pcrccJ) cirr" poscc .irrl.) 8,rcr.o <lc uuitlad quc Jracc rrDitaria ll tlclliciirr rlc cualitl;rcl. Y csto cuicrc tlccir quc ',ctrulitlncl rs un (livcrsj(lacl sistrniitic.
.,

l.,irrto rrrI o s.rl,, llr,,, {l q .ro lc ljri,lr,l ljvjru i,.r.1,i,;rl Io Irrl,.rrjt, ,rrrto. 'l||( qir', r,, sr r tisc: ,1,. :,1:D 1,rrr,ro lr, rrros d" I' ir. \'I ,sr. Lr ,,ri,;r ,Jr 1,,.,(1,,,,i ,,,,i,,, i,,,,,l sir,l,,;ri(. s,. (0rrlt,)r il ,ll,r Lr :,ni,ul.,ri,jr ,or,rtir d,,l rrirlrs.rl .,u;rli<lrrl .crr
!u!

di[crcn.is

iul]N[

Jo/ t

cldt;li,ci,;

Ll

ttt

intia:

\l

sra cs

l;r prcilrrntr quc ros h;tccnros col

r-cspccto

xh

rlivisrr

qrre cstirnros cxilrinir(io: hly uil allicul;ciriD clrLrc 'cpistcrlc" y sus 'ililcrcrcirs" (lcl r;lJo (lc la rluc cxistcr crrtlc "culitlrrl ' v sts di.
lcrcrrciasi'

si nris|lo (usi l)irrccc) quc "ro(lo l)Lllsilillicnto cs o l)r'ii(tico o potico o tcririco". i,is lrr rrirrrcra dilisitirr tlc rluc lrirl)l:urr)s irlrLi. l)rrrcr 5cr (Il!ol](:cs (lrc rrrfrstfo irutot ,ro sc piilll!cir l)roLlcrllL irlgrrro c conc.

(luanrlo,\rist(itclcs sc ocup;r cn Altlulititu li clc nosrrur tLrc h Iisi'.,,. rr, ,rrrr,i,r rr.irr'.r rrr.i. ,"rru., rL,rr\Lu,lrl a \o.r;.r, l'^f

xill cor cta cli'.isin. t\o ol)strlltc',

]lst:L nrisnrx i(lcx sc

!rrcl,rc:r lo|rrrrl cr lI-

cJ ildurlirl)lc (lLq

lo rrrc irrrlxrlt.a. Si l;r ctiriclrrd irtcli;crrtc sc

rlos,

DLrrst l)lc'griuta tj(lrc lugilr-cD to(10 ciclr.ce dc clifcrtrrtcs rro.

y;rsi sc dividc, cs cl,o qLc {laLc (trcaclsc corno prucl)il clc tllo lur (r'it(r'io rrllitario qrrr: l)r,l)llir: irrticlrl sist.D)lili.;lllrcrL{r l:rs (lilc.

rrlr(iirs. i\No b:rsL:r corr rrrr crrrr'itrr rccolu(:irir), por I)ctlctlrItc (lrc scit ol)scr'\'il(lor (iuc lil cstirl)lccr. \' rrrrtl rulrrrlo l r(col(rL(i(in lllrliL cxlrrnrstjr':r. rt l)or rllo (i!jr tlc scl algo (rc r)o cs rlivisi<iIr. l'-l clr:'rctc dc (livisil sistirliit.icil cs cn llr(in (ic ull I)r'incil)io (lc itrticltlci(i) coD' rirluir, y r{) dc r rcsultirdo (luc sc ticrtc cxllirLrstivanrcntc irrrtc lo1 ojos. l(cciplo(:iLnrcllt(r, cl hc(ho (lr rto tcrrrl nrrlc los ojos Lrrrrr tlivclsjlicr' ci(iu corrl)lclir Iro cs irzrir slrlici{rrrt( Pilr;l tcch;lirr (lLlc hrryl <livisitl 'Icncr- un cr;tcrio (lc clivtrsifitrrcirirr cs, ir(lcr)tiis tlc rlcccsillio. sLrIi.icll' t('. I'or cj(lr)l)lo, lu cr lidd sc (li\(rsifi.a 1x)rquc 1a l)crccp(:i(trr crrllir (,r srr c$cr)cix, y 1u I)crccDciir cs diYcIsr. (loltoccr la divcrsi(l:r(l rlc la (uirli{lir(l irrl)ortir Inbcr rtclrcrrrlirlrr Lr rlivclsiclurl (lc Lr pclccl)ririr' i'cro, si ro cs sLc (rl cirso, cllo no cs trlrir obiccin corrtlil lit (lirisi(il. Sc Llirt:r crtonccs (lc (li\,i(lirlo si,ruicudo h chvc.lc su divisin natu' r:Ll; rc, rlirirlinros clr vcldirrl ijino (luc, rnclirincrtc crlJl;cititnros uo:l

cl

ivisirir

r.

rlc lc clicho l)trqlc sos((rtcr'sc (luc (lucllo tlt 1o c1r.rc r\r'is' es iLario, qlrc ticnc llL ulritlacl dcl Pcllsxmicto como rrrsqo cslrr:cilico <lcl honrl;r.c, v trrc uo rodr'rnos cnLonctts r':chzitr csta Posibiliclarl (lc Lrnu alLictrlirciIr sistcrrliticit (ic lo (li!,crso. I'c)o cstrl irlc;r ro pcrcilrc cl scltiLlo clc lo rluc lrcrtos (li(l); por(llc rlo sc tlrltt rlc lr rnitl:rtl <lc lo divirlido, sino (lc quc 1:r divisilt scr lirl (luc lo diri. (li(lo corscl_vc su uri(l(l x tr:rvs (lc clla. Iis (lirro qrlc si rlr) rosrr luctx rLilrilrlc 1sr: la riiviriic cl.rlillrto nrlti1rlc, Do sc ix (livi(liriu cr vcr. tlrrd. l)rsrlc trrc hablarnos tlc rlivisirr cst:unos slrponicn(lo qrrc tlivicli

Lrr

cor)Lr:L

t(itclcs prLrtc

nos lo ruc tirrc uni(lircl. (QLriz:is nos a1'ucliirarrros

ur

poco il1toLluciclrclo a]gunas (lislincio-

:ll tipo (lc crLnrl)c Igico qlle buscamos, pLrc(lc ol)s.r\'lsc nloutrntr)s (lc Ios (:t:Llcs ll cs crrlrnirrcirll1. Iil ctccto, ly lo rrllllrl)l,J (luc lro tj(.n(: urrirllrrl, ilr rtr;is JlrlsiL {lc au;rnllt Pirricrci:rs I)ry. I'clo ctcrnrrs ti{rlri(in llr rruitiir<l qLrc lo ticne rritil)iici(iirl. h torrtp:rrtrr urridrrl (lcl rLilllcro, (lcl prrrto y tlcl litoro. .fclcruos, por olta puttc, l c\pcncnciir (lur.onticnc, [lotitnlcs, Lt nidrt y Ia <livr:r_
tcs. l'clr(luc, cn rclir(it)
,',i

',. \' f irlllr"rr" I rri,t.,,,,1u,.,.,,liw.r.r t l ,lir,.r,i,t.,,l rlun cs rrrritiri. lis rstc riltiDro ct ri1;o rlc rJrictrlil(i(in quc brrltilntos crartjo l}ir,

Ilrnrrs <lo rlLr

rliIisirir rlc las

(ic

cias).

(l( l)c(lto unit rni(lilcl. dcsclc qrrc (:oltstitr),c Lrr llluci(i1l gcte llriltil)lc, cs (lccir-, sc r-c;rli/iL cn ulir (li rclsitl:rr1 rlc opcr:r.iorrcs diicrcDLcs_ Iitr llllrrs casos sc l)os L)r.cst,rLit,
lir, ts

L;r itlc:r rlc sctr'n 1 cllirl la unidllrl dcl pcltsanlicnLo (lc si l (Livclsi(li(1, cs i(lrlrrticiL ll cstir ottir qlc ha si{lo contirlrc (lclttlo ^lis(itcL,s ilnplicitit lcntc irlrr(lirl l)or tlosotl-os y sc{rilr la cL:Ll la Pcrcc:rcir'lt cs rrl
rl.c1

csririLrr: ,v cs tarnhirr

sin (iu(r
rl:rs.

Ilirl;r lLrg:rr' :r rltrrlrs. una rlrtrlid;rrl rlc rrrnrliciocs lro irrtirLrl_ (larclr.noi rlcl lrrirrcirio .luc (,rl)r.rs:r lr n;rtrr.:rlczrr risna LIc la tos:r, cs tL.cir. tlrrc nos sLnniIlistla Itr cl;r.r: clc s st:ititntivi(la(1.

,,in\crsr,' porqrrc no prrctlc rlonrlc I <lirccr.r no cs l)orjil)lc. ji los ilt.cnc;ros ir liL i(lcir iluc:lrrtcs hcnlos .11)lrcstr) sollr.c lrr r:llsificlciin. si cs l)lr.ir rrosotros
cntorrccs,

II;ll)icndo, l)rr( s. lr.xcirsrr(lo cr r)rcslro t.rnl,cr-io ror irlcnrilic;rr h 'tlivisirjr aristorilicrr .o to lUrit lcruilr rli\'isirir, l)tcllrrLnoltos itlto lir si cs por cl aottlrrio tlc unlr r:l;siiicrt:irilt r1c Io rrrc sc tl.llir. I,_s drro.
Inbc]a

lli

(irc ro

bLrsrrlos rrrrrr opcr:rcirr

chsiIicirr
rttolifir

frlr.,l ll, lrt.

rl,

rlo crl lx (l jvclsjcla(1". cntollccs, prol):rlrlerDcntc, llucsirs dificlirnirlr torlir\'iir. l)or.qnc cs ol)vio (lrc I:r iclc Lirlrrl ir (lc lr cuitl cst:tl)lcc.lIos lIr or(lclritl]irin (lilsifjciltoriil It:r <lc Ir;rrlir rllrn lcarsc;r pirrti (lc cioLo ri\cl rlc iDtcrsitl:Lrl siglliliclriv. No ;llctrrnros hs cosrrs siuo cr ritz(tn (lc ci(t.Lo !1.;t(lo (lt scnlcitn,,ir (luc iusLific:l llr tcl(irir. I{clllcioncji sc ;rrcrlcn cstl)Jccr sitrl,fc. Lo qrrc inrpot.tiL cn
cultil(lcs n() sc

nrcro oItlcrl rrrrir dir,csirlarl l t);rr.rir rlr r) irl,strir.r] r'rr .il,,l , il,.rl rr,,rrlr lrr l,rr ,'i, l,rl ,lllr o, r,U,. il,

n,r,Lr;li.:,i,;r,.,lr
qLlc

lr.y., i,1..(,'r

||II,

| .

. ||||, || |,

r.rrrrr,rrr...,.r . r l linr.

no5 altLofjce a cstl)lcccl.l.

lcr'o rrril cs cstc hr,trliul)cnto cr cl cso dr: rrn lroltico y un srccrurr nrrisico y lnr lrl):lfcl.o, lln lisico y trtr filisofo? ,ry cuiil cs cl cicncrto (Juc cs comLirr :r to(los cllos? I,r)(lri:l c\tirblcccr.sc rn rclar:itin irlcntificrori cntrc rrl ,. rislir (un csculLor, por cc|rl)lo) rn lilrtso[o? f lr rcsl;onrlc (luc lo quc ltv ric aolrin cu to(los cstos citsos crj rqLtcllx ntotlirlirl,rrl rlc h lr:tividtl (lLrc os hacc clcci dc cli quc sc rcucrrl ,ll logos. rluc cs ra irctivi(la(l iDtcligcltc. lal alcI,-trrto (lc i(icLiIicil_
tlotc,

A'fIjNIiA / Srr lo closilntin d a .iviat

.iliD

ro cs slo dcmsiiLdo amrlio, silro qa aclcm;is cs

vfio l)c

(lrt(1 accs in_

tjvj(lir(l, quc sca

l.ll hollrc cs, cn ?lgulr:r mcdi(l, rciot)al clt to(lo cl (lomillio (lc
irctir'idir(1.

tcliScDtc? SicDlprc mc(li:L trrl ciilclrlo, rn cquilil)i., clllrc motiros y Pro p(isiLos: sicrpl.c sc tiltir (le urr ir(lccrrcil)n crlrc lit i(lcr y lit cxistcll(ir'
su

lrl irctivi(la(l dc ult lolnbcJ Po(lrctnos dc(ir quc llo

acLo que Iro luriclx cxPlicaci(iD, 1;rcional i(l;t(I, scrx un nrollstmo cLryrl c\istcrrci1 sc Pro)cctilr-ia cIr la nada. Narlic sc clcticnc cn la purr perplejidacl, ? lo sc por-ncflligcncia o falca cle ticmpo. l'otla

Ull

cri\i(ld hun)itrra ricnc cstc s;gno rie lo lcion1.

Pclo, dcciruos a(lcrn:is, quc cl [rru(iilrrcnLo cs vto. Cu:il es lir cn' ti(l(1 (tc (litcrcncii (luc I)os pcrnritc dccir (lc nll xctivi(l;r(l quc cs inlcliscntc? liilbcmos qilc Aristtclcs se octll)x cI cl l)lilcr Iilrro (lc l dcl dcsrrrrollo (gcrtico) (luc corcl(r(c (lcs(lc l scnsrcin ^IcIalis.t rc. [,n cstc l)irsn.jc, aclctlriis, pr|.ctc cstitl)lcc(]r'rc la tlivisir5tl n l cpislr qc nos o(]upir clr ur scllti(lo dilcrcnlc al qtlc vcl]iros cxPoniclclo .\r'is,ttitcics hubla arlu clc l cictrcia contrrponiintlola ;r l;r tc(hn ((luc
colnP l cll(ic l_iil in cL rn bc.

t:llrto la acaill colno l:t Pro(luccill) , Pcro

csLo r)o los

V^lr'i(lt,lo .. trlt,(llo ,r\ lrlo. ri lrcrrros,l" irlxr\i,trrs c c51" ,r,:rjc lrllcsl plcglrIlta. ia activitlrrrl intcligcllLc cstrl dc' tclrllilril(la corrro :r(ltcl r)ivcl cr .luc "tlc LlIra rrltitutl rlc Iror:iones cxpcr-illlcnt:llcs, ric (l(sprelclc lln solo jicio llrlivcrsal. aPlicltc it !o(los los casor sirilrcs". Y pxlccc (lrrc, t purtir de esta :1[irnr;r.i(ilr, tcnctnos
pur':r rcsrondcr- |1

rr

.)o:rehirn al conlcntlr In clasificacit5n rrlistotlica. I'o(h iiLlnos, itrcJ[so, cs;cIar ir(]ui (lrrc Drrcslro critcrio -'uclic|a so' oIr.Lr solrrc s rlr ar.ti(:Lrlecir'rn sistcmiltica dc la cicncia; qllc colltlt' vicrrr crr su risnr;r rlocin la clvc dc lrrit concrct:L clilclcrlr:ilcin l'cro liipi(lirlcntc nos clirrros crrcntir de ql!c cllo no cs Posiblc L rlirclsirlarl (luc tcrflrlos qtlc (lcrirllollar lros cs dirda' crt la primcm fase rh lI clrrsi[ic;rcirin arist(]lica. l'll Prinripio gcnclal, aplicrtl>lc I toclor los (lsos 5lrililrcs (c)oc si) ticDc cuc clifcrcllciarsc cD los 1)ror cntos rlc Lo tcr'jr:o, lo priictico y lo pro(iucLivo. Y cs obvio (lue Do corl{iclle cLr:rtlo clc r: nacla quc pucdl >rotlLrcir cst:r clivcrsjficacir. Ils cicrto qllr ill)licll)ros rnu lcy gcllclal, vcccs, l)ll1i! colnPcxlcr, otras, Pra :r.turu-, y lirlirlllcr)lc, Pirril Procluci. Pcro cs asi s;n quc hityt n:Ld qrrc cxiiqrrc (cn cl plincipio n)jiilllo) csl.rts (lifclc)ciiLcion0s. Ad{ms, lto cs cl1o qtrc tul corrocirDicrrto divirlll l;r exPcr.icnci:r, clcianclo dc trn latlo LL scrrsar:i, la ntclroia, y ia cr))PcjIiil: y (lc otlo lli(lo, la tcchn y lu cl)istcnlc. O dicho r:is cor'cctamcnlc, no ic llno (lrtc hyir cstratos

Plirrcipio qtrc Iri cs tan arDplio

ni t:rn virllo

como

cl (luc

fornnrla

rlc la oipcricucitL t on.csronclicrr clo a cs!L (livjsiones, por cl cirso (lc l:r crpcr-ictrcia ltrrnrara.

lo Iicnos en

lbr otrit l)ilrLc. cs olr'io rlrrc lo Lrrivr:rs;rl sc cn(:ucntra y:l cn toLlo cl ,lr 1,, , rr, ri, rrr ir , r ,\r \' rti,l,) Lt,. L, ,t,.i,.,, i,,r ri ,u,., r,.qt, ,r urr (nso pi!ricLrlu). llIlo l)uc(lc rllrry bicrr <lccir (lrc sir) uD Plicrr cirjt dcl rrrrivcrsal cl csLc ricrrti{lo no cs l)osiblc siruicra lir sclsaci1. ,'\ri, p!lcs, Dos tlos t'rrclt;rs (lc uD lir(lo y oLro, y jlo clcortruros si rlLricLr (luc Porl:rrnos cntcndcl csto colllo uit clirsilic:lci(ilt.
.i,rl,;r,'
Quiz:is tcnu:rmos i)riis lortrna aJ aplic;rr cstc orro csrlLrcrrra qur: lrcror)1lr';r(lo '(livisin pot (lcsxitollo cn\olvc Lc'. Il clccto, ya cuan do colrsidcl.tunos cl rtrsrrjc aristotrllirr; dc iIr'/a/r'.rir -/t. cr)conl.t.illnos quc h rcl(i(in ctr.c lrrs rlistiuts llscs tlc l cxi)ci.lciii Do cs (lc suborrlinaririr silto rlc (lcpcr(lcl(ix iineal. Sots;rcirirr, lnclnori, cnll)cir, tcchlr, t.pislcnrc consrityan fllsr's tle rr (lcsa1.o]loi lrr cxpcriorcia inrc lcrtrrrl sc v;r crcrrirrrlo crr cllas y corno cilirs sc rcalizu. Vcros los I)irs:rics sigltifi.lti\,os clr rcll(i(jrr irl :lsLll .o:
os

"l'oI lrntur]c7ir, los irnirlLlcs cstiill (lot(lorj tlc ll scDsirciIl; pcro rl1icDtllls cDltcn(llir rilir cD los rllos h tn.tDoliir, lto i:t alt1lnrlr.l cl
"...los lrrrirtrk,s riistinlos tlcl honrlrc lir,clt cll cl livcl dc ls
inrt-

llcDcs v loji rccrcr'(l{)si ro p;cipiL ctlos sillo rlbiLncrIr.r: clcl rorro cinliclrto cmpili({r; LllicnttiLri (luc cl allcto lrullratlo sc cl(\,t llrst:r cl

rrtc y cl lxzoullnicllto..," ''...1.]s rlc iir nr. roliir rlrrc l)lo\'icrrc cn los holltl)tcs lrr cxp,.,ricrrciu; runlt ttrultiplicitlltrl (lc t{crL.l(los (lc lit lrisnlll (:osa llcgil litrltncnte

r corrslil.(it- rrrra sula c.rIcr ir'rrcirr. . ." "...I-u ricncia ! cl tttc (l\i(ltcn cIl los lx)tnl)rcs lx) ln cxpcricll
1cs

",..lil artc naac auiln(io (l( lu).r t lltitr(l (lc nociotrcs cxl)clir clrtilsc tlcspr'crrtlc lrr) uicio Lni\rlsill lirri{1), ipli(al)lc a todor los
scrncjlrlcs.
.

r.irsos

-"

"...1r t'xpcrictrcia cs tn cr)rl()(irricrto dc lo irrrljr,irh:r1, cl irILc Llc lo rrtrilclsnl..." "...los lrorLrrrs rlc cxrclicrrcia sabcrr rluc rrlgo r:s, pcr.o irrroian cl i)oqu; niclLits quc los IlOlirrcs (lc ltc aonoccn cl l)oqu y la
cilllsll..."

"...cl ilrLc cs rriis \ctrl(1c)nrcntc cicncia quc l;r cxpcri(:ltcii..." "...los invcltorcs dc lirs tcs rro utilitias h:rrr sitlo considcfldos sicrl)pr.c riis sll)ios (llrc los otros..." "...Sc juzga d.c ordillltio itl honrrc dc cxpcriclcir supcrior irl quc

511

ticnc si)l)lcrcnte nr scnsci)l cualquiera;

xl holubrc (lc irte

s-

pcrior l holnbrc dc cxpericnci:r;

a las pr;k:ticlrs. . ."

las cicucias tcricas srrpcriorcs

VcDros (lc la rclacirirr cntrc ls clistintas lses sc cstlblccc a DrcLlis )iirnr'cllc, Vcnros quc rl: rrra cos:L sc pasa a l:r oo-a; pcro no po) in. nrcnlc r)cccsidcl. Ds, por cjcmplo, cl ocio lo quc cstl corno condi cirr dc lx cicIlcia cspcculativ:1, No que ulla (cs (lccil', lir cicllcii priic, 1;ca) corrtcn8 iDrplcitil dclrtlo dc si la otra; i qu lrry cn su cxpli.

cit.r nrLur'leza i!ra lirIliacin quc rros colldrzca pol sll ilcstal)lc con. t(liccir a trasccclcrlx. Si no [rrcra esto:tsi, iro poclriit cntcndclsc qrrc los rnimalcs :rctualicctr a o surro lgunas flscs de la scrie. Por lo (lcnl;is, Aist(ttcles cxplcsa incquivocamcntc quc cs (stc, asinrisrrro, el
crso clc alqunos hornlrtcs.

I'cro, lo rriismo pucclc cnconttarse cr uDa rlilccci(i,r dilcacntc. No hry cn c[ccto rn:r xrticrr]ci(in orljiinice cDtre sclrsacin, rlcmolir y cxrc:icrrr:il. "llr Lrnos rir;rlcs la scnsacir cDtcndra la rtrcnrolia,
)icruirs quc crr otos no 1a cngcrrtlrl". Nit)ll(fl)ir rcnci(')ll intciigiblc cntlc sclrslr:irir y rrcrnoria... "rn mrltitucl dc crcucrdos (lc I;r rlli$Da Losr (r)nslitryc linL:rcrtc un;r sola cxrcIicncia". No lc rrro aqui ur qcrrrrirr:r (lilcrcD(ia; cnro y crrindo (lc uDir cllnlidrL(l rcsu]tc rlll cu. liclrl. Ilr curntc ul rrso tlc 1u cxrcr'icncia a los rivt:lcs supcriorcs dcl rrtc y llL cicnci, Liu)rl)oco I)arcce satisfactolio: "Dc n:r rnrltitud dc llocioncs cxpcliIrcrrtalcs sc dcsplcn{lc rn joicio ur)ivclsal rinico", ltrccr: rlccirsc a<lLri rrre la cicnciir sc cotrstitrryc cur(lo clrl)czatnos a forrL lur- lcle$ (lc la Dtut.rlczr. cn cl sclrtirlo (lc rcla(iocs quc sc rcpi tcrr iclrtics l)or Lo(lxs pltcs. Y cs clrrlo qrre tal orcracin sc crrctlcn. t:r crr to(los los Sados {lc lr cxpclicncia, (lc r11lrcrir qLrc rlo l)orlcrros r'orrridcrrl:r constitutiv (lc esrc rrivcl rlc l:r cic,rci:r v cl ilttc. Y cn crrrrnto:Ll rrrso tlc la cicrrria pr:ictica a lit tqtica no slto cs cxtcrior lr tliiccDcia (utili(la(1. Prrra curiosi(l(1) , sillo quc csultu dificil ponrr-lil irll llcdi;l1rc urre opcracirir tlrn sinl)lc. No sc vr: <rrc 1o ttrico scrr rrltrior a lo l)riict.ico (rri histririca rri psicolgica, rri lgicarlcnLc). Y si lo tcriao sc cnticn(le a(lui coDro lo 'puiunclltc tcrico", en el scrLi(lo cn quc tcrrcrDos eD visil lincs difcrcDlcs, Do !c uno qu fies

diftlcntcs scuo lcccsirtilrncntc cou(licioncs rlc clilccncias cn la

tivirlatl. ro sc alrrrl:rt crr

ac-

l-s cicrto qLle l)uc(lcrr csrlinrilsc otlos (ritcrios (lc scparacin, cl pasajc r:it:rdo. Dcjcmos csto, crnpeto, quc l
LcDculos

pcro
crrcs.

tir {luc

cnc rnruros ticrc otr-o hrlo nriis siglrificativo-

J'or dc porrto, tcrcmos quc consi(lclir urr:r divisirr dc la cicnci

lo sc iorrDtla aqr sito cr olro pasajc. Esre l)asaje ha siclo ya ci_ trdo, L.clirisin (lLc Dos ocupa no sctr cl y I^ ii"n.i", rin qu" "rt" ponc bajo cl rrrivcrsal .,cicrrcil', lo pr.iictir:o, lo proclrrctivo y lo tu1_ rico._'I':rnrroco nos vrnos ir ocul);rr-cic la clivisin tluc hcc Ai.istritcles cn cl Lil,o \' (lc l,f,lliar d Ni/rrro, quc (licc:
(lrrc

"Lrrr,, r, rrro,, l)urtljl.rI|(lo Lr .\i,r{.Dr i,l rlc irro lrod,,. o r,\r)r.c:i{, rl'llrr il Irrs ritlns,.l rlrrr.r ,rrr,,iq 1,:.rr., l:r \.r,1,.1'.lr lo rrrc alirnra o ;r-!c. cicnci:, slirlur pri,ictica, sabi(lut.ii tc'liceir; rica, irrtcligcncia prrra . ..,'

rr,

Csos. y lo quc birsta pat rro otros cs constar_ (luc J;rs dos rrinrcras nor:jorrcs cul;r.cn cl cl<nrinio rlc lo !copcr-it

trf;is a(lcl;tItte se ocupr ArisLritclcs

cn crda rlo (lc cstos

tlc

cxPoncr li1 Dtrmlca euc

lo pr;ictir;o y lo rrodrrcrivo. (Tarrl)ic1rr poclt'r os const:rtar (lc asacla rluc l jt)tcliscncia csLi a lil.Lsc (lc to(l ricDci;r, aurrquc rara Aristr.rtclcs la intcligcncia. rrnirle
rico,

Lr

,i'ri.r. (o,\riu){ l.r .t,j,lrr,:,:

rr.rr,lo rrL,r ,,rut,ir: rilr r., r,rr,l.,rrl:r ,t l,rs rn.,. gr:l,l,s'tr.tr,l

Ja

"...li sl)i(lltra as cl coDo.irIIicrrto cxcto. o la ci<tDci:r, trnirlo a Lr irt'liq r,i:r ,l,r:l,rclr, l,l, 1., r,I,l.rrl ,lc los l)rilrcf(J5 r,riu(irrios
r:oltr:nrplacitiu".
.1,.

scpltlaciriu rlc lr cicncir rcspc(to {lc I,l ilttciigcncia cs clt razn quc Lt cicncir sc constitlyc :r r;rrtir rlc los rrirncros princiios no sicr(1o cll:L cl irlstruDlcDto dc slr il)rchcrlsi(it):
_ dc

Ll

"....r,ljr ii,r,i.r ) r,,,lo lrrlro ( r,.rLili(.,urL.rk. l,rol,.rlo (lct,,.l.lcjr cIl rllrjD, r,r ro,lc j,ri,\ l,rjrro\ l,rirrti,io.. r;,,",,,to'r",uu, to, l)c(.il'irro, rlr In: llr, ro. rrirrririor ,lc lor rl,r. ro,lo :c \rl'r,1,, (i,lifi,o rte,rrrrlc rro I,,rd,r s,.r.l,rrlrcr,tj,ios rr,,lj,,rrc t:r cr( r)cir rrrr)r. (irl. c:rr. vr)
.

./\si,

lrc cstarr collto cor(licitr dcl poccso. Itrcluso, tcrrtlriamos qire tlccrr tlue no cs lrr intcligcnria p|occsal, quc cur(lo hry pt,occso, hily dc, no tli,(i,, . v rl , lir jtrt, lircn(i,t Du rcrl i(.tt. ,lu rlcuro,rr;r i,it sito qtf cs (aptcill inmccliat;r .lc sus objctos.
rtir

ll itcligcncja no scia ciclcix (razonauricnto cicntfico)

sirrcr

lin ciiurrc y cl tc:

la sLidltr,r

pritctr'ca,

cl

lrar.ctrtcsco sc cstrblccc

clue

^TINIA

/ .t,' le .La\il|d.i't

]u

tiria:

duccit5r lgicu cnl)io. ,."

"...11

sistcma dcl corrociricnto cicrltilico cs

iitc y lir sabiciuiil Prlictic;l se o(nl)n corr olrjc(os

cl Pro(lucto dc l dc :t l)rllir tlc l)rcll,sils clllrnirrcutc lrilirl;rs: xlro cl

sLIlic(Ptil)lcs dc

llstirmos prcgurrtiill(lolros si cs l:t ttivisir!rr rlc lir cicntlirr (lrrc rros rxx_ pll ulliL sccrcrlcil Por cll\'olv illricll to litrclll Otl cucsti(jn (luc sc nos plrrrtca sc rcficrc a lx sccLrcnci cntrc ls rlivisiollcs l\rrrrrc cs ulttJ cvjllcrttc (lnc si sc cnctrcrtL;t cstablcr:id;L cr) los Lcxlos irr i:itl)Lli(os dc_ l)cnlos crtoccs cl;ll)otirt ltrcsLr;r crlc5lilr it Pilrtil (1c tll or'(lr l)icll rlctcnrirado. IIay un pesajc cn Alclalisicn /i crr rlontlc /\ri(ilcics cx' ris r:r-rl;Jt: tlrrc las l)r'cs^ qrrc las cicncilrs tc(ili(:s son dc trn qncrrr r r.sLantcs. Ill ()1.lcn a {lrlc sc lrlrtlc erlu coilci(lc rorr c] rlrrc se cst' I)lc(c cn 1l.rJiti.a I cuaclo sc (ii(c qrrc l:rs rricrrtiri lcririr:rs sorr srt' l)cliolcri iL ls cicnciits Pl-l'tcticils. I'(lo, cnro podlirrnros clll.rn(lcI conlo lcs;r|roilo cJ rrrsrr rltr lo prric' ti(:o x 1o tcico sicrr(lo quc it(lucllo lro cs cn )no(lo llli{trtro llbs()rlJido Por csto? (lulin podria tlrlcir {lllc Io Ic(irico c(rll\titrr!0 Llrl suPcl_ ci,!rr tlc 1,, pliicl.ico cn cl (l(rlcnllirrilclo sctrtirlo (loc rrr cstiL corlcxill Llgicr ticnc paliurosotlos Ja 1;alabrlr 'sllPclai(ill?. ['arccc <rrc si hlr' l;ir'anros

tlc cstirllccct rru clcsirllollo, rrit lclirc;(ir dirr:tnric cntrc lirs Iascs rlr.: la cljvisirirl cs lo coltlrio lo (ltc tcltlrilnros rll(] 'olrsi(lcllr' cs dccir. qrrc Jo pr';it tico rlrsolrc kr tc(iico, (ltrc 1;r itlt:n solrrcpasa stt rr ilurclulirlrrrl, su :rl)suricci(irr, srr cstiLdo Il()tirrllc y crr tillirno crllcmo collLr-r(liclolio sollnclltc ctrlttrrlo stl itrcorrot-;t a llr rir'icllll tLinlcllsiritl (lcl ir(tuiLr y clcl hrrccr rlrrc si hlry slrPcr(rin y lrbsolcirin (s c l accirirr y no crr lI <rnLorlpl;rcill (lon(lc (lcl)crlos lrlrscarl;r' '\tlcrrr:is' ctt (stc cso, crirtro llo sosLc,la quc cs Io Pl:ictico y lo prodrrctiro fs irlto y rlIis trol)lc qtc lo tc(ilico? I)c rlrncrir (lrlc bLrrcirndo iil corlcctn rlir:ccirir dc l sct:rrcrtcilr (rLrrrlrtrc Ja ltayit o rto soslcni(lo rl rnisnro r\r'istrir,:les) crtnrlros clr rrna corrLr';rtlicrilr (1)n su icrilrqrlilL (lc hs t:icrrcias; y cst corrLlildi.(i(irr tlctclior:r sr clrrsiticacirirr. l)o otra l):rrtc. lcncrnos LliliclrlLrt(lcs cn cl cxso (lc lx rclrrcin cntre lo plo(hrcti\o 1lo 1-rr;icrico. luisLLclcs lrluclc a csLos (los momcntos, cu ecncr'xl, con rrlrr sol cxl)r'csirt (tcclrr(1) y los dislingre u1!criol_ nrc lc. lrlr ]clalsicn '\, lcctos: "...1s ltorlblcs llcgrr :rl irrtc v l razon;rrlticrto -" "... t,, ,i'n ,"."." cliicrir crr rr;Ltla dcl 'ulc l11 1)rc"*p.r;"r,.i" ticx y Lo(l plocltlccilr corxlucelr sol)lc lo individu1 ..." "...i,I houtirto (lc irrtc cs sul)crior xl llonrbe dc crPcicnci y
l;rs r:icncias tc(ilicrs a l:ts P1:ictic;ls. . -"

prrcs. r:o:rro rlcciros slo ura fase lir quc parcc(: rencr cr rcrtc crr(lo llal)lil (lc il Lccltrc, llsto mislno ocurre cn l,r ^risite i:l;at n r'itittco, lilrro vr. t:Lp. llli a l:r ,cz (luc (lisrjrgrr rl h.r^; ce y cl irclrlr, (lc.il ro ol)sLautc, la irnprcsin dc rlrrc cs un rnisnro nivcl crr rluc rorrrlcndc cstos dos sprct()s- iis tal anrbigiicdarl la que
lcs r'(rcolrc l l-ir1JL t r:rnrlo r:onrcnl;r:

Ii,

"...1-r rrocirin r)isrDa, tel)aril(lil rlt: la tnultipJicidad tlc los

cas,rs

pirticrLrrcs y quc ('s cl plincirio rlc lit tcchn, si sc tra!a (lc lir pro tluccirirr y rlc la a<cirir,,v tlc l;r cpistcrlc si sc ttuta clcl conocilricnto (tc lo rcirl ..." (Not:r 3, rrig. :i).

I)cro hrrv nlis. I)olqnc lro sabcnros clu rlircccirjn tlu x liL rclciritr quc nos.Jrrrl);r. No ha critcrio (lrrstu rlor)(le lo rr)noz(o) quc crnrira (slirbicccr' (srir riircr r ir'rt. I antc Ll llortl)c rrotlLrcrivo conlo cL pr;i. tico irt.rorlrrcr'lr rrlgo cn <rl rlorrririo clc lir cxisttr.i:ri tii)to cl rn() (r, no cl otr) soir irscnrcs "(lcl mo\,irnicn!()". Y crr currnro i Io quc hily (lc (lilcrcrtc, n() c\lril)c ci l);rrtc irl{Lnir rr i clit ir.: (lc l;r vcr(la(lcra (lirc( (i(ir. Inilrso. rorllirr rrro tL:cil rrrr,rtsrrlLar'r tlilicil tirl rcl:rcir!n cLrrrlo
sc

ticrrc I)ra\(:rtc llir l)usilic dc

l liLia

a. lttic)ntuc:

"...l,lnLr'c l;rs cosrs qLrc rxl)Lirinrcltrr cl <::rrnLio rsrril lirs olrtrs rl, l l;rs rcr i'rt:s dr:1 hornirc. IIrrr:cr y corrrlrrcirsc soll rcti\ i rlrrrlcs nrrry (liltr'cltcs. l,ir corscr ucrrriu. lu r tivirlrrrl rircionirl qrc sr c.icr'.Lr c, lrr coDtluct:. cs (l;stinI (lc lir rl c rc cicr-cc cn cl pr,) tluci. ,\dcr:is son 1r)ntrirncrrrc crriuycrrrcs, porqrrc la corrrlucra nult(i tor)rir |L Icrlta rlcl hccl-ri lo ircil)ror.o. (Lt. Ni(..L. 1r, Cap. rv) -

rililj(c )

I'oi-tfil() lo tral, dclrcnrrs corrr:l(ir (lnc nirrarrrro tlc rrrrcstrr;s csrlrrcnr. s ligir:os, uirrgrin pLur lcl,ltivilnrclttc it(:cl)tirblc (lr1r(lo ct tl.cDctl sc tr.:r t;r clc irlcllzrl ulr orlclruciril rlc Jrs rit:ltr:ius. l)uc(lc :rplicarsc cxirct,rnrcntc cuirnrlo sr-'ticnc ptcsctr!(];r(llrcllit llinlcla divisirin rlc 1a t:icrcia (lc (lr (i I1;il)l:l ,\list(itclcs.

I'clo

(:rs sc pcns:rlri scsrrr-irnrcrtc)

sLllta(lo y;lIIill(:ollilo conto cos:r dctrrr rlc la aLrcsti(ir qnc to)lu pol-

, rodcmos dcjrLr. rlc I:r<lr: csrc r',rinlilil v alciticx. Nucstr r'isirirr 1llr,

irsrnto l;r aicltcirr cxclllyc torl;r cstrr crrcotltlcuos prin(:ipir) frjnl(:rir l;rsr rlc la clivisirir aistotalicii. Quc 'ro dc rr tictrl:rcirit cs (.osa (luc to dcl)c l)tco(:Lllur'tros, poquc tro nos il[(L:, la. ]'acso (sc rlir;i t;rrnbin), scir justDrcDtc c1 pro|risito rlc int:or potirr h cicnr:i:r (lcrr'o (lc rrn t;Ur urivtrsirl sistcmll dcl cspiriLrr, lo que crl)liru lrijtiL f,rlt;r rlc arrolia, lhsc;rr ul LitD hon(lo irrieo l):r;r ur exprcsi(')lr l)rrIci;rl y IundentcrrraLncntc inasil)le dc] alrna o la ilcli
r

A_tFrli\ /,crr,. t., .la tlitn,:1,, " Ir, ,:

rl

urrivclsal quc sc h;r nonrbr-acio a(lui /'lt.tl.r7r lo7lilri. (iorno

gclrcia dcl horbe cs, seglrr':rmcntc, Io clur: nos hitcc liutlr por tantas I)a!cs con la olscuriclrl y la cc-rnltrsiIr. Si algrrn:r inrrortrrncie ptrcdc tcDcI la cliltiIiairci(')n il]istotli(a l)aaa no5otlos, scr:i cllo ir l)artir clcl
clicc,

(on nrzn, JoiLchilrr:

"...1'ero lo (luc nosolos llrrrar':rtuos trlrx clrlsiIi{:cirl tlc ls
cicrt-

cias sc crr:ontriLrla clcrtlo (icr rrlrir, y solanrc tc rttru, rlc cstas srrL(livisioncs: lir tc1ic. Ls cicnci:rs' prrit:ticrrs y l)rorLrcli\1rs rro solt cicncias o sllrpos (ic (icncins, si c)tclr(lcmos po 'cictlciir' simPle_ llrcntc Lllr cllc!po o sisLclna (lc rcoiiL.,.

ll ticnrpo rirrc rrrris irrrxrtlrrl>liu qrrc Ia IrrcsLtlt. I'roc'ctlct rsi Iro f(cLn cn Drccli(Lr alguna:rl dcsirl|ollo ric n cstl.o :rsuIito. Volvilnros, prrcs, a Iorchim:
llejcmos clr
sLsl)cnso 1a

cresti(il ciuc cli,

tDlc, rrucho nriis clilicil

''. ..h:iy uics cspcckrs (lc cicncis rtlricas o lirmiLs dc 1:r [ilosofia: ltcuriilics, iisicil y'lcologiiL. lillrrs solt tliIcrcrrcirr(l;r5 lml ]a l1atllllcr (lc'su olljato. I>orqrc, ir(rt caD{lo to(lrrs l;15 cicllcias iDvcs_ rigrrrr lr rcrriitl:rrl, :rru crr;rndo cl obji to dc torl cicrci:r cs cl 'sct' o 'las <:orrs rluc sorr', llo{lcrrros rlccir rlc ls osirs (lut sorr cr rli[ctcnlcs srnti(los. Ili,v, lrLcs. (lifcrcDtcs csp(ri(s (lc 5cr Pirr I Lr invcriti' llir.i(iIl (lc ls aicrrciirs, o lx cjcr(ir 1;rrcrlc r'sLutlirrr-ln tc:riirlrrcl lxrirr
rlikrrcrrtt s :rsrcctos. ''...l'oclcros rtcr:ir' <lcl nrctatisico (luc totrl;r corrro olricto LL Icrrlirlarl sin crrlilitlrcirin. l'll 5c Plcgurr!it: Cuilrs sorr los lrtril;ilos csi:n cirlrs dc rrrr cosir (rl;rl(l!ricrir sirnl)lcrlrclc cn alrirrllo cs rcrrl? Cri ro sc rlilccncirr lo (ltrc rs dc lo quc no cs? (tl cs il(ltcllo (lLlc, ct cl scnti(lo nr:is rlcno o rtinrario, cs; y crinro cl 5(rr (lc lirs .os;ls (luc soD Ii {l(i or'(lalriusc cu ult sclrti(lo Dtcrlos coltrplcjo, o rns tlc' ri\':L(lo, con lc[crcrciir a cllo? Qt cspr](ic y lllrr(lo tlc rc;rlirlaci tic rcn, ror cjcrrplo, il crntid;rtl, la cr.ralitLrl, y la rclrcirin, (onrPrad;rr corL la sltstirrlcix, si solnrcrttc la srrsl.:rrrci cs :rrrlo(lcpcn(licntc_

rlcrrtc rcill? l'.r q scnti(lo

conro

cl Ilrrclo y la tigtlr, o las sustirrr(iirs l)ccrl)til)lcs tirlcs co' nro ls l)Lrnlrts o nimnlcs?..." "...Lls susrrnt:ias (lrc cr)tr'rl cr nrrstlir o1{linrlli:t cxPcricncia -las corirs lxrrcepliblcs qlrc lollun trLtcsllo ctrLorllo, ) (lLlc IcLlllidlls colls' titrlcn cl rrivcrso lisico- sorr cl objcro tlc otl litrl dc la cicnci rc(iricii... ,,\isttclcs (lcsctil)e cl ol)jcto (lc ll '[ilosoia scg(tnda' co' r o sost;rrr(:ia pcJCcptilrlc, susl:1rr.i;r crlritttc, cli(h(l cll culllto pxltic;l)irntc clr el l)roccso. Las sustatrcirts tlc lrs qrrc cstr liun dc lirs cic)lciils lc(iricas lLirtir sorl: l) todo Ir cx!crtsr ctt trcs (lirrrcn' sioncs. y 2) lo(lo lo cactciz(lo conro arucllo (lrlc corlticnc cn sl

cxisLcD los olrictos dc lils rnirtcriiticas

IL'rnt|

'...\j \' .'.r.r'," I,',,,r,r, ro.. (l, l:' 1.,r,,t.,r,;rr ru,l,. t.:s r,1,i, '1,,; . t,, I'rr,; J:,. 1,,,i .,,, , r,ri,t,,. r ,,, i.,t,.. , ,. ,1, 1,, ",t,,,,,.',,,,' ..,, cu:flrrit\ i(1.l v (o)rilLrirllll, sr ol)ticnc cl ()bjctrr rlc iirs ltrirLc|l.iticls. lrrIrt, Irr:itito. crlonccs, (,strdi,t cl scr : cii;Utto cuultitrtivo v cn Ul , ur.ri, ,: r .\ri.r,rr 1,. ,li(,. ., !,, . ,l(. l, ,rtr-.r.,, ,1,' L, '.. rr.,rr.,.i,..,.r, :,r,,1 r,.utr,.lu .lc,t,,rr:,,.r'... '...Jt. ,l ,r , l.r . r:llI, ri, r r t,:rs,. , r, 1,.ros v r :i si rrlcs rr. ., .r1,.., Lr L,,.i, ...,..r., _1,,,:,.,. l,'r' r. 'l r Lr ;,,.r, r)l(rtr ir1i rior, crrIlrz rli lllryor JlLtisirirr. y ;irrrl)lrs soD l,jgicrrrll'qrtr s,rr,. Li, rr,i.r i,.,,, ,r,,. tl lc.t. r.tL, ,,.i.. L:i,,..ru ', I ,r-,..,r , +ut,,t.i . \ '.1,r , .r r ,, |..,,, | |/. r i,rILI( Ju.r, lri r. r..II,II.i.IrIIL^ llr.i ,:l'lilro\ il,. rrir, r.. , r., r,f.. t.,,:r ,rr i,r,1, r,,., ,. , , ( I i| iI I l'. 'lcolr.rirr: ricri;r tlcl st,r cn ctirrrt() scr, rlc sts arriburcs csclrcilrlc,; \ (lc l,r,titUlirri rll lr rlirctsirlrrtl (l qtc se (l. Iisi(lr: rir,llci,r rJ{' l:r; srsr:llrius l)rr(cl)rilrcs. o tlc l;rs rrrsrrs quc lor.
1

illllo(l( tcDinliLrIlto. .,

nrisll() lo (luc lIrmn Cl rrra ,ntur.ilcza., l)or lo cull cntictr(lc rn cri_ (l.uc sr orirlinir cl ttornoviniclro o arLocl llio y cl

i.

rrur cl

Lrr ivcr

v iisiro

tlc l. r;rtirlrtl rlc lus cos.rs, crr sr tlol;lc scn tirlo rL, r,rItirI:rrI rr))rrirrr,r ! (irJri(l;r(l (lsLrrrir. \'ulrntll (;rrclr t,s l)ll(,n cj liJ)o (lc Lrli(liL(l ct) qrc sc ll;nliIicstirrr (stis tlcs tlilcr.crrr i.rs. \/.lrrror; rrris tlc rcx.l, rccricrrlo rt.rLcs iLri\roL(1li(os. l.t AI.!ul;si(t, l,ilro /r, lr:crri:
"...:Lrrrrrrirrrrlo {lra c\istir unir (:icn.iir (lc Iir lltlr1.:rlcr, sct.i cvidctr. trrrcrrtc rlilcrr-rrrc dc rrrr ticrr:i: 1:riictic:r, v (lc rrr:L cicrrci rlc 1.1 (.r (l ,lti,t.r. \ r(, rl rl t,j, ,t " rr,,.ir'. Lr ,l r.' ,1, r Lr,

,\lr1(,r)riiLi(;rs: tlcrrrirr

'.,,,,,.,, tirtrcirrs r'iirtir:rs lrsi(lc crr cl olJirk) sir)o r-ll cl lrgcltt.t LrL cicncia (lcl lisi!.) urlit rll sctrs trrI ricllcir ( r 1 lllisrl()s un l)rill(il)io (lc rro \irrriclrr(): Ior lo crlrl, l;r (iclt(iir ljjiclt rro cs priir.ticli tri rotica, sirro t,,'ri,.,: t' ',,1r, ,r r,,r ri, rrl r:ri...r t,:ri,,,rkrrro rl(.,jrn\ ri r,,os. '...1 .r ,, r..':, ,"rr,.r ,lc \,r'\,rrj l,n, I..r .r rri.r,,r,,,l r,il,i,. ,, . 1,,,r 'r,., ,: rr,. Lr rrr:rr,.u.,,.,., ,, ,n,j , iJjr,i.r i ,l 'L,,,,.rr r,. ,lr, , , r. ,l - r, . illlll|r i,l, ,. ,.r o :,.,.rr.r,l,rr. l.l s, r ., r,.,. ' , llrror il , ' rrr,, ,:l ,,1'jr lo rl,. r,. r ir.lii r ,li[rcrrc ,lc csrs cs rIrir'. sr.1,rrr;rtlrr c irrilil... ".. .c rr. trrr0lrccs qLc lr;ty ltcs rrlrcros rlc cic cils rcicas: la fsi cJ. l.rs trr{(llliLi(;rs ! I:t {c)lo!i;t. lrl glct.o rlc lrs.icr.ixs t.,(il-i(;rs , rl''.,',,J,1,. r rl ,,.r.,.t ,l,rI l,. llU, rnrrt,r.,rlo r. ritri,Du lu:,,r; 1,'., ri, r., 1,,,, ,,1,i, r,, , I \, r. r,, ,ti5rr,r ,tr ,r,r iu ,tc ,u,t,i tu.
,
,,1

,i,rrr,. 'rr, r'.;,1, ,l l,r,n,;,i" rl, ' Lr rr.,,i,;j| ...

,.,,

'1...

dos,t:irDrils. si cs \crrllL(l quc cxistc uD sLl)st ciit (lc cstlr cspccin;

ri2

ATINIIA / .n,! I rltJi[i...itn 1,,

1:

tit"lu

scrcs, siclrClo la srrclioricled cle caLla cicncii! (lctcnllinadit Por cl ol)icto rluc st ticrrc.. ." (XIt:1. Ii 7; 10Gla)

'

Los lrlsajr:s (ltc hclllos ci!clo Podl-i:lr srilclillros i(lcils (li[c]cntcs cn relilci(in cotr urt clcs.lrrolk) illrtcior. Itor(lrc -nrillrlo lxs coslls il p.rtir de los objctos clc l:ls cicnciirs (lrlc -ro,r, rciiPcc!i!llllrcntc Pl.iicticas qtlc cl llrovirnicllto (cxbio o Irloccso) irro,ll.rctivus v tcricxs- \'icnros podli scr el principio clc l:r tlivisirj Sirr cnrbar;o, lit tli!isin no ii,, coincj,icrtc cor) lrt clrc [orllu]lL ,\istLclcs, silto rlgo corno lo
siguicrrtc:

Dr lo

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l.r
|

, i,lr r," .rt{,dori.lad (/\, tr I,,,,:ri, o)

ll

t_,

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rnicrro(ArJc i,, rctroJ

r d

l)c torlirs lr:rlcas, scriu (l;ticil lracc llcion;rl cl sislclit' cs (lccir' rticulallo coltirrurluclrtc Pol llirLural tlcsr-ollo tlc l rrocjti lrsic' I)ccirrros tlrc nLcsLro I)lobl.rllir rs dcsarl)il la rticLrii(i(il arl cstc rri!cl subordi:rtlo rlc lrL cicrrtrirL t(iricrr. Iirl Pr;lrcr- lllgr, lrotDlos qLtc rcsultr tlilitil clrtcD(1cr (ltl sca trtr rj'cl Lir clilclcrlr:ia 'crjstcnciit sc' tlc par':rd:r' nos obliu I opcr';tr- lucdirrlu ILnx (licoLomiil Llt frinrullt cs (onrPlcj IJc mir cit (lrc 1 otliL prtrtc cle la clivisirr ia tlifclcrci se dcsclil)c 'cxistcncia ito-scp"r"tl"' l'cto. Liclrc sclrti(lo cslir frnnid l'or (lc Plorrto, si tlcjaulos fact la tlcglrci sol)lc lir cxisLcnci y dcci_ aisto' rlros, siI; Irliis, 'rlo ciistcrlr:i,,' cstllrrroi tcr$i\.cs:trdo la vcrsin 'cliistcllcix llo'scPrlIil(11', (lc rlu rllotlsLruosit tlicil. l)clo si clccirnos '!calidad' cstamos hablantlo? Joachirn rlos tlicc cuc para -Aisttelcs l;)ri rlrirlcIlr;itialts tftirn coll abstr'(:ciollcs y, dc cttit IrliLllcrit' sc lcs_ cli_ ponclcr'irr rL utrestra l)rc:.rurrLir. llctorrlirnlos cllLotlccs la cucslirtl la tcr'rlic:rs bay lirs qrtc LlLtilIr clc lo las cicrrcirLs tul qu" ii.i,t,, ",i,." "s quc cs lcirl y ls quc tientll l)or ol)icto il)strilcciolcs Nucva[rcrrte tc_

tcnlos cl IcsulL,rrlo dc rura aiicrllcirJn rnlis conll)iicnd quc la quc sc sLrl)olrir. Dclro irrtl'o(lucir irDit lrucvr djicrcI](jix par.a clividir, las cicuriirs rrrr: sc ocrr|:rrr tlc Io <rrr: ricrrc r.c;rlitlrrl, dc io quc cs inrliriclrrr1 \ irt()slrl)sistftrt(- \'crt.r (lilrlrrciir scl.i;t (l(l:r lx)r(.l criLcr.jo clcl rito, rirrricllto Lo rrrc rs rr;rl ! tic)rc r) si l,r;r)(il)io clct llrovirrticrlro cs rl ol)icio (l( lrr'lilrsolirr scgul(lir'; lo (luc cs t-cl c ilututable, lo di\,i ir^. ,.. .. r,r,, ,1, Lr 'li,u ,tr.r i,rlr, r,r'. I)c torlas rlurcr:rs, ir(lu(Lrl)i(lrclLc, urcstro lc\ultiLrlo cs ol)scLlro, ;(i(irlro crrtcrrl{j'tll cl sc ti(lo (lc ullt illtcrior rlivisit stil scrLirr l:r rLrul rl ol,jrto :rqucl1,, rlrrc ct ric,rrilir<. ror)ir cor))o ,,"u,,tcl- ; .li"i(lil rll ]o rcirl r lu oi)stl:rrto?;(]uicrr rcirliz.r cl mil:rgro (lc srcr. dcs(lc tlcrrtlo rlt, J:r r()cj('l) (lf ol;jcro cstrrs (los (li[(]t.crcixs No <lilil uno, uris Ilicrr, rrrc <rr:rl<1Lritr.t.osir srrrl rir:sclc s rrisrrro cl ot:jcro rrl <livi_ tlirsc rrcllos su I ) I ( r { l ( I I'r,t-o ]ritv otllr rlalcr.ir rlc l)fo(lucjr. lir lrrtiorl;rtirirr insIirrinrlrsc crr cl trlruricrrr,r:rr.irotlico. I,or-r1rrc sc dicc qrrt lriri cicrr<i:rs dc lr rrr tlablc \, Llc lo ir nuttl)lc (cjclciiis tc{ijcs) . Y cstc clitilio irll(gir l,rs rrirt(nliili(;rs quc la fisiclr a l tcolog;r. 'r);is Y ur rlrLlr'jLrtlo cr;rrro stc rros crrrritc 5rlJorr(.r- (lr.0 l r.ticulcil c lrstlu(lr, (luc lro rs intctior: rs rlccir, quc l olrcr.ur:irirr _lr9 (luc
I (

I i

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unl rlivisirjl '. l)rr((r.

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<

I :rs i

i < ;i

i ri

jltgil(lo ir l;t pt.olrlcriiti(it. (luc lo lr;r.:r crr prrr'tc:rlgLrrn rrrl rlc rlir.isir!l. OLr: ()crrr:r o lo ocurrrr rroLcvr crr cl rcirro rlc k;s lrrlos (.s ((,\r;',rr tlifi'cil cic claborar; y su curiict( criDcrtIllr{])tc )atillisrco PLr|rlr: tlislrctrsarnos rlc hccrlo. No ol)sLlll)tr, lnrr rrLr(r() rrrc rLrL,rlrr :Lrqrrrrcrti :rc a lrirrrjr (tc rucsult i! or: rciu, l)i tir (lc llucsLrit irr(rr;rcitltrrl l)irrt l)crcil)it cl (lctilllc lisnlo (Lc l;r rcl c intcliot tli,isirirr rlc l<r rrnivcl.srrl, h;ry;rsr:rciorcs sigrilir:atir,as
rlLrc ctt{rl()s
crr

l'ro Iueric rlcrirsc

tk:

ruociollcs (oDto "lrriDal . lliry rlc algo rrrrirosrrl. L:r lor:ir!r

rrll(i(irr:r csro; rrscrciol|cs (jrrc sorj lcllct:Llcs, Icro qrrc csritlrlcrcrr rorlo slrtill;lr:totio tl l)t'rto ) (lrLc Dosott.()s rrxlclltos ltirccr, Nrrrlic (1rrc tcrg oj., prrcclc porcr crr (ucsrir ct scrtitlo rcll tlc
iltlimlcs cll cl scDti(lo dc lir criisteciil

uuivcrrirl no (s rnlir lrur:r ccotrornii! sjlr hrrrlarucrrto ()l)jcliro. ()l)ictiyttrc]ltc lly Io rnivcrs1. l_o urivct-sll
(clrrro trt:i) sc c\l)rcj,1r cr (iilcrrl.iits; l)rto slirs rtr) sol) rl PLrro cirnrulo disrcr,o rlc (osrs cn rrir rlcsrirrla rlircrsitl;rtl. I,or crrr.c lrs rlilr:clr {iits lilrlos l)rJrci)iclrcio 1o nrisro, cs (lccjl. pcrcil)i,t}os cocl.ctitrente lo nrismo. Il hrrrl:rcrlo (lc lir n.non:r rlc I;r cxncricncilr (s l;r r{,;r,

li.r:l,,.i,r\, r1, 1,, r.rir,r..,l. (.,,,r,,Ii,,I" .,r,irlt1 1,,,.,r,,,s trorrhn"-, "clblrllo. "l)crro". crc., cs !llt ulivcrsal lo (llt(i sc (lct.ct.nrillt cll otrlx rrri\.ojjirl(s. l,iu clhs tcrrr:lros rrn:r cxpr.csirirr rn;is colcc!t!, rrrs l\ixrt (\i5rcnci.tjlrrlrtc, (lcl uri\cr.s;rl, No rucric p.ctc(lcr-sc (luc ls

r!fnN[;r / J,r, ld tl,rilta,i'it I\ .i..idt clilccncias scilrl lrlcr;L clntid:l(l y rrcglo; quc t;tl coull)irraci(')n dc lo qu{ cs slidinrcntc lo rrisrno, plodr:zce bircdo atLr, cuatln'rrcclo alli, hcrl)ivoro clc csLc lado, ctlrlli\'(Do dc cstc otro list cxPlicrr.i(tn climi' rrli lus ctilcrcrrr:ils y nos rutlrrliltlos colL rl sil)lPlc lll)lclo cntrc ls rrnos. cs (lccir, con lriL illll)asitl)lc in a ciolr;Lli clatl l_.1 llonrinalista, qrrc cs al rDisllro riclnpo (rlrPili(istrr y slnsla]ist, qrc(l;r r;ipiclalncnlc rcduci(io lt ujl tolllisrro illrsrI(lo' un oPccio' rralisrno absuitcLo (llrc hlrcc csaLr'ir l)or cntrc slrs (lcclos l e,llidld, inrsilrlc:L l)rltil (lc slls clitcios. Ya rro prrcrlo (lccir -si voy Por cstc c:rmiuo- rltrc lo rluc cxistc cs'Sclltcs, Crrllirls, y ltucillrlo'. l)olquc tlcs c\l)rcsiollcs solL tIrivctsiLlcs, Sorl lloci{)rlts (lrc r:ctillLll clilcrcrlcils cn lo nrisrlo qrrc ILs cxJ:licrr y <1rrc crr cll;Ls sc tlilitlc. lll ;rIurl, csPiiLtl o (lilcrcll(i;ls. I'cIo sor dilclcr)' )o, (lc LIll llonlLrt sirgtlllt-sc cxlJrcsa (,r cirrs olgriDic:rs, rlilcrcncis qrc sc crPlcslrl (olno l)irltcs (lc lr llllo Lluc sc (li!i(Lc ilrtclioDrlcnl.c clr cllxs. Y natlic Itrcrlc (luitiir 1clkh(l a {sl1 lrn;r lr,rcitlrrrlol (oltsisti c1 Lrr:L c\tclior llrticulil(ilI (le cstx(los: U 'ahDu corrstiLtlirla (lc ctlitlrtirs littiorrcs hayirrr sli(lo {lc Ir:r cirl)czr
(l(

lirirrtc.
l)cciros (luc cs tlilitil

(si Ito inrPosjlrl.) Pcrcil)ir ert irrtclior' (li[clcrrcicir!n dc lo urivers.rl- Srrcccle ;rrlrri corrro r:(rrrl(lo tclcllos sol' rlcrtc nlirtl(rros r'ciolllilcs pillil c\l)rcl5ilr rll Illlrto. f,ll cslc (irso l illr' posibilitlarl qurrLL prol:ada (cjcnrpl' r""rrrlo s rr;rr:t rl(r rlclirir lecio' n. l I, rt, ,l liuIrlo (u\:r :'1,',i.' t' - r rL ol,\r.rirlr'. r.l rrrrrt" rro ror clkr tlcju tlc cxistir. Y rcncnros la'olcs Plrnt sLt c\istcrl.ia (ll corrtitrui_

rlud tlc lir lincu), rnqtrc I)o

rrc(lios :r r)ucs[ro
ostcllsiblcl)rcIItc,
:Llca]cc.

l)o,.lerllos

lctilicilrl cll

d'r:LlLlle

con

los

I'elo tcraluos cjclll)los cll (lnc lj] rlticlcilitl iltclior sc

Pcrcil)c

Irotrgo uno: Lr rlclirriciIl tlc triltrrgrrlo (olno Iiqrrri! p]iLn,! loitadil por tlcs Lrazos rcctililcos Ii itos (l(c ticlrcll (:onlrlrtcs cxtlcll)os, I)cl' mitc divi<1il irliorrnctrtc llr nocirllr dc[iridr. No ]c vicrlcn tlc frcrl s(s (lilcrctlcins. Iisclrlcno, isriscclcs, y cqtriLtcro, sorr nocioncs cn que sc clir'idc intcior ) Ilcccsirri:tlllclrtc, l)o1(ltc sus lados no hn dc acr :lrtlrrlcs 5i ro cJrcal)lltt tlnil Lr olra noci(!ll. l'clo clcjcmos csto y volva' rrros al prrrrro rilrc n()s oclrl)rrl);r. Sc trt;1, Ptics, dc intcrPctl irl)sttct;lnrcrlLc lit olclcncir!n istotlic dc lus cicncias tcrirics. I'arcr:c tlrtc til ol)cl:tci1)ll cs Posib)c y

rlrc lrrr(llo l,.rrlt:rrlo srri tI sirri, r't':

Dc Io no rrdablc
I I I

ricr",

il

s,,i"F .ial

A..ih.tal

l)co

llt

vcrsir prrcdc scr

:

(lifclclltc (y sictrl)rc tcnico(lo

prcscDtc

los rrs:rjes aristotlicos)

Produc-

riv

[l--l
lsla cs ntcllos
arr otra:

Dc I anr;dd (acciderc

intn!il)

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quc

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/ .\'(,r,, Lt

:!a\itttn In,

.i tr

Lo quc hcmos cxpucsto ctr scgrut<lo Jur;rr.. :rl ticnpo (luc tltcnos rlcionirl, cs la rrris coil1cidcrrtc coll los tc:itos clc Ar.isttclcs cn quc tr-xtrL cI frol)lcrLir dc l: clltsilit:eciIl clc ls cir:tr'ias. I)c t(xlts lnltIlclas, crralescluiclr (lc cll:rs cs rneallcnrc urr;r r:l:rsilic:rcirlr. Irr criurto u la posibiliclucl (lc' intcrprcter conro clcs:uollo lor:io. r::11 las distirrtiLs iascs dc L or(lcnrcin :rlisro!lic:r, l):rrccc clro rlur cllo r)o c5 osiblc, por'1o mcnos crr cl niyql cn (tuc cljLil ittcrl)crcin po(lrirr sc]. cnrprcn(lj(l:r lror Dosolr'os. lintr'c lo 'coDtr: r1;ttivo' y lo .pro, clLrctivo', o crtrc lo 'co tcnr plit ti\ o ) lo bliicrico' prrr(lc ccl)r:rrsc quc lgo por'lo ur(nos inrlloso :t lo (luc tosot)os hctuos (li(ho sc l)rocircc. I'cro rcunir cstrs trcs f:rscs cu ulr risrro todo rlc cxplic;rciu parccc irrlrosib1c. 'Iirnrlrcco \':rrllllcntos t lv l(ios crr lu di!isicin dc 1o'tc. ri.o': a(lui l)i si(iuiclir l)orlclrros cst:rl)lcacl lirlorlios dc rclilaill como crr cl !:iso ir,rr'ri()r. lii cs, I)r.cs, solurllcrtr r clrrsiliraciri rlc lirs cicn(iirs lo qlrc lrcr:ros <lc cncollLuI ctr los tt\tos rjstotlicos lt,:) l)o(l(ntDj pI.ctcu(lrr'(luc hila :rqui ur rcsl)llcsrir ir lit clcsti(iD rlr: l Lr irl:ul o sist(ntl (ic irr r:itrrci;r; iJor(lc cn t_clrL.i(jn il 1o rrc cs un sslcrnir lllcho bcrnos tlicllo yir, t. l)otltllos adclltxl sir v;lcilitcin c\igcll.iirs quc le clrrsificrci<in no currrplir:i l).Jl su nlisrtir cscr.iir- lLcsl)cc{o {lc lx rni. (lir(l o ijistclDil tlc l cicrci;r (1rl)cr rslll)lccc!c llcc(sirriiucll!c, (I)l)r]i. (;oncs conro lls rlrrc cxporrc Ilcljcl cr l.l liucicloltc{ia: "..,li$ cicrlcias crl)l)iai{:s ro sc riLc(llri cn lil tnca o,)sclv;lcirill dc los rasqos irlrlividulics tlc un Icrrileno. nlc(lilrttc ]lr ltyu(lil (le uD l)cnsirrricllto sorr cpir((:s rlc rrnilc:L h Iilosoli:r l)io!istls dc nttcrilrs plcl)rrir(los I)iir cllir, cn lor'ra rlc trtri[orrrrid;rrlcs gcnctalcs, cs (lc(il-, lcycs y dirsilicil(iorrs (lc l()5 fcn(itl(jnost (:Lir (lo cs!o cs hccbo. los hcchos lliuticulurcs (llrr r'llirs colticnclr sc crcrclttt!l 1-rrcrrtarlor liarr scl rcciLitlor cr lLr libsolirr. I,l-(to.... inrl)lica rnir ciclta comprli(in solr( cl I)crls;rrnicnto tisl)lo cr) cL scn!i(lo (lc il\'ilnzirr. ir pallir (lc cstiLr vcr'(ll{l!s corr(r(t.lls rspricifiaxii. [,ir lcccl. cin (lcr)ho tlc lrr lilosolin dc cstos rltctirrlcs cicrtif ic()s xhorr qLrc cl lrcns;rnrit:lrto ha rcnrovitlo su irnctliarcz y las lur hr:rlro rlcjitr t1c sc nrclos (lxtos, co stilryc al nrisrrro ticnrpo on (lcsnuollo dcl pcn. sriarLo a pitrtir (lc s llrisllro. l,iL Iilosoliu, (]trLollccs, <1cbc s rlcs auollo a l;s ciclrcils cnririlicirs. l-n pago dc cllo, tl:r rL su coDtclido lo rLrc cs Lirn rirrLl ;irta cllos, h lil)cltild dcl l)o)5:u)licrto; crr uni r:rlrLbra, lcs (h un .irrtcto a prioi. LsLos contcllj(los sc ltrrr(lan hori! cn Io nc(csalio, y ro (lcpclr(Lcr lu rcanl(nLc rte lI cviclcrcia tlc los h.cchos, tlc <rrr: scrrr asi ctrcol)1lir(1os y asi cxpcricnciarlos. I!.1 he. ch(), clr cLiurto cs expclicuci:rtlo i,c tlirus[olnrir irsi ct ura ihstnt:irirr y lra copia tlc la activi(liL(i origillirl y clcl todo utocstrl)lccido dcl pcrrsiunicDto'. (1111)o(l1tr(it, l7).

irf

Rl-lO-r'rii...'r i!.,\Ct r)h.lul,

at:r-,"

. C ,r,

La tilosoirr, crlo c!'s, srrrc rlIsrlc s rrlrrrllo (luc i;t Ponc cn noIirricrto..\ljlo 1c vicc rlado dcsrlc Iter. conro l)urir gcncr'li(lirLI, co_ nro c\t.r'ir)r opcr-rrcill (irlrstreccirir: c inclLrccirilr); lqr) quc sa la consLitLli(lo cll al nivct rrr r'r'llcrivrr rlll Icrrrrrrriclrto ricc ll pr,rrs:rrlticlrto (lLrc sri (orrtlit(rv(i cI lil c\lr(ricrr(i:t (llrc tIts_ conro ol)jcto sryo.
clivcsiLlrrrl, l)r'ro rlLrc corticl)c ll srlli<llr ilrrnccliatcz cicn(lc la scnsor-ial ^lllo dc L ro fLrnrlrdo y {rrillri(}r, \'iorlr conro ,ltltcliir :r irrslirlirrsc (lcnLIo
rlc

l irctir'irlirrl ilutonc{lcxi\'lr y scr rcll)lclr(li(lo alli lt parrir tlc iit Y clc .stl nr; rcr:L acLltricrc sll licrrLrrc)tnt rrrir irrlcrio itclivid(l (lrrc' cD su iLuto Lctirtl. c dccir', (orrrtitucitl, lo (orstilu)c i sr: irlcutifit:;r rtlll ell,) con Litu ynclolo. Y dc cst rrrlt)crl sc r:lirinirn las lr:tIcr:rs qrrc Lliridirr:r sirr cspcrarrzrs il crpcrir'rrr:iu. (lLr l^ hiLci;rn stli)sislil lt Piiltil (l(r tlllit obstinil(lx xlLc_ itLrl. Lr rlilcrirlrrrl ls rrsrrrnitlrr tlcsde cl ,r'irrripio ({uc l insl)ir:r corrclctiIncnte y (luc ]r Llcsll,r]llir crr sr lcal y r;rtiolral lrrtivirliLcl. [.s rs rrrc 1;r lor:rl tlir,-rsirl;rtl. Ir rrtr:rior rnrritipliciclrrrl, ccnro l;r crt1 rc nrunificst h r:irucir, cs rrlsorlirla crr cl rrircl rlc lit rLrrtorrctlcxin. cstiiu )ir rllc,qrrrl:rs l;rr cicrrcirrs rltvlc lrlc:r siuLr rlrrc $otr'lo lislltl) ^_o cn:jus (IiiIr(Irrriirs.l,L rfli(rlircir')1, cLr:rrr(lo sl;r1l{)s lcllcxionarr<lo ('s rLcir, likxoturtlo), rir (s trri rrcrrr :rglrrrrrti'irr (1:rsilicrtorii llay rtlgrrros l):r!irics crl lrt ntisrljl liucu Irtltcrlia (ltlc rros j)strllyelr acclcir
rcti\iLl;L(l ristriir cr rlLc sc irrst,rL.
s

"...l l ,r.s:'nri, It t. :i S r riIru v :rrrolrrr!l"li, lrr rlc \' I irrlrrr{ r''ln crr r rrr,., i,lt r: v,rllrr'l',,'orr*r'l 1.,r,'rr:,"r'r,' f lr,,lt L, rr,li,l,,l ,1, 'u.rrrircr',li,l:',1.'. i, l,l"r',,,1 ,\l'"'lrr'r. l:',i"n r'',' ,', IL tcrrl:"1 ,s,,,rr,,r".'.' ,1'.' {r'r'. i."r".'': 1,ii

''".

tiLs

son (lis(rTni(lirs

y tlclirritlas". (l)ltod. lll

No (lllrlrriros, t:on ,rrr(]slrir:j (o)si(lcr:t(io^Dcs Poucr Llc h(lo an rell_ cin r cslos critt:lios'el irirtsirrtricltro :rrislotli(o. Scg ramcrrrc Jrey mtr .1, ' '1, '1r,, , r Lr tilir.yri.r 4 ,\\i'r(;r(I' t. J:eru. s,qurirrrr, rrrc t:rrrl,ilrr'
to,l,,
,\1,1.{

r,,, rrrrrl irrrtli, it' 1 "','1: ii'r1,i rf(LL.LrnLrt ,or,lrl'ir, rl, l'r fT::lI ,1, ' rrJ " 'r 'rli r1,, r r' .,r. r sr r il,,.. l'"r ''il:irf" ri 'rl1 griolr]. rro rrtlcmos rcrr:rr los ojos ir irL lalra pLopias irlc;rs rl tilsofo rlc sisrcur, al rl(rn.rs cr r:rrrr'xirilr con tt tcrnr lrrc t'stirnos corsirl:tndo. 1,aj ricrcias. cn lrL tlrific;ririrr lLristotl;cir rsliin Plrcs!;ts IncriL lurcnlc unr l lrlo dc otrir. t-it (li\crsilic:icirin coulo ia cu:Ll sc mani-

68

ATllNli^ /.11,/ la .Iot;l;d.i . I ;m;dt

ficstan ruccla la cspct. <1c un rrilcipio clc sisLcrnntjzacjn cionlt y rrl prilrc)io ro cs!i cu los tcxlos crr qrc se coDticlc la cucstiu, lsto nusmo sc pucde dcci con las propias palabras de IIcgcl:

",. .La cotccpcin gclcr] de srr {ilosoli:r no prccc corlto ur to. qlc sc sisLemrlicc por- nrcdio dc lrr constr.uciirtn y cuya orrlcn:rrr.r,i,lrr y,ulr,.il l,rrcrc/,, r t:,rl,i,.n jr los rorrrt,ro., ..i o ,luc li s I.rrl,s r'\t:irl Iullr. l.rs rlt Lr tr,.ri,rrci:r y oju(.1.,. L,i trr.rs'rl Lrrlu rlr l,r ot,rJ. (lc t:rl nio,lu (lll, c.rrl:r 1r'.rr. (( I.r,or)o,(. l,ot. ,ri\rrr.r iurro llt (orrcl)to ,1, I,lrlirirlo. sii lr.c,.si,l.il ,lc irrion,o.'' :,1 rrnrirrir rrro ilrrrcnr (1, Lr ,irir(;r..\ i, trtu.olr.r ,lc:rrrircl licrul'o y.rl , rrro rlI vi.r.r r I|I ,. s. itrr.t,t ro.r l(\ I,o,li.r exiqir (lrc I)ll i' rjllr LIc ,rirrrili,ro l; r" .irl.1.... Llrr,.ri,r rn,, 1,
clo

Llistorir dc la [ilosolia).

Conro a nosotos nos itrtclcsa aq(ri 1a idc, y rro la ltisroriir clc Ja idca, poco nos ltL dc irrpottlrr Jr justificncil qtrc h:rce Llcgc1. Cousi. rhrurl.r r '.,rrir rl. los,ir,ri,r.,.lr( lr,n,05 r:rl,rrcrro. I., rlir,lr,r,l.r,l rlc ls cicncias en AIisLtclcs l)crsistc (:olno pura divcrsidacl. y si lly:Lso" rlos dc:rtirrl:r'i,irr ruIltiruir (c rl1lr,{,, crr 1,,rr.:r ,oj,,,,,., o,., lo
surrro, l)royccto,

I i; r!

l'.,r.,

t,
l.r .

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,,, t,t't t,i ri'.f ,,i i.'.. :)

1.;lL 1lt

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