Presidents of India Dr. Rajendra Prasad Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Dr.Zakir Hussain Justice Mohd.

Justice Mohd. Hidayatullah Varahagiri Venkatagiri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D.Jatti Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy Giani Zail Singh R.Venkataraman Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma K.R.Narayan Dr. A.P.J. Adbul Kalam Pratibha Patil

Dr. Rajendra Prasad Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth Tenure Order Took Office Left Office Successor : Dec 3, 1884 : Feb 28, 1963 : Zeradei, Bihar : 1st President : Jan 26, 1950 : May 13, 1962 : Dr.S Radhakrishnan

Dr. Rajendra Prasad was the first President of India. Rajendra Prasad was a great freedomfighter, and the architect of the Indian Constitution, having served as President of the Constituent Assembly that drafted the Constitution of the Republic from 1948 to 1950. He had also served as a Cabinet Minister briefly in the first Government of Independent India. He was a crucial leader of the Indian Independence Movement. Prasad was born in Jiradei, in the Siwan district of Bihar. His father, Mahadev Sahay, was a Persian and Sanskrit language scholar; his mother, Kamleshwari Devi, was a devout lady who would tell stories from the Ramayana to her son. At the age of 5, the young Rajendra Prasad was sent to a Maulavi for learning Persian. After that he was sent to Chapra Zilla School for further primary studies. He was married at the age of 12 to Rajvanshi Devi. He then went on to study at R.K. Ghosh's Academy in Patna to be with his older brother Mahendra Prasad. Soon afterward, however, he rejoined the Chapra Zilla School, and it was from there that he passed the entrance examination of Calcutta University, at the age of 18. He stood first in the first division of that examination. He then joined the Presidency College, Calcutta. He was initially a student of science and his teachers included J.C.Bose and Prafulla Chandra Roy. Later he decided to switch his focus to the arts. Acharya Prafulla Chandra Roy, who was impressed by his intellect and dedication asked him on the occasion "Why have you deserted your class?." Prasad lived with his brother in the Eden Hindu Hostel. A plaque still commemorates his stay in that room. He had been initiated into the Swadeshi movement by his brother. He then joined the Dawn Society run by Satish Chandra Mukherjee, and Sister Nivedita. In 1911, he joined the A.I.C.C. However, his family estate was in bad condition. He was looked upon as the provider. But he sought permission from his brother in a letter to join the Indian freedom movement. He wrote, "Ambitions I have none, except to be of some service to the Motherland". The shock of his brother, however, held him to the family. In 1916, Rajendra Prasad joined the High Court of Bihar, and Orissa. Such was his intellect and his integrity, that often when his adversary failed to cite a precedent, the judges asked Rajendra Prasad to cite a precedent against himself. After meeting Mahatma Gandhi, he quit as a Senator of the University, much to the regret of the

British Vice-Chancellor.He also responded to the call by the Mahatma to boycott Western education by asking his son Mrityunjaya Prasad, a brilliant student to drop out of the University and enroll himself in Bihar Vidyapeeth, an institution he had along with his colleagues founded on the traditional Indian model. He wrote articles for Searchlight and the Desh and collected funds for these papers. He toured a lot, explaining, lecturing and exhorting. When the earthquake of Bihar occurred on January 15, 1934, Rajendra Prasad was in jail. He was released two days later. He set himself for the task of raising funds. The Viceroy had also raised a fund. However, while Rajendra Prasad's fund collected over 38 Lakhs (Rs. 3,800,000), the Viceroy could only manage one-third of that amount. The way relief was organized left nothing to be desired. Nationalist India expressed its admiration by electing him to the President of the Bombay session of the Indian National Congress. After India became independent he was elected the President of India. As President, he used his moderating influence so silently and unobtrusively that he neither reigned nor ruled. His sister Bhagwati Devi died on the night of 25 January 1960. She doted on her dearly-loved younger brother. It must have taken Rajendra Prasad all his will power to have taken the Republic Day salute as usual, on the following day. It was only on return from the parade that he set about the task of cremation. In 1962, after 12 years as President, he announced his decision to retire. He was subsequently awarded the Bharat Ratna, the nation's highest civilian award. Within months of his retirement, early in September 1962, his wife Rajvanshi Devi passed away. In a letter written a month before his death to one devoted to him, he said, "I have a feeling that the end is near, end of the energy to do, end of my very existence". He died on 28 February 1963 with 'Ram Ram Ram' on his lips. Because of the enormous public adulation he enjoyed, he was referred to as Desh Ratna or the Jewel of the country. His legacy is being ably carried forward by his great grandson Ashoka Jahnavi-Prasad, a psychiatrist and a scientist of international repute who introduced sodium valproate as a safer alternative to lithium salts in the treatment of bipolar disorders. Purushottam Das Tandon Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Aug 1, 1882 : Jul 1, 1962 : Uttar Pradesh

Purushottam Das Tandon was a freedom fighter from Uttar Pradesh in India, of Punjabi Khatri descent. He is widely remembered for his efforts in achieving the Official Language of India status for Hindi. He was revered as Rajarshi. Purushottam Das Tandon was born at Allahabad. After obtaining a degree in law and an MA in history, he started practising in 1906 and joined the bar of Allahabad High Court in 1908 as a junior to Tej Bahadur Sapru. He gave up practise in 1921 to concentrate on public activities. He was a member of Congress Party since his student days in 1899. In 1906, he represented Allahabad in the AICC. He was associated with the

Congress Party committee that studied the Jallianwala Bagh incident in 1919. He was also a part of the Servants of the People Society. In the 1920s and 1930s he was arrested for participating in the Non-Cooperation movement and Salt Satyagraha respectively. He and Nehru were among the people arrested even before Mahatma Gandhi returned from the Round Table Conference at London in 1931. He was known for his efforts in farmers' movements and he served as the President, Bihar Provincial Kisan Sabha in 1934. He worked as the Speaker of the Legislative Assembly of the present-day Uttar Pradesh for a period of 13 years, from July 31, 1937 to August 10, 1950. He was elected to the Constituent Assembly of India in 1946. He was elected to the Lok Sabha in 1952 and the Rajya Sabha in 1956. He retired from active public life after that due to indifferent health. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award in 1961. Motilal Nehru Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : May 6, 1861 : Feb 6, 1931 : Delhi

Motilal Nehru was an early Indian freedom fighter and leader of the Indian National Congress. He was also the patriarch of India's most powerful political family. Motilal Nehru was born in Delhi, to a Kashmiri Brahmin family. By coincidence Rabindranath Tagore was also born on that day. He became one of the first generation of young Indians to receive Western-style college education. He attended Muir College at Agra, but failed to appear for the final year B.A examinations. He then enlisted as a lawyer in the English courts. Nehru became a barrister and settled in the city of Allahabad, Uttar Pradesh. Many of Motilal's suits involved civil cases and soon he made a mark for himself in the legal profession of Allahabad. With the success of his practice, he bought a large family home in the Civil lanes of the city and aptly christened the house as Anand Bhavan or Abode of happiness. In 1909 he reached the pinnacle of his legal career by gaining the approval to appear in the Privy Council of Great Britain. His frequent visits to Europe, angered the Kashmiri Brahmin community as he refused to perform the traditional "prayachit" or reformation ceremony. In the 1910s, Nehru was a man of many elitist habits and attitudes, and a Westernized lifestyle, and one of the moderate, wealthy leaders of the Indian National Congress. With the ascent of Mahatma Gandhi in 1918, Nehru was one of the first to transform his life (and considering his age, wealth and long-time Anglicized habits, a quite remarkable achievement) to exclude western clothes and material goods, and adopt a more native Indian lifestyle. To meet the expenses of his large family and large family homes (he built Swaraj Bhavan later), Nehru had to occasionally return to his practice of law. Motilal Nehru twice served as President of the Congress Party. He was also arrested during the NonCooperation Movement. Although initially close to Gandhi, he openly criticized Gandhi's suspension of civil resistance in 1922 due to the murder of policemen by a nationalist mob in Chauri Chaura. Motital joined the Swaraj Party, which sought to enter the British-sponsored councils, if only in order to wreck the government. The party failed however, and Motilal returned to the Congress. The entry of Motilal's glamorous, highly-educated young son

Jawaharlal Nehru into politics in 1916, created a celebrative atmosphere, giving birth to the most powerful and influential Indian political dynasties. When in 1929, Nehru handed over the Congress presidency to Jawaharlal (Jawaharlal was elected, with Gandhi's backing), it greatly pleased Motilal and Nehru family admirers to see the son take over from his father. Jawaharlal had opposed his father's favor for dominion status, and had himself not left the Congress Party when Motilal helped found the Swaraj Party. Motilal Nehru chaired the famous Nehru Commission in 1928, that was a counter to the all-British Simon Commission. Nehru's Report, the first constitution written by Indians only, conceived a dominion status for India within the Empire, akin to Australia, New Zealand and Canada. It was endorsed by the Congress Party, but rejected by more radical Indians who sought complete independence, and by many Muslims who didn't feel their interests, concerns and rights were properly represented. Motilal Nehru's age and declining health kept him out of the historic events of 1929-1931, when the Congress adopted complete independence as its goal and when Gandhi launched the Salt Satyagraha. He was arrested in 1930, however, after his son was arrested, but was released shortly due to his failing health. He died on February 6, 1931. Nehru is largely remembered for being the patriarch of India's most powerful political family that has produced three Prime Ministers and still controls the Congress Party. Family and descendants Nehru has the following descandants, most of whom played an active role in the Politics of India: Jawaharlal Nehru (Son of Motilal - late Prime Minister of India) Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (Daughter of Motilal) Indira Gandhi (Daughter of Jawahar - late Prime Minister of India) Feroze Gandhi (Husband of Indira) Rajiv Gandhi (Son of Indira - late Prime Minister of India) Sanjay Gandhi(Son of Indira) Sonia Gandhi (Wife of Rajiv ) Rahul Gandhi (Son of Rajiv) Priyanka Gandhi (Daughter of Rajiv) Varun Gandhi (Son of Sanjay) Maneka Gandhi (wife of Sanjay)

Prime Ministers of India Jawaharlal Nehru Date of Birth : Nov 14, 1889 Date of : May 27, 1964 Death Place of : Uttar Pradesh Birth Political Indian National : party Congress Took Office : Aug 15, 1947 Left Office : May 27, 1964 Successor : Lal Bahadur Shastri Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzari Lal Nanda Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Chowdhary Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi Shri. V.P. Singh Shri Chandra Shekhar Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao Shri H. D. Deve Gowda I .K.Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh

Jawaharlal Nehru also called Pandit Nehru, was an important leader of the Indian Independence Movement and the Indian National Congress, and became the first Prime Minister of India when India won its independence on August 15, 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru was born on November 14, 1889, to Swaroop Rani, the wife of Motilal Nehru, a wealthy Allahabad based barrister and political leader himself. He was Nehru's only son amongst three younger daughters. The Nehru family is of Kashmiri lineage and of the Saraswat Brahmin caste. Educated in the finest Indian schools of the time, Nehru returned from education in England at Harrow, Trinity College, Cambridge and the Inner Temple to practice law before following his father into politics. By his parents' arrangement, Nehru married Kamala Nehru, then seventeen in 1916. At the time of his wedding on 8 February 1916, Jawaharlal was twenty-six, a Britisheducated barrister. Kamala came from a well-known business family of Kashmiris in Delhi. His father Motilal Nehru was already a prominent figure in the Indian National Congress and had served as its president. Nehru did not share Motilal's moderate-liberal line. He began to draw closer to the rising leadership of Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi, a former barrister who had won battles for equality and political rights for Indians in South Africa, and had emerged a national hero with the successful struggles in Champaran, Bihar and Kheda in Gujarat. Nehru was instantly attracted to Gandhi's commitment for active but peaceful, civil disobedience. Gandhi himself saw promise and India's future in the young Jawaharl Nehru. The Nehru family transformed their lifestyle according to Gandhi's teachings. Jawaharlal and Motilal Nehru abandoned western clothes and tastes for expensive possessions and pastimes, and adopted Hindi, or Hindustani as their common language of use. Young Jawaharlal now wore a khadi kurta and a Gandhi cap, all white - the new uniform of the Indian nationalist. Nehru was first arrested by the British during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1920-1922), but released after a few months. After Gandhi suspended civil resistance in 1922 as a result of the killing of policemen in Chauri Chaura, thousands of Congressmen were disillusioned.

When Gandhi opposed participation in the newly created legislative councils, many followed leaders like Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru to form the Swaraj Party, which advocated entry but only to sabotage government from within, as a tool to extracting concessions from the British to ensure stability. But Nehru did not join his father and stayed with Gandhi and the Congress. Jawaharlal was elected President of the Allahabad Municipal Corporation in 1924, and served for two years as the city's chief executive. Upon his release from prison in 1924, Gandhi succeeded in re-uniting the Congress Party and increasing discipline of Congressmen by expanding activities for social reform and the alleviation of India's poor. From 1926 to 1928, Jawaharlal served as the General Secretary of the All India Congress Committee, an important step in his rise to Congress national leadership. With the Bardoli Satyagraha of 1928, led by the rising nationalist leader Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, the Congress was back in the business of revolution. In 1928-29, the Congress's annual session under President Motilal Nehru considered the next step. Nehru and Subhas Chandra Bose backed a call for full political independence, while Motilal Nehru and others wanted dominion status within the British Empire. To resolve the point, Gandhi said that the British would be given two years to grant India dominion status. If they did not, the Congress would launch a national struggle for full, political independence. Nehru and Bose reduced the time of opportunity to one year. The British did not respond. When the Congress convened its session in 1929, Gandhi backed the young Jawaharlal for the Congress presidency. Although confessing embarrassment at his hurried ascent, President Nehru declared India's independence on January 26, 1930 in Lahore, raised free India's flag in a large public convention on the banks of the Ravi and inaugurated the struggle. Nehru was arrested in 1930, and during the Salt Satyagraha of 1931 for a number of years. The revolt was an astounding national success. Millions of Indians had participated, and the British were ultimately forced to acknowledge that there was a need for major political reform. When the British promulgated the Government of India Act 1935, the Congress Party decided to contest elections. Nehru stayed out of the elections, but campaigned vigorously nationwide for the party. The Congress formed governments in almost every province, and won the largest number of seats in the Central Assembly, which the Congress had denounced as powerless. But it was able to exercise control of provincial affairs, giving India its first taste of democratic selfgovernment. Nehru was elected again to the Congress Presidency in 1936, and again in 1937. In his famous speech to the session in Lucknow in 1936, he pushed the passage of the Avadi Resolution which committed the Congress to socialism as the basis of the future agenda of a free India's government. But the effort was strongly criticized by major Congress leaders, including Gandhi and Sardar Patel, though for different reasons. Nehru transformed his position to commit that the resolution did not in fact bind Congress to socialism, and that the Congress Party's main goal was independence, not socialism. However, Nehru had grown politically closer to Congress socialists like Jaya Prakash Narayan, Narendra Dev and the liberal-socialist Maulana Abul Kalam Azad. During this period, Nehru also wrote his autobiography in which he vividly describes his struggle for (political) freedom, noting that 'This book was written entirely in prison'. It is a very readable and honest account that contains many anecdotes and insights in the political and social circumstances of pre-war India. When World War II broke out, Nehru and

the Congress condemned the unilateral decision made by the British viceroy to enter India, but were divided as to what to do about it. Nehru and Patel made an offer of cooperation with the British, promising whole-hearted support if after the war, the British would deliver India's political freedom. This was opposed by Gandhi, but marked the first occasion when Nehru, and indeed a majority of Congress leaders went against his advice. Several British politicians and British officials backed the offer, considering Indian support valuable, but the bid failed when the British ruled out any political reform. The Congress Party ordered all of its elected members in the Central and provincial assemblies to resign, and another national struggle seemed inevitable. Nehru and Maulana Azad were lukewarm to Gandhi's call for revolt, still considering it a good possibility that the British would ultimately concede independence for Indian support. Although many other Indian political parties opposed the call, Gandhi and Sardar Patel convinced Nehru and Azad, and the entire Indian National Congress to a final showdown with the British Empire. The Quit India Movement was launched on August 13, 1942. The Congress made an open call for complete independence immediately. Only an independent India would decide whether India would participate in the war. The Congress asked all Indians to boycott British goods, the institutions and factories run by the British, public services and government programs. Major strikes, protests and demonstrations broke out all over India, and although other political parties did not participate, it proved to be the most forceful revolt in the history of British rule. Gandhi and the entire Congress Working Committee were immediately arrested. The Committee was imprisoned in a fort-turned-prison in Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, separate from Gandhi, who was imprisoned in Pune. The British had made arrangements to deport the leaders if necessary, but felt that then any chance of regaining order would be lost due to public outrage. Outside, hundreds of thousands of Indian freedom fighters were imprisoned, and thousands were killed in police firings. Upon the end of the war, Nehru and the Congress leadership were released. The new Labour Party government of Clement Attlee in the United Kingdom was preparing plans for India's independence. Imprisoned for a total of over 13 years, he was President of the Congress in 1929, 1936, 1937 and 1947. He became the Vice President of the Interim Government on September 2, 1946 and later the Prime Minister of Independent India on August 15, 1947. Jawaharlal Nehru served as India's Prime Minister from August 15, 1947, to May 27, 1964 - the day he died. Nehru loved children; therefore his birthday is observed as Children's Day. For children, he was Chacha (uncle) Nehru. In 1946, Nehru had moved into the former residence of the British Commander in Chief of the Indian Army on York Road, in Delhi. With independence, this became the official residence of the PM, and after Nehru's death in 1964, the Nehru Memorial Museum and Library. Nehru lived alone initially, but was later joined by his daughter Indira Gandhi, who despite having a young family of her own felt a need to take care of her father's personal needs. Over the years she became his virtual chief of staff - managing his schedule and appointments, instructing the staff of the residence and often accompanying him on foreign trips and in meetings with world leaders. Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru's administration created the policies that formed the backbone of India's social and economic development, national defense and position in world affairs for decades, although many times are criticized as very much wrong policies. Nehru also sired the most powerful political dynasty in India's modern history. His daughter Indira Gandhi would become Prime Minister within two years of his death in

1966, and would serve for 15 years and 3 terms. His grandson Rajiv Gandhi would hold that office from 1984 to 1989. Today, Rajiv's widow Sonia Gandhi is Congress President. Books - Nehru's letters to his daughter Indira during successive periods of imprisonment in 1930-1934 were later compiled into a book called 'Glimpses of World History'. - His 1942-1945 incarceration produced 'The Discovery of India', a history of India with digressions. - Subsequently, he wrote 'An Autobiography', which was a New York Times best seller. - The words of Nehru's famous 'Tryst with Destiny' speech on the eve of Indian Independence is as familiar, and indeed significant, to Indian ears as the Gettysburg Address is to Americans. Prime Ministers of India Lal Bahadur Shastri Date of Birth : Oct 2, 1904 Date of : Jan 11, 1966 Death Place of : Uttar Pradesh Birth Political Indian National : party Congress Took Office : Jun 9, 1964 Left Office : Jan 11, 1966 Successor : Gulzarilal Nanda Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzari Lal Nanda Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Chowdhary Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi Shri. V.P. Singh Shri Chandra Shekhar Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao Shri H. D. Deve Gowda I .K.Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh

Lal Bahadur Shastri was the second Prime Minister of independent India and a significant figure in the struggle for independence. Shashtriji was born in Mughalsarai, in Uttar Pradesh. To take part in the non-cooperation movement of Mahatma Gandhi in 1921, he began studying at the nationalist, Kashi Vidyapeeth in Kashi, and upon completion, he was given the title Shastri, or Scholar, Doctor at Kashi Vidyapeeth in 1926. He spent almost nine years in jail in total, mostly after the start of the Satyagraha movement in 1940, he was imprisoned until 1946. Following India's independence, he was Home Minister under Chief Minister Govind Ballabh Pant of Uttar Pradesh. In 1951, he was appointed General Secretary of the Lok Sabha before regaining a ministerial post as Railways Minister. He resigned as Minister following a rail disaster near Ariyalur, Tamil Nadu. He returned to the Cabinet following the General Elections, first as Minister for Transport, in 1961, he became Home Minister. After Jawaharlal Nehru's death in

May 27, 1964, he became the prime minister. Shastri worked by his natural characteristics to obtain compromises between opposing viewpoints, but in his short tenure was ineffectual in dealing with the economic crisis and food shortage in the nation. However, he commanded a great deal of respect in the Indian populace, and he used it to advantage in pushing the Green Revolution in India; which directly led to India becoming a food-surplus nation, although he did not live to see it. His administration began on a rocky turf. In 1965 Pakistan attacked India on the Kashmiri front and Lal Bahadur Shastri responded in kind by punching toward Lahore. In 1966 a cease-fire was issued as a result of international pressure. Lal Bahadur Shastri went to Tashkent to hold talks with Ayub Khan and an agreement was soon signed. Lal Bahadur passed away in Tashkent before returning home. All his lifetime, he was known for his honesty and humility. He was the first person to be posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna and a memorial "Vijay Ghat" was built for him in Delhi. The slogan 'Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan' is attributed to Shastri. 'If one person gives up one meal in a day, some other person gets his only meal of the day.': made during the food crisis to encourage people to evenly distribute food. Prime Ministers of India Jawaharlal Nehru Gulzari Lal Nanda Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Morarji Desai Chowdhary Charan Singh Rajiv Gandhi Shri. V.P. Singh Shri Chandra Shekhar Shri P. V. Narasimha Rao Shri H. D. Deve Gowda I .K.Gujral Atal Bihari Vajpayee Manmohan Singh

Indira Gandhi Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth Political party Took Office Left Office Successor : Nov 19, 1917 : Oct 31, 1984 : Allahabad : Congress (I) : Jan 15, 1980 : Oct 31, 1984 : Rajiv Gandhi

Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi was Prime Minister of India from January 19, 1966 to March 24, 1977, and again from January 14, 1980 until her assassination on October 31, 1984. Born to India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru, Indira Gandhi was one of India's most notable and controversial political leaders. The Nehru family can trace their ancestry to the Brahmins of Jammu and Kashmir and Delhi. Indira's grandfather Motilal Nehru was a wealthy barrister of Allahabad in Uttar Pradesh. Nehru was one of the most prominent members of the Indian National Congress in pre-Gandhi times and would go on to author the Nehru Report, the people's choice for a future Indian system of government as opposed to the British system. Her father Jawaharlal Nehru was a well-educated lawyer and was a popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. Indira was born to his young wife Kamala; at this juncture, Nehru entered the independence movement with Mahatma

Gandhi. Indira Gandhi (1917-1984) was the only child of Kamla and Jawaharlal Nehru. She spent part of her childhood in Allahabad, where the Nehrus had their family residence, and part in Switzerland, where her mother Kamla convalesced from her periodic illnesses. She received her college education at Somerville College, Oxford. A famous photograph from her childhood shows her sitting by the bedside of Mahatma Gandhi, as he recovered from one of his fasts; and though she was not actively involved in the freedom struggle, she came to know the entire Indian political leadership. After India's attainment of independence, and the ascendancy of Jawaharlal Nehru, now a widower, to the office of the Prime Minister, Indira Gandhi managed the official residence of her father, and accompanied him on his numerous foreign trips. She had been married in 1942 to Feroze Gandhi, who rose to some eminence as a parliamentarian and politician of integrity but found himself disliked by his more famous father-in-law, but Feroze died in 1960 before he could consolidate his own political forces. Mrs. Indira Gandhi, Prime Minister of India, 196677 and 1980-84. She was assassinated in 1984. In 1964, the year of her father's death, Indira Gandhi was for the first time elected to Parliament, and she was Minister of Information and Broadcasting in the government of Lal Bahadur Shastri, who died unexpectedly of a heart attack less than two years after assuming office. The numerous contenders for the position of the Prime Ministership, unable to agree among themselves, picked Indira Gandhi as a candidate, and each thought that she would be easily manipulable. But Indira Gandhi showed extraordinary political skills and tenacity and elbowed the Congress dons -- Kamaraj, Morarji Desai, and others -- out of power. She held the office of the Prime Minister from 1966 to 1977. She was riding the crest of popularity after India's triumph in the war of 1971 against Pakistan, and the explosion of a nuclear device in 1974 helped to enhance her reputation among middle-class Indians as a tough and shrewd political leader. However, by 1973, Delhi and north India were rocked by demonstrations angry at high inflation, the poor state of the economy, rampant corruption, and the poor standards of living. In June 1975, the High Court of Allahabad found her guilty of using illegal practices during the last election campaign, and ordered her to vacate her seat. There were demands for her resignation. Mrs. Gandhi's response was to declare a state of emergency, under which her political foes were imprisoned, constitutional rights abrogated, and the press placed under strict censorship. In early 1977, confident that she had debilitated her opposition, Mrs. Gandhi called for fresh elections, and found herself trounced by a newly formed coalition of several political parties. Her Congress party lost badly at the polls. Many declared that she was a spent force; but, three years later, she was to return as Prime Minister of India. The same year, however, her son Sanjay was killed in an airplane crash. In the second, post-Emergency, period of her Prime Ministership, Indira Gandhi was preoccupied by efforts to resolve the political problems in the state of Punjab. In her attempt to crush the secessionist movement of Sikh militants, led by Jarnail Singh Bindranwale, she ordered an assault upon the holiest Sikh shrine in Amritsar, called the "Golden Temple". It is here that Bindranwale and his armed supporters had holed up, and it is from the Golden Temple that they waged their campaign of terrorism not merely against the Government, but against moderate Sikhs and Hindus. "Operation Bluestar", waged in June 1984, led to the death

of Bindranwale, and the Golden Temple was stripped clean of Sikh terrorists; however, the Golden Temple was damaged, and Mrs. Gandhi earned the undying hatred of Sikhs who bitterly resented the desacralization of their sacred space. In November of the same year, Mrs. Gandhi was assassinated, at her residence, by two of her own Sikh bodyguards, who claimed to be avenging the insult heaped upon the Sikh nation. Mrs. Gandhi acquired a formidable international reputation as a "statesman", and there is no doubt that she was extraordinarily skilled in politics. She was prone, like many other politicians, to thrive on slogans, and one -- Garibi Hatao, "Remove Poverty" -- became the rallying cry for one of her election campaigns. She had an authoritarian streak, and though a cultured woman, rarely tolerated dissent; and she did, in many respects, irreparable harm to Indian democracy. Apart from her infamous imposition of the internal emergency, the use of the army to resolve internal disputes greatly increased in her time; and she encouraged a culture of sycophancy and nepotism. At her death, her older son, Rajiv Gandhi, was sworn in as head of the Congress party and Prime Minister. Jayaprakash Narayan Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Oct 11, 1902 : Oct 8, 1979 : Uttar Pradesh

Jayaprakash Narayan, widely known as JP, was an Indian freedom fighter and political leader. He was one of the few leaders of modern India who fought for its independence and took part in active politics for a long time after it became independent. He was born in Sitabdiara, village in Ballia district of Uttar Pradesh, and did his higher studies including his phd in politics and sociology in the United States. He adopted Marxism while studying at the University of Wisconsin in Madison, Wisconsin under Edward Ross; he was also deeply influenced by the writings of M. N. Roy. After returning to India, JP joined the Indian National Congress on the invitation of Jawaharlal Nehru in 1929; M. K. Gandhi would be his mentor in the Congress. During the Indian independence movement, he was arrested, jailed, and tortured several times by the British. He won particular fame during the Quit India movement. JP married Prabhavati Devi, a freedom fighter in her own right and a staunch disciple of Kasturba Gandhi in October 1920; she stayed in Sabarmati ashram while JP was abroad and became a devoted Gandhian; she often held opinions which were not in agreement with JP's views, but JP respected her independence. She was the older daughter of Brajkishore Prasad, one of the first Gandhians in Bihar and one who played a major role in Gandhi's campaign in Champaran. After being jailed in 1932 for civil disobedience against British rule, he was imprisoned in Nasik Jail, where he met Ram Manohar Lohia, Minoo Masani, Achyut Patwardhan, Ashok Meta, Yusuf Desai and other national leaders. After his release, the Congress Socialist Party, a left-wing group within the Congress, was formed with Acharya Narendra Deva as President and JP as General secretary. During the Quit India movement of 1942, when senior Congress leaders were arrested in the early stages, JP, Lohia and Basawon Singh (Sinha) were at the forefront of the agitations.

Leaders such as Jayaprakash Narayan and Aruna Asaf Ali were described as "the political children of Gandhi but recent students of Karl Marx." After independence and the death of Mahatma Gandhi; JP, Acharya Narendra Dev and Basawon Singh (Sinha) led the CSP out of Congress to become the opposition Socialist Party, which later took the name Praja Socialist Party. Initially a defender of physical force, JP was won over to Gandhi's position on nonviolence and advocated the use of satyagrahas to achieve the ideals of democratic socialism. Furthermore, he became deeply disillusioned with the practical experience of socialism in Nehru's India. Not long before his death, it was in fact erroneously announced by the Indian prime minister, causing a brief wave of national mourning, including the suspension of parliament and regular radio broadcasting, and closure of schools and shops. In 1998, he was posthumously awarded the Bharat Ratna award in recognition of his social work. Other awards include the Magsaysay award for Public Service in 1965. JP is sometimes referred to with the honorific title Lok nayak or 'guide of the people'. Hakim Ajmal Khan Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : 1863 : 1927 : Delhi Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas

Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan was a noted Indian freedom fighter, renowned physician and educationalist. He was the founder of the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi. Hakim Ajmal Khan was born in 1863 in Delhi. His family, a distinguished line of physicians descended from the army of Babur, the founder of the Mughal Empire in India. Khan studied the Qur'an and traditional Islamic knowledge, before studying medicine at home, under the tutelage of his relatives. After launching himself in practise, Khan was appointed chief physician to the Nawab of Rampur from 1892 to 1902. In Rampur he met Syed Ahmed Khan and was appointed a trustee of the Aligarh college, now the Aligarh Muslim University. Hakim Ajmal Khan took much interest in the expansion and development of the indigenous system of medicine, Tibb-i-Yunani, or Unani. Khan's family established the Tibbiya school in Delhi, in order to expand the research and practise of Unani. In recognition of his services in this field the Government of India conferred on him, in 1907 the title of 'Haziq-ul-Mulk'. But in 1910, Dr. Khan was organizing Indian physicians in protest of a Government decision to revoke official recongition for the practioners of Indian systems of medicine, of Unani and Ayurveda. Dr. Khan's involvement in politics began with writing for the Urdu weekly 'Akmal-ul-Akhbar', which was founded in 1865-70 and was run by his family. Dr. Khan was in the deputation of Muslims that met the Viceroy of India in Shimla in 1906, presenting him a memorandum on behalf of the community, and in 1907 was present in Dhaka where the All India Muslim League was created. Dr. Khan also backed the British during World War I, encouraging Indians to support the government, but the situation changed with the entry of Turkey. Upon the arrest of many Muslim leaders, Dr. Khan came to Mahatma Gandhi for support, who joined Khan and other Muslim leaders like Maulana Azad, Maulana Mohammad Ali and Maulana Shaukat Ali in the Khilafat movement. Dr. Khan resigned from the AMU when the authorities refused to endorse or participate in the Non-Cooperation Movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. He was elected the President of the Congress in 1921, and fiercely condemned the Amritsar Massacre and the British response to the Khilafat. He was imprisoned for many months by police authorities. Dr. Khan had left the AMU owing to its historic resistance to the Indian National Congress. Along with many prominent Muslim nationalists like Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, he laid the foundations of the Jamia Millia Islamia (Islamic National University) in Aligarh in 1920, in response to Mahatma Gandhi's call for Indians to boycott government institutions. The JMI grew into a prominent and prestigious university, and was moved to Delhi, where it stands today. Dr. Khan served as its first Chancellor, and was a key patron of the institution. Dr. Khan died of heart problems on December 29, 1927. Dr. Khan had renounced his government title, and many of his Indian fans awarded him the title of 'Masih-ul-Mulk' (Healer of the Nation). He was succeeded in the position of JMI Chancellor by Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari.

Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Dec 25, 1861 : 1946 : Allahabad

Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya was a national leader and a freedom fighter of India. Born to an educated orthodox Hindu family at Prayag (Allahabad) on December 25, 1861, Malviya is known for achievements such as founding a university (Banaras Hindu University) in Benaras, India. A postage stamp has been printed in India in his honor.

Feroze Gandhi Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Aug 12, 1912 : Sep 8, 1960 : India

Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Feroze Gandhi (12 August 1912 - 8 September 1960) was an Indian politician and journalist of Parsi descent. He was the husband of Indira Gandhi, the former Prime Minister of India and daughter of Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Indian Prime Minister. He was educated at the City Anglo-Vernacular High School and Ewing Christian College, followed by the London School of Economics. He abandoned his studies in 1930 to join the struggle for Indian independence. Feroze grew close to the Nehru family, especially Indira's mother Kamala Nehru and Indira

herself. Feroze helped nurse the ailing Kamala, and briefly traveled with Nehru, Kamala and Indira to Europe. Even before Kamala's death, Indira and Feroze had begun falling in love. Indira and Feroze grew more close to each other in England. They married in 1942. Arrested and jailed during the Quit India Movement less than six months after their marriage, he was imprisoned for a year in Allahabad's Naini Central Prison. Indira was also imprisoned. In 1944, she gave birth to Rajiv Gandhi, a future Prime Minister. In 1946, Sanjay Gandhi, a major political influence on his mother when she was PM, was born. Indira and Feroze settled in Allahabad with their two young children, and Feroze became editor of The National Herald, a newspaper founded by his father-in-law. Feroze Gandhi contested elections to the Parliament of India in 1952, independent India's first general elections. His wife served as his campaign organizer, and Gandhi won. But Feroze soon became a prominent force in his own right, criticizing the Government of his father-in-law and beginning a tirade against corruption. His exposure of a scandal involving major insurance companies and the Finance Minister T.T. Krishnamachari caused the latter to resign, and Nehru major embarrassment. Feroze began building his own reputation and small coterie of supporters and advisors, and continued challenging the government. He was re-elected in 1957. The marriage of Feroze and Indira was tumultuous, as Indira began living with her father, who was alone, and cared for him personally and often acted as his private secretary. When he became an MP, Feroze started living in his own house in Delhi, away from his father-in-law and wife. Indira and Feroze were re-united in 1958, when Feroze suffered his first heart attack. Indira took him to recuperate in Kashmir, where with their young boys, they were together again. However, Feroze died in 1960 of a second heart attack. Liaquat Ali Khan Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Oct 1, 1896 : Oct 16, 1951 : Karnal Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari

 Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari

 Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra Nawabzadah Khan Liaquat Ali Khan was the first Prime Minister of Pakistan.He was born in Karnal, India, studied law at the University of Oxford, and was admitted to the English bar in 1922. Returning to India, he joined the All-India Muslim League in 1923 and was elected to the legislative council of the United Provinces. In 1936 he became secretary-general of the league and the chief aide to its founder, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. As such, he was the principal architect of the partition of India and the creation of Pakistan in 1947. An obvious choice for prime minister, he guided the country through its first difficult years. He was assassinated in October 1951 under circumstances never fully explained. He was born in the town of Karnal in presentday Haryana to a land-holding family. Khan completed his early education at Aligarh Muslim University, and obtained a Law degree from the University of Oxford in 1921. Upon his return to India in 1923, Khan devoted himself to the Indian nationalist cause, and increasingly began to work for a Muslim state due to the injustices he felt were leveled upon Muslims by the British. In April 1933, he was married to Begum Ra'Ana Liaquat Ali Khan. He was invited to join the Indian National Congress, but refused, forming his own party. He joined the legislative council of Uttar Pradesh, and served there until 1940, when he was elevated to the central legislative assembly. During this time, Muhammed Ali Jinnah had moved to the United Kingdom, where he was disinvolved from Indian politics. Khan was instrumental in getting Jinnah back to the subcontinent, and Jinnah made Khan the secretary of the Muslim League. Thus in the 1940s, Khan was heavily involved in convincing the British of the need for a separate Muslim homeland in India. His primary emphasis was on separation from "Hindu" India, rather than on freedom from British colonialism. This work helped lead to the formation of Pakistan in 1947, and Liaquat Ali Khan was made the first Prime Minister. Liaquat Ali Khan was given the title of "Qaid-i Millat" (Leader of the Nation) by Muslim League for his great leadership and contribution to the cause of Pakistan. Khan's time as Prime Minister was cut short by an assassin's bullet. On October 16, 1951, he had been scheduled to make an important announcement in a public meeting of Muslim City League at Municipal Park, Rawalpindi. Khan was shot twice in the chest during that meeting by a man sitting in the audience's only fifteen

yards away, and the security forces immediately shot the assassin, who was later identified as Saad Akbar. Killing the assassin erased all clues to the identity of the real culprit behind the murder. Upon his death, Liaquat Ali Khan was given the honorific title of "Shahid-i Millat", or "Martyr of the Nation". Maulana Mohammad Ali Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : 1878 : 1931 : Rampur Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel

Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Maulana Mohammad Ali, also addressed with the suffix Jauhar, which was his pen name, was

an Indian Muslim nationalist and leader of the Khilafat movement. Mohammad Ali was born in Rampur state in 1878 to a family of Pathan ancestry. He was the brother of Maulana Shaukat Ali. Despite the early death of his father, the family strived and Ali attended the Aligarh Muslim University and Lincoln College, Oxford University in 1898, studying modern history. Upon his return to India, he served as education director for the Rampur state, and later joined the Baroda civil service. He became a brilliant writer and orator, and wrote for major English and Indian newspapers, in both English and Urdu. He himself launched the Urdu weekly 'Hamdard' and English 'Comrade' in 1911. He moved to Delhi in 1913. Mohammad Ali worked hard to expand the AMU, then known as the Mohammedan Anglo-Oriental College, and was one of the co-founders of the Jamia Millia Islamia in 1920, which was later moved to Delhi. Mohammed Ali had attended the founding meeting of the All India Muslim League in Dhaka in 1906, and served as its president in 1918. He remained active in the League till 1928. Ali represented the Muslim delegation that travelled to England in 1919 in order to convince the British government to influence the Turkish nationalist Mustafa Kemal not to depose the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph of Islam. British rejection of their demands resulted in the formation of the Khilafat committee which directed Muslims all over India to protest and boycott the government. Now accorded the respectful title of Maulana, Ali formed in 1921, a broad coalition with Muslim nationalists like Maulana Shaukat Ali, Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari and Indian nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi, who enlisted the support of the Indian National Congress and many thousands of Hindus, who joined the Muslims in a demonstration of unity. Ali also wholeheartedly supported Gandhi's call for a national civil resistance movement, and inspired many hundreds of protests and strikes all over India. He was arrested by British authorities and imprisoned for two years. Maulana Mohammad Ali was however, disillusioned by the failure of the Khilafat movement and Gandhi's suspension of civil disobedience in 1922, owing to the Chauri Chaura incident. He re-started his weekly Hamdard, and left the Congress Party. He opposed the Nehru Report, which was a document proposing constitutional reforms and a dominion status of an independent nation within the British Empire, written by a committee of Hindu and Muslim members of the Congress Party headed by President Motilal Nehru. It was a major protest against the Simon Commission which had arrived in India to propose reforms but containing no Indian nor making any effort to listen to Indian voices. Mohammad Ali opposed the Nehru Report's rejection of separate electorates for Muslims, and supported the Fourteen Points of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and the League. He became a critic of Gandhi, breaking with fellow Muslim leaders like Maulana Azad, Hakim Ajmal Khan and Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, who continued to support Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. Ali attended the Round Table Conference to show that only the Muslim League spoke for India's Muslims. He died soon after the conference in London, on January 4, 1931 and was buried in Jerusalem according to his own wish. Maulana Mohammad Ali is remembered as a fiery leader of many of India's Muslims. He is celebrated as a hero by the Muslims of Pakistan, who claim he inspired the Pakistan movement. But in India, he is remembered for his leadership during Khilafat and the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922) and his leadership in Muslim education. The famous Mohammad Ali Road in south Mumbai, India's largest city, is named after him. The Gulistan-eJauhar neighborhood of Karachi, Pakistan's largest city, is named in honor of Maulana Mohammad Ali Johar. Johar Town, Lahore is also named after him.

Maulana Shaukat Ali Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : 1873 : 1938 : Uttar Pradesh

Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Maulana Shaukat Ali was an Indian Muslim nationalist and leader of the Khilafat movement. He was the brother of Maulana Mohammad Ali. Shaukat Ali was born in 1873 in Rampur state in what is today Uttar Pradesh. He was educated at the Aligarh Muslim University. He was extremely fond of playing cricket, captaining the university team. Ali served in the civil service of United Provinces of Oudh and Agra from 1896 to 1913. Shaukat Ali helped his brother Mohammed Ali publish the Urdu weekly Hamdard and the English weekly Comrade. In 1919,

while jailed for publishing what the British charged as seditious materials and organizing protests, he was elected as the first president of the Khilafat conference. He was re-arrested and imprisoned from 1921 to 1923 for his support to Mahatma Gandhi and the Indian National Congress during the Non-Cooperation Movement (1919-1922). His fans accorded him and his brother the title of Maulana. Along with his brother, Shaukat Ali grew disilliusioned with the Congress and Gandhi's leadership. He opposed the 1928 Nehru Report, demanding separate electorates for Muslims, and attended the first and second Round Table Conferences in London. His brother died in 1931, and Ali continued on and organized the World Muslim Conference in Jerusalem. In 1936, Ali joined the All India Muslim League and became a close political ally of and campaigner for Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the future founder of Pakistan. He served as member of the Central Assembly from 1934 to 1938. He travelled over the Middle East, building support for India's Muslims and the freedom struggle. Shaukat Ali died in 1938. Govind Ballabh Pant Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Sep 10, 1887 : Mar 7, 1961 : Uttar Pradesh Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas

Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan

Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Govind Ballabh Pant was an Indian freedom fighter, an important political leader from Uttar Pradesh and of the movement to establish Hindi as the national language of India. As a lawyer in Kashipur, Pant began his active work against the British Raj in 1914, when he helped a local parishad, or village council, their successful challenge of a law requiring locals to provide free transportation of the luggage of travelling British officials. In 1921, he entered politics and was elected to the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh. In 1930, he was arrested and imprisoned for several weeks for organizing a Salt March inspired by Gandhi's earlier actions. In 1933, he was arrested and imprisoned for seven months for attending a session of the then-banned provincial Congress. In 1935, the ban was rescinded, and Pant joined the new Legislative Council. During the Second World War, Pant acted as the tiebreaker between Gandhi's faction, which advocated supporting the British Crown in their war effort, and Subash Chandra Bose's faction, which advocated taking advantage of the situation to expel the British Raj by any means necessary. In 1940, Pant was arrested and imprisoned for helping organize the Satyagraha movement. In 1942 he was arrested again, this time for signing the Quit India resolution, and imprisoned until March of 1945, at which point Jawaharlal Nehru had to plead for Pant's release, on grounds of failing health. After independence in 1947, Pant became Chief Minister of the United Provinces, which he renamed Uttar Pradesh. Among his achievements in that position was the abolition of the zamindari system. He was called on to succeed Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel as Home Minister after Patel's death in 1950; in that position, his chief achievement was the establishment of Hindi as an official language. In 1957, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna. Presidents of India Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth Tenure Order Took Office Left Office Successor : Aug 19, 1918 : Dec 26, 1999 : India : 9th President : Jul 25, 1992 : Jul 25, 1997 : K.R.Narayanan Dr. Rajendra Prasad Dr.Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Dr.Zakir Hussain Justice Mohd. Hidayatullah Varahagiri Venkatagiri Fakhruddin Ali Ahmed B.D.Jatti Neelam Sanjeeva Reddy Giani Zail Singh R.Venkataraman Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma K.R.Narayan

 Dr. A.P.J. Adbul Kalam Pratibha Patil Dr. Shankar Dayal Sharma was an Indian scholar and politician, most notable for serving as President of India from 1992 until 1997. Sharma studied in Britain as a young man. He attended Cambridge University and Oxford University. He was a bar-at-law from Lincoln's Inn and taught law at Cambridge University in 1946-47. He took his M.A. degrees in English literature, Hindi and Sanskrit. Shankar Dayal Sharma was married to Vimala Sharma. During the 1940s he was involved in the struggle for Indian independence from Britain, and joined the Indian National Congress, a party which he would remain loyal to for the rest of his life. In 1952 he became the chief minister of Bhopal and served in that position until the state reorganization of 1956, when Bhopal merged with several other states to form the state of Madhya Pradesh. During the 1960s Sharma supported Indira Gandhi's quest for leadership of the Congress Party. He served in her cabinet as the minister for Communication from 1974-77. Later on, he was given a variety of ceremonial posts. In 1984 he began serving as a governor of Indian states, first in Andhra Pradesh. During this time, his daughter and son-in-law were killed by Sikh militants. In 1985 he left Andhra Pradesh and became governor of Punjab during a time of violence between the Indian government and Sikh militants, many of whom lived in Punjab. He left Punjab in 1986 and took up his final governorship in Maharashtra. He remained governor of that state until 1987 when he was elected for a 5-year term as VicePresident of India and chairman of the Rajya Sabha. Dr Shankar Dayal Sharma was known be a stickler for parliamentary norms. He is known to have broken down in the Rajya Sabha while witnessing the members of the house create a din on a political issue. His grief brought back some order into the proceedings of the house. Sharma served as Vice-President until 1992, when he was elected President. After a difficult campaign, he received 66% of the votes in the electoral college, defeating George Swell. During his five-year term, he was active in ceremonial matters and was in charge of dismissing and appointing governors. During his last year as President, it was his responsibility to swear in three prime ministers. He did not run for a second term as President. During the last five years of his life, Sharma suffered from ill health. On October 9 1999, he suffered a massive heart attack and was admitted to a hospital in New Delhi, where he died. He was cremated near the Vijay Ghat. Mahavir Tyagi Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : 1899 : 1980 : Uttar Pradesh Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi

Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta

Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Mahavir Tyagi was an Indian freedom fighter and famous parliamentarian from the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Tyagi was educated in Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. He joined the British Indian Army and was posted in Persia but resigned after the Amritsar Massacre of April 13, 1919. He was court martialled in Quetta (capital of Baluchistan, now in Pakistan) and externed from Baluchistan with all pay deposits forfeited. Returning to India, Tyagi became a staunch follower of Mahatma Gandhi. In Uttar Pradesh politics he was known as a "Rafian", that is, an associate of Rafi Ahmed Kidwai, the famous Indian nationalist Muslim. Tyagi, who was active in the Kisan (peasant) movement, remained a life-long member of the Indian National Congress. He was imprisoned by the British several times. In 1921 he was tried at Bulandshahr in Uttar Pradesh. Mahatma Gandhi wrote four articles on the trial in the journal Young India. Mahavir Tyagi was close to, and had been a jail companion of, the leading Indian nationalist, Motilal Nehru, Jawaharlal Nehru's father. In the 1920s Tyagi helped resolve, with the help of Maulana Mohammad Ali, a misunderstanding that had arisen between Motilal Nehru and Jawaharlal Nehru. Tyagi became a legislator in the United Provinces (later known as Uttar Pradesh) before Indian independence. In this capacity, he was a member of a committee which heralded social and land reform in the tribal area of Jaunsar Bawar in Dehradun district of Uttar Pradesh (an area now forming part of Uttaranchal state). While he himself adhered to Gandhian non-violence, he had close contacts even among the "revolutionaries", that is those who were not opposed to using violent means to overthrow the imperial state. These included Sachindra Nath

Sanyal, Prem Kishan Khanna and Vishnu Sharan Dublish. When riots broke out in the Indian subcontinent after its partition in 1947, Tyagi, taking inspiration from Gandhi, staked his own life to help save Muslims in his home state and to bring peace. Mahavir Tyagi was a member of the Constituent Assembly of India. In this capacity he is known especially for his strong stand against unsafeguarded Preventive Detention laws and against suspension of fundamental rights in emergency situations.On India's becoming a Republic in 1950, Tyagi remained a member of the Provisional Parliament (1950-52),and the Lower House of the Indian Parliament, that is, the First, Second and Third Lok Sabha (1952-67). Tyagi was Minister for Revenue & Expenditure in the Nehru Council of Ministers (1951-53). In this capacity he introduced the First Voluntary Disclosure Scheme, known as the Tyagi Scheme, primarily, as he put it, to bring into the open incomes which had not been revealed to the alien government prior to independence. While in the Ministry of Finance, Tyagi earned a reputation as a strict economiser. Later Mahavir Tyagi became Minister for Defence Organisation (1953-57). General B M Kaul records in his "The Untold Story" that as Minister of Defence Organisation, Tyagi opposed policy proposals involving draconian measures in the tribal areas of India's North-East. Tyagi also gave instructions for recruitment of Muslims in large numbers in the Indian Army. The proportion of Muslims in the Army had fallen after Partition of India in 1947. Known for his independence, Tyagi opposed, even while he was a minister, the reorganisation of Indian states in 1956. He also opposed the decision to dismiss the Communist government led by E M S Namboodirapad in Kerala state at the end of the fifties, saying that this would establish a wrong precedent. Tyagi was Chairman of the Direct Taxes Administration Enquiry Committee (1958-59) and in that capacity paved the way, along with the Law Commission, for the Income Tax Act, 1961. Tyagi famously criticized Nehru's statement in the Indian Parliament in the prelude to the SinoIndian War: Nehru commented that "Not a blade of grass grows in Aksai Chin", attempting to explain that Aksai Chin was a barren, inhospitable land and the nation had lost little by its occupation by China. Tyagi retorted, pointing to his bald head: "Nothing grows here ..should it be cut off or given away to somebody else?". A tense situation that had been developing in the House on the subject of the border conflict was averted as the House dissolved in laughter in which Nehru also joined. Tyagi continued to enjoy an affectionate relationship with Jawaharlal Nehru. He served as Chairman of the Public Accounts Committee of Parliament (1962-64). In April 1964, a month before Nehru's death, Tyagi rejoined the Government as Cabinet Minister in charge of Rehabilitation. In the General Elections of 1967 which saw a popular backlash against the Congress Party, Tyagi lost to an independent candidate backed by an anti-Congress combination of parties. In 1968 he became the Chairman of the Fifth Finance Commission.After the split in the Congress in 1969, Tyagi stayed with the Congress(O), the organisational wing of the party. In 1970 he was elected to the Upper House of Parliament, the Rajya Sabha, from Uttar Pradesh and led the Congress(O) in the House till he retired in 1976. Tyagi's being in the Congress(O) did not prevent him from being critical of the movement led by Jaya Prakash Narayan in 1974-75. He was equally critical of the Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi in 1975. Mahavir Tyagi passed away in New Delhi on May 22, 1980. A popular figure, he had friends across political parties and was widely admired for his integrity, outspokenness, ready wit and sense of humour. His writings

Prior to independence, Mahavir Tyagi had written a booklet on proportional representation. His memoirs in Hindustani were published in the 1960s in two volumes : (i) Ve Kranti Ke Din and (ii) Meri Kaun Sunega. These volumes have now been combined in one and, along with some other unpublished articles by Tyagi, have been published under the title Azadi Ka Andolan: Hanste Huye Aansu (Kitab Ghar, 24 Ansari Road, Daryaganj, Delhi). Ram Manohar Lohia Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Mar 23, 1910 : Oct 12, 1967 : Faizabad (UP) Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel

Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Ram Manohar Lohia was an Indian freedom fighter and a socialist political leader. He was born on March 23, 1910 in a village named Akbarpur in Faizabad district, Uttar Pradesh, in India.

Ram's father, Hira Lal, was a nationalist by spirit and a teacher by profession. His mother, Chanda, died when Ram was very young. Ram was introduced to the Indian Independence Movement at an early age by his father through the various protest assemblies Hari Lal took his son to. Ram made his first contribution to the freedom struggle by organizing a small hartal on the death of Lokmanya Tilak. Hari Lal, an ardent follower of Mahatma Gandhi, took his son along on a meeting with the Mahatma. This meeting deeply influenced Lohia and sustained him during trying circumstances and helped seed his thoughts, actions and love for swaraj. Ram was so impressed by Gandhiji's spiritual power and radiant self-control that he pledged to follow the Mahatma's footsteps. He proved his allegiance to Gandhi, and more importantly to the movement as a whole, by joining a satyagraha march at the age of ten. Lohia met Jawaharlal Nehru in 1921. Over the years they developed a close friendship. Lohia, however, never hesitated to censure Nehru on his political beliefs and openly expressed disagreement with Nehru on many key issues. Lohia organized a student protest in 1928 to protest the all-white Simon Commission which was to consider the possibility of granting India dominion status without requiring consultation of the Indian people. Lohia attended the Banaras Hindu University to complete his intermediate course work after standing first in his school's matric examinations. In 1929, Lohia completed his B.A. from Calcutta University. He decided to attend Berlin University, Germany over all prestigious educational institutes in Britain to convey his dim view of British philosophy. He soon learned German and received financial assistance based on his outstanding academic performance. While in Europe, Lohia attended the League of Nations assembly in Geneva. India was represented by the Maharaja of Bikaner, an ally of the British Raj. Lohia took exception to this and launched a protest there and there from the visitors gallery. He fired several letters to editors of newspapers and magazines to clarify the reasons for his protest. The whole incident made Lohia a recognized figure in India overnight. Lohia helped organize the Association of European Indians and became secretary of the club. The main focus of the organization was to preserve and expand Indian nationalism outside of India. Lohia wrote his Phd thesis paper on the topic of Salt Satyagraha, focusing on Gandhiji's socio-economic theory. Lohia joined the Indian National Congress as soon as he returned to India. Lohia was attracted to socialism and helped lay the foundation of Congress Socialist Party, founded 1934, by writing many impressive articles on the feasibility of a socialist India. Lohia formed a new branch in the Indian National Congress - the All India Congress Committee (a foreign affairs department). Nehru appointed Lohia as the first secretary of the committee. During the two years that he served he helped define what would be India's foreign policy. In the onset of the Second World War, Lohia saw an opportunity to collapse the British Raj in India. He made a series of caustic speeches urging Indians to boycott all government institutions. He was arrested on May 24, 1939, but released by authorities the very next day in fear of a youth uprising. Soon after his release, Lohia wrote an article called "Satyagraha Now" in Gandhiji's newspaper, Harijan, on June 1, 1940. Within six days of the publication of the article, he was arrested and sentenced to two years of jail. During his sentencing the Magistrate said, "He (Lohia) is a top-class scholar, civilized gentleman, has liberal ideology and high moral character." In a meeting of Congress Committee Gandhi said, "I cannot sit quiet as long as Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia is in prison. I do not yet know a person braver and simpler than him. He never propagated violence. Whatever he has done has increased his esteem and his honor." Lohia was mentally tortured and interrogated by his jailers. In December of 1941, all the arrested Congress leaders, including Lohia, were

released in a desperate attempt by the government to stabilize India internally. He vigorously wrote articles to spread the message of toppling the British imperialist governments from countries in Asia and Africa. He also came up with a hypothetical blueprint for new Indian cities that could self-administer themselves so well that there would not be need for the police or army. Gandhi and the Indian National Congress launched the Quit India movement in 1942. Prominent leaders, including Gandhi, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Jawaharlal Nehru and Maulana Azad, were jailed. The "secondary cadre" stepped-up to the challenge to continue the struggle and to keep the flame for swaraj burning within the people's hearts. Leaders who were still free carried out their operations from underground. Lohia printed and distributed many posters, pamphlets and bulletins on the theme of "Do or Die" on his secret printing-press. Lohia, along with freedom fighter Usha Mehta, broadcast messages in Bombay from a secret radio station called Congress Radio for three months before detection, as a measure to give the disarrayed Indian population a sense of hope and spirit in absence of their leaders. He also edited Inquilab (Revolution), a Congress Party monthly along with Aruna Asaf Ali. Lohia then went to Calcutta to revive the movement there. He changed his name to hide from the police who were closing in on him. Lohia fled to Nepal's dense jungles to evade the British. There he met the Nepalese people and Koirala brothers (freedom fighters in Nepal), who remained Lohia's allies for the rest of their lives. Lohia was captured in May of 1944, in Bombay. Lohia was taken to a prison in Lahore, notorious throughout India for its tormenting environment. In the prison he underwent extreme torture. His health was destroyed but his courage remained. Even though he was not as fit his courage and will power strengthened through the ordeal. Under Gandhiji's pressure the Government released Lohia and his comrade Jayaprakash Narayan. A huge crowd waited to give the two a hero's welcome. Lohia decided to visit a friend in Goa to relax. Lohia was alarmed to learn that the Portuguese government had censured the people's freedom of speech and assembly. He decided to deliver a speech to oppose the policy but was arrested even before he could reach the meeting location. The Portuguese government relented and allowed the people the right to assemble. The Goan people weaved Lohia's tale of unselfish work for Goa in their folk songs. As India's tryst with freedom neared, Hindu-Muslim strife increased. Lohia strongly opposed partitioning India in his speeches and writings. He appealed to communities in riot torn regions to stay united, ignore the violence surrounding them and stick to Gandhiji's ideals of nonviolence. Lohia comforted the Mahatama as a nation that once wielded the power of nonviolence took refuge in killing their own brothers and sisters. Lohia remained beside Gandhiji as son would remain beside a father. Lohia was a socialist and wanted to unite all the socialists in the world to form a potent platform. He was the General Secretary of Praja Socialist Party. He established the World Development Council and eventually the World Government to maintain peace in the world. During his last few years, besides politics, he spent hours talking to thousands of young adults on topics ranging from Indian literature to politics and art. Lohia died on October 12, 1967 in New Delhi. He left behind no property or bank balance, just prudent contemplations. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Dec 25, 1880 : 1936 : Ghazipur Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri

 Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad

Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Dr. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari was an Indian nationalist and political leader, and former president of the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League during the Indian Independence Movement. Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari was born on December 25, 1880 in the district of Ghazipur, Uttar Pradesh. Educated at the Victoria High School, Ansari and his family moved to Hyderabad. Ansari obtained a medical degree from the Madras Medical College and went to England on scholarship studies. He achieved the M.D. and M.S. degrees. He was a top-class student and worked at the Lock Hospital and the Charing Cross Hospital in London. He was an Indian pioneer in surgery, and today there is an Ansari Ward in the Charing Cross Hospital in honor of his work. Dr. Ansari became involved in the Indian Independence Movement during his stay in England. He moved back to Delhi and joined both the Indian National Congress and the Muslim League. He played an important role in the negotiation of the 1916 Lucknow Pact and served as the League's president in 1918 and 1920. He was an

outspoken supporter of the Khilafat movement, and worked to bring the official Khilafat body, the League and the Congress Party together on the issue against the Mustafa Kemal's decision to oust the Sultan of Turkey, who was the Caliph of Islam, and to protest the recognition of Turkey's independence by the British Empire. Dr. Ansari served serveral terms as the AICC General Secretary, as well as the President of the Indian National Congress during its 1927 session. As a result of in-fighting and political divisions within the League in the 1920s, and later the rise of Muhammad Ali Jinnah and Muslim separatism, Dr. Ansari drew closer to Mahatma Gandhi and the Congress Party. Dr. Ansari also served as the chancellor of the Jamia Millia Islamia university in Delhi soon after the death of its founder, Dr. Hakim Ajmal Khan. Dr. Ansari's wife was a deeply religious woman, who worked with him for the upliftment of Delhi's Muslim women. The Ansaris lived in a palatial house, called the Darus Salaam or Abode of Peace in Urdu. The Ansaris would often host Mahatma Gandhi when he visited Delhi, and the house was a regular base for Congress political activities. However, he never stopped practicing medicine, and often came to the aid of Indian political leaders and the Indian princely order. Dr. Ansari was amongst a new generation of Indian Muslim nationalists, which included Maulana Azad, Muhammad Ali Jinnah and others. He was very passionate about the issues of common Indian Muslims, but unlike Jinnah, was resolutely against separate electorates and opposed Jinnah's viewpoint that the Muslim League could be the only representative of India's Muslim communities. Dr. Ansari was very close to Mahatma Gandhi and an adherent of Gandhism, with his core teachings of ahimsa and non-violent civil resistance. He enjoyed an intimate friendship with the Mahatma. Dr. Ansari died in 1936 en route from Mussoorie to Delhi on a train due to a heart attack, and is buried in the premises of the Jamiya Milliya Islamiya in Delhi. Chandrasekhar Azad Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Jul 23, 1906 : Feb 27, 1931 : India Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad

 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi

Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Chandrasekhar Azad was a great Indian freedom fighter and revolutionary thinker. Revered for his audacious deeds and fierce patriotism, he was the mentor of Bhagat Singh, the famous Indian martyr. Chandrasekhar Azad is considered one of the greatest Indian freedom fighter along with Bhagat Singh, Sukhdev, Rajguru, Ram Prasad Bismil, and Ashfaqulla Khan. Chandrasekhar Azad's parents were Pandit Sita Ram Tiwari and Jagrani Devi. He received his early schooling in Bhavra District Jhabua (Madhya Pradesh). For higher studies he went to the Sanskrit Pathashala at Varanasi. Young Azad was one of the young generation of Indians when Mahatma Gandhi launched the Non-Cooperation Movement. But many were disillusioned with the suspension of the struggle in 1922 owing to the Chauri Chaura massacre of 22 policemen. Although Gandhi was appalled by the brutal violence, Azad did not feel that violence was unacceptable in the struggle, especially in view of the Amritsar Massacre of 1919, where Army units killed hundreds of unarmed civilians and wounded thousands in Amritsar. Young Azad and contemporaries like Bhagat Singh were deeply and emotionally influenced by that tragedy. As a revolutionary, he adopted the lastname 'Azad', which means "Free" in Urdu.There is an interesting story that while he adopted the name "Azad" he made a pledge that the Police will never capture him alive. Azad and others had committed themselves to absolute independence by any means. He was most famous for The Kakori Rail Dacoity in 1925 and the assassination of the assistant superintendent of Police John Poyantz Saunders in 1928. Azad and his compatriots would target British officials known for their oppressive actions against ordinary people, or for beating and torturing arrested freedom fighters. Azad was also a believer in socialism as the basis for a future India, free of social and economic oppression and adversity. Bhagat Singh joined Azad following the death of Lala Lajpat Rai, an Indian leader who was beaten to death by police officials. Azad trained Singh and others in covert activities, and the latter grew close to him after witnessing his resolve, patriotism and courage. Along with fellow patriots like Rajguru and Sukhdev, Azad and Singh formed the Hindustan Socialist Republican Association, committed to complete Indian independence and socialist principles of for India's future progress. Betrayed by an informer on 27 February 1931 Azad was encircled by British troops in the Alfred park, Allahabad. He kept on fighting till the last bullet. Azad is a hero to many Indians today. Alfred Park was renamed Chandrasekhar Azad park, as have been scores of schools, colleges, roads and other public

institutions across India. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Apr 14, 1893 : Dec 6, 1956 : Madhya Pradesh Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar

Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Dr. Ambedkar was the main architect of the Indian Constitution. He was born in a very poor low caste family of Madhya Pradesh. In U.S.A., he did his M.A. in 1915 and Ph.D. in 1916. From 1918 to 1920, he worked as a Professor of Law. Dr. Ambedkar set up his legal practice at the Mumbai High Court. Ambedkar was the main inspiration behind the inclusion of special provision in the Constitution of India for the development of Schedule Caste people. Dr.

Ambedkar was the Law Minister of India from 1947 to 1951. He took part in the Satyagraha of untouchables at Nasik in 1930 for opening the Hindu temples to them. Dr. Ambedkar was emancipator of the 'untouchables' and crusader for social justice. This liberator of the down trodden was affectionately called "Babasaheb". He was posthumously awarded 'Bharat Ratna' in the year 1990.

Mahatma Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Oct 2, 1869 : Jan 30, 1948 : Gujarat

Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale

Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Biography of Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi (Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi) was born into a Hindu Modh family in Porbandar, Gujarat, India in 1869. He was the son of Karamchand Gandhi, the diwan (Chief Minister) of Porbandar, and Putlibai, Karamchand's fourth wife (his previous three wives had died in childbirth), a Hindu of the Pranami Vaishnava order. Growing up with a devout mother and surrounded by the Jain influences of Gujarat, Gandhi learned from an early age the tenets of non-injury to living beings, vegetarianism, fasting for self-purification, and mutual tolerance between members of various creeds and sects. He was born into the vaishya, or business, caste. In May 1883, at the age of 13, Gandhi was married through his parents' arrangement to Kasturba Makhanji (also spelled "Kasturbai" or known as "Ba"), who was the same age as he. They had four sons: Harilal Gandhi, born in 1888; Manilal Gandhi, born in 1892; Ramdas Gandhi, born in 1897; and Devdas Gandhi, born in 1900. Gandhi was a mediocre student in his youth at Porbandar and later Rajkot. He barely passed the matriculation exam for the University of Bombay in 1887, where he joined Samaldas College. He was also unhappy at the college, because his family wanted him to become a barrister. He leapt at the opportunity to study in England, which he viewed as "a land of philosophers and poets, the very centre of civilization." Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was a major political and spiritual leader of India, and the Indian independence movement. He was the pioneer and perfector of Satyagraha - the resistance of tyranny through mass civil disobedience strongly founded upon ahimsa (total non-violence) - which led India to independence, and has inspired movements for civil rights and freedom across the world. Gandhi is commonly known and addressed in India and across the world as Mahatma Gandhi and as Bapu. Though his elders objected, Gandhi could not be prevented from leaving; and it is said that his mother, a devout woman, made him promise that he would keep away from wine, women, and meat during his stay abroad. Gandhi left behind his son Harilal, then a few months old. In London, Gandhi encountered theosophists, vegetarians, and others who were disenchanted not only with industrialism, but with the legacy of Enlightenment thought. They themselves represented the fringe elements of English society. Gandhi was powerfully attracted to them, as he was to the texts of the major religious traditions; and ironically it is in London that he was introduced to the Bhagavad Gita. Here, too, Gandhi showed determination and singleminded pursuit of his purpose, and accomplished his objective of finishing his degree from the Inner Temple. He was called to the bar in 1891, and even enrolled in the High Court of London; but later that year he left for India. After one year of a none too successful law practice, Gandhi decided to accept an offer from an Indian businessman in South Africa, Dada Abdulla, to join him as a legal adviser. Unbeknown to him, this was to become an exceedingly lengthy stay, and altogether Gandhi was to stay in South Africa for over twenty years. The Indians who had been living in South Africa were without political rights, and were generally known by the derogatory name of 'coolies'. Gandhi himself came to an awareness of the frightening force and fury of European racism, and how far Indians were from being considered full human beings, when he thrown out of a first-class railway compartment car, though he held a first-class ticket, at Pietermaritzburg. From this political awakening Gandhi was to emerge as the leader of the Indian community, and

it is in South Africa that he first coined the term satyagraha to signify his theory and practice of non-violent resistance. Gandhi was to describe himself preeminently as a votary or seeker of satya (truth), which could not be attained other than through ahimsa (non-violence, love) and brahmacharya (celibacy, striving towards God). Gandhi conceived of his own life as a series of experiments to forge the use of satyagraha in such a manner as to make the oppressor and the oppressed alike recognize their common bonding and humanity: as he recognized, freedom is only freedom when it is indivisible. In his book 'Satyagraha in South Africa' he was to detail the struggles of the Indians to claim their rights, and their resistance to oppressive legislation and executive measures, such as the imposition of a poll tax on them, or the declaration by the government that all non-Christian marriages were to be construed as invalid. In 1909, on a trip back to India, Gandhi authored a short treatise entitled 'Hind Swaraj' or Indian Home Rule, where he all but initiated the critique, not only of industrial civilization, but of modernity in all its aspects. Gandhi returned to India in early 1915, and was never to leave the country again except for a short trip that took him to Europe in 1931. Though he was not completely unknown in India, Gandhi followed the advice of his political mentor, Gokhale, and took it upon himself to acquire a familiarity with Indian conditions. He traveled widely for one year. Over the next few years, he was to become involved in numerous local struggles, such as at Champaran in Bihar, where workers on indigo plantations complained of oppressive working conditions, and at Ahmedabad, where a dispute had broken out between management and workers at textile mills. His interventions earned Gandhi a considerable reputation, and his rapid ascendancy to the helm of nationalist politics is signified by his leadership of the opposition to repressive legislation (known as the "Rowlatt Acts") in 1919. His saintliness was not uncommon, except in someone like him who immersed himself in politics, and by this time he had earned from no less a person than Rabindranath Tagore, India's most well-known writer, the title of Mahatma, or 'Great Soul'. When 'disturbances' broke out in the Punjab, leading to the massacre of a large crowd of unarmed Indians at the Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar and other atrocities, Gandhi wrote the report of the Punjab Congress Inquiry Committee. Over the next two years, Gandhi initiated the non-cooperation movement, which called upon Indians to withdraw from British institutions, to return honors conferred by the British, and to learn the art of self-reliance; though the British administration was at places paralyzed, the movement was suspended in February 1922 when a score of Indian policemen were brutally killed by a large crowd at Chauri Chaura, a small market town in the United Provinces. Gandhi himself was arrested shortly thereafter, tried on charges of sedition, and sentenced to imprisonment for six years. At The Great Trial, as it is known to his biographers, Gandhi delivered a masterful indictment of British rule. Owing to his poor health, Gandhi was released from prison in 1925. Over the following years, he worked hard to preserve Hindu-Muslim relations, and in 1924 he observed, from his prison cell, a 21-day fast when Hindu-Muslim riots broke out at Kohat, a military barracks on the Northwest Frontier. This was to be of his many major public fasts, and in 1932 he was to commence the so-called Epic Fast unto death, since he thought of "separate electorates" for the oppressed class of what were then called untouchables (or Harijans in Gandhi's vocabulary, and dalits in today's language) as a retrograde measure

meant to produce permanent divisions within Hindu society. Gandhi earned the hostility of Ambedkar, the leader of the untouchables, but few doubted that Gandhi was genuinely interested in removing the serious disabilities from which they suffered, just as no one doubt that Gandhi never accepted the argument that Hindus and Muslims constituted two separate elements in Indian society. These were some of the concerns most prominent in Gandhi's mind, but he was also to initiate a constructive programme for social reform. Gandhi had ideas -- mostly sound -- on every subject, from hygiene and nutrition to education and labor, and he relentlessly pursued his ideas in one of the many newspapers which he founded. Indeed, were Gandhi known for nothing else in India, he would still be remembered as one of the principal figures in the history of Indian journalism. In early 1930, as the nationalist movement was revived, the Indian National Congress, the preeminent body of nationalist opinion, declared that it would now be satisfied with nothing short of complete independence (purna swaraj). Once the clarion call had been issued, it was perforce necessary to launch a movement of resistance against British rule. On March 2, Gandhi addressed a letter to the Viceroy, Lord Irwin, informing him that unless Indian demands were met, he would be compelled to break the "salt laws". Predictably, his letter was received with bewildered amusement, and accordingly Gandhi set off, on the early morning of March 12, with a small group of followers towards Dandi on the sea. They arrived there on April 5th: Gandhi picked up a small lump of natural salt, and so gave the signal to hundreds of thousands of people to similarly defy the law, since the British exercised a monopoly on the production and sale of salt. This was the beginning of the civil disobedience movement: Gandhi himself was arrested, and thousands of others were also hauled into jail. It is to break this deadlock that Irwin agreed to hold talks with Gandhi, and subsequently the British agreed to hold a Round Table Conference in London to negotiate the possible terms of Indian independence. Gandhi went to London in 1931 and met some of his admirers in Europe, but the negotiations proved inconclusive. On his return to India, he was once again arrested. For the next few years, Gandhi would be engaged mainly in the constructive reform of Indian society. He had vowed upon undertaking the salt march that he would not return to Sabarmati Ashram in Ahmedabad, where he had made his home, if India did not attain its independence, and in the mid-1930s he established himself in a remote village, in the dead center of India, by the name of Segaon (known as Sevagram). It is to this obscure village, which was without electricity or running water, that India's political leaders made their way to engage in discussions with Gandhi about the future of the independence movement, and it is here that he received visitors such as Margaret Sanger, the well-known American proponent of birth-control. Gandhi also continued to travel throughout the country, taking him wherever his services were required. One such visit was to the Northwest Frontier, where he had in the imposing Pathan, Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan (known by the endearing term of "Frontier Gandhi", and at other times as Badshah Khan), a fervent disciple. At the outset of World War II, Gandhi and the Congress leadership assumed a position of neutrality: while clearly critical of fascism, they could not find it in themselves to support British imperialism. Gandhi was opposed by Subhas Chandra Bose, who had served as President of the Congress, and who took to the view that Britain's moment of weakness was India's moment of opportunity. When Bose ran for President of the Congress against Gandhi's wishes and triumphed against Gandhi's own candidate, he found that Gandhi still exercised

influence over the Congress Working Committee, and that it was near impossible to run the Congress if the cooperation of Gandhi and his followers could not be procured. Bose tendered his resignation, and shortly thereafter was to make a dramatic escape from India to find support among the Japanese and the Nazis for his plans to liberate India. In 1942, Gandhi issued the last call for independence from British rule. On the grounds of what is now known as August Kranti Maidan, he delivered a stirring speech, asking every Indian to lay down their life, if necessary, in the cause of freedom. He gave them this mantra: "Do or Die"; at the same time, he asked the British to 'Quit India'. The response of the British government was to place Gandhi under arrest, and virtually the entire Congress leadership was to find itself behind bars, not to be released until after the conclusion of the war. A few months after Gandhi and Kasturba had been placed in confinement in the Aga Khan's Palace in Pune, Kasturba passed away: this was a terrible blow to Gandhi, following closely on the heels of the death of his private secretary of many years, the gifted Mahadev Desai. In the period from 1942 to 1945, the Muslim League, which represented the interest of certain Muslims and by now advocated the creation of a separate homeland for Muslims, increasingly gained the attention of the British, and supported them in their war effort. The new government that came to power in Britain under Clement Atlee was committed to the independence of India, and negotiations for India's future began in earnest. Sensing that the political leaders were now craving for power, Gandhi largely distanced himself from the negotiations. He declared his opposition to the vivisection of India. It is generally conceded, even by his detractors, that the last years of his life were in some respects his finest. He walked from village to village in riot-torn Noakhali, where Hindus were being killed in retaliation for the killing of Muslims in Bihar, and nursed the wounded and consoled the widowed; and in Calcutta he came to constitute, in the famous words of the last viceroy, Mountbatten, a "one-man boundary force" between Hindus and Muslims. The ferocious fighting in Calcutta came to a halt, almost entirely on account of Gandhi's efforts, and even his critics were wont to speak of the Gandhi's 'miracle of Calcutta'. When the moment of freedom came, on 15 August 1947, Gandhi was nowhere to be seen in the capital, though Nehru and the entire Constituent Assembly were to salute him as the architect of Indian independence, as the 'father of the nation'. The last few months of Gandhi's life were to be spent mainly in the capital city of Delhi. There he divided his time between the 'Bhangi colony', where the sweepers and the lowest of the low stayed, and Birla House, the residence of one of the wealthiest men in India and one of the benefactors of Gandhi's ashrams. Hindu and Sikh refugees had streamed into the capital from what had become Pakistan, and there was much resentment, which easily translated into violence, against Muslims. It was partly in an attempt to put an end to the killings in Delhi, and more generally to the bloodshed following the partition, which may have taken the lives of as many as 1 million people, besides causing the dislocation of no fewer than 11 million, that Gandhi was to commence the last fast unto death of his life. The fast was terminated when representatives of all the communities signed a statement that they were prepared to live in "perfect amity", and that the lives, property, and faith of the Muslims would be safeguarded. A few days later, a bomb exploded in Birla House where Gandhi was holding his evening prayers, but it caused no injuries. However, his assassin, a Marathi Chitpavan Brahmin by the name of Nathuram Godse, was not so easily deterred. Gandhi, quite characteristically, refused

additional security, and no one could defy his wish to be allowed to move around unhindered. In the early evening hours of 30 January 1948, Gandhi met with India's Deputy Prime Minister and his close associate in the freedom struggle, Vallabhai Patel, and then proceeded to his prayers. That evening, as Gandhi's time-piece, which hung from one of the folds of his dhoti (loin-cloth), was to reveal to him, he was uncharacteristically late to his prayers, and he fretted about his inability to be punctual. At 10 minutes past 5 o'clock, with one hand each on the shoulders of Abha and Manu, who were known as his 'walking sticks', Gandhi commenced his walk towards the garden where the prayer meeting was held. As he was about to mount the steps of the podium, Gandhi folded his hands and greeted his audience with a namaskar; at that moment, a young man came up to him and roughly pushed aside Manu. Nathuram Godse bent down in the gesture of an obeisance, took a revolver out of his pocket, and shot Gandhi three times in his chest. Bloodstains appeared over Gandhi's white woolen shawl; his hands still folded in a greeting, Gandhi blessed his assassin: He Ram! He Ram! As Gandhi fell, his faithful time-piece struck the ground, and the hands of the watch came to a standstill. They showed, as they had done before, the precise time: 5:12 P.M. Dadabhai Naoroji Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Sep 4, 1825 : Jun 30, 1917 : India Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak

Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah

Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Dadabhai Naoroji was a Parsi intellectual and educator, and an early Indian political leader. He was a Member of Parliament in the Parliament of the United Kingdom between 1892 and 1895, and the first Asian to be a British MP. The son of Maneckbai and Naoroji Palanji Dordi, a poor Athornan Parsi family, Naoroji was educated at Elphinstone College and later became a teacher. By 1855 he was Professor of Mathematics and Natural philosophy. He moved to England in 1855, first working in business, later becoming professor of Gujarati at University College London. In 1867 Naoroji helped establish the East India Association. In 1874 he became Prime Minister of Baroda and was also a member of the Legislative Council of Bombay (1885-88). He also founded the Indian National Association from Calcutta a few years before the founding of the Indian National Congress in Bombay, with the same objectives and practices. The two groups later merged into the INC, and Naoroji was elected President of the Congress in 1886. Naoroji moved to Britain once again and continued his political involvement. Elected for the Liberal Party in Central Finsbury in July 1892, he was the first British Indian MP. He refused to take the oath on the Bible as he was not a Christian, but was allowed to take the oath of office in the name of God on his small book of Avesta. In Parliament he spoke on Irish Home Rule and the condition of the Indian people. In his political campaign and duties as an MP, he was assisted by Muhammed Ali Jinnah, the future Muslim nationalist and founder of Pakistan. In 1906, Naoroji was again elected president of the Indian National Congress. Naoroji was a staunch moderate within the Congress, during the phase when opinion in the party was split between the moderates and extremists. By the time of his death in 1917, Naoroji was known as the 'Grand Old Man of India', a mentor to Mahatma Gandhi. He was married to Gulbai from the age of eleven. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Oct 31, 1875 : Dec 15, 1950 : Gujarat Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya

Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta

Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Vallabhbhai Jhaverbhai Patel was born at his maternal uncle's house in Nadiad, Gujarat. His actual date of birth was never officially recorded - Patel entered October 31st as his date of birth on his matriculation examination papers. He was the fourth son of Jhaverbhai and Ladba Patel, and lived in the village of Karamsad, in the Kheda district. Somabhai, Narsibhai and Vithalbhai Patel (also a future political leader) were his elder brothers. He had a younger brother, Kashibhai, and a sister, Dahiba. Patel helped his father in the fields, and bimonthly kept a day-long fast, abstaining from food and water - a cultural observance that enabled him to develop physical tougheness. He entered school late - parental attention was focused on the eldest brothers, thus leading to a degree of neglect of Patel's education. Patel travelled to attend schools in Nadiad, Petlad and Borsad, living self-sufficiently with other boys. He took his matriculation at the late age of 22; at this point, he was generally regarded by his elder relatives as an unambitious man destined for a commonplace job. But Patel himself harbored a plan - he would pass the Pleader's examination and become a lawyer. He would then set aside funds, travel to England, then train to become a barrister. During the many years it took him to save money, Vallabhbhai - now a pleader - earned a reputation as a fierce and skilled lawyer. He had also cultivated a stoic character - he lanced a painful boil without hesitation, even as the barber supposed to do it trembled. Patel spent years away from his family, pursuing his goals assiduously. Later, Patel fetched Jhaverba from her parent's home - Patel was married to

Jhaverba at a young age. As per Indian custom at the time, the girl would remain at her mother's house until her husband began earning - and set up his household. His wife bore him a daughter, Manibehn, in 1904, and later a son, Dahyabhai, in 1906. Patel also cared for a personal friend suffering from Bubonic plague when it swept the state. After Patel himself came down with the disease, he immediately sent away his family to safety, left his home, and moved into an isolated house in Nadiad (by other accounts, Patel spent this time in a dilapidated temple); there, he recovered slowly. Patel took on the financial burdens of his homestead in Karamsad even while saving for England and supporting a young family. He made way for his brother Vithalbhai Patel to travel to England in place of him, on his own saved money and opportunity. The episode occurred as the tickets and pass Patel had applied for arrived in the name of "V. J. Patel," and arrived at Vithalbhai's home, who bore the same initials. Patel did not hesitate to make way for his elder brother's ambition before his own, and funded his trip as well. In 1909, Patel's wife Jhaverba was hospitalized in Bombay to undergo a major surgical operation for cancer. Her health suddenly worsened, and despite successful emergency surgery, she died. Patel was given a note informing him of his wife's demise as he was cross-examining a witness in court. As per others who witnessed, Patel read the note, pocketed it and continued to intensely cross-examine the witness, and won the case. He broke the news to others only after the proceedings had ended. Patel himself decided against marrying again. He raised his children with the help of his family, and sent them to English-medium schools in Mumbai (then Bombay). At the age of 36, he journeyed to England and enrolled at the Middle Temple Inn in London. Finishing a 36-month course in 30 months, Patel topped his class despite having no previous college background. Patel settled in the city of Ahmedabad, and became one of the city's most successful barristers. Wearing European-style clothes and urbane mannerisms, he also became a skilled bridge player at the Gujarat Club. His close friends would include his neighbours Dr. Balwantray and Nandubehn Kanuga, who would remain dear to him, and a young lawyer, Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar. He had also made a pact with his brother Vithalbhai to support his entry into politics in Bombay, while Patel himself would remain in Ahmedabad and provide for the family. According to some of Patel's friends, he nurtured ambitions to expand his practise and accumulate great wealth, and to provide his children with modern education. Vallabhbhai Patel was a major political and social leader of India and its struggle for independence, and is credited for achieving the political integration of independent India. In India and across the world, he is known as Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, where Sardar stands for Chief in many languages of India. Patel organized the peasants of Kheda, Borsad, and Bardoli in Gujarat in non-violent civil disobedience against the oppressive policies imposed by the British Raj - becoming one of the most influential leaders in Gujarat. He rose to the leadership of the Indian National Congress and at the forefront of rebellions and political events - organizing the party for elections in 1934 and 1937, and leading Indians into the Quit India movement. He was imprisoned by the British government on numerous occasions, especially from 1931 to 1934, and from 1942 to 1945. Becoming the first Home Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of India, Patel organized relief and rehabilitation efforts in the riot-struck Punjab and Delhi, and led efforts to restore security. Patel took charge of the task to forge a united India from a plethora of semiindependent princely states, colonial provinces and possessions. Patel employed an iron fist in a velvet glove diplomacy - frank political negotiations backed with the option (and the use) of military action to weld a nation that could emancipate its people without the prospect of divisions or civil conflict. His leadership obtained the peaceful and swift integration of all 565

princely states into the Republic of India. Patel's initiatives spread democracy extensively across India, and re-organized the states to help transform India into a modern federal republic. His admirers call him the Iron Man of India. He is also remembered as the "patron saint" of India's civil servants for his defence of them against political attack, and for being one of the earliest and key defenders of property rights and free enterprise in independent India. On 29 March 1949, a plane carrying Patel and the Maharaja of Patiala lost radio contact, and Patel's life was feared for all over the nation. The plane had made an emergency landing in the desert of Rajasthan upon an engine failure, and Patel and all passengers were safe, and traced by nearby villagers. When Patel returned to Delhi, members of Parliament and thousands of Congressmen gave him a raucous welcome. In Parliament, MPs gave a thunderous ovation to Patel - stopping proceedings for half an hour. Till his last few days, he was constantly at work in Delhi. Patel's health worsened after 2 November 1950, and he was flown to Bombay to recuperate. After suffering a massive heart attack - his second - he died in Bombay on December 15th, 1950. In an unprecedented gesture, more than 1,500 officers of India's civil and police services congregated at Patel's residence in Delhi on the day after his death to mourn him - they pledged "complete loyalty and unremmitting zeal" in India's service. His cremation in Sonapur, Bombay, was attended by large crowds, Nehru, Rajagopalachari, President Prasad and many Congressmen and freedom fighters. Bal Gangadhar Tilak Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Jul 23, 1856 : 1920 : Maharashtra Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand

Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar

Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Bal Gangadhar Tilak, was an Indian nationalist, social reformer and freedom fighter who was the first popular leader of the Indian Independence Movement. Tilak sparked the fire for complete independence in Indian consciousness, and is considered the father of Hindu nationalism as well. Swaraj is my birthright, and I shall have it! This famous quote of his is very popular and wellremembered in India even today. Reverently addressed as Lokmanya (meaning "Beloved of the people" or "Revered by the world"), Tilak was a scholar of Indian history, Sanskrit, Hinduism, mathematics and astronomy. He was born on July 23, 1856, in a village near Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, into a middle class Chitpavan Brahmin family. Tilak was an avid student with a special aptitude for mathematics. He was among India's first generation of youth to receive a modern, college education. After graduation, Tilak began teaching mathematics in a private school in Pune and later became a journalist. He became a strong critic of the Western education system, feeling it demeaning to Indian students and disrespectful to India's heritage. He organized the Deccan Education Society to improve the quality of education for India's youth. Tilak founded the Marathi daily Kesari (The Lion) which fast became a popular reading for the common people of India. Tilak strongly criticized the government for its brutalism in suppression of free expression, especially in face of protests against the division of Bengal in 1905, and for denigrating India's culture, its people and heritage. He demanded the British immediately give the right to self-government to India's people. Tilak joined the Indian National Congress in the 1890s, but soon fell into opposition of its liberal-moderate attitude towards the fight for self-government. Tilak opposed the moderate views of Gopal Krishna Gokhale, and was supported by fellow Indian nationalists Bipin Chandra Pal in Bengal and Lala Lajpat Rai in Punjab. In 1907, the Congress Party split into the Garam Dal (literally, "Hot Faction"), led by Tilak, Pal and Lajpat Rai, and the Naram Dal (literally, "Soft Faction") led by Gokhale during its convention at Surat in Gujarat. When arrested on charges of sedition in 1906, Tilak asked a young Mohammad Ali Jinnah to represent him. But the British judge convicted him and he was imprisoned from 1908 to 1914 in Mandalay, Burma. Upon his release, Tilak re-united with his fellow nationalists and re-united the Indian National Congress in 1916. He also helped found the All India Home Rule League in 1916-18 with Annie Besant and Mohammad Ali Jinnah. Tilak proposed various social reforms, such as a minimum age for marriage, and was especially keen to see a prohibition placed on the sale of alcohol. His thoughts on education and Indian political life have remained highly influential - he was the first Congress leader to suggest that Hindi,

written in the devanagari script, should be accepted as the sole national language of India, a policy that was later strongly endorsed by Mahatma Gandhi. However, English, which Tilak wished to remove completely from the Indian mind, remains an important means of communication in India. But the usage of Hindi (and other Indian languages) has been reinforced and widely encouraged since the days of the British Raj, and Tilak's legacy is often credited with this resurgence. Another of the major contributions relates to the propagation of Sarvajanik (public) Ganesh festival, over 10-11 days from Bhadrapada Shukla (Ganesh) Chaturthi to (Anant) Chaturdashi (in Aug/Sept span), which contributed for people to get together and celebrate the festival and provided a good platform for leaders to inspire masses. His call for boycott of foreign goods also served to inspire patriotism among Indian masses. Tilak was a critic of Mahatma Gandhi's strategy of non-violent, civil disobedience. Although once considered an extremist revolutionary, in his later years Tilak had considerably mellowed. He favored political dialogue and discussions as a more effective way to obtain political freedom for India, and did not support leaving the British Empire. However, Tilak is considered in many ways to have created the nationalist movement in India, by expanding the struggle for political freedoms and self-government to the common people of India. His writings on Indian culture, history and Hinduism spread a sense of heritage and pride amongst millions of Indians for India's ancient civilization and glory as a nation. Tilak was considered the political and spiritual leader of India by many, and Gandhi is considered his successor. When Tilak died in 1920, Gandhi paid his respects at his cremation in Bombay, along with 200,000 people. Gandhi called Tilak "The Maker of Modern India". Tilak is also today considered the father of Hindu Nationalism. He was the idol of Indian revolutionary Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who penned the political doctrine of Hindutva. His writings - Tilak authored the well-regarded The Orion, or, Researches into the antiquities of the Vedas (1893) in which he used astronomy to establish that the Vedic people were present in India at least as early as the 4th millennium BC. - Later, in 1903, he wrote the much more speculative Arctic Home in the Vedas. In it he argued that the Vedas could only have been composed in the Arctics, and the Aryan bards brought them south after the onset of the last Ice age. - Tilak also authored 'Geetarahasya' - the analysis of 'Karmayoga' in the Bhagavadgita, which is known to be gist of the Vedas and the Upanishads. Other collections of his writings include: - The Hindu philosophy of life, ethics and religion (published in 1887). - Vedic chronology and vedanga jyotisha. - Letters of Lokamanya Tilak, edited by M. D. Vidwans.

- Selected documents of Lokamanya Bal Gangadhar Tilak, 1880-1920, edited by Ravindra Kumar. - Trial of Tilak. Ravi Shankar Vyas Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : : : Gujarat Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel

Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Ravi Shankar Vyas was an Indian freedom fighter and social reformer, hailing from and working in the state of Gujarat. He was one of the earliest and closest associates of Mahatma Gandhi and

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, and along with Narhari Parikh and Mohanlal Pandya, the chief organizer of nationalist revolts in Gujarat in the 1920s and 1930s. Narhari Parikh Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : : : India

Narhari Parikh was an Indian freedom fighter and social reformer, who was a close associate of Mahatma Gandhi and the chief architect of the Indian Independence Movement in Gujarat. Hailing from the western Indian state of Gujarat, Parikh was an educated lawyer in Ahmedabad, when in 1916 he gave up his practice to work with Mahatma Gandhi, the future leader of the Indian Independence Movement, just like fellow Gujarati lawyers Mohanlal Pandya, Ravi Shankar Vyas and Mahadev Desai to work on a collection of missions for social reform in Gujarat, such as fighting untouchability, alcoholism, illiteracy and working to expanding freedom for women, Indian-run schools, sanitation and health care. Understanding Gandhi's point that the real India was in the 900,000 villages of the land, Parikh focused especially on hundreds of villages in Gujarat, going from village to village despite all the pains and obstacles of weather, terrain and lack of resources. When the first revolts led by Gandhi, of the Indian Independence Movement broke in Gujarat, Parikh was the chief lieutenant of Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. He formed a close bond of friendship and trust with the latter, both working under a common teacher, Gandhi. Patel and Parikh scaled all of Gujarat to muster support for the tax and land revolt in Kheda (1918-19), Borsad (1924) and Bardoli (1928), the latter being the most famous Indian revolt, catapaulted Vallabhbhai Patel to the national stage. When the Indian National Congress inaugurated the Salt Satyagraha of 1930-34, Parikh was the chief organizer in Gujarat. He also was one of the first supporters of and the key Gujarati organizer of the Quit India Movement, but all through his life remained working only in Gujarat and not on the national stage. He was tirelessly supportive of Gandhi, adhering to his leadership even when the Congress Party as such chose a different path. All through his years of association with Gandhi and the freedom struggle, Parikh was arrested by British authorities and spent many years in prison. Parikh worked tirelessly with Gujarati women's and student's associations, labor and farmer groups to alleviate people from social and economic ills, as well as fighting political and social oppression. After India's independence and despite Gandhi's death in 1948, he remained active with Gandhi's ashrams in Gujarat, and in 1949 penned a biography of his close friend Sardar Patel, Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Parikh is revered in Gujarat today, and by many Indians conscious of his important role alongside Gandhi and Patel.

Jivatram Kripalani Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : 1888 : Mar 19, 1982 : Gujarat

Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Jivatram Kripalani, also referred to with the prefix Acharya (Teacher), was an Indian freedom fighter, who became a nationwide leader of the Janata Party revolt against the Indian Emergency. Jivatram (also spelled Jiwatram) Bhagwandas Kripalani was born in current-day Gujarat in 1888. He was of Sindhi and Gujarati roots. He received college education, and was a learned and scholarly young man when he became a member of the Indian National Congress. He was a school teacher when he soon became a disciple of rising nationalist leader Mahatma

Gandhi, and adopted his teachings and leadership. Kripalani was involved in the NonCooperation Movement of the early 1920s, and worked in Gandhi's ashrams in Gujarat and Maharashtra on tasks of social reform and education, and later left for Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in northern India to teach and organize new ashrams. He also courted arrest on numerous occasions in the national struggles and smaller occasions of organizing protests and publishing what the British considered seditious materials. With the support of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Gandhi, Kripalani joined the All India Congress Committee and became its General Secretary in 1928-29, an important position. He would hold the position for many years. He was popular with nationalists and the common people in northern as well as western India. Kripalani drew close to Patel, and was prominently involved over a decade in top Congress party affairs, and in the organization of the Salt Satyagraha and the Quit India Movement. Kripalani served in the interim Government of India (1946-1947) was also the earliest supporters of Patel and Nehru over the Partition of India, and served in the Constituent Assembly of India. In 1946, when the Congress Working Committee met to elect its new President, who would also become the head of the first all-Indian government, the contest was between Sardar Patel, the choice of 15 provincial Congress organizations, and Jivatram Kripalani, the choice of one. But Jawaharlal Nehru was recommended by the Working Committee at the last moment. Before Gandhi pressured Patel to drop his candidacy in favor of Nehru, Kripalani withdrew his name and backed Nehru. After Patel's death in 1950 and Nehru's increasing popularity in the 1950s, Kripalani left the Congress. Kripalani remained a critic of Prime Minister Nehru's policies and administration, while working for social causes for the common people of India. He was now respectfully addressed as Acharya Jivatram Kripalani by his admirers and supporters, but did not attempt to resuscitate his political career. But in 1974, Kripalani joined Jaya Prakash Narayan in organizing major student and union strikes and protests nationwide against the rule of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter. Kripalani and Narayan felt that Gandhi's rule had become dictatorial and anti-democratic, and her conviction on charges of using government machinery for her election campaign galvanized her political opposition and public disenchantment against her policies. Both Kripalani and Narayan were arrested during the Indian Emergency (1975-1977), when Gandhi suspended political activities and elections under the Emergency clause in the Constitution of India. When Gandhi released all political prisoners and called fresh elections in 1977, Kripalani helped Narayan organize the coalition of political parties opposed to Gandhi's Congress Party, called the Janata (People's) Party. Janata Party swept the elections and Morarji Desai became India's new Prime Minister, but Kripalani receded to the background due to ill health and old age. He died on March 19, 1982, at the age of 94. His wife Sucheta Kripalani was also an Indian freedom fighter, a renowned singer and the first lady Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. Jivatram Kripalani Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : 1888 : Mar 19, 1982 : Gujarat Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru

Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal

Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Jivatram Kripalani, also referred to with the prefix Acharya (Teacher), was an Indian freedom fighter, who became a nationwide leader of the Janata Party revolt against the Indian Emergency. Jivatram (also spelled Jiwatram) Bhagwandas Kripalani was born in current-day Gujarat in 1888. He was of Sindhi and Gujarati roots. He received college education, and was a learned and scholarly young man when he became a member of the Indian National Congress. He was a school teacher when he soon became a disciple of rising nationalist leader Mahatma Gandhi, and adopted his teachings and leadership. Kripalani was involved in the NonCooperation Movement of the early 1920s, and worked in Gandhi's ashrams in Gujarat and Maharashtra on tasks of social reform and education, and later left for Bihar and Uttar Pradesh in northern India to teach and organize new ashrams. He also courted arrest on numerous occasions in the national struggles and smaller occasions of organizing protests and publishing

what the British considered seditious materials. With the support of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and Gandhi, Kripalani joined the All India Congress Committee and became its General Secretary in 1928-29, an important position. He would hold the position for many years. He was popular with nationalists and the common people in northern as well as western India. Kripalani drew close to Patel, and was prominently involved over a decade in top Congress party affairs, and in the organization of the Salt Satyagraha and the Quit India Movement. Kripalani served in the interim Government of India (1946-1947) was also the earliest supporters of Patel and Nehru over the Partition of India, and served in the Constituent Assembly of India. In 1946, when the Congress Working Committee met to elect its new President, who would also become the head of the first all-Indian government, the contest was between Sardar Patel, the choice of 15 provincial Congress organizations, and Jivatram Kripalani, the choice of one. But Jawaharlal Nehru was recommended by the Working Committee at the last moment. Before Gandhi pressured Patel to drop his candidacy in favor of Nehru, Kripalani withdrew his name and backed Nehru. After Patel's death in 1950 and Nehru's increasing popularity in the 1950s, Kripalani left the Congress. Kripalani remained a critic of Prime Minister Nehru's policies and administration, while working for social causes for the common people of India. He was now respectfully addressed as Acharya Jivatram Kripalani by his admirers and supporters, but did not attempt to resuscitate his political career. But in 1974, Kripalani joined Jaya Prakash Narayan in organizing major student and union strikes and protests nationwide against the rule of Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, Nehru's daughter. Kripalani and Narayan felt that Gandhi's rule had become dictatorial and anti-democratic, and her conviction on charges of using government machinery for her election campaign galvanized her political opposition and public disenchantment against her policies. Both Kripalani and Narayan were arrested during the Indian Emergency (1975-1977), when Gandhi suspended political activities and elections under the Emergency clause in the Constitution of India. When Gandhi released all political prisoners and called fresh elections in 1977, Kripalani helped Narayan organize the coalition of political parties opposed to Gandhi's Congress Party, called the Janata (People's) Party. Janata Party swept the elections and Morarji Desai became India's new Prime Minister, but Kripalani receded to the background due to ill health and old age. He died on March 19, 1982, at the age of 94. His wife Sucheta Kripalani was also an Indian freedom fighter, a renowned singer and the first lady Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. Mohanlal Pandya Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : : : India Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan

Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi

Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Mohanlal Pandya was an Indian freedom fighter, social reformer and one of the earliest followers of Mahatma Gandhi. Along with fellow Gandhians like Narhari Parikh and Ravi Shankar Vyas, Pandya was a key organizer of all nationalist revolts in Gujarat, and a leading figure in the fight against alcoholism, illiteracy, untouchability, and a major proponent of women's freedoms and Gandhian values. Pandya was a close associate of both Gandhi and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel during the Indian Independence Movement. Abbas Tyabji Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth :: Jun 9, 1936 : Gujarat Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan

Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen

Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Abbas Tyabji (died June 9, 1936) was an Indian freedom fighter from Gujarat, who had served as the Chief Justice of the Baroda High Court. He was a key ally and supporter of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel during the 1918 Kheda Satyagraha, and the 1928 Bardoli Satyagraha. He was also a close supporter of Mohandas Gandhi and the Indian National Congress. In 1919-20, Abbas Tyabji was one of the members of the Committee appointed by the Indian National Congress to review the charges against General Reginald Dyer for the Amritsar Massacre, which occurred during the fight for independence from the British. Tyabji became the national leader after leading major protests against the arrest of Mohandas Gandhi in May 1930. He died in Mussoorie (now in Uttaranchal) on June 9, 1936. Gopal Krishna Gokhale Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : May 9, 1866 : 1915 : Maharashtra Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru

Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal

Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Gopal Krishna Gokhale was born on May 9, 1866, in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, and he became one of the most learned men in India, a leader of social and political reformists and one of the earliest, founding leaders of the Indian Independence Movement. Gokhale was a senior leader of the Indian National Congress and the Servants of India Society. The latter was committed to only social reform, but the Congress Party in Gokhale's time was the main vehicle for Indian political representation. Gokhale was a great, early Indian champion for public education. Being one of the first generations of Indians to receive college education, Gokhale was respected widely in the nascent Indian intellecutal community and acoss India, whose people looked up to him as the least elitist of educated Indians. Coming from a background of poverty, Gokhale was a real man of the people, a hero to young Indians discovering the new age and the prospects of the coming 20th century; he worked amongst common Indians to

encourage education, sanitation and public development. He actively spoke against ignorance, casteism and untouchability in Indian society. Gokhale was also reputed for working for trust and friendship between Hindu and Muslim communities. It should be remembered that Gokhale was a pioneer in this work, never done before in Indian history by Indians. Along with distinguished colleagues like Bal Gangadhar Tilak, Dadabhai Naoroji, Bipin Chandra Pal, Lala Lajpat Rai and Annie Besant, Gokhale fought for decades to obtain greater political representation and power over public affairs for common Indians. He was moderate in his views and attitudes, and sought to petition the British authorities, cultivate a process of dialogue and discussion which would yield greater British respect for Indian rights. In 1906, he and Tilak were the respective leaders of the moderates and extremists (now known by the more politically correct term,'aggressive nationalists') in the Congress. Tilak advocated civil agitation and direct revolution to overthrow the British Empire, and the Congress Party split into two wings. The two sides would patch up in 1916. Gokhale did not support explicit Indian independence, for such an idea was not even understood or expressed until after the World War I. Gopal Krishna Gokhale's biggest contribution to India was as a teacher, nurturer of a whole new generation of leaders conscious to their responsibilities to a wider nation. Gokhale was famously a mentor to a young barrister who had been blooded in the work of revolution in South Africa a few years earlier. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi received great warmth and hospitality from Gokhale, including personal guidance, knowledge and understanding of India, the issues of common Indians and Indian politics. By 1920, Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi would become known as Mahatma Gandhi, and ad the leader of nationalist Indians and the largest non-violent revolution in the history of the world. However, Gokhale himself died in 1915. In his autobiography, Gandhi calls Gokhale his mentor and guide, while Mohammed Ali Jinnah, the future founder of Pakistan, in 1912 wanted to become the "Muslim Gokhale," "Ambassador of Hindu-Muslim Unity." Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth ::: Maharashtra Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant

Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh

Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Narahar Vishnu Gadgil was an Indian freedom fighter and one of its chief political leaders in Maharashtra. Upon Indian independence, Gadgil became the Minister for Public Works in the first Indian Cabinet led by Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru and Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Gadgil's Ministry undertook the project of building a military-calibre road from Pathankot to Srinagar via Jammu in Kashmir, during the IndoPakistan War of 1947. He is the author of the book 'Government from Inside.' Vithalbhai Patel Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : 1871 : 1935 : Gujarat Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali

Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose

Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Vithalbhai Patel was an Indian legislator and political leader, and co-founder of the Swaraj Party. Born in Nadiad, in the Indian state of Gujarat, Vithalbhai Jhaverbhai Patel was the third of five Patel brothers, four years elder to Vallabhbhai Patel, raised in the village of Karamsad. Vithalbhai educated himself in Nadiad and in Bombay, and worked as a pleader (a junior lawyer) in the courts of Godhra and Borsad. At a very young age, he was married to a girl from another village, Diwaliba. His younger brother Vallabhbhai Patel had similarly studied by himself and worked as a pleader. Studying in England was a dream to both men, although they did not know this. Vallabhbhai had saved enough money and ordered his passport and travel tickets, when the postman delivered them to Vithalbhai, on account that it was addressed to a Mr. V.J. Patel, Pleader. Vithalbhai insisted on traveling on those documents actually meant for Vallabhbhai, pointing out that it would be socially criticized that an older brother followed the lead of the younger. Respecting his brother despite the obvious cruelty of fate on his own hard work, Vallabhbhai allowed him to proceed to England, and even paid for his stay. Vithalbhai entered the Middle Temple Inn in London, and completed the 36-month course in 30, emerging at the top of his class. Returning to Gujarat in 1913, Vithalbhai became an important barrister in the courts of Bombay and Ahmedabad. However, his wife died in 1915, and he remained a widower. Patel entered politics before his more renowned brother, winning a seat on the Bombay Legislative Council, a body with no real functions. Although failing to achieve anything concrete in terms of the fight for national independence, self-government or public welfare, Patel grew popular and respected by his oratorical and witty mastery and belittling of the Raj's officials, winning many a battle of wit, which bore little overall significance. He rose to the presidency of the Imperial Legislative Council, a collage of pro-British elected and

appointed Indians and Englishmen designated to rubber-stamp the Viceroy's decisions. Although never truly accepting the philosophy and leadership of Mohandas Gandhi, Patel joined the Congress and the struggle for freedom. He had no regional base of support, yet he was an influential leader who expanded the struggle through fiery speeches and articles published. When Gandhi aborted the struggle in 1922 following the Chauri Chaura Incident, Patel left the Congress to form the Swaraj Party with Chittaranjan Das and Motilal Nehru, which would seek to foil the Raj by sabotaging the government after gaining entry in the councils. The party only succeeded in dividing the Congress and finally itself, but Patel and others were important voices who rebelled against the leadership of Gandhi when the nation anguished over the abortion of the Non-Cooperation Movement. Vithalbhai Patel rejoined the Congress in 1930 upon the declaration of Purna Swaraj (Complete Independence), yet later gave it up after the end of the Salt Satyagraha. He became a fierce critic of Gandhi and a strong ally of Subhas Chandra Bose. Bose and Patel travelled across Europe, gathering funds and political support - among others, they met Eamon DeValera, President of Ireland. However, Patel fell seriously ill, and died in Geneva, Switzerland. Vinoba Bhave Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Sep 11, 1895 : Nov 15, 1982 : Maharashtra Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji

Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal

Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Vinoba Bhave, born Vinayak Narahari Bhave and often called Acharya (In Sanskrit and Hindi means teacher), is considered as a National Teacher of India and the spiritual successor of Mahatma Gandhi. He was born in Gagode, Maharashtra on September 11, 1895 into a pious family of the Chitpavan Brahmin clan. He was highly inspired after reading the Bhagavad Gita, one of the holiest Hindu scriptures at a very young age. He was associated with Mahatma Gandhi in the Indian independence movement. In 1932 he was sent to jail by the British colonial government because of his fight against British rule. There he gave a series of talks on the Gita, in his native language Marathi, to his fellow prisoners. These highly inspiring talks were later published as the book "Talks on the Gita", and it has been translated to many languages both in India and elsewhere. Vinoba felt that the source of these talks was something above and he believed that its influence will endure even if his other works were forgotten. In 1940 he was chosen by Gandhi to be the first Individual Satyagrahi (an Individual standing up for Truth instead of a collective action) against the British rule. Bhave also participated in the Quit India Movement. Vinoba's religious outlook was very broad and it synthesized the truths of many religions. This can be seen in one of his hymns "Om Tat" which contains symbols of many religions. He was also a scholar of many languages. Vinoba observed the life of the average Indian living in a village and tried to find solutions for the problems he faced with a firm spiritual foundation. This formed the core of his Sarvodaya (Awakening of all potentials) movement. Another example of this is the Bhoodhan (land gift) movement. He walked all across India asking people with land to consider him as one of their sons and so give him a portion of their land which he then distributed to landless poor. Nonviolence and compassion being a hallmark of his philosophy, he also campaigned against the slaughtering of cows. Vinoba spent the later part of his life at his ashram in Paunar, Maharashtra. He controversially backed the Indian Emergency imposed by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, calling it Anushasana Parva (Time for Discipline). He died on November 15, 1982 after refusing food and medicine few days earlier. Some Indians have identified this as sallekhana. He was awarded the Bharat Ratna posthumously in 1983. Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad

Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth

::: Gujarat

Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat

Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar was an Indian freedom fighter and the first Speaker of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. Mavlankar hailed from Marathi background but lived and worked in Ahmedabad, capital of Gujarat. He was a colleague and close friend of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel. Mavlankar joined the Indian Independence Movement with the NonCooperation Movement. Although he temporarily joined the Swaraj Party in the 1920s, he returned to Mahatma Gandhi and the Salt Satyagraha in 1930. In 1952, after the first general elections in independent India, G.V. Mavlankar was elected the Speaker of the Lok Sabha. He would serve many years in the Parliament of India.

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : May 28, 1883 : 1966 : Nasik

Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, sometimes called Veer Savarkar or Vir Savarkar was an Indian freedom fighter and a Hindu nationalist leader. Vinayak Savarkar was a great orator, prolific writer, historian, poet, philosopher and social worker who devoted his entire life to the cause of the Indian Independence movement. He is regarded by some as one of the greatest revolutionaries in the Indian freedom struggle, while others consider him a communalist and Machiavellian manipulator. He was also one of the most controversial figures of the

independence movement. Being a descendant of a line of Sanskrit scholars, Vinayak Damodar Savarkar took great interest in History, Politics, Literature and Indian culture. His book, 'First war of Indian Independence Movement': 1857, served as an inspiration for many freedom fighters. Born in the village of Bhagur near Nasik, he was one among four children born to Damodarpant Savarkar and Radhabai. His initial education was at the Shivaji School, Nasik. He lost his mother at the age of nine. Brought up by his father, he was influenced by the freedom struggle in British India and got drawn towards it. He lost his father during the plague that struck India in 1899. In March 1901, he married Yamunabai. Post marriage, in 1902, he joined Fergusson College in Pune to study further. In June 1906, he received a scholarship and left for London to study law. As a student, Savarkar was involved in the Swadeshi movement. He later joined Bal Gangadhar Tilak's Swaraj Party. When in London, he founded the Free India Society. The Society celebrated important dates on the Indian calendar including festivals, freedom movement landmarks, and was dedicated to furthering discussion about Indian freedom which came to be highly unacceptable to the British. He is reported to have quoted, "We must stop complaining about this British officer or that officer, this law or that law. There would be no end to that. Our movement must not be limited to being against any particular law, but it must be for acquiring the authority to make the laws itself. In other words, we want Absolute Political Independence." In 1908, when he wrote "The Indian War of Independence 1857", the British government immediately enforced a ban on the publication in both Britain and India. Later, it was published by Madame Bhikaiji Cama in Holland, and was smuggled into India to reach revolutionaries working across the country against British rule. In 1909, Madanlal Dhingra, a keen follower of Savarkar shot Sir Wyllie after a failed assassination attempt on the then Viceroy, Lord Curzon. In the political crisis that ensued, Savarkar stood out with a decision not to condemn the act. When the then British Collector of Nasik, A.M.T. Jackson was shot by a youth, Savarkar finally fell under the net of the British authorities. He was implicated in the murder citing his connections with India House. A warrant was issued on 13th March, 1910, following which he was arrested in Paris. He hatched a plan to escape at Marseilles which failed. He was captured and brought to Bombay (Mumbai) on the S.S. Morea, and imprisoned at the Yervada Prison. He was tried, and at the age of 27 years, sentenced to 50 years imprisonment at the infamous Cellular Jail in the Andaman and Nicobar Islands. On 4th July, 1911, he was transported to the Andamans. He appealed for clemency in 1911, and again in 1913, during Sir Reginald Craddock's visit. In 1920, many prominent freedom fighters including Vithalbhai Patel, Mahatma Gandhi and Bal Gangadhar Tilak demanded the release of Savarkar and his brother in the Central Legislative Assembly. On May 2, 1921, Savarkar was moved to Ratnagiri jail, and from there to the Yeravada jail. It was in Ratnagiri jail that Savarkar wrote the book 'Hindutva'. In January 6, 1924 he was released under conditions of stringent restrictions imposed on his travel and activities. Savarkar, though an atheist himself, reluctantly accepted the presidency of the Hindu Mahasabha, and was its president for seven consecutive years. During this time, he contributed significantly to its evolution as a separate political party. The Hindu Mahasabha, under Savarkar's presidency, did not support the Quit India movement launched by Mahatma Gandhi in August 1942. The Communist Party of India and the Muslim League were the other political parties which did not support the Quit India Movement. His view of post-independence India envisioned a militarily strong, cohesive and self-sufficient nation.

His Writings His literary works in Marathi include "Kamala", "Mazi Janmathep" (My Life Sentence), and most famously "1857 - The First war of Independence". Another noted book was "Kala Pani" (similar to Life Sentence, but on the island prison on the Andamans), which reflected the treatment of Indian freedom fighters by the British. He wrote several books when in prison. Among those that he wrote when in Ratnagiri jail, was the profoundly influential book 'Hindutva', which deals with the Hindu nationalistic approach to the idea of the Indian nation and Hinduism. Other books written by him include "Hindu Padpadashahi" and "My Transportation for Life". At the same time, religious divisions in India were beginning to fissure. He described what he saw as the atrocities of British and Muslims on Hindu residents in Kerala, in the book, "Mopalyanche Band" (Muslims' Strike) and also "Gandhi Gondhal" (Gandhi's Nonsense), a political critique of Gandhi's politics. Savarkar, by now, had become a committed and persuasive critic of the Gandhian vision of India's future. He is also the author of poems like "Sagara pran talmalala", and "Jayostute" (written in praise of freedom), claimed to be one of the most moving, inspiring and patriotic works in Marathi literature by his followers and some critics. Muhammad Ali Jinnah Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Dec 25, 1876 : Sep 11, 1948 : Karachi Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi

Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar

Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Mohammad Ali Jinnah, was an Indian Muslim politician and statesman who led the All India Muslim League and founded Pakistan, serving as its first Governor-General. He is commonly known in Pakistan as Quaid-e-Azam and Baba-i-Qaum ("Father of the Nation"); his birth and death anniversaries are national holidays in Pakistan. Jinnah was born as Mahomedali Jinnahbhai in Wazir Mansion, Karachi. The earliest records of his school register suggest he was born on October 20, 1875, but Sarojini Naidu, the author of Jinnah's first biography gives the date December 25, 1876. Jinnah was the eldest of five children born to Jinnahbhai Poonja (1857 - 1901), a prosperous Gujarati merchant from Kathiawar, Gujarat. His family belonged to the Ismaili Khoja branch of Shi'a Islam. Jinnah had a turbulent time at several different schools, but finally found stability at the Christian Missionary Society High School in Karachi. In 1893, he went to London to work for Graham's Shipping and Trading Company. He had been married to a 16-year old, distant relative named Emibai, but she died shortly after he moved to London. His mother died around this time as well. In 1894, Jinnah quit his job to study law at Lincoln'While celebrated as a great leader in Pakistan, Jinnah remains a controversial figure, provoking intense criticism for his role in the partition of India. Jinnah's life came under considerable pressure when his father's business was ruined. Settling in Mumbai (then Bombay), he became a successful lawyer - gaining particular fame for his skilled handling of the "Caucus Case". Jinnah built a house in Malabar Hill, later known as Jinnah House. He was not an observing Muslim, taking pork and alcohol, dressed throughout his life in European-style clothes, and spoke in English more than his mother tongue, Gujarati. His reputation as a skilled lawyer prompted Indian leader Bal Gangadhar Tilak to hire him as defence attorney for his sedition trial in 1905. Jinnah ably argued that it was not sedition for an Indian to demand freedom and self-government in his own country, but Tilak received a rigorous term of imprisonment. Through the 1940s, Jinnah suffered from tuberculosis - only his sister and a few others close to Jinnah were aware of his condition. In 1948, Jinnah's health began to falter, hindered further by the heavy workload that had fallen upon him following Pakistan's creation. Attempting to recuperate, he spent many months at his official retreat in Ziarat, but died on September 11, 1948 from a combination of tuberculosis and lung cancer. His funeral was followed by the construction of a massive mausoleum - Mazar-e-Quaid - in Karachi to honour him; official and military ceremonies are hosted there on special occasions.

Kulapati K.M. Munshi Date of Birth Date of Death Place of Birth : Dec 30, 1887 : 1971 : Broach

Freedom Fighters Dr. Rajendra Prasad Purushottam Das Tandon Motilal Nehru Jawaharlal Nehru Lal Bahadur Shastri Indira Gandhi Jayaprakash Narayan Hakim Ajmal Khan Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya Feroze Gandhi Liaquat Ali Khan Maulana Mohammad Ali Maulana Shaukat Ali Govind Ballabh Pant Dr.Shanker Dayal Sharma Mahavir Tyagi Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari Ram Manohar Lohia Chandrasekhar Azad Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi Dadabhai Naoroji Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Bal Gangadhar Tilak Ravi Shankar Vyas Narhari Parikh Jivatram Kripalani Mahadev Desai Mohanlal Pandya Abbas Tyabji Gopal Krishna Gokhale Narahar Vishnu Gadgil Vithalbhai Patel Vinoba Bhave Ganesh Vasudev Mavlankar Vinayak Damodar Savarkar Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Kulapati K.M. Munshi Senapati Bapat Mahadeo Govind Ranade Subhas Chandra Bose Bipin Chandra Pal Chittaranjan Das Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Rabindranath Tagore Surya Sen Gopinath Bordoloi Benoy Basu Badal Gupta Dinesh Gupta Khudiram Bose Bagha Jatin Barindra Kumar Ghosh Aravinda Ackroyd Ghosh Surendranath Banerjea Ambika Chakrobarty C. Rajagopalachari Krishna Menon Bhogaraju Pattabhi Sitaramayya Srinivasa Iyengar Muhammad Iqbal Lala Lajpat Rai Sardul Singh Caveeshar Sheikh Abdullah Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan Bhagat Singh Shivaram Rajguru Sukhdev Tej Bahadur Sapru Sikander Hyat Khan Madan Lal Dhingra

Versatile", "a philosopher in action", "a man of great ideas and great courage", "a multi-faceted genius"-these are the ways in which friends and admirers described Dr. Kanhaiyalal Maneklal Munshi, the founder of Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan.The versatility of Munshiji is seen in his roles as lawyer, creative writer, constitution-maker, freedom fighter, administrator, organizationbuilder and champion of Indian culture. Dr. Munshi looked upon himself as a "sea shell thrown up by the mighty flood of Indian renaissance." He founded the Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan along

with a few friends late in 1938. Born in Broach on December 30, 1887, Munshiji came under the influence of Sri Aurobindo while studying at Baroda College. A prize winner at the B.A. and LL.B. examinations, he enrolled himself initially as a Pleader and later as an Advocate in the Bombay Bar. He first joined Dr. Besant's All India Home Rule League in 1916 and later the Indian National Congress. He married Lilavati Sheth in 1926 (who was one of his literary critics) after the death of his first wife, Atilakshmi Pathak, whom he married when he was just 13. He was elected to the Bombay Legislative Council in 1927. He took part in the Salt Satyagraha in 1930 and was imprisoned for 6 months. In 1932 he was sentenced to two years' rigorous imprisonment. He was elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly in 1937 and appointed the Home Minister in the first Congress Government. He served as India's Agent-General in Hyderabad when the Nizam was trying to keep his State independent of the Indian Union. He became a member of the Constituent Assembly in 1948. He was Food and Agriculture Minister of the Government of India in 1950. He was Governor of Uttar Pradesh during 1952-57. He resigned from the Congress and became the Vice President of the newly formed "Swatantra Party" standing for free enterprise. Till his death in 1971 he devoted all his energies to the building up of the Bhavan as the premier cultural organization of the country. http://www.whereincity.com/india/great-indians/freedom-fighters/