PERSIAN GULF WAR

Organized Crime?
By William P. Litynski
From the Grassy Knoll in Manhattan:
Lone Gunman or Patsy?
The Assassination of Israeli Extremist Rabbi Meir Kahane on November 5, 1990
Arab terrorist Yasser Arafat (left meets !ith former "#$# %resi&ent 'eor(e )#*# +,sh (ri(ht at a hotel in *ashin(ton, -#.# on
September 13, 1993# The 199/ *orl& Tra&e .enter +ombin( o00,rre& in Ne! Yor1 .it2 on February 26, 1993# El $a22i& Nosair,
an E(23tian4born Ameri0an 0iti5en, !as involve& in m,r&erin( Rabbi Meir Kahane an& !as 0onvi0te& for his involvement in the 199/
*orl& Tra&e .enter +ombin(# (6 $te3hen 7affe 8 Re,ters
Kaem !a"a#i
Ambassa&or of Iran to
the "nite& Nations
(1999419:0;
Assassinate& in
$!it5erlan& on A3ril <=,
1990
!i$aat al%Mah&oub
$3ea1er of the E(23tian
%arliament;
Assassinate& in .airo,
E(23t on >0tober 1/,
1990
!abbi Meir Kahane
?o,n&er of 7e!ish
-efense @ea(,e;
Assassinate& b2 a lone
(,nman in Ne! Yor1
.it2 hotel on
November 5, 1990
Salah Mesbah Khala$
'(bu )ya*+
-e3,t2 @ea&er of the
%alestine @iberation
>r(ani5ation (%@>;
Assassinate& b2 a lone
(,nman in T,nis,
T,nisia on 7an# 1=, 1991
Shapour ,a-htiar
%rime Minister of Iran
(7an,ar2 =, 19994
?ebr,ar2 11, 1999;
Assassinate& in %aris on
A,(,st A, 1991
Meir Kahane, 58, Israeli Militant and Founder of the Jewish Defense League
By JOHN KIFNER
Te Ne! "#r$ Time%
P&'(i%ed) N#*em'er +,- .//+
C#rre01i#n A22ended
Ra''i 3eir Kaane- 1e 4#&nder #4 1e Je!i% 5e4en%e Leag&e- !# !a% %#1 1# dea1 in a 3ana11an #1e( (a%1
nig1- made a (#ng 6#&rney 4r#m 1e %1ree1% #4 Br##$(yn 1# a 2#!er4&( 2#%i1i#n #n 1e 4ar7rig1 4ringe% #4 I%rae(i
2#(i1i0%8
T# i% 4#((#!er%- 1e 9:7year7#(d Or1#d#; ra''i<% %(#gan #4 =Ne*er Again= mean1 %im2(y 1a1 Je!% !#&(d 4ig1 'e4#re
end&ring any 1rea1> 1a1 1e H#(#0a&%1 !#&(d ne*er 'e re2ea1ed8 T# i% enemie%- in0(&ding many in I%rae(- e !a% a
0ar(a1an and a ra0i%18
E(e01ed 1# 1e I%rae(i Par(iamen1 in ./:?- Ra''i Kaane 1rea1ened 1# 'e0#me a ma6#r 4#r0e in 1e 4ragmen1ed !#r(d
#4 I%rae(i 2#(i1i0% &n1i( i% Ka0 Par1y !a% 'anned in ./:: #n 1e gr#&nd 1a1 i1 !a% ra0i%1 and &ndem#0ra1i08
He 2&'(i0(y 0a((ed Ara'% =d#g%8= Li'era( I%rae(i% 2e(1ed im !i1 egg%- '&1 e dre! %1reng1 4r#m many 4ear4&( and
re%en14&( I%rae(i%- 2ar1i0&(ar(y Se2ardi0 Je!% #4 1e 3idd(e Ea%18
Cheered at Rallies
=I d#n<1 !an1 1# $i(( Ara'%- I 6&%1 !an1 1em 1# (i*e a22i(y- e(%e!ere-= e 1#(d 0eering ra((ie%8 =Gi*e me 1e %1reng1
1# 1a$e 0are #4 1em #n0e and 4#r a((8=
=Kaane- King #4 I%rae(-= i% 4#((#!er% %#&1ed 'a0$ a1 a 4&nera( #4 1!# Je!i% %0##(1ea0er% a((eged(y $i((ed 'y Ara'
y#&1% in ./:98 =Kaane- me%%ia- me%%ia8 Te Ara'% are e*ery!ere8=
=Be4#re i% e(e01i#n a year ag#- Kaane !a% 6&%1 an i((ne%%> n#! e i% an e2idemi0-= A(#&2 Hare*an- a%%#0ia1e
dire01#r #4 1e @an Leer F#&nda1i#n- a 2ri*a1e I%rae(i re%ear0 gr#&2 1rying 1# 2r#m#1e 1#(eran0e- %aid 1a1 year8
Wen e 1##$ i% %ea1 in Par(iamen1- m#%1 I%rae(i 2#(i1i0a( 0#mmen1a1#r% di%mi%%ed im a% =an Ameri0an im2#r1=
and a =ra0i%1 (&na1i0= !# !#&(d ne*er 4ind a %eri#&% 4#((#!ing in I%rae(8
B&1 i1 %##n 'e0ame 0(ear e ad 1a22ed a *i%0era( 2#(i1i0a( 4ee(ing8 An A22ea( Ba%ed #n Fear
=I a*e 1#&0ed a %im2(e and #ne%1 ner*e #n 1e 2ar1 #4 1e 2e#2(e-= Ra''i Kaane %aid8 He %aid 1e a22ea( !a%
'a%ed #n m#&n1ing 4ear% I%rae(i% ad #4 Ara'% and #4 a de%ire 1# end !a1 1ey 0a((ed 1e Ara' 2r#'(em #n0e and 4#r
a((8
Ta1 de%ire !a% %1i(( *i%i'(e (a%1 3ay a% Ra''i Kaane !a% 2ar1 #4 a 0r#!d %ee$ing re*enge a41er a Pa(e%1inian
!ie(ding a $ni4e $i((ed 1!# I%rae(i% in Jer&%a(em<% O(d Ci1y8
J#ining and% in a &man 0ain and %#&1ing =Ki(( 1e Ara'%= 1e 0r#!d mar0ed 1#!ard 1e !a((ed 0i1y and 1ried 1#
(yn0 1!# Ara' 2a%%er%7'y !# !ere re%0&ed 'y 1e 2#(i0e8 Ra''i Kaane !a% arre%1ed in 1e in0iden18
Violence Between ra!s and Jews
P#(i1i0a( 0#mmen1a1#r% in I%rae( %aid 1e a22ea( #4 i% idea%- !i0 !a% 2ar1i0&(ar(y %1r#ng am#ng y#&ng *#1er%- ad
%e*era( r##1%) na1i#na(i%m ad 'e0#me in0rea%ing(y a00e21a'(e> 2er%#na( *i#(en0e 'e1!een Ara'% and Je!% ad
in0rea%ed- and 0#n4iden0e in I%rae(<% ma6#r 2ar1ie% ad !ea$ened8
B#rn 3ar1in Kaane in Ne! "#r$ #n A&g8 .- ./AB- Ra''i Kaane- !# gre! &2 in a %e0#nd74(##r a2ar1men1 in 1e
F(a1'&% %e01i#n #4 Br##$(yn- !a% 1e 4ir%17'#rn %#n #4 Ra''i and 3r%8 Car(e% Kaane8
=He !a% a(!ay% a %en%i1i*e and %en1imen1a( '#y-= i% 4a1er- a ig(y regarded Ta(m&di0 %0#(ar- %aid in a ./C.
in1er*ie!8
Brilliant "tudent
A% a '#y- 3eir 'egan i% ed&0a1i#n in neig'#r##d ye%i*a%- (a1er enr#((ing a% a nig1 %1&den1 a1 Br##$(yn C#((ege-
!ere e 0#m4irmed i% re2&1a1i#n a% a 'ri((ian1 %1&den1- grad&a1ing in 1ree and a a(4 year%8
Ordained a% a ra''i a41er %1&dying a1 1e 3irrer "e%i*a- e !a% named 1# ead a 0#ngrega1i#n in H#!ard Bea0-
D&een%- !ere e %er*ed 4#r 1!# year% in 1e mid7./9+<%8
Te Ra''i 'egan &%ing 1e Ang(i0ized 2%e&d#nym =3i0ae( King= in ./,B 77 m#%1(y a% a (ar$- e %aid8
T# 1#%e !# $ne! n#1ing #4 i% 'a0$gr#&nd a% a Br##$(yn7'#rn %0#(ar- e !a% an a&1#r !# (i*ed in an
a2ar1men1 #n 3ana11an<% Ea%1 Side8
3eir<% 'r#1er Na0man 77 !# 0ame 1# regard i% 'r#1er a% =an idea(i%1i0 4ig1er 4#r a grea1 0a&%e= 77 !a% (a1er a
ran$ing 0i*i( %er*an1 in I%rae(<% 3ini%1ry #4 Re(igi#&% A44air%8
Remini%0ing a'#&1 3eir in 1e in1er*ie!- 1e 4a1er re0a((ed 1a1 i% %#n<% 2#(i1i0a( *ie!% 4ir%1 'egan 1# 1a$e %a2e in
./9B- a41er %!a%1i$a% !ere %meared #n %e*era( %ynag#g&e% in Br##$(yn8
Te e(der Kaane- 1en 1e ead #4 1e Ra''ini0a( B#ard #4 F(a1'&%- %aid e ad re1&rned #me a41er a mee1ing
a'#&1 1e in0iden1 4ee(ing de2re%%ed and di%0#&raged8
=Un!i11ing(y- I %aid i1 !#&(d 'e a g##d idea i4 Je!% !#&(d #rganize an &ndergr#&nd-= 1e 4a1er %aid8 =3eir 1##$ i1
%eri#&%(y8=
=Ta1<% 1e #n(y 1ing !e 0an d#-< = 1e 4a1er remem'ered 3eir %aying8
#ara$ilitar% &outh Mo'e$ent
3eir 0ame ear(y 1# i% mi(i1an0y8 A% a 1een7ager in Br##$(yn- e 6#ined Be1ar- 1e 2arami(i1ary y#&1 m#*emen1 #4 1e
rig17!ing Her&1 Par1y (ed 'y 3ena0em Begin- !i1 i1% r##1% in 1e Ja'#1in%$y Re*i%i#ni%1 3#*emen18 A1 .9- e
%ma%ed 1e 0ar !ind#!% #4 1e *i%i1ing Bri1i% F#reign Se0re1ary- Erne%1 Be*in- a% a 2r#1e%1 again%1 1e Bri1i%
manda1e #*er Pa(e%1ine8 Beginning !i1 1a1 in0iden1- e e%1ima1ed 1a1 e %2en1 a 1#1a( #4 1ree year% in 6ai( in 1e
Uni1ed S1a1e%8
Je!i% 2i(#%#2y- Ra''i 3eir Kaane 0#n1ended- !a% ne*er 'a%ed #n We%1ern dem#0ra1i0 2rin0i2(e%- '&1 #n Je!i%
ri1&a( (a!- 1a1 e %aid 4#r'ade 0(#%e 0#n1a01 !i1 n#n7Je!%8
=I a*e %aid i1 a mi((i#n 1ime%-= e %aid8 =We%1ern dem#0ra0y a% !e $n#! i1 i% in0#m2a1i'(e !i1 Ei#ni%m8 Ei#ni%m
0ame in1# 'eing 1# 0rea1e a Je!i% %1a1e8 Ei#ni%m de0(are% 1a1 1ere i% g#ing 1# 'e a Je!i% %1a1e !i1 a ma6#ri1y #4
Je!%- 0#me !a1 may8
=5em#0ra0y %ay% <N#- i4 1e Ara'% are 1e ma6#ri1y 1en 1ey a*e 1e rig1 1# de0ide 1eir #!n 4a1e8< S# Ei#ni%m and
5em#0ra0y are a1 #dd%8 I %ay 0(ear(y I %1and !i1 Ei#ni%m8
=I !an1 a Je!i% %1a1e- n#1 a He're!7%2ea$ing P#r1&ga(-= e %aid8 <E;0ange #4 P#2&(a1i#n%<
Ra''i Kaane ad*#0a1ed !a1 e 0a((ed an =e;0ange #4 2#2&(a1i#n%= 77 1e e;2&(%i#n #4 Ara'% 77 0#n1ending 1a1 =a
dem#0ra0y a((#!% n#n7Je!% 1# 'e0#me a ma6#ri1y and 1# 1&rn I%rae( in1# a n#n7Je!i% %1a1e8=
=Te idea #4 a dem#0ra1i0 Je!i% %1a1e i% n#n%en%e-= e %aid8
He 4reF&en1(y !arned again%1 in1ermarriage and 1rea1ened in I%rae( 1# %ee$ #&1 Je!i% !#men married 1# 3#%(em%
in Ara' *i((age%8
B&1 re2#r1#ria( in*e%1iga1i#n% in1# Ra''i Kaane<% #!n (i4e a*e 4#&nd a re(a1i#n%i2 e i% a((eged 1# a*e 0arried #n
&nder 1e name 3i0ae( King8 Te re(a1i#n%i2 !a% !i1 a Cri%1ian !#man- G(#ria Jean 5<Argeni#- a %#me1ime
m#de( !# 1re! er%e(4 1# er dea1 4r#m 1e D&een%'#r#&g Bridge in ./,,- a22aren1(y in de%2air #*er 1e
re(a1i#n%i28 Neig'#r##d Pa1r#(%
Ra''i Kaane 4#&nded 1e mi(i1an1 Je!i% 5e4en%e Leag&e in Br##$(yn in ./,:- de4ying 1e %1ere#1y2e #4 1e Je! a%
*i01im8 Te #rganiza1i#n m#&n1ed =an1i7m&gger= 2a1r#(% in neig'#r##d% '#rdered 'y '(a0$ area%- !i1 !i0 1e
gr#&2 !a% a1 #dd%8 Tey e%0#r1ed Je!i% 1ea0er% 1r#&g '(a0$ neig'#r##d% !i1 'a%e'a(( 'a1%- 1a&g1 ri4(ery and
$ara1e 1# ra''ini0a( %1&den1% and in*aded S#*ie1 di2(#ma1i0 #44i0e% ere 1# 2r#1e%1 1e 1rea1men1 #4 Je!% in 1e S#*ie1
Uni#n8
T# i% 4#((#!er%- e !a% 1e %2earead #4 in%i%1en0e #n Je!i% rig1%8 T# e%1a'(i%ed Je!i% #rganiza1i#n%- e !a% an
em'arra%%men1 1# 1e (i'era( 1radi1i#n% #4 J&dai%m and a rig17!ing danger 1# 1e 4ai18 Hi% enemie% %a! im a% a
1err#ri%18
Te Je!i% 5e4en%e Leag&e 0ame &nder in0rea%ing 2re%%&re 4r#m 1e a&1#ri1ie%- a00&%ed #4 a %erie% #4 *i#(en1- an1i7
S#*ie1 a11a0$%- and Ra''i Kaane !a% %en1en0ed 1# a year in 6ai( 4#r 0#n%2iring 1# ma$e '#m'%8
He m#*ed 1# I%rae( in ./C. and 4#&nded i% Ka0 G=T&%=H Par1y- !i0 e(d many #4 1e %ame idea(%8
#ower to Fringe #arties
He !a% 4ir%1 e(e01ed 1# 1e Kne%%e1 in ./:? and in 1e 4ragmen1ed I%rae(i 2ar(iamen1ary %y%1em- !ere 2r#2#r1i#na(
re2re%en1a1i#n gi*e% added 2#!er 1# 4ringe 2ar1ie%- 2ar1i0&(ar(y #n 1e re(igi#&% rig1- e !a% a gr#!ing 2#(i1i0a(
4#r0e8
B&1 in O01#'er ./::- 1e I%rae(i Cen1ra( E(e01i#n C#mmi11ee 'anned 1e 2ar1y r&(ing i1 *i#(a1ed a ./:9 (a! 77 aimed
%2e0i4i0a((y a1 Ra''i Kaane 77 'e0a&%e #4 i1% =Nazi7(i$e-= =ra0i%1-= and =&ndem#0ra1i0 2#%i1i#n%8=
Ra''i Kaane i% %&r*i*ed 'y i% !i4e- 1e 4#rmer Li''y B(&m> a 'r#1er- Na0man> i% m#1er- S#nia> 1!# %#n%-
Bar&0 and Binyamin- and 1!# da&g1er%- !#%e name% !ere n#1 immedia1e(y a*ai(a'(e (a%1 nig18 A(( are #4
Jer&%a(em8
A 4&nera( 4#r Ra''i Kaane !i(( 'e e(d a1 B)A+ P838 1#day a1 "#&ng I%rae( #4 O0ean Par$!ay- a1 .C:. O0ean Par$!ay
in F(a1'&%- a41er !i0 i% '#dy !i(( 'e 4(#!n 1# I%rae(8
Correction: November 7, 1990, Tuesday, Late Edition - Final An obituary of Rabbi Meir a!ane in some "o#ies
yesterday des"ribed !is edu"ation in"orre"tly$ %e &raduated from t!e 'es!iva (niversity %i&! )"!ool for *oys in
19+7$ %e did not attend t!e university,s "olle&e, nor -as !e ordained at its Rabbi .saa" El"!anan T!eolo&i"al
)eminary$ .n addition, t!e main front-#a&e !eadline about Rabbi a!ane,s deat! misstated t!e timin& in some
"o#ies$ %e -as s!ot after &ivin& a s#ee"!, not durin& it$ T!e obituary is re#rinted today on #a&e *1/$
htt3B88!!!#n2times#0om8199081180A8obit,aries8meir41ahane45:4israeli4militant4an&4fo,n&er4of4the4Ce!ish4&efense4lea(,e#html
.l Sayyi* /osair as a 2o,n(er man (left an& as an inmate (3risoner in Marion, Illinois in <01/ (ri(ht
El $a22i& Nosair, an E(23tian4born Ameri0an 0iti5en, !as involve& in m,r&erin( Rabbi Meir Kahane an& !as 0onvi0te& for his
involvement in the 199/ *orl& Tra&e .enter +ombin(#
President of Lebanon Rene Moawad, a Maronite Christian, shakes hands with U.S. Ambassador to Lebanon John MCarthy
!left" in #hden, Lebanon on November 19, 1989. Moawad was assassinated in Beir$t, Lebanon on November 22, 1989.
!Photo% Maher Attar&Sy'ma&Corbis"
President (eor'e B$sh and )in' *ahd of Sa$di Arabia are seen la$'hin' inside the Royal Palae in Jeddah, Sa$di Arabia on
November 21, 1990, less than two months before the be'innin' of the Persian ($lf War. +,eration -esert Shield, a military
o,eration in.ol.in' the de,loyment of United /ations fores in Sa$di Arabia, lasted from A$'$st 0, 1223 $ntil Jan$ary 14, 1221.
!Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh !left" .isits Syria6s des,ot 5afe7 Assad on November 23, 1990, less than two months before the
be'innin' of the Persian ($lf War. Syria o$,ied Lebanon from 1284 $ntil 0339. !Photo by Wally M/amee&C+RB#S"
%ersian ',lf *arB >r(ani5e& .rimeD
%ersian ',lf *arB In Their >!n *or&s
'en# $me&le2 -# +,tler
E*AR is a ra01et# It al!a2s has been# It is 3ossibl2 the ol&est, easil2 the most 3rofitable, s,rel2 the
most vi0io,s# It is the onl2 one international in s0o3e# It is the onl2 one in !hi0h the 3rofits are
re01one& in &ollars an& the losses in lives# A ra01et is best &es0ribe&, I believe, as somethin( that is
not !hat it seems to the maCorit2 of the 3eo3le# >nl2 a small Einsi&eF (ro,3 1no!s !hat it is abo,t#
It is 0on&,0te& for the benefit of the ver2 fe!, at the ex3ense of the ver2 man2# >,t of !ar a fe!
3eo3le ma1e h,(e fort,nes#F
G $me&le2 -# +,tler, Retire& MaCor 'eneral of the "#$# Marine .or3s, War is a Racket
)ermann 'oerin(
E*h2, of 0o,rse the 3eo3le &onHt !ant !ar# *h2 !o,l& some 3oor slob on a farm !ant to ris1 his
life in a !ar !hen the best that he 0an (et o,t of it is to 0ome ba01 to his farm in one 3ie0eD
Nat,rall2, the 0ommon 3eo3le &onHt !ant !ar; neither in R,ssia nor in En(lan&, nor in Ameri0a, nor
for that matter in 'erman2# That is ,n&erstoo&# +,t, after all, it is the lea&ers of the 0o,ntr2 !ho
&etermine the 3oli02 an& it is al!a2s a sim3le matter to &ra( the 3eo3le alon( !hether itIs a
&emo0ra02, a fas0ist &i0tatorshi3, a 3arliament, or a 0omm,nist &i0tatorshi3# Jb,t voi0e or no voi0e,
the 3eo3le 0an al!a2s be bro,(ht to the bi&&in( of the lea&ers# That is eas2# All 2o, have to &o is tell
them the2 are bein( atta01e&, an& &eno,n0e the 3a0ifists for la01 of 3atriotism an& ex3osin( the
0o,ntr2 to &an(er# It !or1s the same !a2 in an2 0o,ntr2#F
G )ermann 'oerin(, in a 0onversation !ith "#$# Arm2 .a3tain ',stave 'ilbert in a 3rison 0ell
&,rin( the N,rember( trials, on A3ril 1:, 19=A# from Nuremberg Diary, b2 ',stave M# 'ilbert
7ohn 7a2
E+,t the safet2 of the 3eo3le of Ameri0a a(ainst &an(ers from foreign for0e &e3en&s not onl2 on
their forbearin( to (ive just 0a,ses of !ar to other nations, b,t also on their 3la0in( an& 0ontin,in(
themselves in s,0h a sit,ation as not to invite hostilit2 or ins,lt; for it nee& not be observe& that there
are pretended as !ell as C,st 0a,ses of !ar# It is too tr,e, ho!ever &is(ra0ef,l it ma2 be to h,man
nat,re, that nations in (eneral !ill ma1e !ar !henever the2 have a 3ros3e0t of (ettin( an2thin( b2 it;
na2, absol,te monar0hs !ill often ma1e !ar !hen their nations are to (et nothin( b2 it, b,t for the
3,r3oses an& obCe0ts merel2 3ersonal, s,0h as thirst for militar2 (lor2, reven(e for 3ersonal affronts,
ambition, or 3rivate 0om3a0ts to a((ran&i5e or s,33ort their 3arti0,lar families or 3artisans# These
an& a variet2 of other motives, !hi0h affe0t onl2 the min& of the soverei(n, often lea& him to en(a(e
in !ars not san0tifie& b2 C,sti0e or the voi0e an& interests of his 3eo3le#F
G 7ohn 7a2, Federalist No# =
7ames Ma&ison
E>f all the enemies to 3,bli0 libert2 !ar is, 3erha3s, the most to be &rea&e&, be0a,se it 0om3rises
an& &evelo3s the (erm of ever2 other# *ar is the 3arent of armies; from these 3ro0ee& &ebts an&
taxes; an& armies, an& &ebts, an& taxes are the 1no!n instr,ments for brin(in( the man2 ,n&er the
&omination of the fe!# In !ar, too, the &is0retionar2 3o!er of the Exe0,tive is exten&e&; its
infl,en0e in &ealin( o,t offi0es, honors, an& emol,ments is m,lti3lie&; an& all the means of se&,0in(
the min&s, are a&&e& to those of s,b&,in( the for0e, of the 3eo3le# The same mali(nant as3e0t in
re3,bli0anism ma2 be tra0e& in the ineK,alit2 of fort,nes, an& the o33ort,nities of fra,&, (ro!in(
o,t of a state of !ar, an& in the &e(enera02 of manners an& of morals en(en&ere& b2 both# No nation
0o,l& 3reserve its free&om in the mi&st of 0ontin,al !arfare#F
G "#$# .on(ressman 7ames Ma&ison, from Political Observations, A3ril <0, 1995
$1,ll L +ones at Yale "niversit2B
$e0ret $o0iet2 or .riminal $2n&i0ateD
:he +rder of Sk$ll ; Bones is a seret soiety at <ale Uni.ersity. :he +rder of Sk$ll ; Bones is also known as the =Brotherhood of -eath.>
Sk$ll ; Bones initiation rit$als alle'edly inl$de indi.id$als restin' naked in a offin and re.ealin' their se? life to 1@ fellow Bonesmen.
!So$re% Secrets of the Tomb: Skull and Bones, the Ivy League, and the Hidden Paths of Power by Ale?andra Robbins"
Members of $1,ll L +ones &,rin( the %ersian ',lf *ar (19914<011
-a.id L. Boren
B.A. <ale 124A
U.S. Senator
!-B+kla., 1282B122@"
John *orbes )erry
B.A. <ale 1244
U.S. Senator
!-BMass., 12C9B031A"
(eor'e 5.W. B$sh
B.A. <ale 12@C
President of the U.S.
!12C2B122A"
(eor'e W. B$sh
B.A. <ale 124C
President of the U.S.
!0331B0332"
William 5. -onaldson B.A.
<ale 129A
Chairman of Se$rities
and D?han'e
Commission !033AB0339"
*rederik W. Smith
B.A. <ale 1244
Chairman and CD+ of
*edD? Cor,. !1289B,res."
Ste,hen A. Shwar7man
B.A. <ale 1242
Chairman and CD+ of
:he Blakstone (ro$,
!12C9B,resent"
John 5. Chafee
B.A. <ale 12@8
U.S. Senator
!RBRhode #s., 1284B1222"
William *. B$kley Jr.
B.A. <ale 1293
DditorBatBLar'e of
ational !eview
ma'a7ine !1221B033@"
Ale?ander :. Drklent7
B.A. <ale 1292
Partner of Brown Brothers
5arriman ; Co.
!128CB,resent"
:homas B. Wheeler
B.A. <ale 129C
President and CD+ of
Massah$setts M$t$al
Life #ns$rane Co.
!12CCB1222"
(eor'e 5erbert Walker ###
B.A. <ale 129A
U.S. Ambassador to
5$n'ary !033AB0334"
Robert -. MCall$m Jr.
B.A. <ale 124C
U.S. Ambassador to
A$stralia !0334B0332"E
Assoiate U.S. Attorney
(eneral !033AB0334"
William 5. -ra,er ###
B.A. <ale 1293
Administrator of United
/ations -e.elo,ment
Pro'ramme FU/-PG
!12C4B122A"
James L. B$kley
B.A. <ale 12@@
J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of
A,,eals for the -.C.
Cir$it !12C9B1224"
(eor'e 5arold Pfa$ Jr.
B.S. <ale 12@C
Senior Hie President of
Paine Webber FaI$ired
by UBSG !1282B.033@"
Hitor Ashe
B.A. <ale 1248
U.S. Ambassador to
Poland !033@B0332"
Robert W. )a'an
B.A. <ale 12C3
Col$mnist for The
"ashington PostE CoB
*o$nder of ProJet for the
/ew Amerian Cent$ry
-a.id Alan Rihards
B.A. <ale 1248
Partner of Sidley ; A$stin
Flaw firm in Chia'o and
/ew <ork CityG
!12CAB0333"
William -. /ordha$s
B.A. <ale 124A
Professor of Donomis at
<ale Uni.ersity
!128AB,resent"
:he :omb, offiial headI$arters of :he +rder of Sk$ll ; Bones, is loated at <ale Uni.ersity on 5i'h Street in /ew 5a.en, Conneti$t, U.S.A.
:ower of Babel near ,resentBday Babylon
Ne! +ab2lon Ar0h Entran0e near Al )illah, IraK# (%hotoB ?li01r
0hapter 21 o$ the ,oo- o$ Matthe2, Kin& 3ames 4ersion o$ 5he 6oly ,ible
1B An& 7es,s !ent o,t, an& &e3arte& from the tem3leB an& his &is0i3les 0ame to him for to she! him the b,il&in(s of the tem3le#
<B An& 7es,s sai& ,nto them, $ee 2e not all these thin(sD veril2 I sa2 ,nto 2o,, There shall not be left here one stone ,3on another, that shall
not be thro!n &o!n#
/B An& as he sat ,3on the mo,nt of >lives, the &is0i3les 0ame ,nto him 3rivatel2, sa2in(, Tell ,s, !hen shall these thin(s beD an& !hat shall
be the si(n of th2 0omin(, an& of the en& of the !orl&D
1: (n* 3esus ans2ere* an* sai* unto them, 5a-e hee* that no man *e7ei#e you8
5B ?or man2 shall 0ome in m2 name, sa2in(, I am .hrist; an& shall &e0eive man2#
6: (n* ye shall hear o$ 2ars an* rumours o$ 2ars: see that ye be not trouble*: $or all these thin&s must 7ome to pass, but the en* is
not yet8
9: For nation shall rise a&ainst nation, an* -in&*om a&ainst -in&*om: an* there shall be $amines, an* pestilen7es, an* earth:ua-es,
in *i#ers pla7es8
;: (ll these are the be&innin& o$ sorro2s8
9B Then shall the2 &eliver 2o, ,3 to be affli0te&, an& shall 1ill 2o,B an& 2e shall be hate& of all nations for m2 nameIs sa1e#
10B An& then shall man2 be offen&e&, an& shall betra2 one another, an& shall hate one another#
11B An& man2 false 3ro3hets shall rise, an& shall &e0eive man2#
1<B An& be0a,se iniK,it2 shall abo,n&, the love of man2 shall !ax 0ol&#
1/B +,t he that shall en&,re ,nto the en&, the same shall be save&#
1=B An& this (os3el of the 1in(&om shall be 3rea0he& in all the !orl& for a !itness ,nto all nations; an& then shall the en& 0ome#
15B *hen 2e therefore shall see the abomination of &esolation, s3o1en of b2 -aniel the 3ro3het, stan& in the hol2 3la0e, (!hoso rea&eth, let
him ,n&erstan&B
1AB Then let them !hi0h be in 7,&aea flee into the mo,ntainsB
19B @et him !hi0h is on the ho,seto3 not 0ome &o!n to ta1e an2 thin( o,t of his ho,seB
1:B Neither let him !hi0h is in the fiel& ret,rn ba01 to ta1e his 0lothes#
19B An& !oe ,nto them that are !ith 0hil&, an& to them that (ive s,01 in those &a2sM
<0B +,t 3ra2 2e that 2o,r fli(ht be not in the !inter, neither on the sabbath &a2B
<1B ?or then shall be (reat trib,lation, s,0h as !as not sin0e the be(innin( of the !orl& to this time, no, nor ever shall be#
<<B An& ex0e3t those &a2s sho,l& be shortene&, there sho,l& no flesh be save&B b,t for the ele0tIs sa1e those &a2s shall be shortene&#
</B Then if an2 man shall sa2 ,nto 2o,, @o, here is .hrist, or there; believe it not#
21: For there shall arise $alse 0hrists, an* $alse prophets, an* shall she2 &reat si&ns an* 2on*ers< insomu7h that, i$ it 2ere possible,
they shall *e7ei#e the #ery ele7t8
<5B +ehol&, I have tol& 2o, before#
<AB *herefore if the2 shall sa2 ,nto 2o,, +ehol&, he is in the &esert; (o not forthB behol&, he is in the se0ret 0hambers; believe it not#
<9B ?or as the li(htnin( 0ometh o,t of the east, an& shineth even ,nto the !est; so shall also the 0omin( of the $on of man be#
<:B ?or !heresoever the 0ar0ase is, there !ill the ea(les be (athere& to(ether#
<9B Imme&iatel2 after the trib,lation of those &a2s shall the s,n be &ar1ene&, an& the moon shall not (ive her li(ht, an& the stars shall fall
from heaven, an& the 3o!ers of the heavens shall be sha1enB
/0B An& then shall a33ear the si(n of the $on of man in heavenB an& then shall all the tribes of the earth mo,rn, an& the2 shall see the $on of
man 0omin( in the 0lo,&s of heaven !ith 3o!er an& (reat (lor2#
/1B An& he shall sen& his an(els !ith a (reat so,n& of a tr,m3et, an& the2 shall (ather to(ether his ele0t from the fo,r !in&s, from one en& of
heaven to the other#
/<B No! learn a 3arable of the fi( tree; *hen his bran0h is 2et ten&er, an& 3,tteth forth leaves, 2e 1no! that s,mmer is ni(hB
//B $o li1e!ise 2e, !hen 2e shall see all these thin(s, 1no! that it is near, even at the &oors#
31: 4erily ) say unto you, 5his &eneration shall not pass, till all these thin&s be $ul$ille*8
3=: 6ea#en an* earth shall pass a2ay, but my 2or*s shall not pass a2ay8
36: ,ut o$ that *ay an* hour -no2eth no man, no, not the an&els o$ hea#en, but my Father only8
/9B +,t as the &a2s of Noe !ere, so shall also the 0omin( of the $on of man be#
/:B ?or as in the &a2s that !ere before the floo& the2 !ere eatin( an& &rin1in(, marr2in( an& (ivin( in marria(e, ,ntil the &a2 that Noe
entere& into the ar1,
/9B An& 1ne! not ,ntil the floo& 0ame, an& too1 them all a!a2; so shall also the 0omin( of the $on of man be#
=0B Then shall t!o be in the fiel&; the one shall be ta1en, an& the other left#
=1B T!o !omen shall be (rin&in( at the mill; the one shall be ta1en, an& the other left#
12: >at7h there$ore: $or ye -no2 not 2hat hour your Lor* *oth 7ome8
=/B +,t 1no! this, that if the (oo&man of the ho,se ha& 1no!n in !hat !at0h the thief !o,l& 0ome, he !o,l& have !at0he&, an& !o,l& not
have s,ffere& his ho,se to be bro1en ,3#
==B Therefore be 2e also rea&2B for in s,0h an ho,r as 2e thin1 not the $on of man 0ometh#
=5B *ho then is a faithf,l an& !ise servant, !hom his lor& hath ma&e r,ler over his ho,sehol&, to (ive them meat in &,e seasonD
=AB +lesse& is that servant, !hom his lor& !hen he 0ometh shall fin& so &oin(#
=9B Neril2 I sa2 ,nto 2o,, That he shall ma1e him r,ler over all his (oo&s#
=:B +,t an& if that evil servant shall sa2 in his heart, M2 lor& &ela2eth his 0omin(;
=9B An& shall be(in to smite his fello!servants, an& to eat an& &rin1 !ith the &r,n1en;
=?: 5he lor* o$ that ser#ant shall 7ome in a *ay 2hen he loo-eth not $or him, an* in an hour that he is not a2are o$,
51B An& shall 0,t him as,n&er, an& a33oint him his 3ortion !ith the h23o0ritesB there shall be !ee3in( an& (nashin( of teeth#
U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh deli.ers a s,eeh to rew aboard the airraft arrier USS Abraham Linoln, as the arrier steamed toward San
-ie'o, California, U.S.A. on May 1, 033A. !Larry -ownin'&Re$ters&Corbis"
@>ell, ) thin- ) 2as unprepare* $or 2ar8A
G %resi&ent 'eor(e *# +,sh, in an intervie! !ith A+. Co,rnalist .harlie 'ibson on -e0ember 1, <00:
U.S. Senator John )erry !left", a ,residential andidate for the -emorati Party, and in$mbent President (eor'e W. B$sh
!ri'ht", a ,residential andidate for the Re,$blian Party, la$'h to'ether d$rin' the 033@ ,residential eletion. (eor'e W. B$sh
and John )erry are members of Sk$ll ; Bones.
E>,r enemies are innovative an& reso,r0ef,l, an& so are !e# 5hey ne#er stop thin-in& about ne2
2ays to harm our 7ountry an* our people, an* neither *o 2e8F
"#$# %resi&ent 'eor(e *# +,sh, in a s3ee0h in *ashin(ton, -#.# on A,(,st 5, <00=
@>e are not &oin& to a7hie#e a ne2 2orl* or*er 2ithout payin& $or it in bloo* as 2ell as in 2or*s an* money8A
G Arth,r $0hlesin(er 7r#, 7,l28A,(,st 1995 iss,e of Foreign Affairs, E+a01 to the *ombDF, 3# :
@,ut 2hy shoul* 2e hear about bo*y ba&s, an* *eaths, an* ho2 many, 2hat *ay itBs &onna happen, an* ho2 many this
or 2hat *o you suppose? Cr, ) mean, itBs, itBs not rele#ant8 So, 2hy shoul* ) 2aste my beauti$ul min* on somethin& li-e
that?A G ?ormer ?irst @a&2 +arbara +,sh, ood !orning America on A+., Mar0h 1:, <00/
TIM R"$$ERTB Yo, both !ere
members of $1,ll an& +ones, a se0ret
so0iet2 at Yale# *hat &oes that tell ,sD
S./8 3C6/ K.!!D: /ot mu7h,
be7ause itBs a se7ret8
O !eet t"e Press on N+.,
A,(,st /1, <00/

TIM R"$$ERTB Yo, !ere both in $1,ll
an& +ones, the se0ret so0iet2#
P!.S)E./5 G.C!G. >8 ,FS6:
)tBs so se7ret 2e 7anBt tal- about it8
O !eet t"e Press on N+.,
?ebr,ar2 9, <00=
In politics, nothing happens by accident. If it happens, yo can bet it !as planned that !ay."
# $ran%lin &elano 'oosevelt
Geor&e 68>8 ,ush G @ne2 2orl* or*erA: ( Faustian ,ar&ain?
E>,t of these tro,ble& times, o,r fifth obCe0tive G a ne2 2orl* or*er G 0an emer(eB a ne! era G freer from the threat of terror,
stron(er in the 3,rs,it of C,sti0e, an& more se0,re in the K,est for 3ea0e#F
G %resi&ent 'eor(e )#*# +,sh, in a s3ee0h to .on(ress on $e3tember 11, 1990
EThis is an histori0 moment# *e have in this 3ast 2ear ma&e (reat 3ro(ress in en&in( the lon( era of 0onfli0t an& 0ol& !ar# *e
have before ,s the o33ort,nit2 to for(e for o,rselves an& for f,t,re (enerations a ne2 2orl* or*er G a !orl& !here the r,le of
la!, not the la! of the C,n(le, (overns the 0on&,0t of nations# *hen !e are s,00essf,l 44 an& !e !ill be G !e have a real 0han0e
at this ne2 2orl* or*er, an or&er in !hi0h a 0re&ible "nite& Nations 0an ,se its 3ea0e1ee3in( role to f,lfill the 3romise an&
vision of the "#N#Hs fo,n&ers#F
G %resi&ent 'eor(e )#*# +,sh, in a s3ee0h &elivere& in the >val >ffi0e on 7an,ar2 1A, 1991
E?or t!o 0ent,ries !eIve &one the har& !or1 of free&om# An& toni(ht !e lea& the !orl& in fa0in( &o!n a threat to &e0en02 an&
h,manit2# *hat is at sta1e is more than one small 0o,ntr2; it is a bi( i&ea G a ne2 2orl* or*er, !here &iverse nations are
&ra!n to(ether in 0ommon 0a,se to a0hieve the ,niversal as3irations of man1in&B 3ea0e an& se0,rit2, free&om, an& the r,le of
la!# $,0h is a !orl& !orth2 of o,r str,((le, an& !orth2 of o,r 0hil&renHs f,t,re#F
G %resi&ent 'eor(e )#*# +,sh, $tate of the "nion A&&ress on 7an,ar2 <9, 1991
EM2 vision of a ne2 2orl* or*er foresees a "nite& Nations !ith a revitali5e& 3ea0e1ee3in( f,n0tion#F
G %resi&ent 'eor(e )#*# +,sh, in a s3ee0h &elivere& at the E0onomi0 .l,b of Ne! Yor1 in Ne! Yor1 .it2 on ?ebr,ar2 A, 1991
EThe vi0tor2 over IraK !as not !a(e& as Ea !ar to en& all !ars#F Even the ne2 2orl* or*er 0annot (,arantee an era of
3er3et,al 3ea0e# +,t en&,rin( 3ea0e m,st be o,r mission# >,r s,00ess in the ',lf !ill sha3e not onl2 the ne2 2orl* or*er !e
see1 b,t o,r mission here at home#F G %resi&ent 'eor(e )#*# +,sh, in a s3ee0h to .on(ress on Mar0h A, 1991
So.iet Commissar Mikhail (orbahe. !left", President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh !enter", and *ederal Reser.e Chairman Alan
(reens,an !ri'ht" a,,ear in a reei.in' line at a state dinner in Washin'ton, -.C. on May A1, 1223. :his ,hoto a,,ears in the
book The #ge of Turbulence: #dventures in a ew "orld by Alan (reens,an. !Photo% (eor'e 5.W. B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e W. B$sh !left" and Hie President -ik Cheney !enter" listen to *ederal Reser.e Chairman Alan (reens,an.
-ik Cheney and Alan (reens,an are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Washin'ton Post&White 5o$se&AP Photo"
Seretary of -efense -onald 5. R$msfeld !ri'ht" on'rat$lates *ederal Reser.e Chairman Alan (reens,an !left" after awardin' him the
-e,artment of -efense Medal for -istin'$ished P$bli Ser.ie at the Penta'on in Arlin'ton, Hir'inia on Jan$ary 0A, 0334. -onald 5.
R$msfeld and Alan (reens,an attended the 0330 Bilderber' Meetin's in Chantilly, Hir'inia, U.S.A. from May A3, 0330 to J$ne 0, 0330. Alan
(reens,an ser.ed as the Chairman of the *ederal Reser.e from A$'$st 11, 12C8 to Jan$ary A1, 0334 !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of
-efense&Petty +ffier 1st Class Chad J. M/eeley, U.S. /a.y"
Ameri0an National -ebt &,rin( the Iran4IraK *ar (19:0419:: an& %ersian ',lf *ar (19914<011B
$e3tember /0, 1999 4 PA9:,:=0,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 199: 4 P991,5==,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 1999 4 P:<A,519,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 19:0 4 P909,901,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 19:1 4 P999,:55,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 19:< 4 P1,1=<,0/=,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 19:/ 4 P1,/99,<10,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 19:= 4 P1,59<,<AA,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 19:5 4 P1,:</,10/,000,000#00Q
$e3tember /0, 19:A 4 P<,1<5,/0<,A1A,A5:#=<
$e3tember /0, 19:9 4 P<,/50,<9A,:90,95/#00
$e3tember /0, 19:: 4 P<,A0<,//9,91<,0=1#1A
$e3tember <9, 19:9 4 P<,:59,=/0,9A0,1:9#/<
$e3tember <:, 1990 4 P/,<//,/1/,=51,999#<5
$e3tember /0, 1991 4 P/,AA5,/0/,/51,A99#0/
$e3tember /0, 199< 4 P=,0A=,A<0,A55,5<1#AA
$e3tember /0, 199/ 4 P=,=11,=::,::/,1/9#/:
$e3tember /0, 199= 4 P=,A9<,9=9,910,01/#/<
$e3tember <9, 1995 4 P=,99/,9:<,900,909#/9
$e3tember /0, 199A 4 P5,<<=,:10,9/9,1/5#9/
$e3tember /0, 1999 4 P5,=1/,1=A,011,/99#/=
$e3tember /0, 199: 4 P5,5<A,19/,00:,:99#A<
$e3tember /0, 1999 4 P5,A5A,<90,901,A15#=/
$e3tember /0, <000 4 P5,A9=,19:,<09,::A#:A
$e3tember /0, <001 4 P5,:09,=A/,=1<,<00#0A
$e3tember /0, <00< 4 PA,<<:,</5,9A5,599#1A
$e3tember /0, <00/ 4 PA,9:/,</1,0A<,9=/#A<
$e3tember /0, <00= 4 P9,/99,05<,A9A,//0#/<
$e3tember /0, <005 4 P9,9/<,909,AA1,9</#50
$e3tember /0, <00A 4 P:,50A,99/,:99,<15#</
$e3tember /0, <009 4 P9,009,A5/,/9<,<A<#=:
$e3tember /0, <00: 4 P10,0<=,9<=,:9A,91<#=9
$e3tember /0, <009 4 P11,909,:<9,00/,511#95
$e3tember /0, <010 4 P1/,5A1,A</,0/0,:91#99
$e3tember /0, <011 4 P1=,990,/=0,/<:,559#15
$e3tember /0, <01< 4 P1A,0AA,<=1,=09,/:5#:9
NoteB QRo,n&e& to Millions# In0l,&es le(al ten&er notes, (ol& an& silver 0ertifi0ates, et0# The first fis0al 2ear for the "#$# 'overnment starte&
7an# 1, 19:9# .on(ress 0han(e& the be(innin( of the fis0al 2ear from 7an# 1 to 7,l# 1 in 1:=<, an& finall2 from 7,l# 1 to >0t# 1 in 1999 !here it
remains to&a2# To fin& more histori0al information, visit The %,bli0 -ebt )istori0al Information ar0hives#
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#treas,r2&ire0t#(ov8(ovt8re3orts83&8hist&ebt8hist&ebtRhisto=#htm
STo!ar& a Ne! *orl& >r&erH
( trans7ript o$ $ormer Presi*ent Geor&e 6erbert >al-er ,ushHs
a**ress to a "oint session o$ 0on&ress an* the nation
From the /ational (r7hi#es
September 11, 199?
Mr# %resi&ent an& Mr# $3ea1er an& Members of the "nite& $tates .on(ress, &istin(,ishe& (,ests, fello! Ameri0ans, than1 2o,
ver2 m,0h for that !arm !el0ome# *e (ather toni(ht, !itness to events in the %ersian ',lf as si(nifi0ant as the2 are tra(i0# In
the earl2 mornin( ho,rs of A,(,st <&, follo!in( ne(otiations an& 3romises b2 IraKIs &i0tator $a&&am ),ssein not to ,se for0e, a
3o!erf,l IraKi arm2 inva&e& its tr,stin( an& m,0h !ea1er nei(hbor, K,!ait# *ithin / &a2s, 1<0,000 IraKi troo3s !ith :50 tan1s
ha& 3o,re& into K,!ait an& move& so,th to threaten $a,&i Arabia# It !as then that I &e0i&e& to a0t to 0he01 that a((ression#
At this moment, o,r brave servi0emen an& !omen stan& !at0h in that &istant &esert an& on &istant seas, si&e b2 si&e !ith the
for0es of more than <0 other nations# The2 are some of the finest men an& !omen of the "nite& $tates of Ameri0a# An& the2Ire
&oin( one terrifi0 Cob# These valiant Ameri0ans !ere rea&2 at a momentIs noti0e to leave their s3o,ses an& their 0hil&ren, to
serve on the front line half!a2 aro,n& the !orl&# The2 remin& ,s !ho 1ee3s Ameri0a stron(B the2 &o# In the tr2in(
0ir0,mstan0es of the ',lf, the morale of o,r servi0e men an& !omen is ex0ellent# In the fa0e of &an(er, the2Ire brave, the2Ire
!ell4traine&, an& &e&i0ate&#
A sol&ier, %rivate ?irst .lass *a&e Merritt of Knoxville, Tennessee, no! statione& in $a,&i Arabia, !rote his 3arents of his
!orries, his love of famil2, an& his ho3e for 3ea0e# +,t *a&e also !rote, TTI am 3ro,& of m2 0o,ntr2 an& its firm stan0e a(ainst
inh,mane a((ression# I am 3ro,& of m2 arm2 an& its men# I am 3ro,& to serve m2 0o,ntr2#II *ell, let me C,st sa2, *a&e,
Ameri0a is 3ro,& of 2o, an& is (ratef,l to ever2 sol&ier, sailor, marine, an& airman servin( the 0a,se of 3ea0e in the %ersian
',lf# I also !ant to than1 the .hairman of the 7oint .hiefs of $taff, 'eneral %o!ell; the .hiefs here toni(ht; o,r 0omman&er in
the %ersian ',lf, 'eneral $0h!art51o3f; an& the men an& !omen of the -e3artment of -efense# *hat a ma(nifi0ent Cob 2o, all
are &oin(# An& than1 2o, ver2, ver2 m,0h from a (ratef,l 3eo3le# I !ish I 0o,l& sa2 that their !or1 is &one# +,t !e all 1no! itIs
not#
$o, if there ever !as a time to 3,t 0o,ntr2 before self an& 3atriotism before 3art2, the time is no!# An& let me than1 all
Ameri0ans, es3e0iall2 those here in this .hamber toni(ht, for 2o,r s,33ort for o,r arme& for0es an& for their mission# That
s,33ort !ill be even more im3ortant in the &a2s to 0ome# $o, toni(ht I !ant to tal1 to 2o, abo,t !hatIs at sta1e 44 !hat !e m,st
&o to(ether to &efen& 0ivili5e& val,es aro,n& the !orl& an& maintain o,r e0onomi0 stren(th at home#
>,r obCe0tives in the %ersian ',lf are 0lear, o,r (oals &efine& an& familiarB IraK m,st !ith&ra! from K,!ait 0om3letel2,
imme&iatel2, an& !itho,t 0on&ition# K,!aitIs le(itimate (overnment m,st be restore&# The se0,rit2 an& stabilit2 of the %ersian
',lf m,st be ass,re&# An& Ameri0an 0iti5ens abroa& m,st be 3rote0te&# These (oals are not o,rs alone# The2Ive been en&orse&
b2 the "nite& Nations $e0,rit2 .o,n0il five times in as man2 !ee1s# Most 0o,ntries share o,r 0on0ern for 3rin0i3le# An& man2
have a sta1e in the stabilit2 of the %ersian ',lf# This is not, as $a&&am ),ssein !o,l& have it, the "nite& $tates a(ainst IraK# It is
IraK a(ainst the !orl&#
As 2o, 1no!, IIve C,st ret,rne& from a ver2 3ro&,0tive meetin( !ith $oviet %resi&ent 'orba0hev# An& I am 3lease& that !e are
!or1in( to(ether to b,il& a ne! relationshi3# In )elsin1i, o,r Coint statement affirme& to the !orl& o,r share& resolve to 0o,nter
IraKIs threat to 3ea0e# @et me K,oteB TT*e are ,nite& in the belief that IraKIs a((ression m,st not be tolerate&# No 3ea0ef,l
international or&er is 3ossible if lar(er states 0an &evo,r their smaller nei(hbors#II .learl2, no lon(er 0an a &i0tator 0o,nt on East4
*est 0onfrontation to st2mie 0on0erte& "nite& Nations a0tion a(ainst a((ression# A ne! 3artnershi3 of nations has be(,n#
*e stan& to&a2 at a ,niK,e an& extraor&inar2 moment# The 0risis in the %ersian ',lf, as (rave as it is, also offers a rare
o33ort,nit2 to move to!ar& an histori0 3erio& of 0oo3eration# Cut o$ these trouble* times, our $i$th ob"e7ti#e %% a ne2 2orl*
or*er %% 7an emer&e: a ne2 era %% $reer $rom the threat o$ terror, stron&er in the pursuit o$ "usti7e, an* more se7ure in the
:uest $or pea7e8 An era in !hi0h the nations of the !orl&, East an& *est, North an& $o,th, 0an 3ros3er an& live in harmon2# A
h,n&re& (enerations have sear0he& for this el,sive 3ath to 3ea0e, !hile a tho,san& !ars ra(e& a0ross the s3an of h,man
en&eavor# To&a2 that ne! !orl& is str,((lin( to be born, a !orl& K,ite &ifferent from the one !eIve 1no!n# A !orl& !here the
r,le of la! s,33lants the r,le of the C,n(le# A !orl& in !hi0h nations re0o(ni5e the share& res3onsibilit2 for free&om an& C,sti0e#
A !orl& !here the stron( res3e0t the ri(hts of the !ea1# This is the vision that I share& !ith %resi&ent 'orba0hev in )elsin1i#
)e an& other lea&ers from E,ro3e, the ',lf, an& aro,n& the !orl& ,n&erstan& that ho! !e mana(e this 0risis to&a2 0o,l& sha3e
the f,t,re for (enerations to 0ome#
The test !e fa0e is (reat, an& so are the sta1es# This is the first assa,lt on the ne! !orl& that !e see1, the first test of o,r mettle#
)a& !e not res3on&e& to this first 3rovo0ation !ith 0larit2 of 3,r3ose, if !e &o not 0ontin,e to &emonstrate o,r &etermination, it
!o,l& be a si(nal to a0t,al an& 3otential &es3ots aro,n& the !orl&# Ameri0a an& the !orl& m,st &efen& 0ommon vital interests 44
an& !e !ill# Ameri0a an& the !orl& m,st s,33ort the r,le of la! 44 an& !e !ill# Ameri0a an& the !orl& m,st stan& ,3 to
a((ression 44 an& !e !ill# An& one thin( moreB In the 3,rs,it of these (oals Ameri0a !ill not be intimi&ate&#
Nital iss,es of 3rin0i3le are at sta1e# $a&&am ),ssein is literall2 tr2in( to !i3e a 0o,ntr2 off the fa0e of the Earth# *e &o not
exa((erate# Nor &o !e exa((erate !hen !e sa2 $a&&am ),ssein !ill fail# Nital e0onomi0 interests are at ris1 as !ell# IraK itself
0ontrols some 10 3er0ent of the !orl&Is 3roven oil reserves# IraK 3l,s K,!ait 0ontrols t!i0e that# An IraK 3ermitte& to s!allo!
K,!ait !o,l& have the e0onomi0 an& militar2 3o!er, as !ell as the arro(an0e, to intimi&ate an& 0oer0e its nei(hbors 44
nei(hbors !ho 0ontrol the lionIs share of the !orl&Is remainin( oil reserves# *e 0annot 3ermit a reso,r0e so vital to be
&ominate& b2 one so r,thless# An& !e !onIt#
Re0ent events have s,rel2 3roven that there is no s,bstit,te for Ameri0an lea&ershi3# In the fa0e of t2rann2, let no one &o,bt
Ameri0an 0re&ibilit2 an& reliabilit2# @et no one &o,bt o,r sta2in( 3o!er# *e !ill stan& b2 o,r frien&s# >ne !a2 or another, the
lea&er of IraK m,st learn this f,n&amental tr,th# ?rom the o,tset, a0tin( han& in han& !ith others, !eIve so,(ht to fashion the
broa&est 3ossible international res3onse to IraKIs a((ression# The level of !orl& 0oo3eration an& 0on&emnation of IraK is
,n3re0e&ente&# Arme& for0es from 0o,ntries s3annin( fo,r 0ontinents are there at the reK,est of Kin( ?ah& of $a,&i Arabia to
&eter an&, if nee& be, to &efen& a(ainst atta01# Moslems an& non4Moslems, Arabs an& non4Arabs, sol&iers from man2 nations
stan& sho,l&er to sho,l&er, resol,te a(ainst $a&&am ),sseinIs ambitions#
*e 0an no! 3oint to five "nite& Nations $e0,rit2 .o,n0il resol,tions that 0on&emn IraKIs a((ression# The2 0all for IraKIs
imme&iate an& ,n0on&itional !ith&ra!al, the restoration of K,!aitIs le(itimate (overnment, an& 0ate(ori0all2 reCe0t IraKIs
02ni0al an& self4servin( attem3t to annex K,!ait# ?inall2, the "nite& Nations has &eman&e& the release of all forei(n nationals
hel& hosta(e a(ainst their !ill an& in 0ontravention of international la!# It is a mo01er2 of h,man &e0en02 to 0all these 3eo3le
E(,ests#F The2 are hosta(es, an& the !hole !orl& 1no!s it#
%rime Minister Mar(aret That0her, a &e3en&able all2, sai& it allB TT*e &o not bar(ain over hosta(es# *e !ill not stoo3 to the
level of ,sin( h,man bein(s as bar(ainin( 0hi3s ever#II >f 0o,rse, of 0o,rse, o,r hearts (o o,t to the hosta(es an& to their
families# +,t o,r 3oli02 0annot 0han(e, an& it !ill not 0han(e# Ameri0a an& the !orl& !ill not be bla01maile& b2 this r,thless
3oli02#
*eIre no! in si(ht of a "nite& Nations that 3erforms as envisione& b2 its fo,n&ers# *e o!e m,0h to the o,tstan&in( lea&ershi3
of $e0retar24'eneral 7avier %ere5 &e .,ellar# The "nite& Nations is ba01in( ,3 its !or&s !ith a0tion# The $e0,rit2 .o,n0il has
im3ose& man&ator2 e0onomi0 san0tions on IraK, &esi(ne& to for0e IraK to relinK,ish the s3oils of its ille(al 0onK,est# The
$e0,rit2 .o,n0il has also ta1en the &e0isive ste3 of a,thori5in( the ,se of all means ne0essar2 to ens,re 0om3lian0e !ith these
san0tions# To(ether !ith o,r frien&s an& allies, shi3s of the "nite& $tates Nav2 are to&a2 3atrollin( Mi&east !aters# The2Ive
alrea&2 inter0e3te& more than 900 shi3s to enfor0e the san0tions# Three re(ional lea&ers I s3o1e !ith C,st 2ester&a2 tol& me that
these san0tions are !or1in(# IraK is feelin( the heat# *e 0ontin,e to ho3e that IraKIs lea&ers !ill re0al0,late C,st !hat their
a((ression has 0ost them# The2 are 0,t off from !orl& tra&e, ,nable to sell their oil# An& onl2 a tin2 fra0tion of (oo&s (ets
thro,(h#
The 0omm,niK,U !ith %resi&ent 'orba0hev ma&e mention of !hat ha33ens !hen the embar(o is so effe0tive that 0hil&ren of
IraK literall2 nee& mil1 or the si01 tr,l2 nee& me&i0ine# Then, ,n&er stri0t international s,3ervision that (,arantees the 3ro3er
&estination, then foo& !ill be 3ermitte&#
At home, the material 0ost of o,r lea&ershi3 0an be stee3# ThatIs !h2 $e0retar2 of $tate +a1er an& Treas,r2 $e0retar2 +ra&2
have met !ith man2 !orl& lea&ers to ,n&ers0ore that the b,r&en of this 0olle0tive effort m,st be share&# *e are 3re3are& to &o
o,r share an& more to hel3 0arr2 that loa&; !e insist that others &o their share as !ell#
The res3onse of most of o,r frien&s an& allies has been (oo&# To hel3 &efra2 0osts, the lea&ers of $a,&i Arabia, K,!ait, an& the
"AE 44 the "nite& Arab Emirates 44 have 3le&(e& to 3rovi&e o,r &e3lo2e& troo3s !ith all the foo& an& f,el the2 nee&# 'enero,s
assistan0e !ill also be 3rovi&e& to stal!art front4line nations, s,0h as T,r1e2 an& E(23t# I am also heartene& to re3ort that this
international res3onse exten&s to the nee&iest vi0tims of this 0onfli0t 44 those ref,(ees# ?or o,r 3art, !eIve 0ontrib,te& P<:
million for relief efforts# This is b,t a 3ortion of !hat is nee&e&# I 0ommen&, in 3arti0,lar, $a,&i Arabia, 7a3an, an& several
E,ro3ean nations !ho have Coine& ,s in this 3,rel2 h,manitarian effort#
ThereIs an ener(24relate& 0ost to be borne as !ell# >il43ro&,0in( nations are alrea&2 re3la0in( lost IraKi an& K,!aiti o,t3,t#
More than half of !hat !as lost has been ma&e ,3# An& !eIre (ettin( s,3erb 0oo3eration# If 3ro&,0ers, in0l,&in( the "nite&
$tates, 0ontin,e ste3s to ex3an& oil an& (as 3ro&,0tion, !e 0an stabili5e 3ri0es an& (,arantee a(ainst har&shi3# A&&itionall2, !e
an& several of o,r allies al!a2s have the o3tion to extra0t oil from o,r strate(i0 3etrole,m reserves if 0on&itions !arrant# As IIve
3ointe& o,t before, 0onservation efforts are essential to 1ee3 o,r ener(2 nee&s as lo! as 3ossible# An& !e m,st then ta1e
a&vanta(e of o,r ener(2 so,r0es a0ross the boar&B 0oal, nat,ral (as, h2&ro, an& n,0lear# >,r fail,re to &o these thin(s has ma&e
,s more &e3en&ent on forei(n oil than ever before# ?inall2, let no one even 0ontem3late 3rofiteerin( from this 0risis# *e !ill not
have it#
I 0annot 3re&i0t C,st ho! lon( it !ill ta1e to 0onvin0e IraK to !ith&ra! from K,!ait# $an0tions !ill ta1e time to have their f,ll
inten&e& effe0t# *e !ill 0ontin,e to revie! all o3tions !ith o,r allies, b,t let it be 0learB !e !ill not let this a((ression stan&#
>,r interest, o,r involvement in the ',lf is not transitor2# It 3re&ate& $a&&am ),sseinIs a((ression an& !ill s,rvive it# @on(
after all o,r troo3s 0ome home 44 an& !e all ho3e itIs soon, ver2 soon 44 there !ill be a lastin( role for the "nite& $tates in
assistin( the nations of the %ersian ',lf# >,r role thenB to &eter f,t,re a((ression# >,r role is to hel3 o,r frien&s in their o!n
self4&efense# An& somethin( elseB to 0,rb the 3roliferation of 0hemi0al, biolo(i0al, ballisti0 missile an&, above all, n,0lear
te0hnolo(ies#
@et me also ma1e 0lear that the "nite& $tates has no K,arrel !ith the IraKi 3eo3le# >,r K,arrel is !ith IraKIs &i0tator an& !ith his
a((ression# IraK !ill not be 3ermitte& to annex K,!ait# ThatIs not a threat, thatIs not a boast, thatIs C,st the !a2 itIs (oin( to be#
>,r abilit2 to f,n0tion effe0tivel2 as a (reat 3o!er abroa& &e3en&s on ho! !e 0on&,0t o,rselves at home# >,r e0onom2, o,r
Arme& ?or0es, o,r ener(2 &e3en&en0e, an& o,r 0ohesion all &etermine !hether !e 0an hel3 o,r frien&s an& stan& ,3 to o,r foes#
?or Ameri0a to lea&, Ameri0a m,st remain stron( an& vital# >,r !orl& lea&ershi3 an& &omesti0 stren(th are m,t,al an&
reinfor0in(; a !oven 3ie0e, stron(l2 bo,n& as >l& 'lor2# To revitali5e o,r lea&ershi3, o,r lea&ershi3 0a3a0it2, !e m,st a&&ress
o,r b,&(et &efi0it 44 not after ele0tion &a2, or next 2ear, b,t no!#
)i(her oil 3ri0es slo! o,r (ro!th, an& hi(her &efense 0osts !o,l& onl2 ma1e o,r fis0al &efi0it 3roblem !orse# That &efi0it !as
alrea&2 (reater than it sho,l& have been 44 a 3roCe0te& P</< billion for the 0omin( 2ear# It m,st 44 it !ill 44 be re&,0e&#
To m2 frien&s in .on(ress, to(ether !e m,st a0t this ver2 month 44 before the next fis0al 2ear be(ins on >0tober 1st 44 to (et
Ameri0aIs e0onomi0 ho,se in or&er# The ',lf sit,ation hel3s ,s reali5e !e are more e0onomi0all2 v,lnerable than !e ever
sho,l& be# Ameri0ans m,st never a(ain enter an2 0risis, e0onomi0 or militar2, !ith an ex0essive &e3en&en0e on forei(n oil an&
an ex0essive b,r&en of ?e&eral &ebt#
Most Ameri0ans are si01 an& tire& of en&less battles in the .on(ress an& bet!een the bran0hes over b,&(et matters# It is hi(h
time !e 3,lle& to(ether an& (et the Cob &one ri(ht# ItIs ,3 to ,s to strai(hten this o,t# This Cob has fo,r basi0 3arts# ?irst, the
.on(ress sho,l&, this month, !ithin a b,&(et a(reement, ena0t (ro!th4oriente& tax meas,res 44 to hel3 avoi& re0ession in the
short term an& to in0rease savin(s, investment, 3ro&,0tivit2, an& 0om3etitiveness for the lon(er term# These meas,res in0l,&e
exten&in( in0entives for resear0h an& ex3erimentation; ex3an&in( the ,se of IRAIs for ne! homeo!ners; establishin( tax4
&eferre& famil2 savin(s a00o,nts; 0reatin( in0entives for the 0reation of enter3rise 5ones an& initiatives to en0o,ra(e more
&omesti0 &rillin(; an&, 2es, re&,0in( the tax rate on 0a3ital (ains#
An& se0on&, the .on(ress sho,l&, this month, ena0t a 3r,&ent m,lti2ear &efense 3ro(ram, one that refle0ts not onl2 the
im3rovement in East4*est relations b,t o,r broa&er res3onsibilities to &eal !ith the 0ontin,in( ris1s of o,tla! a0tion an&
re(ional 0onfli0t# Even !ith o,r obli(ations in the ',lf, a so,n& &efense b,&(et 0an have some re&,0tion in real terms; an& !eIre
3re3are& to a00e3t that# +,t to (o be2on& s,0h levels, !here 0,ttin( &efense !o,l& threaten o,r vital mar(in of safet2, is
somethin( I !ill never a00e3t# The !orl& is still &an(ero,s# An& s,rel2, that is no! 0lear# $tabilit2Is not se0,re# Ameri0an
interests are far rea0hin(# Inter&e3en&en0e has in0rease&# The 0onseK,en0es of re(ional instabilit2 0an be (lobal# This is no time
to ris1 Ameri0aIs 0a3a0it2 to 3rote0t her vital interests#
An& thir&, the .on(ress sho,l&, this month, ena0t meas,res to in0rease &omesti0 ener(2 3ro&,0tion an& ener(2 0onservation in
or&er to re&,0e &e3en&en0e on forei(n oil# These meas,res sho,l& in0l,&e m2 3ro3osals to in0rease in0entives for &omesti0 oil
an& (as ex3loration, f,el4s!it0hin(, an& to a00elerate the &evelo3ment of the Alas1an ener(2 reso,r0es !itho,t &ama(e to
!il&life# As 2o, 1no!, !hen the oil embar(o !as im3ose& in the earl2 1990Is, the "nite& $tates im3orte& almost A million
barrels of oil a &a2# This 2ear, before the IraKi invasion, "#$# im3orts ha& risen to nearl2 : million barrels 3er &a2# An& !eI&
move& in the !ron( &ire0tion# An& no! !e m,st a0t to 0orre0t that tren&#
An& fo,rth, the .on(ress sho,l&, this month, ena0t a 542ear 3ro(ram to re&,0e the 3roCe0te& &ebt an& &efi0its b2 P500 billion 44
thatIs b2 half a trillion &ollars# An& if, !ith the .on(ress, !e 0an &evelo3 a satisfa0tor2 3ro(ram b2 the en& of the month, !e 0an
avoi& the ax of seK,ester 44 &ee3 a0ross4the4boar& 0,ts that !o,l& threaten o,r militar2 0a3a0it2 an& ris1 s,bstantial &omesti0
&isr,3tion# I !ant to be able to tell the Ameri0an 3eo3le that !e have tr,l2 solve& the &efi0it 3roblem# An& for me to &o that, a
b,&(et a(reement m,st meet these testsB It m,st in0l,&e the meas,res IIve re0ommen&e& to in0rease e0onomi0 (ro!th an&
re&,0e &e3en&en0e on forei(n oil# It m,st be fair# All sho,l& 0ontrib,te, b,t the b,r&en sho,l& not be ex0essive for an2 one
(ro,3 of 3ro(rams or 3eo3le# It m,st a&&ress the (ro!th of (overnmentIs hi&&en liabilities# It m,st reform the b,&(et 3ro0ess
an&, f,rther, it m,st be real#
I ,r(e .on(ress to 3rovi&e a 0om3rehensive 542ear &efi0it re&,0tion 3ro(ram to me as a 0om3lete le(islative 3a01a(e, !ith
meas,res to ass,re that it 0an be f,ll2 enfor0e&# Ameri0a is tire& of 3hon2 &efi0it re&,0tion or 3romise4no!, save4later 3lans# It
is time for a 3ro(ram that is 0re&ible an& real# An& finall2, to the extent that the &efi0it re&,0tion 3ro(ram in0l,&es ne! reven,e
meas,res, it m,st avoi& an2 meas,re that !o,l& threaten e0onomi0 (ro!th or t,rn ,s ba01 to!ar& the &a2s of 3,nishin( in0ome
tax rates# That is one 3ath !e sho,l& not hea& &o!n a(ain#
I have been 3lease& !ith re0ent 3ro(ress, altho,(h it has not al!a2s seeme& so smooth# +,t no! itIs time to 3ro&,0e# I ho3e !e
0an !or1 o,t a res3onsible 3lan# +,t !ith or !itho,t a(reement from the b,&(et s,mmit, I as1 both )o,ses of the .on(ress to
allo! a strai(ht ,34or4&o!n vote on a 0om3lete P5004billion &efi0it re&,0tion 3a01a(e not later than $e3tember <:# If the
.on(ress 0annot (et me a b,&(et, then Ameri0ans !ill have to fa0e a to,(h, man&ate& seK,ester# IIm ho3ef,l, in fa0t, IIm
0onfi&ent that the .on(ress !ill &o !hat it sho,l&# An& I 0an ass,re 2o, that !e in the exe0,tive bran0h !ill &o o,r 3art#
In the final anal2sis, o,r abilit2 to meet o,r res3onsibilities abroa& &e3en&s ,3on 3oliti0al !ill an& 0onsens,s at home# This is
never eas2 in &emo0ra0ies, for !e (overn onl2 !ith the 0onsent of the (overne&# An& altho,(h free 3eo3le in a free so0iet2 are
bo,n& to have their &ifferen0es, Ameri0ans tra&itionall2 0ome to(ether in times of a&versit2 an& 0hallen(e#
>n0e a(ain, Ameri0ans have ste33e& for!ar& to share a tearf,l (oo&b2e !ith their families before leavin( for a stran(e an&
&istant shore# (t this #ery moment, they ser#e to&ether 2ith (rabs, .uropeans, (sians, an* ($ri7ans in *e$ense o$
prin7iple an* the *ream o$ a ne2 2orl* or*er8 ThatIs !h2 the2 s!eat an& toil in the san& an& the heat an& the s,n# If the2 0an
0ome to(ether ,n&er s,0h a&versit2, if ol& a&versaries li1e the $oviet "nion an& the "nite& $tates 0an !or1 in 0ommon 0a,se,
then s,rel2 !e !ho are so fort,nate to be in this (reat .hamber 44 -emo0rats, Re3,bli0ans, liberals, 0onservatives 44 0an 0ome
to(ether to f,lfill o,r res3onsibilities here# Than1 2o,# 'oo& ni(ht# An& 'o& bless the "nite& $tates of Ameri0a#
National Ar0hives NoteB The %resi&ent s3o1e at 9B09 3#m# in the )o,se .hamber at the .a3itol# )e !as intro&,0e& b2 Thomas
$# ?ole2, $3ea1er of the )o,se of Re3resentatives# The a&&ress !as broa&0ast live on nation!i&e television an& ra&io#
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#s!eetlibert2#or(8iss,es8!ar8b,shsr#htm
Presi*ent Geor&e 68>8 ,ushBs Spee7h (nnoun7in& >ar (&ainst )ra:
7an,ar2 1A, 1991
On August #$ %&&'$ tanks and soldiers from (ra) crossed t"e border into neig"boring *u+ait and sei,ed t"e tiny$ oil-ric" nation. (ra)i
troops t"en began massing along t"e border of /audi Arabia. Wit"in days$ American troops +ere sent to /audi Arabia in Operation
Desert /"ield$ protecting /audi Arabia from possible attack. On August 0t"$ t"e 1nited Nations /ecurity 2ouncil imposed a trade
embargo and financial sanctions against (ra) and aut"ori,ed t"e use of force by naval forces in t"e Persian ulf to prevent any
violations. President eorge 3us" addressed a joint session of 2ongress a fe+ +eeks later and stated t"e 1./. could not allo+ (ra)i
dictator /addam 4ussein to sei,e control of vital oil resources in t"e !iddle 5ast. President 3us" t"en doubled t"e si,e of Allied
forces in t"e region to 67'$''' soldiers. On November #&t"$ t"e 1.N. /ecurity 2ouncil aut"ori,ed its member nations to use 8all
necessary means8 to e9pel (ra)i troops from *u+ait if t"ey did not +it"dra+ by a deadline of :anuary %;$ %&&%. President 3us" t"en
ordered more troops to t"e ulf to pressure /addam 4ussein into evacuating *u+ait. On :anuary &$ %&&%$ /ecretary of /tate :ames
3aker met +it" (ra)i Foreign !inister <ari) A,i, in eneva for several "ours in a last ditc" effort to avoid +ar. <"e meeting ended in
an impasse +it" 3aker finally announcing t"e talks "ad failed. <"ree days later$ t"e 4ouse of Representatives voted #;'-%=7 and t"e
1./. /enate voted ;#-6> to aut"ori,ed President 3us" to use military force. <"e :anuary %;t" deadline passed )uietly$ as t"e ;6;$'''
(ra)i troops in and around *u+ait did not budge. 3y no+ ;7&$''' American troops +ere in t"e ulf along +it" #>'$''' Allied troops
from more t"an t+o do,en nations$ t"e largest assembly of land troops and air po+er since World War ((. On :anuary %>t"$ at #?6;
a.m.$ 3ag"dad time @0?6; p.m.$ :anuary %0 - 5astern timeA$ Operation Desert /"ield became Operation Desert /torm as 1./. and
Allied jets conducted a major bombing raid against (ra)i air defenses$ communications systems$ c"emical +eapons facilities$ tanks
and artillery. <"e air raid on 3ag"dad +as broadcast live to a global audience by 2NN correspondents perc"ed on a city rooftop.
<"is is t"e television speec" President 3us" gave s"ortly after t"e air attack "ad commenced.
7,st < ho,rs a(o, allie& air for0es be(an an atta01 on militar2 tar(ets in IraK an& K,!ait# These atta01s 0ontin,e as I s3ea1#
'ro,n& for0es are not en(a(e&#
This 0onfli0t starte& A,(,st <n& !hen the &i0tator of IraK inva&e& a small an& hel3less nei(hbor# K,!ait 44 a member of the
Arab @ea(,e an& a member of the "nite& Nations 44 !as 0r,she&; its 3eo3le, br,tali5e&# ?ive months a(o, $a&&am ),ssein
starte& this 0r,el !ar a(ainst K,!ait# Toni(ht, the battle has been Coine&#
This militar2 a0tion, ta1en in a00or& !ith "nite& Nations resol,tions an& !ith the 0onsent of the "nite& $tates .on(ress, follo!s
months of 0onstant an& virt,all2 en&less &i3lomati0 a0tivit2 on the 3art of the "nite& Nations, the "nite& $tates, an& man2,
man2 other 0o,ntries# Arab lea&ers so,(ht !hat be0ame 1no!n as an Arab sol,tion, onl2 to 0on0l,&e that $a&&am ),ssein !as
,n!illin( to leave K,!ait# >thers travele& to +a(h&a& in a variet2 of efforts to restore 3ea0e an& C,sti0e# >,r $e0retar2 of $tate,
7ames +a1er, hel& an histori0 meetin( in 'eneva, onl2 to be totall2 reb,ffe&# This 3ast !ee1en&, in a last4&it0h effort, the
$e0retar24'eneral of the "nite& Nations !ent to the Mi&&le East !ith 3ea0e in his heart 44 his se0on& s,0h mission# An& he
0ame ba01 from +a(h&a& !ith no 3ro(ress at all in (ettin( $a&&am ),ssein to !ith&ra! from K,!ait#
No! the <: 0o,ntries !ith for0es in the ',lf area have exha,ste& all reasonable efforts to rea0h a 3ea0ef,l resol,tion 44 have no
0hoi0e b,t to &rive $a&&am from K,!ait b2 for0e# *e !ill not fail#
As I re3ort to 2o,, air atta01s are ,n&er!a2 a(ainst militar2 tar(ets in IraK# *e are &etermine& to 1no01 o,t $a&&am ),sseinHs
n,0lear bomb 3otential# *e !ill also &estro2 his 0hemi0al !ea3ons fa0ilities# M,0h of $a&&amHs artiller2 an& tan1s !ill be
&estro2e&# >,r o3erations are &esi(ne& to best 3rote0t the lives of all the 0oalition for0es b2 tar(etin( $a&&amHs vast militar2
arsenal# Initial re3orts from 'eneral $0h!ar51o3f are that o,r o3erations are 3ro0ee&in( a00or&in( to 3lan#
>,r obCe0tives are 0learB $a&&am ),sseinHs for0es !ill leave K,!ait# The le(itimate (overnment of K,!ait !ill be restore& to
its ri(htf,l 3la0e, an& K,!ait !ill on0e a(ain be free# IraK !ill event,all2 0om3l2 !ith all relevant "nite& Nations resol,tions,
an& then, !hen 3ea0e is restore&, it is o,r ho3e that IraK !ill live as a 3ea0ef,l an& 0oo3erative member of the famil2 of nations,
th,s enhan0in( the se0,rit2 an& stabilit2 of the ',lf#
$ome ma2 as1B *h2 a0t no!D *h2 not !aitD The ans!er is 0learB The !orl& 0o,l& !ait no lon(er# $an0tions, tho,(h havin(
some effe0t, sho!e& no si(ns of a00om3lishin( their obCe0tive# $an0tions !ere trie& for !ell over 5 months, an& !e an& o,r
allies 0on0l,&e& that san0tions alone !o,l& not for0e $a&&am from K,!ait#
*hile the !orl& !aite&, $a&&am ),ssein s2stemati0all2 ra3e&, 3illa(e&, an& 3l,n&ere& a tin2 nation, no threat to his o!n# )e
s,bCe0te& the 3eo3le of K,!ait to ,ns3ea1able atro0ities 44 an& amon( those maime& an& m,r&ere&, inno0ent 0hil&ren#
*hile the !orl& !aite&, $a&&am so,(ht to a&& to the 0hemi0al !ea3ons arsenal he no! 3ossesses, an infinitel2 more &an(ero,s
!ea3on of mass &estr,0tion 44 a n,0lear !ea3on# An& !hile the !orl& !aite&, !hile the !orl& tal1e& 3ea0e an& !ith&ra!al,
$a&&am ),ssein &,( in an& move& massive for0es into K,!ait#
*hile the !orl& !aite&, !hile $a&&am stalle&, more &ama(e !as bein( &one to the fra(ile e0onomies of the Thir& *orl&,
emer(in( &emo0ra0ies of Eastern E,ro3e, to the entire !orl&, in0l,&in( to o,r o!n e0onom2#
The "nite& $tates, to(ether !ith the "nite& Nations, exha,ste& ever2 means at o,r &is3osal to brin( this 0risis to a 3ea0ef,l en&#
)o!ever, $a&&am 0learl2 felt that b2 stallin( an& threatenin( an& &ef2in( the "nite& Nations, he 0o,l& !ea1en the for0es
arra2e& a(ainst him#
*hile the !orl& !aite&, $a&&am ),ssein met ever2 overt,re of 3ea0e !ith o3en 0ontem3t# *hile the !orl& 3ra2e& for 3ea0e,
$a&&am 3re3are& for !ar#
I ha& ho3e& that !hen the "nite& $tates .on(ress, in histori0 &ebate, too1 its resol,te a0tion, $a&&am !o,l& reali5e he 0o,l& not
3revail an& !o,l& move o,t of K,!ait in a00or& !ith the "nite& Nation resol,tions# )e &i& not &o that# Instea&, he remaine&
intransi(ent, 0ertain that time !as on his si&e#
$a&&am !as !arne& over an& over a(ain to 0om3l2 !ith the !ill of the "nite& NationsB @eave K,!ait, or be &riven o,t# $a&&am
has arro(antl2 reCe0te& all !arnin(s# Instea&, he trie& to ma1e this a &is3,te bet!een IraK an& the "nite& $tates of Ameri0a#
*ell, he faile&# Toni(ht, <: nations 44 0o,ntries from 5 0ontinents, E,ro3e an& Asia, Afri0a, an& the Arab @ea(,e 44 have for0es
in the ',lf area stan&in( sho,l&er to sho,l&er a(ainst $a&&am ),ssein# These 0o,ntries ha& ho3e& the ,se of for0e 0o,l& be
avoi&e&# Re(rettabl2, !e no! believe that onl2 for0e !ill ma1e him leave#
Prior to or*erin& our $or7es into battle, ) instru7te* our military 7omman*ers to ta-e e#ery ne7essary step to pre#ail as
:ui7-ly as possible, an* 2ith the &reatest *e&ree o$ prote7tion possible $or (meri7an an* allie* ser#i7e men an* 2omen8
)B#e tol* the (meri7an people be$ore that this 2ill not be another 4ietnam, an* ) repeat this here toni&ht8 Cur troops 2ill
ha#e the best possible support in the entire 2orl*, an* they 2ill not be as-e* to $i&ht 2ith one han* tie* behin* their
ba7-8 )Bm hope$ul that this $i&htin& 2ill not &o on $or lon& an* that 7asualties 2ill be hel* to an absolute minimum8
5his is an histori7 moment8 >e ha#e in this past year ma*e &reat pro&ress in en*in& the lon& era o$ 7on$li7t an* 7ol* 2ar8
>e ha#e be$ore us the opportunity to $or&e $or oursel#es an* $or $uture &enerations a ne2 2orl* or*er %% a 2orl* 2here
the rule o$ la2, not the la2 o$ the "un&le, &o#erns the 7on*u7t o$ nations8 >hen 2e are su77ess$ul %% an* 2e 2ill be %% 2e
ha#e a real 7han7e at this ne2 2orl* or*er, an or*er in 2hi7h a 7re*ible Fnite* /ations 7an use its pea7e-eepin& role to
$ul$ill the promise an* #ision o$ the F8/8Bs $oun*ers8
*e have no ar(,ment !ith the 3eo3le of IraK# In&ee&, for the inno0ents 0a,(ht in this 0onfli0t, I 3ra2 for their safet2# >,r (oal is
not the 0onK,est of IraK# It is the liberation of K,!ait# It is m2 ho3e that someho! the IraKi 3eo3le 0an, even no!, 0onvin0e their
&i0tator that he m,st la2 &o!n his arms, leave K,!ait, an& let IraK itself reCoin the famil2 of 3ea0e4lovin( nations#
Thomas %aine !rote man2 2ears a(oB EThese are the times that tr2 menHs so,ls#F Those !ell41no!n !or&s are so ver2 tr,e
to&a2# +,t even as 3lanes of the m,ltinational for0es atta01 IraK, I 3refer to thin1 of 3ea0e, not !ar# I am 0onvin0e& not onl2 that
!e !ill 3revail b,t that o,t of the horror of 0ombat !ill 0ome the re0o(nition that no nation 0an stan& a(ainst a !orl& ,nite&, no
nation !ill be 3ermitte& to br,tall2 assa,lt its nei(hbor#
No %resi&ent 0an easil2 0ommit o,r sons an& &a,(hters to !ar# The2 are the NationIs finest# >,rs is an all4vol,nteer for0e,
ma(nifi0entl2 traine&, hi(hl2 motivate&# The troo3s 1no! !h2 the2Ire there# An& listen to !hat the2 sa2, for the2Ive sai& it better
than an2 %resi&ent or %rime Minister ever 0o,l&#
@isten to )oll2!oo& ),&&leston, Marine lan0e 0or3oral# )e sa2s, E@etHs free these 3eo3le, so !e 0an (o home an& be free
a(ain#F An& heHs ri(ht# The terrible 0rimes an& tort,res 0ommitte& b2 $a&&amIs hen0hmen a(ainst the inno0ent 3eo3le of K,!ait
are an affront to man1in& an& a 0hallen(e to the free&om of all#
@isten to one of o,r (reat offi0ers o,t there, Marine @ie,tenant 'eneral *alter +oomer# )e sai&B EThere are thin(s !orth
fi(htin( for# A !orl& in !hi0h br,talit2 an& la!lessness are allo!e& to (o ,n0he01e& isnIt the 1in& of !orl& !eIre (oin( to !ant
to live in#F
@isten to Master $er(eant 7#%# Ken&all of the :<n& AirborneB V*eIre here for more than C,st the 3ri0e of a (allon of (as# *hat
!eIre &oin( is (oin( to 0hart the f,t,re of the !orl& for the next 100 2ears# ItIs better to &eal !ith this (,2 no! than 5 2ears from
no!#F
An& finall2, !e sho,l& all sit ,3 an& listen to 7a01ie 7ones, an Arm2 lie,tenant, !hen she sa2s, EIf !e let him (et a!a2 !ith this,
!ho 1no!s !hatIs (oin( to be nextDF
I have 0alle& ,3on )oll2!oo& an& *alter an& 7#%# an& 7a01ie an& all their 0o,ra(eo,s 0omra&es4in4arms to &o !hat m,st be
&one# Toni(ht, Ameri0a an& the !orl& are &ee3l2 (ratef,l to them an& to their families# An& let me sa2 to ever2one listenin( or
!at0hin( toni(htB *hen the troo3s !eIve sent in finish their !or1, I am &etermine& to brin( them home as soon as 3ossible#
Toni(ht, as o,r for0es fi(ht, the2 an& their families are in o,r 3ra2ers# Ma2 'o& bless ea0h an& ever2 one of them, an& the
0oalition for0es at o,r si&e in the ',lf, an& ma2 )e 0ontin,e to bless o,r nation, the "nite& $tates of Ameri0a#
%resi&ent 'eor(e +,sh 4 7an,ar2 1A, 1991
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#histor23la0e#0om8s3ee0hes8b,sh4!ar#htm
The remains of an IraKi sol&ier restin( in 3ea0e &,rin( the ?irst %ersian ',lf *ar (>3eration -esert $torm in 1991
%resi&ent 'eor(e )# *# +,shHs $tate of the "nion A&&ress
-elivere& on T,es&a2, 7an,ar2 <9, 1991
Mr. President, Mr. S,eaker, members of the United States Con'ress. # ome to this ho$se of the ,eo,le to s,eak to yo$ and all
Amerians, ertain we stand at a definin' ho$r.
5alfway aro$nd the world, we are en'a'ed in a 'reat str$''le in the skies and on the seas and sands. We know why weKre
there. We are AmeriansL,art of somethin' lar'er than o$rsel.es.
*or two ent$ries weK.e done the hard work of freedom. And toni'ht we lead the world in fain' down a threat to deeny and
h$manity.
(hat is at sta%e is more than one small contry, it is a big idea)a ne! !orld order, !here diverse nations are dra!n
together in common case to achieve the niversal aspirations of man%ind* peace and secrity, freedom, and the rle
of la!. +ch is a !orld !orthy of or strggle, and !orthy of or children,s ftre.
:he omm$nity of nations has resol$tely 'athered to ondemn and re,el lawless a''ression. Saddam 5$sseinKs $n,ro.oked
in.asionLhis r$thless, systemati ra,e of a ,eaef$l nei'hborL.iolated e.erythin' the omm$nity of nations holds dear. :he
world has said this a''ression wo$ld not stand, and it will not stand.
:o'ether, we ha.e resisted the tra, of a,,easement, yniism and isolation that 'i.es tem,tation to tyrants. :he world has
answered SaddamKs in.asion with 10 United /ations resol$tions, startin' with a demand for #raIKs immediate and $nonditional
withdrawal, and baked $, by fores from 0C o$ntries of si? ontinents. With few e?e,tions, the world now stands as one.
:he end of the old war has been a .itory for all h$manity. A year and a half a'o, in (ermany, # said o$r 'oal was a D$ro,e
whole and free. :oni'ht, (ermany is $nited. D$ro,e has beome whole and free, and AmeriaKs leadershi, was instr$mental in
makin' it ,ossible.
:he ,rini,le that has '$ided $s is sim,le% o$r obJeti.e is to hel, the Balti ,eo,les ahie.e their as,irations, not to ,$nish the
So.iet Union. #n o$r reent dis$ssions with the So.iet leadershi, we ha.e been 'i.en re,resentations, whih, if f$lfilled, wo$ld
res$lt in the withdrawal of some So.iet fores, a reo,enin' of dialo'$e with the re,$blis, and a mo.e away from .iolene.
We will wath aref$lly as the sit$ation de.elo,s. And we will maintain o$r ontat with the So.iet leadershi, to eno$ra'e
ontin$ed ommitment to demorati7ation and reform.
#f it is ,ossible, # want to ontin$e to b$ild a lastin' basis for U.S.BSo.iet oo,eration, for a more ,eaef$l f$t$re for all mankind.
:he tri$m,h of demorati ideas in Dastern D$ro,e and Latin Ameria, and the ontin$in' str$''le for freedom elsewhere
aro$nd the world all onfirm the wisdom of o$r nationKs fo$nders.
:oni'ht, we work to ahie.e another .itory, a .itory o.er tyranny and sa.a'e a''ression.
We in this Union enter the last deade of the 03th Cent$ry thankf$l for all o$r blessin's, steadfast in o$r ,$r,ose, aware of o$r
diffi$lties and res,onsi.e to o$r d$ties at home and aro$nd the world.
*or two ent$ries, Ameria has ser.ed the world as an ins,irin' e?am,le of freedom and demoray. *or 'enerations, Ameria
has led the str$''le to ,reser.e and e?tend the blessin's of liberty. And today, in a ra,idly han'in' world, Amerian leadershi,
is indis,ensable. Amerians know that leadershi, brin's b$rdens, and reI$ires sarifie.
B$t we also know why the ho,es of h$manity t$rn to $s. We are AmeriansE we ha.e a $niI$e res,onsibility to do the hard work
of freedom. And when we do, freedom works.
:he on.ition and o$ra'e we see in the Persian ($lf today is sim,ly the Amerian harater in ation. :he indomitable s,irit
that is ontrib$tin' to this .itory for world ,eae and J$stie is the same s,irit that 'i.es $s the ,ower and the ,otential to meet
o$r hallen'es at home.
We are resol$te and reso$ref$l. #f we an selflessly onfront e.il for the sake of 'ood in a land so far away, then s$rely we an
make this land all it sho$ld be.
#f anyone tells yo$ AmeriaKs best days are behind her, theyKre lookin' the wron' way.
:oni'ht, # ome before this ho$se, and the Amerian ,eo,le, with an a,,eal for renewal. :his is not merely a all for new
'o.ernment initiati.es, it is a all for new initiati.e in 'o.ernment, in o$r omm$nities, and from e.ery AmerianLto ,re,are for
the ne?t Amerian ent$ry.
Ameria has always led by e?am,le. So who amon' $s will set this e?am,leM Whih of o$r iti7ens will lead $s in this ne?t
Amerian ent$ryM D.eryone who ste,s forward today, to 'et one addit off dr$'sE to on.ine one tro$bled teenBa'er not to
'i.e $, on lifeE to omfort one A#-S ,atientE to hel, one h$n'ry hild.
We ha.e within o$r reah the ,romise of renewed Ameria. We an find meanin' and reward by ser.in' some ,$r,ose hi'her
than o$rsel.esLa shinin' ,$r,ose, the ill$mination of a tho$sand ,oints of li'ht. #t is e?,ressed by all who know the irresistible
fore of a hildKs hand, of a friend who stands by yo$ and stays thereLa .ol$nteerKs 'enero$s 'est$re, an idea that is sim,ly
ri'ht.
:he ,roblems before $s may be different, b$t the key to sol.in' them remains the same% it is the indi.id$alLthe indi.id$al who
ste,s forward. And the state of o$r Union is the $nion of eah of $s, one to the other% the s$m of o$r friendshi,s, marria'es,
families and omm$nities.
We all ha.e somethin' to 'i.e. So if yo$ know how to read, find someone who anKt. #f yo$K.e 'ot a hammer, find a nail. #f yo$Kre
not h$n'ry, not lonely, not in tro$bleLseek o$t someone who is.
Join the omm$nity of onsiene. -o the hard work of freedom. :hat will define the state of o$r Union.
Sine the birth of o$r nation, =we the ,eo,le> has been the so$re of o$r stren'th. What 'o.ernment an do alone is limited, b$t
the ,otential of the Amerian ,eo,le knows no limits.
We are a nation of rokBsolid realism and learBeyed idealism. We are Amerians. We are the nation that belie.es in the f$t$re.
We are the nation that an sha,e the f$t$re.
And weK.e be'$n to do J$st that, by stren'thenin' the ,ower and hoie of indi.id$als and families.

:o'ether, these last two years, weK.e ,$t dollars for hild are diretly in the hands of ,arents instead of b$rea$raies,
$nshakled the ,otential of Amerians with diabilities, a,,lied the reati.ity of the market,lae in the ser.ie of the en.ironment,
for lean air, and made homeownershi, ,ossible for more Amerians.
:he stren'th of a demoray is not in b$rea$ray, it is in the ,eo,le and their omm$nities. #n e.erythin' we do, let $s $nleash
the ,otential of o$r most ,reio$s reso$reLo$r iti7ens. We m$st ret$rn to families, omm$nities, o$nties, ities, states and
instit$tions of e.ery kind, the ,ower to hart their own destiny, and the freedom and o,,ort$nity ,ro.ided by stron' eonomi
'rowth. :hatKs what Ameria is all abo$t.
# know, toni'ht, in some re'ions of o$r o$ntry, ,eo,le are in 'en$ine eonomi distress. # hear them.
Darlier this month )athy Blakwell of Massah$setts wrote me abo$t what an ha,,en when the eonomy slows down, sayin',
=My heart is ahin', and # think that yo$ sho$ld knowLyo$r ,eo,le o$t here are h$rtin' badly.>
# $nderstand. And #Km not $nrealisti abo$t the f$t$re. B$t there are reasons to be o,timisti abo$t o$r eonomy.
*irst, we donKt ha.e to fi'ht do$bleBdi'it inflation. Seond, most ind$stries wonKt ha.e to make bi' $ts in ,rod$tion bea$se
they donKt ha.e bi' in.entories ,iled $,. And third, o$r e?,orts are r$nnin' solid and stron'. #n fat, Amerian b$sinesses are
e?,ortin' at a reord rate.
So letKs ,$t these times in ,ers,eti.e. :o'ether, sine 12C1, weK.e reated almost 03 million Jobs, $t inflation in half and $t
interest rates in half.
<es, the lar'est ,eaetime eonomi e?,ansion in history has been tem,orarily interr$,ted. B$t o$r eonomy is still o.er twie
as lar'e as o$r losest om,etitor.
We will 'et this reession behind $s and ret$rn to 'rowth soon. We will 'et on o$r way to a new reord of e?,ansion, and
ahie.e the om,etiti.e stren'th that will arry $s into the ne?t Amerian ent$ry.
We sho$ld fo$s o$r efforts today on eno$ra'in' eonomi 'rowth, in.estin' in the f$t$re and 'i.in' ,ower and o,,ort$nity to
the indi.id$al.
We m$st be'in with ontrol of federal s,endin'. :hatKs why #Km s$bmittin' a b$d'et that holds the 'rowth in s,endin' to less
than the rate of inflation. And thatKs why, amid all the so$nd and f$ry of last yearKs b$d'et debate, we ,$t into law new,
enforeable s,endin' a,s so that f$t$re s,endin' debates will mean a battle of ideas, not a biddin' war.
:ho$'h ontro.ersial, the b$d'et a'reement finally ,$t the federal 'o.ernment on a ,ayBasByo$B'o basis, and $t the 'rowth of
debt by nearly N933 billion. And that frees f$nds for sa.in' and JobBreatin' in.estment.
/ow, letKs do more. My b$d'et a'ain inl$des ta?Bfree family sa.in's ao$ntsE ,enaltyBfree withdrawals from #. R. A.Ks for firstB
time homeb$yersE and, to inrease Jobs and 'rowth, a red$ed ta? for lon'Bterm a,ital 'ains.
# know their are differenes amon' $s abo$t the im,at and the effets of a a,ital 'ains inenti.e. So toni'ht # am askin' the
on'ressional leaders and the *ederal Reser.e to oo,erate with $s in a st$dy, led by Chairman Alan (reens,an, to sort o$t o$r
tehnial differenes so that we an a.oid a ret$rn to $n,rod$ti.e ,artisan bikerin'.
B$t J$st as o$r efforts will brin' eonomi 'rowth now and in the f$t$re, they m$st also be mathed by lon'Bterm in.estments for
the ne?t Amerian ent$ry.
:hat reI$ires a forwardBlookin' ,lan of ation, and thatKs e?atly what we will be sendin' to the Con'ress. We ha.e ,re,ared a
detailed series of ,ro,osals, that inl$de%
A budget that promotes investment in America's futurein children, education, infrastructure, space and high
technology.
Legislation to achieve excellence in education, building on the partnership forged with the 50 governors at the education
summit, enabling parents to choose their children's schools and helping to make America No. 1 in math and science.
A blueprint for a new national highway system, a critical investment in our transportation infrastructure.
A research and development agenda that includes record levels of federal investment and a permanent tax credit to
strengthen private R and D and create jobs.
A comprehensive national energy strategy that calls for energy conservation and efficiency, increased development and
greater use of alternative fuels.
A banking reform plan to bring America's financial system into the 21st century, so that our banks remain safe and
secure and can continue to make job-creating loans for our factories, businesses, and homebuyers. I do think there has
been too much pessimism. Sound banks should be making more sound loans, now. And interest rates should be lower,
now.
#n addition to these ,ro,osals, we m$st reo'ni7e that o$r eonomi stren'th de,ends $,on bein' om,etiti.e in world markets.
We m$st ontin$e to e?,and AmeriaKs e?,orts. A s$essf$l Ur$'$ay ro$nd of world trade ne'otiations will reate more real
Jobs, and more real 'rowth, for all nations. <o$ and # know that if the ,layin' field is le.el, AmeriaKs workers and farmers an
o$twork and o$t,rod$e anyone, anytime, anywhere.
And with the Me?ian free trade a'reement and o$r Dnter,rise for the Amerias #nitiati.e we an hel, o$r ,artners stren'then
their eonomies and mo.e toward a free trade 7one thro$'ho$t this entire hemis,here.
:he b$d'et also inl$des a ,lan of ation ri'ht here at home to ,$t more ,ower and o,,ort$nity in the hands of the indi.id$al.
:hat means new inenti.es to reate Jobs in o$r inner ities by eno$ra'in' in.estment thro$'h enter,rise 7ones. #t also means
tenant ontrol and ownershi, of ,$bli ho$sin'. *reedom and the ,ower to hoose sho$ld not be the ,ri.ile'e of wealth. :hey
are the birthri'ht of e.ery Amerian.
Ci.il ri'hts are also r$ial to ,rotetin' eI$al o,,ort$nity. D.ery one of $s has a res,onsibility to s,eak o$t a'ainst raism,
bi'otry, and hate. We will ontin$e o$r .i'oro$s enforement of e?istin' stat$tes, and # will one a'ain ,ress the Con'ress to
stren'then the laws a'ainst em,loyment disrimination witho$t resortin' to the $se of $nfair ,referenes.
WeKre determined to ,rotet another f$ndamental i.il ri'ht% freedom from rime and the fear that stalks o$r ities. :he Attorney
(eneral will soon on.ene a rime s$mmit of the nationKs lawBenforement offiials. And to hel, $s s$,,ort them we need a
to$'h rime ontrol le'islation, and we need it now.
As we fi'ht rime, we will f$lly im,lement o$r national strate'y for ombattin' dr$' ab$se. Reent data show we are makin'
,ro'ress, b$t m$h remains to be done. We will not rest $ntil the day of the dealer is o.er, fore.er.
(ood health are is e.ery AmerianKs ri'ht and e.ery AmerianKs res,onsibility. So we are ,ro,osin' an a''ression ,ro'ram of
new ,re.ention initiati.esLfor infants, for hildren, for ad$lts, and for the elderlyLto ,romote a healthier Ameria and to hel,
kee, osts from s,iralin'.
#tKs time to 'i.e ,eo,le more hoie in 'o.ernment by re.i.in' the ideal of the iti7en ,olitiian who omes not to stay, b$t to
ser.e. +ne of the reasons there is so m$h s$,,ort for term limitations is that the Amerian ,eo,le are inreasin'ly onerned
abo$t bi'Bmoney infl$ene in ,olitis. We m$st look beyond the ne?t eletion, to the ne?t 'eneration. :he time has ome to ,$t
the national interest ahead of the s,eial interestLand totally eliminate ,olitial ation ommittees.
:hat wo$ld tr$ly ,$t more om,etition in eletions and more ,ower in the hands of indi.id$als. And where ,ower annot be ,$t
diretly into the hands of the indi.id$al, it sho$ld be mo.ed loser to the ,eo,leLaway from Washin'ton.
:he federal 'o.ernment too often treats 'o.ernment ,ro'rams as if they are of Washin'ton, by Washin'ton, and for
Washin'ton. +ne established, federal ,ro'rams seem to beome immortal.
#tKs time for a more dynami ,ro'ram life yle. Some ,ro'rams sho$ld inrease. Some sho$ld derease. Some sho$ld be
terminated. And some sho$ld be onsolidated and t$rned o.er to the states.
My b$d'et inl$des a list of ,ro'rams for ,otential t$rno.er totalin' more than N03 billion. Workin' with Con'ress and the
'o.ernors, # ,ro,ose we selet at least N19 billion in s$h ,ro'rams and t$rn them o.er to the states in a sin'le onsolidated
'rant, f$lly f$nded, for fle?ible mana'ement by the states.
:he .al$e of this t$rno.er a,,roah is strai'htforward. #t allows the federal 'o.ernment to red$e o.erhead. #t allows states to
mana'e more fle?ibly and more effiiently. #t mo.es ,ower and deisionBmakin' loser to the ,eo,le. And it reinfores a theme
of this administration% a,,reiation and eno$ra'ement of the inno.ati.e ,ower of =states as laboratories.>
:his nation was fo$nded by leaders who $nderstood that ,ower belon's in the hands of the ,eo,le. :hey ,lanned for the f$t$re.
And so m$st weLhere and aro$nd the world.
As Amerians, we know there are times when we m$st ste, forward and ae,t o$r res,onsibility to lead the world away from
the dark haos of ditators, toward the bri'ht ,romise of a better day.
Almost 93 years a'o, we be'an a lon' str$''le a'ainst a''ressi.e totalitarianism. /ow we fae another definin' ho$r for
Ameria and the world.
:here is no one more de.oted, more ommitted to the hard work of freedom, than e.ery soldier and sailor, e.ery marine, airman
and oast'$ardsmanLe.ery man and e.ery woman now ser.in' in the Persian ($lf.
Dah of them has .ol$nteered to ,ro.ide for this nationKs defense. And now they bra.ely str$''le to earn for Ameria and for the
world and for f$t$re 'enerations, a J$st and lastin' ,eae.
+$r ommitment to them m$st be eI$al of their ommitment to o$r o$ntry. :hey are tr$ly AmeriaKs finest.
:he war in the ($lf is not a war we wanted. We worked hard to a.oid war. *or more than fi.e months we, alon' with the Arab
Lea'$e, the D$ro,ean Comm$nity and the United /ations, tried e.ery di,lomati a.en$e. U/ seretary 'eneral Pere7 de
C$ellarE ,residents (orbahe., Mitterand, +7al, M$barak, and BendJedidE kin's *ahd and 5assanE ,rime minsters MaJor and
AndreottiLJ$st to name a fewLall worked for a sol$tion. B$t time and a'ain Saddam 5$ssein flatly reJeted the ,ath of
di,lomay and ,eae.
:he world well knows how this onflit be'an, and when% it be'an on A$'$st 0nd, when Saddam in.aded and saked a small,
defenseless nei'hbor. And # am ertain of how it will end. So that ,eae an ,re.ail, we will ,re.ail.
:oni'ht #Km ,leased to re,ort that we are on o$rse. #raIKs a,aity to s$stain war is bein' destroyed. +$r in.estment, o$r
trainin', o$r ,lannin'Lall are ,ayin' off. :ime will not be SaddamKs sal.ation.
+$r ,$r,ose in the Persian ($lf remains onstant% to dri.e #raI o$t from )$wait, to restore )$waitKs le'itimate 'o.ernment, and
to ins$re the stability and se$rity of this ritial re'ion.
Let me make lear what # mean by the re'ionKs stability and se$rity. We do not seek the destr$tion of #raI, its $lt$re or its
,eo,le. Rather, we seek an #raI that $ses its 'reat reso$res not to destroy, not to ser.e the ambitions of a tyrant, b$t to b$ild a
better life for itself and its nei'hbors. We seek a Persian ($lf where onflit is no lon'er the r$le, where the stron' are neither
tem,ted nor able to intimidate the weak.
Most Amerians know instinti.ely why we are in the ($lf. :hey know we had to sto, Saddam now, not later. :hey know this
br$tal ditator will do anythin', will $se any wea,on, will ommit any o$tra'e, no matter how many innoents m$st s$ffer.
:hey know we m$st make s$re that ontrol of the worldKs oil reso$res does not fall into his hands only to finane f$rther
a''ression. :hey know that we need to b$ild a new, end$rin' ,eaeLbased not on arms raes and onfrontation, b$t on shared
,rini,les and the r$le of law.
And we all reali7e that o$r res,onsibility to be the atalyst for ,eae in the re'ion does not end with the s$essf$l onl$sion of
this war.
-emoray brin's the $ndeniable .al$e of tho$'htf$l dissent, and we ha.e heard some dissentin' .oies here at home, some
rekless, most res,onsible. B$t the fat that all the .oies ha.e the ri'ht to s,eak o$t is one of the reasons weK.e been $nited in
,rini,le and ,$r,ose for 033 years.
+$r ,ro'ress in this 'reat str$''le is the res$lt of years of .i'ilane and a steadfast ommitment to a stron' defense. /ow, with
remarkable tehnolo'ial ad.anes like the Patriot missile, we an defend the ballisti missile attaks aimed at innoent
i.ilians.
Lookin' forward, # ha.e direted that the S.-.#. ,ro'ram be refo$sed on ,ro.idin' ,rotetion from limited ballisti missile strikes,
whate.er their so$re. Let $s ,$rs$e an S.-.#. ,ro'ram that an deal with any f$t$re threat to the United States, to o$r fores
o.erseas and to o$r friends and allies.
:he I$ality of Amerian tehnolo'y, thanks to the Amerian worker, has enabled $s to s$essf$lly deal with diffi$lt military
onditions, and hel, minimi7e the loss of life. We ha.e 'i.en o$r men and women the .ery best. And they deser.e it.
We all ha.e a s,eial ,lae in o$r hearts for the families of men and women ser.in' in the ($lf. :hey are re,resented here
toni'ht, by Mrs. /orman Shwar7ko,f. We are all .ery 'ratef$l to (eneral Shwar7ko,f and to all those ser.in' with him. And #
mi'ht also reo'ni7e one who ame with Mrs. Shwar7ko,f% Alma Powell, the wife of the distin'$ished Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs. And to the families, let me say, o$r fores in the ($lf will not stay there one day lon'er than is neessary to om,lete
their mission.
:he o$ra'e and s$ess of the R.A.*. ,ilotsLof the )$waiti, Sa$di, *renh, Canadians, #talians, the ,ilots of Oatar and
BahrainLall are ,roof that for the first time sine World War ##, the international omm$nity is $nited. :he leadershi, of the
United /ations, one only a ho,edBfor ideal, is now onfirmin' its fo$ndersK .ision.
# am heartened that we are not bein' asked to bear alone the finanial b$rden of this str$''le. Last year, o$r friends and allies
,ro.ided the b$lk of the eonomi osts of -esert Shield, and ha.in' now reei.ed ommitments of o.er N@3 billion for the first
three months of 1221, # am onfident they will do no less as we mo.e thro$'h -esert Storm.
B$t the world has to wonder what the ditator of #raI is thinkin'. #f he thinks that by tar'etin' innoent i.ilians in #srael and
Sa$di Arabia, that he will 'ain an ad.anta'eLhe is dead wron'. #f he thinks that he will ad.ane his a$se thro$'h tra'i and
des,iable en.ironmental terrorismLhe is dead wron'. And if he thinks that by ab$sin' oalition P.+.W.s, he will benefitLhe is
dead wron'.
We will s$eed in the ($lf. And when we do, the world omm$nity will ha.e sent an end$rin' warnin' to any ditator or des,ot,
,resent or f$t$re, who ontem,lates o$tlaw a''ression.
-he !orld can therefore sei.e this opportnity to flfill the long/held promise of a ne! !orld order)!here brtality !ill
go nre!arded, and aggression !ill meet collective resistance.
<es, the United States bears a maJor share of leadershi, in this effort. Amon' the nations of the world, only the United States of
Ameria has had both the moral standin', and the means to bak it $,. We are the only nation on this earth that o$ld assemble
the fores of ,eae.
:his is the b$rden of leadershi,Land the stren'th that has made Ameria the beaon of freedom in a searhin' world.
:his nation has ne.er fo$nd 'lory in war. +$r ,eo,le ha.e ne.er wanted to abandon the blessin's of home and work, for distant
lands and deadly onflit. #f we fi'ht in an'er, it is only bea$se we ha.e to fi'ht at all. And all of $s yearn for a world where we
will ne.er ha.e to fi'ht a'ain.
Dah of $s will meas$re, within o$rsel.es, the .al$e of this 'reat str$''le. Any ost in li.es is beyond o$r ,ower to meas$re. B$t
the ost of losin' o$r eyes to a''ression is beyond mankindKs ,ower to ima'ine.
:his we do know% +$r a$se is J$st. +$r a$se is moral. +$r a$se is ri'ht.
Let f$t$re 'enerations $nderstand the b$rden and the blessin's of freedom. Let them say, we stood where d$ty reI$ired $s to
stand.
Let them know that to'ether, we affirmed Ameria, and the world, as a omm$nity of onsiene.
:he winds of han'e are with $s now. :he fores of freedom are $nited. We mo.e toward the ne?t ent$ry, more onfident than
e.er, that we ha.e the will at home and abroad, to do what m$st be doneLthe hard work of freedom.
May (od bless the United States of Ameria.
!So$re% htt,%&&www.info,lease.om&i,a&A3233194.html"
A&&ress +efore a 7oint $ession of the .on(ress on the .essation of the %ersian ',lf .onfli0t
%resi&ent 'eor(e )#*# +,sh
Mar0h A, 1991
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh addresses a Joint session of Con'ress re'ardin' the =end> of the first Persian ($lf War with #raI at the U.S.
Ca,itol in Washin'ton, -.C., U.S.A. on Marh 4, 1221. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library and M$se$m"
$3ea1er ?ole2B Mr# %resi&ent, it is 0,stomar2 at Coint sessions for the .hair to 3resent the %resi&ent to the Members of .on(ress
&ire0tl2 an& !itho,t f,rther 0omment# +,t I !ish to &e3art from tra&ition toni(ht an& ex3ress to 2o, on behalf of the .on(ress
an& the 0o,ntr2, an& thro,(h 2o, to the members of o,r Arme& ?or0es, o,r !armest 0on(rat,lations on the brilliant vi0tor2 of
the -esert $torm >3eration#
Members of the .on(ress, I no! have the hi(h 3rivile(e an& &istin0t honor of 3resentin( to 2o, the %resi&ent of the "nite&
$tates#
The %resi&entB Mr# %resi&ent# An& Mr# $3ea1er, than1 2o,, sir, for those ver2 (enero,s !or&s s3o1en from the heart abo,t the
!on&erf,l 3erforman0e of o,r militar2#
Members of .on(ress, 5 short !ee1s a(o I 0ame to this )o,se to s3ea1 to 2o, abo,t the state of the "nion# *e met then in time
of !ar# Toni(ht, !e meet in a !orl& blesse& b2 the 3romise of 3ea0e#
?rom the moment >3eration -esert $torm 0ommen0e& on 7an,ar2 1Ath ,ntil the time the (,ns fell silent at mi&ni(ht 1 !ee1
a(o, this nation has !at0he& its sons an& &a,(hters !ith 3ri&e, !at0he& over them !ith 3ra2er# As .omman&er in .hief, I 0an
re3ort to 2o, o,r arme& for0es fo,(ht !ith honor an& valor# An& as %resi&ent, I 0an re3ort to the Nation a((ression is &efeate&#
The !ar is over#
This is a vi0tor2 for ever2 0o,ntr2 in the 0oalition, for the "nite& Nations# A vi0tor2 for ,n3re0e&ente& international 0oo3eration
an& &i3loma02, so !ell le& b2 o,r $e0retar2 of $tate, 7ames +a1er# It is a vi0tor2 for the r,le of la! an& for !hat is ri(ht#
-esert $tormIs s,00ess belon(s to the team that so abl2 lea&s o,r Arme& ?or0esB o,r $e0retar2 of -efense an& o,r .hairman of
the 7oint .hiefs, -i01 .hene2 an& .olin %o!ell# An& !hile 2o,Ire stan&in( 44 Wla,(hterX 44 this militar2 vi0tor2 also belon(s to
the one the +ritish 0all the EMan of the Mat0hF 44 the to!er of 0alm at the e2e of -esert $torm 44 'eneral Norman $0h!ar51o3f#
An& re0o(ni5in( this !as a 0oalition effort, let ,s not for(et $a,&i 'eneral Khali&, +ritainIs 'eneral &e la +illiere, or 'eneral
RoK,eCeoffre of ?ran0e, an& all the others !hose lea&ershi3 3la2e& s,0h a vital role# An& most im3ortantl2, most im3ortantl2 of
all, all those !ho serve& in the fiel&#
I than1 the Members of this .on(ress 44 s,33ort here for o,r troo3s in battle !as over!helmin(# An& above all, I than1 those
!hose ,nfailin( love an& s,33ort s,staine& o,r 0o,ra(eo,s men an& !omenB I than1 the Ameri0an 3eo3le#
Toni(ht, I 0ome to this )o,se to s3ea1 abo,t the !orl& 44 the !orl& after !ar# The re0ent 0hallen(e 0o,l& not have been 0learer#
$a&&am ),ssein !as the villain; K,!ait, the vi0tim# To the ai& of this small 0o,ntr2 0ame nations from North Ameri0a an&
E,ro3e, from Asia an& $o,th Ameri0a, from Afri0a an& the Arab !orl&, all ,nite& a(ainst a((ression# >,r ,n0ommon 0oalition
m,st no! !or1 in 0ommon 3,r3oseB to for(e a f,t,re that sho,l& never a(ain be hel& hosta(e to the &ar1er si&e of h,man nat,re#
Toni(ht in IraK, $a&&am !al1s ami&st r,in# )is !ar ma0hine is 0r,she&# )is abilit2 to threaten mass &estr,0tion is itself
&estro2e&# )is 3eo3le have been lie& to, &enie& the tr,th# An& !hen his &efeate& le(ions 0ome home, all IraKis !ill see an& feel
the havo0 he has !ro,(ht# An& this I 3romise 2o,B ?or all that $a&&am has &one to his o!n 3eo3le, to the K,!aitis, an& to the
entire !orl&, $a&&am an& those aro,n& him are a00o,ntable#
All of ,s (rieve for the vi0tims of !ar, for the 3eo3le of K,!ait an& the s,fferin( that s0ars the so,l of that 3ro,& nation# *e
(rieve for all o,r fallen sol&iers an& their families, for all the inno0ents 0a,(ht ,3 in this 0onfli0t# An&, 2es, !e (rieve for the
3eo3le of IraK, a 3eo3le !ho have never been o,r enem2# M2 ho3e is that one &a2 !e !ill on0e a(ain !el0ome them as frien&s
into the 0omm,nit2 of nations# >,r 0ommitment to 3ea0e in the Mi&&le East &oes not en& !ith the liberation of K,!ait# $o,
toni(ht let me o,tline fo,r 1e2 0hallen(es to be met#
?irst, !e m,st !or1 to(ether to 0reate share& se0,rit2 arran(ements in the re(ion# >,r frien&s an& allies in the Mi&&le East
re0o(ni5e that the2 !ill bear the b,l1 of the res3onsibilit2 for re(ional se0,rit2# +,t !e !ant them to 1no! that C,st as !e stoo&
!ith them to re3el a((ression, so no! Ameri0a stan&s rea&2 to !or1 !ith them to se0,re the 3ea0e# This &oes not mean
stationin( "#$# (ro,n& for0es in the Arabian %enins,la, b,t it &oes mean Ameri0an 3arti0i3ation in Coint exer0ises involvin( both
air an& (ro,n& for0es# It means maintainin( a 0a3able "#$# naval 3resen0e in the re(ion, C,st as !e have for over =0 2ears# @et it
be 0learB >,r vital national interests &e3en& on a stable an& se0,re ',lf#
Se7on*, 2e must a7t to 7ontrol the proli$eration o$ 2eapons o$ mass *estru7tion an* the missiles use* to *eli#er them8 )t
2oul* be tra&i7 i$ the nations o$ the Mi**le .ast an* Persian Gul$ 2ere no2, in the 2a-e o$ 2ar, to embar- on a ne2
arms ra7e8 )ra: re:uires spe7ial #i&ilan7e8 Fntil )ra: 7on#in7es the 2orl* o$ its pea7e$ul intentions %% that its lea*ers 2ill
not use ne2 re#enues to rearm an* rebuil* its mena7in& 2ar ma7hine %% )ra: must not ha#e a77ess to the instruments o$
2ar8
An& thir&, !e m,st !or1 to 0reate ne! o33ort,nities for 3ea0e an& stabilit2 in the Mi&&le East# >n the ni(ht I anno,n0e&
>3eration -esert $torm, I ex3resse& m2 ho3e that o,t of the horrors of !ar mi(ht 0ome ne! moment,m for 3ea0e# *eIve
learne& in the mo&ern a(e (eo(ra3h2 0annot (,arantee se0,rit2, an& se0,rit2 &oes not 0ome from militar2 3o!er alone#
All of ,s 1no! the &e3th of bitterness that has ma&e the &is3,te bet!een Israel an& its nei(hbors so 3ainf,l an& intra0table# Yet,
in the 0onfli0t C,st 0on0l,&e&, Israel an& man2 of the Arab $tates have for the first time fo,n& themselves 0onfrontin( the same
a((ressor# +2 no!, it sho,l& be 3lain to all 3arties that 3ea0ema1in( in the Mi&&le East reK,ires 0om3romise# At the same time,
3ea0e brin(s real benefits to ever2one# *e m,st &o all that !e 0an to 0lose the (a3 bet!een Israel an& the Arab $tates 44 an&
bet!een Israelis an& %alestinians# The ta0ti0s of terror lea& absol,tel2 no!here# There 0an be no s,bstit,te for &i3loma02#
A 0om3rehensive 3ea0e m,st be (ro,n&e& in "nite& Nations $e0,rit2 .o,n0il Resol,tions <=< an& //: an& the 3rin0i3le of
territor2 for 3ea0e# This 3rin0i3le m,st be elaborate& to 3rovi&e for IsraelIs se0,rit2 an& re0o(nition an& at the same time for
le(itimate %alestinian 3oliti0al ri(hts# An2thin( else !o,l& fail the t!in test of fairness an& se0,rit2# The time has 0ome to 3,t an
en& to Arab4Israeli 0onfli0t#
The !ar !ith IraK is over# The K,est for sol,tions to the 3roblems in @ebanon, in the Arab4Israeli &is3,te, an& in the ',lf m,st
(o for!ar& !ith ne! vi(or an& &etermination# An& I (,arantee 2o,B No one !ill !or1 har&er for a stable 3ea0e in the re(ion
than !e !ill#
?o,rth, !e m,st foster e0onomi0 &evelo3ment for the sa1e of 3ea0e an& 3ro(ress# The %ersian ',lf an& Mi&&le East form a
re(ion ri0h in nat,ral reso,r0es !ith a !ealth of ,nta33e& h,man 3otential# Reso,r0es on0e sK,an&ere& on militar2 mi(ht m,st
be re&ire0te& to more 3ea0ef,l en&s# *e are alrea&2 a&&ressin( the imme&iate e0onomi0 0onseK,en0es of IraKIs a((ression#
No!, the 0hallen(e is to rea0h hi(her, to foster e0onomi0 free&om an& 3ros3erit2 for all the 3eo3le of the re(ion#
+2 meetin( these fo,r 0hallen(es !e 0an b,il& a frame!or1 for 3ea0e# IIve as1e& $e0retar2 of $tate +a1er to (o to the Mi&&le
East to be(in the 3ro0ess# )e !ill (o to listen, to 3robe, to offer s,((estions 44 to a&van0e the sear0h for 3ea0e an& stabilit2# IIve
also as1e& him to raise the 3li(ht of the hosta(es hel& in @ebanon# *e have not for(otten them, an& !e !ill not for(et them#
To all the 0hallen(es that 0onfront this re(ion of the !orl& there is no sin(le sol,tion, no solel2 Ameri0an ans!er# +,t !e 0an
ma1e a &ifferen0e# Ameri0a !ill !or1 tirelessl2 as a 0atal2st for 3ositive 0han(e#
+,t !e 0annot lea& a ne! !orl& abroa& if, at home, itIs 3oliti0s as ,s,al on Ameri0an &efense an& &i3loma02# ItIs time to t,rn
a!a2 from the tem3tation to 3rote0t ,nnee&e& !ea3ons s2stems an& obsolete bases# ItIs time to 3,t an en& to mi0romana(ement
of forei(n an& se0,rit2 assistan0e 3ro(rams 44 mi0romana(ement that h,miliates o,r frien&s an& allies an& hamstrin(s o,r
&i3loma02# ItIs time to rise above the 3aro0hial an& the 3or1 barrel, to &o !hat is ne0essar2, !hatIs ri(ht, an& !hat !ill enable
this nation to 3la2 the lea&ershi3 role reK,ire& of ,s#
The 0onseK,en0es of the 0onfli0t in the ',lf rea0h far be2on& the 0onfines of the Mi&&le East# T!i0e before in this 0ent,r2, an
entire !orl& !as 0onv,lse& b2 !ar# T!i0e this 0ent,r2, o,t of the horrors of !ar ho3e emer(e& for en&,rin( 3ea0e# T!i0e
before, those ho3es 3rove& to be a &istant &ream, be2on& the (ras3 of man# "ntil no!, the !orl& !eIve 1no!n has been a !orl&
&ivi&e& 44 a !orl& of barbe& !ire an& 0on0rete blo01, 0onfli0t, an& 0ol& !ar#
/o2, 2e 7an see a ne2 2orl* 7omin& into #ie28 ( 2orl* in 2hi7h there is the #ery real prospe7t o$ a ne2 2orl* or*er8 In
the !or&s of *inston .h,r0hill, a !orl& or&er in !hi0h Ethe 3rin0i3les of C,sti0e an& fair 3la2 3rote0t the !ea1 a(ainst the
stron(# # # #F A !orl& !here the "nite& Nations, free& from 0ol& !ar stalemate, is 3oise& to f,lfill the histori0 vision of its
fo,n&ers# A !orl& in !hi0h free&om an& res3e0t for h,man ri(hts fin& a home amon( all nations# The ',lf !ar 3,t this ne!
!orl& to its first test# An& m2 fello! Ameri0ans, !e 3asse& that test#
?or the sa1e of o,r 3rin0i3les, for the sa1e of the K,!aiti 3eo3le, !e stoo& o,r (ro,n&# +e0a,se the !orl& !o,l& not loo1 the
other !a2, Ambassa&or al4$abah, toni(ht K,!ait is free# An& !eIre ver2 ha332 abo,t that#
5oni&ht, as our troops be&in to 7ome home, let us re7o&nie that the har* 2or- o$ $ree*om still 7alls us $or2ar*8 >eH#e
learne* the har* lessons o$ history8 5he #i7tory o#er )ra: 2as not 2a&e* as @a 2ar to en* all 2ars8A .#en the ne2 2orl*
or*er 7annot &uarantee an era o$ perpetual pea7e8 ,ut en*urin& pea7e must be our mission8 Cur su77ess in the Gul$ 2ill
shape not only the ne2 2orl* or*er 2e see- but our mission here at home8
In the !ar C,st en&e&, there !ere 0lear40,t obCe0tives 44 timetables 44 an&, above all, an overri&in( im3erative to a0hieve res,lts#
*e m,st brin( that same sense of self4&is0i3line, that same sense of ,r(en02, to the !a2 !e meet 0hallen(es here at home# In
m2 $tate of the "nion A&&ress an& in m2 b,&(et, I &efine& a 0om3rehensive a(en&a to 3re3are for the next Ameri0an 0ent,r2#
>,r first 3riorit2 is to (et this e0onom2 rollin( a(ain# The fear an& ,n0ertaint2 0a,se& b2 the ',lf 0risis !ere ,n&erstan&able#
+,t no! that the !ar is over, oil 3ri0es are &o!n, interest rates are &o!n, an& 0onfi&en0e is ri(htl2 0omin( ba01# Ameri0ans 0an
move for!ar& to len&, s3en&, an& invest in this, the stron(est e0onom2 on Earth#
*e m,st also ena0t the le(islation that is 1e2 to b,il&in( a better Ameri0a# ?or exam3le, in 1990, !e ena0te& an histori0 .lean
Air A0t# An& no! !eIve 3ro3ose& a national ener(2 strate(2# *e 3asse& a 0hil&40are bill that 3,t 3o!er in the han&s of 3arents#
An& to&a2, !eIre rea&2 to &o the same thin( !ith o,r s0hools an& ex3an& 0hoi0e in e&,0ation# *e 3asse& a 0rime bill that ma&e
a ,sef,l start in fi(htin( 0rime an& &r,(s# This 2ear, !eIre sen&in( to .on(ress o,r 0om3rehensive 0rime 3a01a(e to finish the
Cob# *e 3asse& the lan&mar1 Ameri0ans !ith -isabilities A0t# An& no! !eIve sent for!ar& o,r 0ivil ri(hts bill# *e also 3asse&
the aviation bill# This 2ear, !eIve sent ,3 o,r ne! hi(h!a2 bill# An& these are C,st a fe! of o,r 3en&in( 3ro3osals for reform an&
rene!al#
$o, toni(ht I 0all on the .on(ress to move for!ar& a((ressivel2 on o,r &omesti0 front# @etIs be(in !ith t!o initiatives !e sho,l&
be able to a(ree on K,i01l2B trans3ortation an& 0rime# An& then, letIs b,il& on s,00ess !ith those an& ena0t the rest of o,r
a(en&a# If o,r for0es 0o,l& !in the (ro,n& !ar in 100 ho,rs, then s,rel2 the .on(ress 0an 3ass this le(islation in 100 &a2s# @et
that be a 3romise !e ma1e toni(ht to the Ameri0an 3eo3le#
*hen I s3o1e in this )o,se abo,t the state of o,r "nion, I as1e& all of 2o,B If !e 0an selflessl2 0onfront evil for the sa1e of
(oo& in a lan& so far a!a2, then s,rel2 !e 0an ma1e this lan& all that it sho,l& be# In the time sin0e then, the brave men an&
!omen of -esert $torm a00om3lishe& more than even the2 ma2 reali5e# The2 set o,t to 0onfront an enem2 abroa&, an& in the
3ro0ess, the2 transforme& a nation at home# Thin1 of the !a2 the2 !ent abo,t their mission 44 !ith 0onfi&en0e an& K,iet 3ri&e#
Thin1 abo,t their sense of &,t2, abo,t all the2 ta,(ht ,s abo,t o,r val,es, abo,t o,rselves#
*e hear so often abo,t o,r 2o,n( 3eo3le in t,rmoil 44 ho! o,r 0hil&ren fall short, ho! o,r s0hools fail ,s, ho! Ameri0an
3ro&,0ts an& Ameri0an !or1ers are se0on&40lass# *ell, &onIt 2o, believe it# The Ameri0a !e sa! in -esert $torm !as first40lass
talent# An& the2 &i& it ,sin( Ameri0aIs state4of4the4art te0hnolo(2# *e sa! the ex0ellen0e embo&ie& in the %atriot missile an&
the 3atriots !ho ma&e it !or1# An& !e sa! sol&iers !ho 1no! abo,t honor an& braver2 an& &,t2 an& 0o,ntr2 an& the !orl&4
sha1in( 3o!er of these sim3le !or&s# There is somethin( noble an& maCesti0 abo,t the 3ri&e, abo,t the 3atriotism that !e feel
toni(ht#
$o, to ever2one here an& ever2one !at0hin( at home, thin1 abo,t the men an& !omen of -esert $torm# @et ,s honor them !ith
o,r (ratit,&e# @et ,s 0omfort the families of the fallen an& remember ea0h 3re0io,s life lost#
@et ,s learn from them as !ell# @et ,s honor those !ho have serve& ,s b2 servin( others# @et ,s honor them as in&ivi&,als 44
men an& !omen of ever2 ra0e, all 0ree&s an& 0olors 44 b2 settin( the fa0e of this nation a(ainst &is0rimination, bi(otr2, an& hate#
Eliminate them#
IIm s,re that man2 of 2o, sa! on the television the ,nfor(ettable s0ene of fo,r terrifie& IraKi sol&iers s,rren&erin(# The2
emer(e& from their b,n1er bro1en, tears streamin( from their e2es, fearin( the !orst# An& then there !as an Ameri0an sol&ier#
Remember !hat he sai&D )e sai&B TTItIs o1a2# Yo,Ire all ri(ht no!# Yo,Ire all ri(ht no!#II That s0ene sa2s a lot abo,t Ameri0a, a
lot abo,t !ho !e are# Ameri0ans are a 0arin( 3eo3le# *e are a (oo& 3eo3le, a (enero,s 3eo3le# @et ,s al!a2s be 0arin( an&
(oo& an& (enero,s in all !e &o#
$oon, ver2 soon, o,r troo3s !ill be(in the mar0h !eIve all been !aitin( for 44 their mar0h home# An& I have &ire0te& $e0retar2
.hene2 to be(in the imme&iate ret,rn of Ameri0an 0ombat ,nits from the ',lf# @ess than < ho,rs from no!, the first 3laneloa&
of Ameri0an sol&iers !ill lift off from $a,&i Arabia, hea&e& for the "#$#A# That 3lane !ill 0arr2 the men an& !omen of the <=th
Me0hani5e& Infantr2 -ivision bo,n& for ?ort $te!art, 'eor(ia# This is C,st the be(innin( of a stea&2 flo! of Ameri0an troo3s
0omin( home# @et their ret,rn remin& ,s that all those !ho have (one before are lin1e& !ith ,s in the lon( line of free&omIs
mar0h#
Ameri0ans have al!a2s trie& to serve, to sa0rifi0e nobl2 for !hat !e believe to be ri(ht# Toni(ht, I as1 ever2 0omm,nit2 in this
0o,ntr2 to ma1e this 0omin( ?o,rth of 7,l2 a &a2 of s3e0ial 0elebration for o,r ret,rnin( troo3s# The2 ma2 have misse&
Than1s(ivin( an& .hristmas, b,t I 0an tell 2o, thisB ?or them an& for their families, !e 0an ma1e this a holi&a2 the2Ill never
for(et#
In a ver2 real sense, this vi0tor2 belon(s to them 44 to the 3rivates an& the 3ilots, to the ser(eants an& the s,33l2 offi0ers, to the
men an& !omen in the ma0hines an& the men an& !omen !ho ma&e them !or1# It belon(s to the re(,lars, to the reserves, to the
National ',ar&# This vi0tor2 belon(s to the finest fi(htin( for0e this nation has ever 1no!n in its histor2#
*e !ent half!a2 aro,n& the !orl& to &o !hat is moral an& C,st an& ri(ht# *e fo,(ht har& an&, !ith others, !e !on the !ar# *e
lifte& the 2o1e of a((ression an& t2rann2 from a small 0o,ntr2 that man2 Ameri0ans ha& never even hear& of, an& !e as1
nothin( in ret,rn#
*eIre 0omin( home no! 44 3ro,&, 0onfi&ent, hea&s hi(h# There is m,0h that !e m,st &o, at home an& abroa&# An& !e !ill &o it#
*e are Ameri0ans#
Ma2 'o& bless this (reat nation, the "nite& $tates of Ameri0a# Than1 2o, all ver2, ver2 m,0h#
NoteB The %resi&ent s3o1e at 9B1< 3#m# in the )o,se .hamber at the .a3itol# )e !as intro&,0e& b2 Thomas $# ?ole2, $3ea1er of
the )o,se of Re3resentatives# In his remar1s, he referre& to -an Y,a2le, %resi&ent of the $enate; $e0retar2 of $tate 7ames A#
+a1er III; $e0retar2 of -efense -i01 .hene2; .olin @# %o!ell, .hairman of the 7oint .hiefs of $taff; 'en# )# Norman
$0h!ar51o3f, 0omman&er of the "#$# for0es in the %ersian ',lf; $a,&i 0omman&er 'en# Ab&,l A5i5 bin $,ltan; +ritish
0omman&er 'en# %eter &e la +illiere; ?ren0h 0omman&er 'en# Mi0hel RoK,eCeoffre; %resi&ent $a&&am ),ssein of IraK; an&
Ambassa&or $a,& Nasir al4$abah of K,!ait# The a&&ress !as broa&0ast live on nation!i&e television an& ra&io#
$o,r0eB 'eor(e )#*# +,sh %resi&ential @ibrar2
htt3B88b,shlibrar2#tam,#e&,8resear0h83,bli0R3a3ers#3h3Di&Z<9A9L2earZ1991LmonthZ/
0ission accomplished1 U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh deli.ers a s,eeh aboard the airraft arrier $SS #braham Lincoln
on May 1, 033A, as the arrier steamed toward San -ie'o, California, U.S.A. B$sh deli.ered a s,eeh anno$nin' the
onl$sion of Ameria6s military o,erations a'ainst the #raIi 'o.ernment and army led by Saddam 5$ssein.
<ale Uni.ersity ; Persian ($lf War
<ale Uni.ersity am,$s in /ew 5a.en, Conneti$t, U.S.A.
John /e'ro,onte !left", the -iretor of /ational #ntelli'ene, wathes President (eor'e W. B$sh !ri'ht" shakes hands with
Central #ntelli'ene A'eny -iretor Porter (oss !enter" in the +.al +ffie on *riday, May 9, 0334, after Porter (oss
anno$ned his resi'nation. All three men 'rad$ated from <ale Uni.ersity. !White 5o$se ,hoto by Dri -ra,er"
(ar 2riminals or &amn 3an%ees1
<ale Uni.ersity (rad$ates d$rin' the *irst Persian ($lf War !1221"
-ik :hornb$r'h
B.D. <ale 129@
U.S. Attorney (eneral
!12CCB1221"
/iholas *. Brady
B.A. <ale 1290
U.S. Seretary of the
:reas$ry !12CCB122A"
(eor'e 5.W. B$sh
B.A. <ale 12@C
President of the U.S.
!12C2B122A"
Mihael P.W. Stone
B.A. <ale 12@C
Seretary of the Army
!12C2B122A"
William 5. :aft #H
B.A. <ale 1244
U.S. Re,resentati.e to
/A:+ !12C2B1220"
John 5. Chafee
B.A. <ale 12@8
U.S. Senator
!RBRhode #s., 1284B1222"
-a.id L. Boren
B.A. <ale 124A
U.S. Senator
!-B+kla., 1282B122@"
Jose,h Lieberman
B.A. <ale 124@
U.S. Senator
!-BConn., 12C2B031A"
John *orbes )erry
B.A. <ale 1244
U.S. Senator
!-BMass., 12C9B031A"
Cyr$s R. Hane
B.A. <ale 12A2
Chairman of the *ederal
Reser.e Bank of /ew
<ork !12C2B1221"
Les As,in
B.A. <ale 1243
U.S. Con'ressman
!-BWisonsin, 1281B122A"
Porter J. (oss
B.A. <ale 1243
U.S. Con'ressman
!RB*lorida, 12C2B033@"
5enry B. Shaht
B.S. <ale 1294
Chairman and CD+ of
C$mmins Dn'ine
!1288B1229"
John *. Akers
B.S. <ale 1294
Chairman and CD+ of
#BM !12C4B122A"
-o$'las A. Warner ### B.A.
<ale 124C
President of J.P. Mor'an
; Co. !1223B0333"
Ste.en Lewis *riedman
B.A. <ale 124C
(eneral Co$nsel in the
United States for the
Lik$d Party of #srael
!12CCB1222"
William 5. -onaldson
B.A. <ale 129A
Chairman of the board of
/ew <ork Stok
D?han'e !1221B1229"
William *. B$kley Jr.
B.A. <ale 1293
DditorBinBChief of ational
!eview ma'a7ine
!1299B1223"
Wilb$r Lo$is Ross Jr.
B.A. <ale 1292
Senior Mana'in' -iretor
of Rothshild, #n.
!1284B0333"
Bob Woodward
B.A. <ale 1249
"ashington Post re,orter
!1281B,resent"
(ar 2riminals or &amn 3an%ees1
<ale Uni.ersity (rad$ates d$rin' the Seond Persian ($lf War !033AB0311"
Robert -. MCall$m Jr.
B.A. <ale 124C
U.S. Ambassador to
A$stralia !0334B0332"E
Assoiate U.S. Attorney
(eneral !033AB0334"
Clark :. Randt Jr.
B.A. <ale 124C
U.S. Ambassador to
Comm$nist China
!0331B0332"
(eor'e W. B$sh
B.A. <ale 124C
President of the U.S.
!0331B0332"
Strobe :albott
B.A. <ale 124C
President, :he Brookin's
#nstit$tion !0330B,resent"
Rihard 5. Brodhead
B.A. <ale 124C
Ph.-. <ale 1280
President of -$ke
Uni.ersity !033@B,resent"
Pa$l D. Stei'er
B.A. <ale 124@
Mana'in' Dditor of The
"all Street %ournal
!1221B0338"
Robert (. )aiser
B.A. <ale 124@
Assoiate Dditor of The
"ashington Post
!122CB,resent"
Jose,h Lieberman
B.A. <ale 124@
U.S. Senator
!-BConn., 12C2B031A"
John -. Ashroft
B.A. <ale 124@
U.S. Attorney (eneral
!0331B0339"
Rihard D. Salomon
B.A. <ale 124@
Hie Chairman of the
Co$nil on *orei'n
Relations !0338B,resent"
Lewis =Sooter> Libby
B.A. <ale 1280
Chief of Staff to the Hie
President of the U.S.
!0331B0339"
John R. Bolton
B.A. <ale 1283
U.S. Re,resentati.e to
the United /ations
!0339B0334"
Lewis Pa$l Bremer ###
B.A. <ale 124A
U.S. Proons$l in #raI
!May 10, 033AB
J$ne 0C, 033@"
John -. /e'ro,onte
B.A. <ale 1243
U.S. Re,resentati.e to
the United /ations
!0331B033@"E
U.S. Ambassador to #raI
!033@B0339"
Porter J. (oss
B.A. <ale 1243
-iretor of Central
#ntelli'ene A'eny
!033@B0334"
Re$ben Jeffery ###
B.A. <ale 1289
Chairman of the
Commodity *$t$res
:radin' Commission
!0339B0338"
John -. 5awke Jr.
B.A. <ale 129@
Com,troller of the
C$rreny !122CB033@"
John *orbes )erry
B.A. <ale 1244
U.S. Senator
!-BMass., 12C9B031A"
William 5. -onaldson
B.A. <ale 129A
Chairman of Se$rities
and D?han'e
Commission !033AB0339"
Mark W. D.erson
B.A. <ale 1284
Commissioner of #nternal
Re.en$e Ser.ie
!033AB0338"
Ale?ander R. Hershbow
B.A. <ale 128@
U.S. Ambassador to
R$ssia !0331B0339"
-a.id 5oadley :horne
B.A. <ale 1244
U.S. Ambassador to #taly
!0332B031A"
Hitor Ashe
B.A. <ale 1248
U.S. Ambassador to
Poland !033@B0332"
(eor'e 5erbert Walker ###
B.A. <ale 129A
U.S. Ambassador to
5$n'ary !033AB0334"
John Marshall D.ans
B.A. <ale 1283
U.S. Ambassador
to Armenia !033@B0334"
Ste,hen W. Preston
B.A. <ale 1282
(eneral Co$nsel of the
Central #ntelli'ene
A'eny !0332B031A"
Anthony A. Williams
B.A. <ale 1282
Mayor of Washin'ton,
-.C. !1222B0338"
W. James M/erney, Jr.
B.A. <ale 1281
Chairman and CD+ of
Boein' !0339B,resent"
Sheila JaksonBLee
B.A. <ale 1280
U.S. Con'ressman
!-B:e?as, 1229B,resent"
Lamar S. Smith
B.A. <ale 1242
U.S. Con'ressman
!RB:e?as, 12C8B,resent"
Bill /elson
B.A. <ale 1249
U.S. Senator
!-B*lorida, 0331B,resent"
Sherrod Brown
B.A. <ale 128@
U.S. Senator
!-B+hio, 0338B,resent"
Sheldon Whiteho$se
B.A. <ale 128C
U.S. Senator
!-BRhode #sland,
0338B,resent"
Amy )lob$har
B.A. <ale 12C0
U.S. Senator
!-BMinnesota,
0338B,resent"
Mark -ayton
B.A. <ale 1242
U.S. Senator
!-BMinnesota, 0331B0338"
Joel /. D,hross
B.A. <ale 12CA
Assistant (eneral
Co$nsel of Dnron Cor,.
!0330B0339"
/eal S. Wolin
B.A. <ale 12CA
J.-. <ale 12CC
(eneral Co$nsel of
5artford *inanial
Ser.ies (ro$,, #n.
!0331B0338"
Ste,hen *. (ates
B.A. <ale 124C
(eneral Co$nsel of
ConooPhilli,s
!033AB0338"
William *. )roener ###
B.A. <ale 1248
(eneral Co$nsel of
*ederal -e,osit
#ns$rane Cor,oration
!*-#C" !1229B0334"
Ste,hen M. C$tler
B.A. <ale 12C0
J.-. <ale 12C9
(eneral Co$nsel of JP
Mor'an Chase ; Co.
!0338B,resent"
Robert B. *iske, Jr.
B.A. <ale 1290
Partner of -a.is, Polk ;
Wardwell !124@B0313"
($y Miller Str$.e
B.A. <ale 124A
LL.B. 5ar.ard 1244
Partner of -a.is, Polk ;
Wardwell !128AB031A"
Bradley <. Smith
B.A. <ale 1283
Partner of -a.is, Polk ;
Wardwell !12C3B031A"
Patrik S. )enadJian
B.A. <ale 1283
Partner of -a.is, Polk ;
Wardwell !12C@B0313"
-. Sott Wise
B.A. <ale 128@
Partner of -a.is, Polk ;
Wardwell !12C8B0311"
Rihard R. 5owe
B.A. <ale 124@
Partner of S$lli.an ;
Cromwell !128@B0332"
James 5. Carter
B.A. <ale 1249
LL.B. <ale 1242
Partner of S$lli.an ;
Cromwell !1288B0313"
Rihard (. Asthalter
B.A. <ale 1244
J.-. <ale 1281
Partner of S$lli.an ;
Cromwell !12C3B033C"
Rihard J. Urowsky
B.A. <ale 1248
J.-. <ale 1280
Partner of S$lli.an ;
Cromwell !12C3B031@"
John M. Walker Jr.
B.A. <ale 1240
Chief J$d'e, U.S. Co$rt of
A,,eals for the Seond
Cir$it !0333B0334"
Jeffrey Bewkes
B.A. <ale 128@
Chairman of the board of
:ime Warner
!0332B,resent"
John D. Pe,,er Jr.
B.A. <ale 1243
Chairman of the board of
:he Walt -isney Co.
!0338B0310"
*rederik W. Smith
B.A. <ale 1244
Chairman and CD+ of
*edD? Cor,. !1289B,res."
Ste,hen A. Shwar7man
B.A. <ale 1242
Chairman and CD+ of
:he Blakstone (ro$,
!12C9B,resent"
5erbert M. Allison Jr.
B.A. <ale 1249
Chairman and CD+ of
:#AABCRD* !0330B033C"
-a.id L. Boren
B.A. <ale 124A
President of Uni.ersity of
+klahoma !122@B,resent"
Ste.en )na,,
B.A. <ale 128A
President of (eor'e
Washin'ton Uni.ersity
!0338B,resent"
Mar.in )rislo.
B.A. <ale 12C0
President of +berlin
Colle'e !0338B,resent"
Mihael A. Bernstein
B.A. <ale 1284
Ph.-. <ale 12C0
Pro.ost of :$lane
Uni.ersity !0338B,resent"
Ste.en D. 5yman
B.A. <ale 128@
Pro.ost of 5ar.ard
Uni.ersity !0331B0311"
5oward B. -ean ###
B.A. <ale 1281
Chairman of the
-emorati /ational
Committee !0339B0332"
Carl (ershman
B.A. <ale 1249
President of the /ational
Dndowment for
-emoray !12C@B,res."
Jonathan *. *anton
B.A. <ale 1249
President, John -. and
Catherine :. MaArth$r
*o$ndation !1222B0332"
-a.id M. Shi7er
B.A. <ale 1223
J.-. <ale122A
-ean of Col$mbia Law
Shool !033@B,resent"
)$rt L. Shmoke
B.A. <ale 1281
-ean of 5oward
Uni.ersity Shool of Law
!033AB0310"
Robert W. )a'an
B.A. <ale 12C3
Col$mnist for The
"ashington PostE CoB
*o$nder of ProJet for the
/ew Amerian Cent$ry
Bob Woodward
B.A. <ale 1249
"ashington Post re,orter
!1281B,resent"
James *. 5o'e Jr.
B.A. <ale 129C
Dditor of &oreign #ffairs
ma'a7ine !1220B0313"
*areed Pakaria
B.A. <ale 12C4
Dditor of /ewsweek
#nternational
Anderson Coo,er
B.A. <ale 12C2
C// re,orter
!0331B,resent"
Bob :aft
B.A. <ale 124A
(o.ernor of +hio
!1222B0338"
(ary Loke
B.A. <ale 1280
(o.ernor of Washin'ton
!1228B0339"E
U.S. Seretary of
Commere !0332B0311"
(eor'e Pataki
B.A. <ale 1248
(o.ernor of /ew <ork
!1229B0334"
Pa$l )r$'man
B.A. <ale 128@
+,BDd Col$mnist for :he
/ew <ork :imes
!1222B,resent"
Rashid )halidi
B.A. <ale 1283
Ddward Said Professor of
Arab St$dies at Col$mbia
Uni.ersity
<ale Uni.ersity (rad$ates and :heir +$,ation d$rin' the
*irst Persian ($lf War !1221", Bosnia War !1220B1229", and )oso.o War !122CB1222"
(o.ernment +ffiials%
(eor'e 5.W. B$sh !B.A. 12@C, S;B 12@C" Q President of the United States !12C2B122A"
R/iholas *. Brady !B.A. 1290" Q Seretary of the :reas$ry !12CCB122A"E Chairman and CD+ of -illon, Read ; Co. !12C0B12CC"
RMihael P.W. Stone !B.A. 12@C" Q Seretary of the Army !12C2B122A"
Charles W. *reeman Jr. !B.A. 1249M" Q U.S. Ambassador to Sa$di Arabia !1223B1220"
RWilliam 5. :aft #H !B.A. 1244" Q U.S. Re,resentati.e to /A:+ !12C2B1220"
*red :. (oldber' Jr. !B.A. 1242, J.-. 128A" Q Commissioner of #nternal Re.en$e Ser.ie !12C2B1220"
RLes As,in !B.A. 1243" Q U.S. Seretary of -efense !122AB122@"E Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !1281B122A"
RStrobe :albott !B.A. 124C, RS" Q -e,$ty Seretary of State !122@B0331"
RAle?ander R. Hershbow !B.A. 128@" Q U.S. Re,resentati.e to /A:+ !122CB0331"
RWinston Lord !B.A. 1292, S;B 1292" Q Assistant Seretary of State for Dast Asian and Paifi Affairs !122AB1228"E U.S. Ambassador to
Comm$nist China !12C9B12C2"
RAshton B. Carter !B.A. 1284, RS" Q Assistant Seretary of -efense for #nternational Se$rity Poliy !122AB1224"
R(ilbert *. Casellas !B.A. 128@" Q (eneral Co$nsel of the -e,artment of the Air *ore !122AB122@"E Chairman of the DI$al Dm,loyment
+,,ort$nity Commission !122@B1228"
RSte,hen W. Preston !B.A. 1282" Q (eneral Co$nsel of the -e,artment of the /a.y !122CB0333"
R/eal S. Wolin !B.A. 12CA, J.-. 12CC" Q (eneral Co$nsel of the U.S. :reas$ry -e,artment !1222B0331"E -e,$ty (eneral Co$nsel of the U.S.
:reas$ry -e,artment !1229B1222"E S,eial Assistant to the -iretor of Central #ntelli'ene A'eny !1223B122A"E D?e$ti.e Assistant to the
/ational Se$rity Ad.isor !122@B1229"
R)enneth M. Pollak !B.A. 12CC" Q #ranB#raI Military Analyst at the Central #ntelli'ene A'eny !12CCB1229"E -iretor for Persian ($lf Affairs at
the /ational Se$rity Co$nil !1222B0331"E -iretor for /ational Se$rity St$dies at Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !0331B0330"
RJohn -. /e'ro,onte !B.A. 1243" Q U.S. Ambassador to Me?io !12C2B122A"
RJohn R. Bolton !B.A. 1283E J.-. 128@" Q Assistant Seretary of State for #nternational +r'ani7ation Affairs !12C2B122A"
RJose,h Herner Reed Jr. !B.A. 1241" Q Chief of Protool for the White 5o$se !12C2B1221"E UnderBSeretaryB(eneral of the United /ations and
S,eial Re,resentati.e for P$bli Affairs !1220B1228"E UnderBSeretaryB(eneral of the United /ations !1220B,resent"
(ro.er Jose,h Rees ### !B.A. 128AM" Q (eneral Co$nsel of the #mmi'ration and /at$rali7ation Ser.ie !1221B122A"
RRobert 5. Pelletrea$ Jr. !B.A. 1298" Q U.S. Ambassador to D'y,t !1221B122A"E U.S. Ambassador to :$nisia !12C8B1221"
:homas W. Simons Jr. !B.A. 129C" Q U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan !1224B122C"E U.S. Ambassador to Poland !1223B122A"
*rederik Hreeland !B.A. 1291" Q U.S. Ambassador to Moroo !1220B122A"E -e,$ty Assistant Seretary of State for /ear Dastern and So$th
Asian Affairs !1221B1220"
RJames R. Lilley !B.A. 1291" Q U.S. Ambassador to Comm$nist China !12C2B1221"E Assistant Seretary of -efense for #nternational Se$rity
Affairs !1221B122A"
RBr$e S. (elb !B.A. 1293" Q U.S. Ambassador to Bel'i$m !1221B122A"E -iretor of U.S. #nformation A'eny !12C2B1221"
Raymond (.5. Seit7 !B.A. 124A" Q U.S. Ambassador to (reat Britain !1221B122@"
RWalter J.P. C$rley Jr. !B.A. 12@@" Q U.S. Ambassador to *rane !12C2B122A"
C. 5oward Wilkins Jr. !B.A. 1243" Q U.S. Ambassador to the /etherlands !12C2B1220"
Ddward M. Rowell !B.A. 129A" Q U.S. Ambassador to L$?embo$r' !1223B122@"E U.S. Ambassador to Port$'al !12CCB1223"
-erek Shearer !B.A. 124C" Q U.S. Ambassador to *inland !122@B1228"
RRihard *. Celeste !B.A. 1292, RS" Q U.S. Ambassador to #ndia !1228B0331"
C$rtis W. )amman !B.A. 1292" Q U.S. Ambassador to Chile !1220B122@"E U.S. Ambassador to Boli.ia !122@B1228"E U.S. Ambassador to
Colombia !122CB0333"
-onald B. Dnsenat !B.A. 124C" Q U.S. Ambassador to Br$nei !1220B122A"
Pa$l Matthews Cle.eland !B.A. 129A" Q U.S. Ambassador to Malaysia !12C2B1220"
Robert -. +rr !B.A. 12@3, S;) 12@3" Q U.S. Ambassador to Sin'a,ore !12C2B1220"
-aniel 5. Sim,son !B.A. 1241" Q U.S. Ambassador to Con'o FPaireG !1229B122C"E U.S. Ambassador to Central Afrian Re,$bli !1223B1220"
John Marshall D.ans !B.A. 1283" Q U.S. Cons$l (eneral in St. Petersb$r', R$ssia !122@B1228"
John M. Walker Jr. !B.A. 1240" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !12C2B0334"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of
A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !0333B0334"E (eor'e 5.W. B$sh6s o$sin
(eor'e Cheney Pratt !B.A. 1293, J.-. 129A" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !12C0B122A"
($ido Calabresi !B.S. 129A, LL.B. 129C, RS" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !122@B0332"
Rihard She,,ard Arnold !B.A. 1298" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Di'hth Cir$it !12C3B0331"
Rihard A. Posner !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Se.enth Cir$it !12C1B,resent"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of
A,,eals for the Se.enth Cir$it !122AB0333"
RJames L. B$kley !B.A. 12@@, LL.B. 12@2, S;B 12@@" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the -istrit of Col$mbia Cir$it !12C9B1224"
Ste,hen *ain Williams !B.A. 129C" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for -istrit of Col$mbia Cir$it !12C4B0331"
(lenn Leroy Arher Jr. !B.A. 1291" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the *ederal Cir$it !12C9B1228"
Raymond Charles Cle.en'er ### !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the *ederal Cir$it !1223B0334"
Charles Sherman 5ai'ht Jr. !B.A. 1290, S;B 1290" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew <ork !1284B1229"
Peter ). Leis$re !B.A. 1290" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew <ork !12C@B1228"
Lo$is Lee Stanton !B.A. 1293" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew <ork !12C9B1224"
RBarrin'ton -. Parker Jr. !B.A. 1249, LL.B. 1242" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew <ork !122@B0331"
:homas Collier Platt Jr. !B.A. 12@8" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of /ew <ork !128@B0331"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S.
-istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of /ew <ork !12CCB1229"
Jose,h Ddward Ste.ens Jr. !B.A. 12@2" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Western -istrit of Misso$ri !12C1B1229"E J$d'e of the U.S.
-istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of Misso$ri !12C1B1229"
William Lloyd Standish !B.A. 129A" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Western -istrit of Pennsyl.ania !12C8B0330"
John C. Lifland !B.A. 129@" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of /ew Jersey !12CCB0331"
J. S,ener Letts !B.A. 1294" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Central -istrit of California !12C9B0333"
(eor'e )endall Shar, !B.A. 1298" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of *lorida !12CAB0333"
William Charles Lee !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !12C1B033A"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S.
-istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !1228B033A"
John (. M$rtha !B.A. 124A" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Hermont !1229B0332"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for
the -istrit of Hermont !1229B0330"
Allen Joe *ish !B.A. 1249E LL.B. 124C" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !12CAB0338"
John W. L$n'str$m !B.A. 1248" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of )ansas !1221B,resent"
Mark Lawrene Wolf !B.A. 124C" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !12C9B031A"
Myron 5erbert :hom,son !B.A. 1242, J.-. 1280" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of Alabama !12C3B,resent"E Chief
J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of Alabama !1221B122C"
-o$'las P. Woodlok !B.A. 1242, S;B 1242" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !12C4B,resent"
Carlos R. Moreno !B.A. 1283" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Central -istrit of California !122CB0331"
-enise Pa'e 5ood !B.A. 128@" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of Mihi'an !122@B,resent"
Jak B. Shmetterer !B.A. 1290E J.-. 1299" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Bankr$,ty Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #llinois FChia'oG !12C9B,resent"
James Dd'ar Baker !B.A. 12C0, J.-. 1223" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Armed *ores !0333B,resent"E Le'al Ad.iser to the
President of the U.S. !1228B0333"E -e,$ty Le'al Ad.iser for the /ational Se$rity Co$nil !122@B1228"E Attorney ad.iser on Law Dnforement
and #ntelli'ene for the U.S. -e,artment of State !1223B122A"
R-ik :hornb$r'h !B.D. 129@" Q U.S. Attorney (eneral !12CCB1221"E United /ations UnderseretaryB(eneral for Administration and
Mana'ement !1220B122A"
Phili, B. 5eymann !B.A. 129@, S;) 129@" Q -e,$ty U.S. Attorney (eneral !122AB122@"
Pa$l Ddward Co''ins !B.A. 128A, RS" Q U.S. Attorney for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !122AB0331"
RCharles /iholas Rostow !B.A. 1280, Ph.-. 1282, J.-. 12C0" Q S,eial Assistant to the President of the U.S. !12C8B122A"E (eneral Co$nsel
of the U.S. Mission to the United /ations !0331B0339"E member of the Royal #nstit$te for #nternational Affairs
John -. 5awke Jr. !B.A. 129@" Q Com,troller of the C$rreny !122CB033@"E Under Se. of the :reas$ry for -omesti *inanes !1229B122C"
RWilliam ). Reilly !B.A. 1240" Q Administrator of Dn.ironmental Protetion A'eny !12C2B122A"
Reed 5$ndt !B.A. 1242, J.-. 128@" Q Chairman of *ederal Comm$niations Commission !122AB1228"
Andrew J. Pin$s !B.A. 1288" Q (eneral Co$nsel of the U.S. -e,artment of Commere !1228B0333"
)enneth /. Weinstein !B.A. 124CE J.-. 128@" Q Assistant Chief Co$nsel for Liti'ation of the /ational 5i'hway :raffi Safety Administration
!/5:SA" !12CCB1228"E /5:SA Assoiate Administrator for Dnforement !1228B0339"
RJohn 5. Chafee !B.A. 12@8, S;B 12@8" Q U.S. Senator !Re,$blian PartyBRhode #sland, 1284B1222"
RJohn *orbes )erry !B.A. 1244, S;B 1244" Q U.S. Senator !-emorati PartyBMassah$setts, 12C9B031A"
RJose,h Lieberman !B.A. 124@, J.-. 1248" Q U.S. Senator !-emorati PartyBConneti$t, 12C2B031A"
James M. Jeffords !B.S. 1294" Q U.S. Senator !Re,$blian PartyBHermont, 12C2B0338"
John -. Ashroft !B.A. 124@" Q U.S. Senator !Re,$blian PartyBMisso$ri, 122AB0331"E (o.ernor of Misso$ri !12C9B122A"
(erry Dastman St$dds !B.A. 1292" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-BMassah$setts, 128AB1228"
Raymond 5oyt :hornton Jr. !B.A. 1293" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-BArkansas, 128AB1282, 1221B1228"
Willis -a.id (radison, Jr. !B.A. 12@2" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !RB+hio, 1289B122A"
Andrew P. =Andy> #reland !B.S. 1290" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-&RB*lorida, 1288B122A"
Clarene William =Bill> /elson !B.A. 1249" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-B*lorida, 1282B1221"
Ben Drdreih !B.A. 1243" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-BAlabama, 12CAB122A"
John Jaob Rhodes ### !B.A. 1249" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !RBAri7ona, 12C8B122A"
RPorter J. (oss !B.A. 1243" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !RB*lorida, 12C2B033@"
Rihard Swett !B.A. 1282" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-B/5, 1221B1229"E U.S. Ambassador to -enmark !122CB0331"
Rihard Pimmer !B.A. 1244E L.L.B. 1242" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !RB/ew Jersey, 1221B1228"
(ary A. *ranks !B.A. 1289" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !RBConneti$t, 1221B1228"
Sherrod Brown !B.A. 128@" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-B+hio, 122AB0338"
Lamar S. Smith !B.A. 1242" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !RB:e?as, 12C8B,resent"
Sheila JaksonBLee !B.A. 1280" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-B:e?as, 1229B,resent"
(eor'e W. B$sh !B.A. 124C, S;B 124C" Q (o.ernor of :e?as !1229B0333"
(ary Loke !B.A. 1280" Q (o.ernor of Washin'ton !1228B0339"
Bob :aft !B.A. 124A" Q (o.ernor of +hio !1222B0338"E Seretary of State of +hio !1221B1222"
:ony )nowles !B.A. 124C" Q (o.ernor of Alaska !122@B0330"
Pete Wilson !B.A. 1294" Q (o.ernor of California !1221B1222"
)$rt L. Shmoke !B.A. 1281" Q Mayor of Baltimore, Maryland !12C8B1222"
Hitor 5. Ashe !B.A. 1248, S;B 1248" Q Mayor of )no?.ille, :ennessee !12C8B033A"
(eor'e B. -aniels !B.A. 1289" Q Co$nsel to the Mayor of /ew <ork City !1223B122A"E J$d'e of the Criminal Co$rt of the City of /ew <ork
!12C2B1223, 122AB1229"E J$stie of the S$,reme Co$rt of the State of /ew <ork !1229B0333"
Clarene William SBillS /elson !B.A. 1249" Q :reas$rer, #ns$rane Commissioner, and *ire Marshal of *lorida !Jan. A, 1229QJan. 1, 0333"
B$sinessmen%
RJohn *. Akers !B.S. 1294" Q Chairman and CD+ of #nternational B$siness Mahines Cor,. !#BM" !12C4B122A"
Robert C$shin' Winters !B.A. 129A" Q Chairman and CD+ of Pr$dential #ns$rane Co. of Ameria !12C8B122@"
Ddward J. Morton !B.A. 12@2" Q Chairman and CD+ of John 5anok M$t$al Life #ns$rane Co. !12C8B1221"
RWilliam 5. =Bill> -onaldson !B.A. 129A, S;B 129A" Q Chairman of the board of /ew <ork Stok D?han'e !1221B1229"E Chairman and CD+ of
Aetna #ns$rane Co. !0333B0331"E Chairman of Carne'ie Dndowment for #nternational Peae !1222B033A"
R5enry B. Shaht !B.S. 1294" Q Chairman and CD+ of C$mmins Dn'ine Co., #n. !1288B1229"E Chairman of L$ent :ehnolo'ies !1229B
1228, 0333B0330"
R$ssell W. Meyer Jr. !B.A. 129@, S;B 129@" Q Chairman and CD+ of Cessna Airraft Co. !1289B0333, 0330B033A"
RJohn -. Maomber !B.A. 1293" Q Chmn. and CD+ of Celanese Cor,. !12C3B12C8"E Chmn. and Pres. of D?,ortB#m,ort Bank of U.S. !12C2B20"
Lo$is (ordon Lower, ## !B.A. 1248" Q President of Allstate Life #ns$rane Co. !1223B.1228"
Ste,hen *. (ates !B.A. 124C" Q Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of Amoo Cor,. !1229B122C"E D?e$ti.e Hie President of BP Amoo
!1222B0333"
RLawrene C. MO$ade !B.A. 1293, RS" Q Hie Chairman of Pr$dential M$t$al *$nd Mana'ement, #n. !12CCB1229"E Chairman of O$alitas
#nternational !1229B0339"
R:homas B. Ross !B.A. 1291, S;B 1291" Q Senior Hie President of /BC /ews !12C4B1223"E Senior Hie President of 5ill and )nowlton
!1223B122@"E Hie President for (o.ernment Relations of Loral S,ae and Comm$niations !1229B033A"
RRihard L. (elb !B.A. 12@9" Q Chairman and CD+ of BristolBMyers Co. !1284B122@"
)enneth L. Wolfe !B.A. 1241" Q Chairman and CD+ of 5ershey Choolate Co. !122@B0331"
John D. Pe,,er Jr. !B.A. 1243" Q Chairman of the board of :he Walt -isney Co. !0338B0310"E Chairman of the board of Protor ; (amble Co.
!1229B0330"E President of Protor ; (amble Co. !12C4B1229"
:homas B. Wheeler !B.A. 129C, S;B 129C" Q President and CD+ of Massah$setts M$t$al Life #ns$rane Co. !12CCB1222"E Chairman and
CD+ of Massah$setts M$t$al Life #ns$rane Co. !1224B1222"
John C. Waddell !B.A. 1292" Q Chairman of the board of Arrow Dletronis, #n. !12C3B122@"
:homas James Sk$tt !B.A. 1290" Q Chairman and CD+ of M$t$al of +maha #ns$rane Co. F/ebraskaG !12C4B1224"
Hernon R. Lo$ks Jr. !B.A. 1298, S;B 1298" Q Chairman and CD+ of Ba?ter #nternational #n. Fhealth are om,anyG !12C8B122C"
(erald (rinstein !B.A. 129@" Q Chairman !1228B1222" CD+ !033@B0338" of -elta Air Lines #n.E Chairman and CD+ of B$rlin'ton /orthern
Railroad Co. !1223B1229"
John C. Po,e !B.S. 1281" Q President of United Airlines Cor,oration !1220B122@"E Hie Chairman of United Airlines #n. !12C2B1220"
James S. Chanos !B.A. 12C3" Q *o$nder and President of )ynikos Assoiates Fhed'e f$nd in.estment om,anyG !12C9B,resent"
-a.id -. 5olbrook !B.A. 1243, S;B 1243" Q Chairman !1229B2C", President !12CCB122@", and CoBCD+ !1220B2@" of Marsh ; MLennan, #n.
RJose,h Peter (rae, Jr. !B.A. 12A4, S;) 12A4" Q Chairman and CD+ of W.R. (rae ; Co. !12C1B1220"
Arth$r John Pek Jr. !B.A. 1240" Q Assistant Seretary of Cornin', #n. !12C1B122C"E Seretary and Hie President of Cornin', #n. !122CBM"
RL. Pa$l Bremer ### !B.A. 124A" Q Mana'in' -iretor of )issin'er Assoiates !12C2B0333"
W. James !Jim" M/erney, Jr. !B.A. 1281" Q President of (eneral Dletri AsiaBPaifi F5on' )on'G !122AB1229"E President and CD+ of
(eneral Dletri !(D" Airraft Dn'ines FCininnatiG !1228B0333"
Bankers%
-a.id W. M$llins Jr. !B.S. 124C" Q Hie Chairman of the *ederal Reser.e !1221B122@"E Member of the *ederal Reser.e Board !1223B122@"
La$rene 5. Meyer !B.A. 1249" Q Member of the *ederal Reser.e Board !1224B0330"
RCyr$s R. Hane !B.A. 12A2, LL.B. 12@0, S;) 12A2" Q Chairman of the *ederal Reser.e Bank of /ew <ork !12C2B1221"
-o$'las A. Warner ### !B.A. 124C" Q Chairman and CD+ of J.P. Mor'an ; Co. !1229B0333"E President of J.P. Mor'an ; Co. !1223B0333"E
Chairman of JP Mor'an Chase ; Co. !0333B0331"
Robert *. (reenhill !B.A. 129C" Q President of Mor'an Stanley !1221B122A"E Hie Chairman of Mor'an Stanley !12C2B1221"
-a.id C. Cla,, !B.A. 1243" Q Partner of (oldman, Sahs ; Co. !128CB122@"
Jose,h 5. (leberman !B.A. 12C3" Q Partner of (oldman, Sahs ; Co. !1223B0311"
(ran'er )ent Costikyan !B.A. 1202, S;B 1202" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !1242B122C"
RRobert L. #reland ### !B.A. 12@0" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !1243B.122@"
La$rene *rederik Whittemore !B.A. 1291" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !128@B033A"
RAle?ander :. Drklent7 !B.A. 1292, S;B 1292" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !128CB,resent"
(eor'e 5arold Pfa$ Jr. !B.S. 12@C, S;B 12@C" Q Senior Hie President of Paine Webber FaI$ired by UBSG !1282B.033@"
Wilb$r Lo$is Ross Jr. !B.A. 1292" Q Senior Mana'in' -iretor of Rothshild, #n. !1284B0333"
Raymond Jaob Albri'ht !B.A. 1291, S;) 1291" Q Hie President of D?,ortB#m,ort Bank of the U.S. !128AB1220"E Senior Hie President of
D?,ortB#m,ort Bank of the U.S. !1220B1229"
RJay 5artley /ewman !B.A. 128A" Q Mana'in' -iretor of Mor'an Stanley ; Co. !1223B122A"E Mana'in' -iretor of -illon Read ; Co. !12CCB
1223"E Hie President of Lehman Brothers !12CAB12C9"
Charles B. Johnson !B.A. 129@" Q Chairman of the board of *ranklin Reso$res, #n. Fnow alled *ranklin :em,leton #n.estmentsG !1242B,res."
5erbert M. Allison Jr. !B.A. 1249" Q Senior Hie President !12C4B122A" and President !1228B1222" of Merrill Lynh ; Co.
RSte,hen A. Shwar7man !B.A. 1242, S;B 1242" Q Chairman and CD+ of :he Blakstone (ro$, !12C9B,resent"
William M. Cro7ier Jr. !B.A. 129@" Q Chairman and CD+ of BayBanks, #n. Fbank in BostonG !128@B1224"
Jo$rnalists%
RJeffrey L. Bewkes !B.A. 128@" Q Chairman and CD+ of 5ome Bo? +ffie !5B+" !1229B0330"
R-a.id R. (er'en !B.A. 124A" Q C// ,olitial analystE Co$nselor to the President of the U.S. !122AB122@"
RPa$l D. Stei'er !B.A. 124@" Q Mana'in' Dditor of "all Street %ournal !1221B0338"
Robert (reeley )aiser !B.A. 124@" Q Mana'in' Dditor of The "ashington Post !1221B122C"E Assoiate Dditor, The "ashington Post !122CB,r."
Robert U. =Bob> Woodward !B.A. 1249" Q "ashington Post re,orter !1281B,resent" and bestBsellin' a$thor
Dri -wi'ht Pae !B.A. 1298" Q Member of the staff of The ew 'ork Times !1249B033@"
R*areed Pakaria !B.A. 12C4, S;) 12C4" Q Dditor of /ewsweek #nternationalE -iretor of Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !033@B,resent"
RJames *. 5o'e Jr. !B.A. 129C" Q Dditor of &oreign #ffairs ma'a7ine !1220B0313"E President of ew 'ork (aily ews !12C9B1221"
R-a.id A. La.enthol !B.A. 1298" Q P$blisher and CD+ of The Los #ngeles Times !12C2B122A"
RWilliam *. B$kley Jr. !B.A. 1293, S;B 1293" Q DditorBatBLar'e of ational !eview ma'a7ine !1221B033@"
RRobert B. Sem,le Jr. !B.A. 1292" Q Assoiate Dditor of the Dditorial Pa'e of The ew 'ork Times !12CCB,resent"E +,BDd Pa'e Dditor of The
ew 'ork Times !12C0B12CC"
R5$'h -.S. (reenway !B.A. 129C, S;) 129C" Q Assoiate Dditor of The Boston )lobe !128CB122A"E Dditorial Pa'e Dditor of The Boston )lobe
!122@B0333"E *orei'n Affairs Col$mnist for The Boston )lobe !0333B,resent"
RRobert W. )a'an !B.A. 12C3, S;B 12C3" Q Col$mnist for The "ashington PostE CoB*o$nder of the ProJet for the /ew Amerian Cent$ry
-ana :. Milbank !B.A. 1223, S;B 1223" Q Col$mnist for The "ashington Post
RPa$l )r$'man !B.A. 128@" Q +,BDd Col$mnist for The ew 'ork Times !1222B,resent"
Sott C. Smith !B.A. 128A" Q Senior Hie President of :rib$ne Co. !12C2B122A"E President, P$blisher, and CD+ of Chia'o :rib$ne Co. !1228B
033@, 0334B033C"
James 5. +ttaway Jr. !B.A. 1243" Q Senior Hie President of -ow Jones ; Co. !12C4B033A"
RMar'aret (. Warner !B.A. 1281" Q PBS Jo$rnalist
RStrobe :albott !B.A. 124C, RS" Q DditorBatBLar'e !and *orei'n Affairs Col$mnist" for Time ma'a7ine !12C2B122A"E -iretor of Co$nil on
*orei'n Relations !12CCB122A"
+r'ani7ation D?e$ti.es%
RWilliam 5. -ra,er ### !B.A. 1293, S;B 1293" Q Administrator of United /ations -e.elo,ment Pro'ramme FU/-PG !12C4B122A"
RRo'er -. Stone !B.A. 1299" Q President of S$stainable -e.elo,ment #nstit$te !122AB,resent"
R(eor'e /. Lindsay !B.A. 12@1" Q :r$stee of Carne'ie Dndowment for #nternational Peae !12C1B1221"
RJames ($sta.e S,eth !B.A. 124@, RS" Q Administrator of United /ations -e.elo,ment Pro'ram !122AB1222"
RCarl (ershman !B.A. 1249" Q President of the /ational Dndowment for -emoray !12C@B,resent"
RJonathan *. *anton !B.A. 1249" Q Chairman of the board of 5$man Ri'hts Wath !122CB033A"E President of John -. and Catherine :.
MaArth$r *o$ndation !1222B0332"
-awn Johnsen !B.A. 12CAE J.-. 12C4" Q Le'al -iretor of the /ational Abortion and Re,rod$ti.e Ri'hts Ation Lea'$e !/ARAL" !12CCB122A"E
-e,$ty Assistant U.S. Attorney (eneral, +ffie of Le'al Co$nsel !122AB1224"
Colle'e Administrators and Professors%
RBenno C. Shmidt Jr. !B.A. 124A" Q President of <ale Uni.ersity !12C4B1220"
(eor'e -ennis +6Brien !B.A. 1290, Ph.-. Uni.. of Chia'o 1241" Q President of Uni.ersity of Rohester F/ew <orkG !12C@B122@"
RDdward :. *oote ## !B.A. 1292" Q President of the Uni.ersity of Miami F*loridaG !12C1B0331"
R-a.id L. Boren !B.A. 124A, S;B 124A, RS" Q President of Uni.ersity of +klahoma !122@B,resent"E U.S. Senator !-B+klahoma, 1282B122@"
-ale :. )nobel !B.A. 1281" Q President of -enison Uni.ersity !122CB031A"
Ste.en )na,, !B.A. 128A" Q Pro.ost of Johns 5o,kins Uni.ersity !1224B0338"
A.i Soifer !B.A. 1242, J.-. 1280" Q -ean of Boston Colle'e Law Shool !122AB122C"
Lane Liebman !B.A. 1240" Q -ean of Col$mbia Law Shool !1221B1224"E William S. Beineke Professor of Law at Col$mbia Law Shool
!122CB,resent"
Robert J. Sternber' !B.A. 1280" Q #BM Professor of Psyholo'y and Dd$ation at <ale Uni.ersity !12C4B0339"
RSam$el P. 5$ntin'ton !B.A. 12@4" Q Professor of (o.ernment at 5ar.ard Uni.ersity !1240B033C"
RRashid #. )halidi !B.A. 1283" Q Professor of Middle Dast 5istory at Uni.ersity of Chia'o !12C8B033A"
RPa$l )r$'man !B.A. 128@" Q Professor of Donomis and #nternational Affairs at Prineton Uni.ersity !0333B,resent"
RMihael Mandelba$m !B.A. 124C" Q Christian A. 5erter Professor of Amerian *orei'n Poliy at :he Johns 5o,kins Uni.ersity Shool of
Ad.aned #nternational St$dies !1223B,resent"
Akhil Reed Amar !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12C@" Q Sterlin' Professor of Law at <ale Law Shool !122AB,resent"
Re.a Sie'el !B.A. 128CE J.-. 12C4" Q /iholas deB. )at7enbah Professor of Law at <ale Law Shool !1222B,resent"
James O. Whitman !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12CC" Q *ord *o$ndation Professor of Com,arati.e and *orei'n Law at <ale Law Shool !1224B,resent"
Alvin C. Warren (B.A. 1966) Professor of Law at Harvard Law School (1980-present)
Jeffrey /. (ordon !B.A. 1281" Q Alfred W. Bressler Professor of Law at Col$mbia Law Shool !122CB,resent"
Brian C. M$rhison !B.A. 128@, J.-. 1282, S;B 128@" Q Professor of Law at Washin'ton and Lee Uni.ersity Shool of Law !1223B,resent"
RJames C. :homson, Jr. !B.A. 129A, S;) 129A" Q Professor of Jo$rnalism at Boston Uni.ersity !12C@B1228"
RMar.in Ponis !B.A. 129C" Q Professor of Beha.ioral Sienes at the Uni.ersity of Chia'o !12C2B,resent"
Bert *ranklin (reen Jr. !B.A. 12@2" Q Professor of Psyholo'y at Johns 5o,kins Uni.ersity !1242B122C"
Ste.en D. 5yman !B.A. 128@" Q Professor of /e$robiolo'y at 5ar.ard Medial ShoolE -iretor of the /ational #nstit$te of Mental 5ealth
!/#M5" !1224B0331"
Lawyers%
RCyr$s R. Hane !B.A. 12A2, LL.B. 12@0, S;) 12A2" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !1294B1241, 1248B1288, 12C3B122C"
RWilliam Dldred Jakson !B.A. 12@1, S;B 12@1" Q Partner of Milbank, :weed, 5adley ; MCloy !129@B1222"E Hie Chairman of #nternational
Co$rt of Arbitration !12CCB122@"
R(eor'e /. Lindsay !B.A. 12@1" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1299B1223"E +f Co$nsel of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1221B122A"
RRobert B. .on Mehren !B.A. 12@A" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1298B122A"
RWilliam B. Matteson !B.A. 1293" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1241B122C"
(eor'e B. Adams !B.A. 1290" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1244B1228"E +f Co$nsel of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !122CB,resent"E Chairman
of the or,orate de,artment of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !12CCB122A"E -iretor of Lawyer6s Alliane for World Se$rity !12C2B122C"
James C. (oodale !B.A. 1299" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !12C3B122A"
R-a.id W. Ri.kin !B.A. 1288E J.-. 12C3" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !12CCB,resent"
Mihael W. Blair !B.A. 1288" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !12C2B,resent"
RDli Whitney -ebe.oise ## !B.A. 128@" Q Partner of Arnold ; Porter !1282B0338"
Ste.en Lewis *riedman !B.A. 124C" Q (eneral Co$nsel in the United States for the Lik$d Party of #srael !12CCB1222"E Partner of -ilworth,
Pa?son, )alish and )a$ffman Flaw firm in Philadel,hiaG !1284B0339"
William *. )roener ### !B.A. 1248" Q (eneral Co$nsel of *-#C !1229B0334"E Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1282B122@"
Ddward Sno.er Reid ### !B.A. 1291, S;B 1291" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !124@B1229"
Robert B. *iske, Jr. !B.A. 1290" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !124@B0313"
Jonathan M. Clark !B.A. 1292" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1281B122A"E (eneral Co$nsel of Mor'an Stanley ; Co., #n. !122AB1228"
-onaldson Clark Pillsb$ry !B.A. 1240, LL.B. 1248, S;) 1240" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1280B122A"
($y Miller Str$.e !B.A. 124A, LL.B. 5ar.ard 1244" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !128AB031A"
Bradley <. Smith !B.A. 1283" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C3B031A"
Patrik S. )enadJian !B.A. 1283" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C@B0313"
-. Sott Wise !B.A. 128@" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C8B0311"
Pa$l W. Bartel, ## !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12CCB0313"
John M. Brandow !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C2B,resent"
-anforth :ownley !B.A. 1282E J.-. 12C9" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !122@B,resent"
Mario J. Herdolini !B.A. 12C9" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1228B,resent"
5arry Ballan !B.A. 12C1E Ph.-. 12C4" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1222B,resent"
-aniel (. )elly, Jr. !B.A. 128A" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1222B,resent"
Ste,hen ). West !B.A. 1293" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !124@B1228"
Mihael M. Maney !B.A. 1294" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1281B033A"E Senior Co$nsel of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !033AB,resent"
Willard B. :aylor !B.A. 1240E LL.B. 1249" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1280B0338"
Rihard R. 5owe !B.A. 124@" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !128@B0332"
Rihard (. Asthalter !B.A. 1244E J.-. 1281" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C3B033C"
John :. Bostelman !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C4B0332"
RJames 5. Carter !B.A. 1249E LL.B. 1242" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1288B0313"
Rihard J. Urowsky !B.A. 1248E J.-. 1280" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C3B031@"
(andolfo H. -iBlasi !B.A. 1289E J.-. 128C" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C9B,resent"
-a.id *. Morrison !B.A. 128@" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C4B,resent"
Robert S. Risoleo !B.A. 12C3E J.-. 12C@" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1220B,resent"
(re'ory A. Weiss !B.A. 1244" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !1284B,resent"
(lenn M. Reiter !B.A. 128A, J.-. 1284" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !12C@B,resent"
Sarah D. Co'an !B.A. 128C" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !12C2B,resent"
-a.id A. Sneider !B.A. 1282" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !122@B,resent"
Ro'er J. Baneman !B.A. 1280" Q Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin' !12C9B,resent"
Antonia D. Stol,er !B.A. 1282" Q Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin'
Mihael J. )ennedy !B.A. 12C1" Q Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin'
:homas B. Wilner !B.A. 1244" Q +f Co$nsel of Shearman ; Sterlin'
RClark :. Randt Jr. !B.A. 124C" Q Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin' in 5on' )on' !1221B0331"
Robert S. Rifkind !B.A. 129C" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !1281B0331"
Rory +. Millson !B.A. 128AE J.-. 1288, B.A. +?ford 1289 !S. Afrian Rhodes Sholar"" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !12C@B,resent"
Sott A. Ddelman !B.A. <aleE M.A. <ale" Q Partner !and Hie Chairman" of Milbank, :weed, 5adley ; MCloy !1229B,resent"
Andrew D. :ombak !B.A. <ale, J.-. <ale" Q Partner of Milbank, :weed, 5adley ; MCloy !1224B,resent"
RAlfred -. <o$n'wood !B.A. 1292" Q Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !1283B033C"
R:oby S. Myerson !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !12CAB12C2, 1223B,resent"
RJerome A. Cohen !B.A. 1291E J.-. 1299" Q Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !12C1B0333"E +f Co$nsel of Pa$l, Weiss,
Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !0333B,resent"E Professor of Law at /ew <ork Uni.ersity Shool of Law !1223B,resent"
Charles R. Walker ### !B.A. 1291, LL.B. 129@" Q Member of Lord, -ay ; Lord Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !1294B122@"
Charles 5. Crithlow !B.A. 1280" Q Partner of Co$dert Brothers Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !12C4B0339"
-onald Sha,iro !B.A. 12@@E LL.B. 12@2" Q Partner of Chadbo$rne ; Parke Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !12CCB,resent"
Robert William Br$ndi'e Jr. !B.A. 1244" Q Partner of 5$'hes, 5$bbard ; Reed Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !12C8B,resent"
John M. :ownsend !B.A. 124C, J.-., 1281" Q Partner and CoBChair of 5$'hes, 5$bbard ; Reed Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG
Sott J. -a.is !B.A. 1280" Q Partner of Mayer Brown FChia'oG !12CAB,resent"
R. O$iny White !B.A. 129@" Q Partner of Sidley ; A$stin FChia'oG !128AB122A"
-a.id Alan Rihards !B.A. 1248, J.-. 1280, S;B 1248" Q Partner of Sidley ; A$stin Flaw firm in Chia'o and /ew <ork CityG !12CAB0333"E
Partner of MCarter ; Dn'lish Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !0331B,resent"
-onald Dtra !B.A. 124C, S;B 124C" Q Partner of Sidley ; A$stin Flaw firm in Chia'o and Los An'elesG !12CAB1229"E 5ead of Law *ffices of
(onald +tra in Los An'eles !1229B,resent"
Robert 5oward Wellen !B.A. 124CE J.-. 1281" Q Partner of *$lbri'ht ; Jaworski Flaw firm in Washin'ton, -.C.G !1282B122A"
Jonathan C. Rose !B.A. 124A, S;B 124A" Q Partner of Jones, -ay, Rea.is ; Po'$e FWashin'ton, -.C.G !1288B12C1, 12C@B,resent"
5. Stewart -$nn Jr. !B.A. 1291" Q Partner of #.ins, Philli,s ; Barker Flaw firm in Washin'ton, -.C.G !1240B.0330"
Allen C. (oolsby !B.A. 1241" Q Partner of 5$nton ; Williams FRihmond, Hir'iniaG !1289B,resent"
Andrea Bear *ield !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of 5$nton ; Williams FWashin'ton, -.C.G !1221B,resent"
)ell Marsh -ams'aard !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of Mor'an, Lewis ; Boki$s FPhiladel,hiaG !12C1B,resent"
Robert L. Abramowit7 !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of Mor'an, Lewis ; Boki$s FPhiladel,hiaG !1223B,resent"
(ene J. +shman !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12CA" Q Partner of Baker Botts F5o$ston, :e?asG !1223B,resent"
J. -a.id )irkland Jr. !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12CA" Q Partner of Baker Botts F5o$ston, :e?asG
James *. )irkham !B.A. 129@" Q Partner of Pillsb$ry, Madison ; S$tro Flaw firm in San *ranisoG !1244B.1224"E member of Bohemian Cl$b
Peter R. :aft !B.A. 129CE LL.B., 1241, S;) 129C" Q Partner of M$n'er, :olles ; +lson FLos An'elesG !1242B,resent"
(eor'e -ene're !B.A. 12@A" Q Partner of Jones, Walker, Weahter, Poie.ent, Carrere ; -ene're Flaw firm in /ew +rleansG !1290B033C"
-a.id Allan (ates !B.A. 1242" Q Partner of Mithell, Williams, Seli', (ates ; Woodyard Flaw firm in Little Rok, ArkansasG !1282B. 1229"
Robert 5astin's /ihols !B.A. 124A" Q Partner of Cotton, Watt, Jones ; )in' FChia'oG !1248B1229"E Senior Attorney and Coordinator for
United Airlines Master D?e$ti.e Co$nil, Air Line Pilots Assoiation, #nternational A*LBC#+ !1229B.0338"
Roderik A. Palmore !B.A. 128@" Q (eneral Co$nsel and Seretary of Sara Lee Cor,. !1222B033C"E Senior Hie President and (eneral
Co$nsel of Sara Lee Cor,. !1222B033@"E Partner of Wildman, 5arrold, Allen ; -i?on FChia'oG !12C4B122A"
Mihael -a.id 5ess !B.A. 1240, J.-. 5ar.ard 1249" Q Senior Partner of White ; Case Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !12C4B122A"E Senior Partner
of Chadbo$rne ; Parke Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !122AB122C"E Chairman of the board of tr$stees of 5orae Mann Shool in Bron?, /ew <ork
City !122@B0331"E Chief of i.il di.ision , +ffie of the U.S. Attorney Ffor the So$thern -istrit of /ew <orkG in /ew <ork City !1244B128A"
/ote% RTMember of the Co$nil on *orei'n RelationsE RS T Rhodes SholarE S;B T Sk$ll ; BonesE S;) T Sroll ; )ey
/ote% :he U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it is loated in /ew <ork City. :he U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew
<ork is loated in /ew <ork City. :he U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Se.enth Cir$it is loated in Chia'o.
<ale Uni.ersity (rad$ates and :heir +$,ation d$rin' (lobal War on :errorism !0331B,resent" and Seond Persian ($lf War !033AB0311"
(o.ernment +ffiials%
(eor'e W. B$sh !B.A. 124C, S;B 124C" Q President of the United States !Jan$ary 03, 0331BJan$ary 03, 0332"
John -. Ashroft !B.A. 124@" Q U.S. Attorney (eneral !*ebr$ary 0, 0331B*ebr$ary A, 0339"
RL. Pa$l Bremer ### !B.A. 124A" Q Administrator of the Coalition Pro.isional A$thority of #raI !May 10, 033ABJ$ne 0C, 033@"
RPorter J. (oss !B.A. 1243" Q -iretor of Central #ntelli'ene A'eny !033@B0334"E U.S. Con'ressman !Re,$blianB*lorida, 12C2B033@"
RWilliam 5. -onaldson !B.A. 129A, S;B 129A" Q Chairman of the U.S. Se$rities and D?han'e Commission !*eb. 1C, 033ABJ$ne A3, 0339"
Mark W. D.erson !B.A. 1284" Q Commissioner of #nternal Re.en$e Ser.ie !May 1, 033ABMay 0C, 0338"E President of Amerian Red Cross
!May 02, 0338B/o.ember 08, 0338"
Dllen L. Weintra$b !B.A. 128C" Q Commissioner of *ederal Dletion Commission !0330B,resent"E Chairman of *DC !0330B033A"
John -. 5awke Jr. !B.A. 129@" Q Com,troller of the C$rreny !122CB033@"E Under Seretary of the :reas$ry for -omesti *inanes !1229B
122C"E Partner of Arnold ; Porter Flaw firm in Washin'ton, -.C.G !033@B,resent"
RDmil W. 5enry Jr. !B.A. 12CA" Q Assistant Seretary of the :reas$ry for *inanial #nstit$tions !0339B0332"
:homas +. Barnett !B.A. 12C9" Q Assistant U.S. Attorney (eneral for the Antitr$st -i.ision !0339B033C"
RJohn -. /e'ro,onte !B.A. 1243" Q U.S. Re,resentati.e to the United /ations !Se,tember 1C, 0331BJ$ne 0A, 033@"E U.S. Ambassador to #raI
!J$ne 0C, 033@BMarh 18, 0339"E -iretor of /ational #ntelli'ene !A,ril 01, 0339B*ebr$ary 1A, 0338"E -e,$ty U.S. Seretary of State
!*ebr$ary 1A, 0338BJan$ary 03, 0332"
RJohn R. Bolton !B.A. 1283E J.-. 128@" Q U.S. Re,resentati.e to the United /ations !A$'$st 1, 0339B-eember 2, 0334"E Under Seretary of
State for Arms Control and #nternational Se$rity Affairs !May 11, 0331BJ$ly A1, 0339"
RLewis Libby !B.A. 1280" Q Chief of Staff to the Hie President of the U.S. F-ik CheneyG !0331B0339", ,rini,al fi'$re in the Plame Affair
RWilliam 5. :aft #H !B.A. 1244" Q Le'al Ad.iser of the U.S. -e,artment of State !0331B0339"
RClark :. Randt Jr. !B.A. 124C" Q U.S. Ambassador to Comm$nist China !0331B0332"E Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin' law firm in 5on' )on'
!1221B0331"
Robert -. MCall$m Jr. !B.A. 124C, S;B 124C, RS" Q U.S. Ambassador to A$stralia !0334B0332"E Assoiate U.S. Attorney (eneral !033AB34"
(eor'e 5erbert Walker ### !B.A. 129A, S;B 129A" Q U.S. Ambassador to 5$n'ary !033AB0334"
Hitor Ashe !B.A. 1248, S;B 1248" Q U.S. Ambassador to Poland !033@B0332"
-a.id 5. :horne !B.A. 1244, S;B 1244" Q U.S. Ambassador to #taly !0332B031A"
Charles 5. Ri.kin !B.A. 12C@" Q U.S. Ambassador to *rane !0332B031A"
-a.id /. (reenlee !B.A. 1249M" Q U.S. Ambassador to Boli.ia !033AB0334"E U.S. Ambassador to Para'$ay !0333B033A"
Ste,hen (. M*arland !B.A. 1284" Q U.S. Ambassador to ($atemala !033CB0311"E -e,$ty Chief of Mission, U.S. Dmbassy in Hene7$ela
033AB0339"
(ro.er Jose,h Rees ### !B.A. 128AM" Q U.S. Ambassador to Dast :imor !0330B0334"
John Marshall D.ans !B.A. 1283" Q U.S. Ambassador to Armenia !033@B0334"E U.S. Cons$l (eneral in St. Petersb$r', R$ssia !122@B1228"
J. Adam Dreli !B.A. 12C0" Q U.S. Ambassador to Bahrain !0338B0311"
(ordon (ray ### !B.A. 128C" Q U.S. Ambassador to :$nisia !0332B0310"E -e,$ty Chief of Mission at the U.S. Dmbassy in D'y,t !0330B0339"E
-e,$ty Assistant Seretary of State for /ear Dastern Affairs !0339B033C"
Pa$l D. Simons !B.A. <ale" Q U.S. Ambassador to Chile !0338B0313"E former -e,$ty Chief of Mission at the U.S. Dmbassy in :el A.i., #srael
-onald B. Dnsenat !B.A. 124C" Q U.S. Chief of Protool !0331B0338"
RAle?ander R. Hershbow !B.A. 128@" Q U.S. Ambassador to R$ssia !0331B0339"E U.S. Ambassador to So$th )orea !0339B033C"E Assistant
U.S. Seretary of -efense for #nternational Se$rity Affairs !0332B0311"E -e,$ty SeretaryB(eneral of /orth Atlanti :reaty +r'ani7ation
!0310B,resent"
(ary Loke !B.A. 1280" Q U.S. Ambassador to Comm$nist China !0311B031@"E U.S. Seretary of Commere !0332B0311"E (o.ernor of
Washin'ton !1228B0339"
RAshton B. Carter !B.A. 1284, RS" Q Under U.S. Seretary of -efense for AI$isition, :ehnolo'y and Lo'istis !0332B0311"E -e,$ty U.S.
Seretary of -efense !0311B031A"
RSte,hen W. Preston !B.A. 1282" Q (eneral Co$nsel of the Central #ntelli'ene A'eny !0332B031A"E (eneral Co$nsel of the U.S. -e,artment
of -efense !031AB,resent"
RRe$ben Jeffery ### !B.A. 1289" Q Chairman of the Commodity *$t$res :radin' Commission !0339B0338"E Under Seretary of State for
Donomi, Dner'y and A'ri$lt$ral Affairs !0338B0332"E D?e$ti.e -iretor of the Coalition Pro.isional A$thority +ffie !CPA" F#raIG at the
Penta'on !033A"E Mana'in' Partner of (oldman Sahs in Paris, *rane !1228B0331"
R/eal S. Wolin !B.A. 12CA, J.-. 12CC" Q -e,$ty U.S. Seretary of the :reas$ry !0332B031A"
R)enneth M. Pollak !B.A. 12CC" Q #ranB#raI Military Analyst at the Central #ntelli'ene A'eny !12CCB1229"E -iretor for Persian ($lf Affairs at
the /ational Se$rity Co$nil !1222B0331"E -iretor for /ational Se$rity St$dies at Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !0331B0330"
RJose,h Herner Reed Jr. !B.A. 1241" Q UnderBSeretaryB(eneral of the United /ations !1220B,resent"
A$stan (oolsbee !B.A. 1221E S;B 1221" Q Member !0332B0311" and Chairman !0313B0311" of the Co$nil of Donomi Ad.isers
Jay Carney !B.A. 12C8" Q White 5o$se Press Seretary !0311B031@"
John M. Walker Jr. !B.A. 1240" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !12C2B0334"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of
A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !0333B0334"E (eor'e 5.W. B$sh6s o$sin
($ido Calabresi !B.S. 129A, LL.B. 129C, RS" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !122@B0332"
RBarrin'ton -. Parker Jr. !B.A. 1249, LL.B. 1242" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it !0331B,resent"E J$d'e of the
U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew <ork !122@B0331"
Rihard A. Posner !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Se.enth Cir$it !12C1B,resent"
Brett M. )a.ana$'h !B.A. 12C8" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for -istrit of Col$mbia Cir$it !0334B,resent"
Raymond Charles Cle.en'er ### !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the *ederal Cir$it !1223B0334"
(eor'e B. -aniels !B.A. 1289" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew <ork !0333B,resent"
William Lloyd Standish !B.A. 129A" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Western -istrit of Pennsyl.ania !12C8B0330"
William Charles Lee !B.A. 1292" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !12C1B033A"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S.
-istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #ndiana !1228B033A"
James )noll (ardner !B.A. 1240" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of Pennsyl.ania !0330B,resent"
John (. M$rtha !B.A. 124A" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Hermont !1229B0332"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for
the -istrit of Hermont !1229B0330"
Allen Joe *ish !B.A. 1249E LL.B. 124C" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !12CAB0338"E Chief J$d'e of the
U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of :e?as !0330B0338"
John W. L$n'str$m !B.A. 1248" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of )ansas !1221B,resent"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit
Co$rt for the -istrit of )ansas !0331B0338"
Mark Lawrene Wolf !B.A. 124C" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !12C9B031A"E Chief J$d'e of the U.S.
-istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !0334B031A"
Myron 5erbert :hom,son !B.A. 1242, J.-. 1280" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Middle -istrit of Alabama !12C3B,resent"
-o$'las P. Woodlok !B.A. 1242, S;B 1242" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of Massah$setts !12C4B,resent"
-enise Pa'e 5ood !B.A. 128@" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of Mihi'an !122@B,resent"
-ora L. #ri7arry !B.A. 1284" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the Dastern -istrit of /ew <ork !033@B,resent"
James +. Brownin' !B.A. 128C" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the -istrit of /ew Me?io !033AB,resent"
Robert Mihael -ow Jr. !B.A. 12C8" Q J$d'e of the U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #llinois !0338B,resent"
Jak B. Shmetterer !B.A. 1290E J.-. 1299" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Bankr$,ty Co$rt for the /orthern -istrit of #llinois FChia'oG !12C9B,resent"
James Dd'ar Baker !B.A. 12C0, J.-. 1223" Q J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Armed *ores !0333B,resent"
RCharles /iholas Rostow !B.A. 1280, Ph.-. 1282, J.-. 12C0" Q S,eial Assistant to the President of the U.S. !12C8B122A"E (eneral Co$nsel
of the U.S. Mission to the United /ations !0331B0339"E member of the Royal #nstit$te for #nternational Affairs
)enneth /. Weinstein !B.A. 124CE J.-. 128@" Q Assistant Chief Co$nsel for Liti'ation of the /ational 5i'hway :raffi Safety Administration
!/5:SA" !12CCB1228"E /5:SA Assoiate Administrator for Dnforement !1228B0339"
RJohn *orbes )erry !B.A. 1244, S;B 1244" Q U.S. Senator !-BMassah$setts, 12C9B031A"E U.S. Seretary of State !031AB,resent"
RJose,h Lieberman !B.A. 124@, J.-. 1248" Q U.S. Senator !-BConneti$t, 12C2B031A"
Mark -ayton !B.A. 1242" Q U.S. Senator !-BMinnesota, 0331B0338"E (o.ernor of Minnesota !0311B,resent"
James M. Jeffords !B.S. 1294" Q U.S. Senator !#BHermont, 12C2B0338"
Clarene William =Bill> /elson !B.A. 1249" Q U.S. Senator !-B*lorida, 0331B,resent"
Sheldon Whiteho$se !B.A. 128C" Q U.S. Senator !-BRhode #sland, 0338B,resent"E Attorney (eneral of Rhode #sland !1222B033A"
Sherrod Brown !B.A. 128@" Q U.S. Senator !-B+hio, 0338B,resent"E Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !122AB0338"
Amy )lob$har !B.A. 12C0" Q U.S. Senator !-BMinnesota, 0338B,resent"
Lamar S. Smith !B.A. 1242" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !RB:e?as, 12C8B,resent"
John <arm$th !B.A. 1242" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-B)ent$ky, 0338B,resent"
Sheila JaksonBLee !B.A. 1280" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-B:e?as, 1229B,resent"
-enise L. MaJette !B.A. 1284" Q Member of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !-emoratB(eor'ia, 033AB0339"
5oward B. -ean ### !B.A. 1281" Q (o.ernor of Hermont !A$'$st 1@, 1221BJan$ary C, 033A"E
(eor'e Pataki !B.A. 1248" Q (o.ernor of /ew <ork !1229B0334"
Bob :aft !B.A. 124A" Q (o.ernor of +hio !1222B0338"
John SJakS -alrym,le !B.A. 1283" Q (o.ernor of /orth -akota !0313B,resent"E Lie$tenant (o.ernor of /orth -akota !0333B0313"
Anthony A. Williams !B.A. 1282" Q Mayor of Washin'ton, -.C. !1222B0338"
S$san Bysiewi7 !B.A. 12CA" Q Seretary of State of Conneti$t !1222B,resent"
B$sinessmen%
RWilliam 5. =Bill> -onaldson !B.A. 129A, S;B 129A" Q Chairman and CD+ of Aetna #ns$rane Co. !0333B0331"E Chairman of Carne'ie
Dndowment for #nternational Peae !1222B033A"
R5enry B. Shaht !B.S. 1294" Q Chairman of L$ent :ehnolo'ies !1229B1228, 0333B0330"
W. James !Jim" M/erney, Jr. !B.A. 1281" Q Chairman and CD+ of Boein' !0339B,resent"
R$ssell W. Meyer Jr. !B.A. 129@, S;B 129@" Q Chairman and CD+ of Cessna Airraft Co. !1289B0333, 0330B033A"
Ste,hen *. (ates !B.A. 124C" Q Senior Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of ConooPhilli,s !033AB0338"E Hie President and (eneral
Co$nsel of Amoo Cor,. !1229B122C"E D?e$ti.e Hie President of BP Amoo !1222B0333"
R/eal S. Wolin !B.A. 12CA, J.-. 12CC" Q D?e$ti.e Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of 5artford *inanial Ser.ies (ro$,, #n. !0331B0338"E
President of 5artford *inanial Ser.ies (ro$,, #n. !0338B0332"
RLawrene C. MO$ade !B.A. 1293, RS" Q Hie Chairman of Pr$dential M$t$al *$nd Mana'ement, #n. !12CCB1229"E Chairman of O$alitas
#nternational !1229B0339"
R:homas B. Ross !B.A. 1291, S;B 1291" Q Hie President for (o.ernment Relations of Loral S,ae and Comm$niations !1229B033A"
RJeffrey L. Bewkes !B.A. 128@" Q Chairman and CD+ of :ime Warner !0332B,resent"E -iretor of Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !0330B0334"
John D. Pe,,er Jr. !B.A. 1243" Q Chairman of the board of :he Walt -isney Co. !0338B0310"E Chairman of the board of Protor ; (amble Co.
!1229B0330"
(erald (rinstein !B.A. 129@" Q Chairman !1228B1222" and CD+ !033@B0338" of -elta Air Lines #n.
James S. Chanos !B.A. 12C3" Q *o$nder and President of )ynikos Assoiates Fhed'e f$nd in.estment om,anyG !12C9B,resent"
Roland W. Betts !B.A. 124C" Q -iretor of the Lower Manhattan -e.elo,ment Cor,oration !0331B0334"
Mihael -a.id 5ess !B.A. 1240, J.-. 5ar.ard 1249" Q Partner and Senior Mana'in' -iretor of (i$liani Partners Fons$ltin' firm in /ew <ork
CityG !0330B.0332"
Dthan Chorin !B.A. 1221" Q Senior Mana'er for (o.ernment Relations and 5ead of Cor,orate Soial Res,onsibility at -$bai Ports World
FUnited Arab DmiratesG !0332B0311"
Bankers%
La$rene 5. Meyer !B.A. 1249" Q Member of the *ederal Reser.e Board !1224B0330"
Charles B. Johnson !B.A. 129@" Q Chairman of the board of *ranklin Reso$res, #n. Fnow alled *ranklin :em,leton #n.estmentsG !1242B,res."
5erbert M. Allison Jr. !B.A. 1249" Q Chairman and CD+ of :#AABCRD* !0330B033C"E CD+ of *annie Mae !033CB0332"E Assistant Seretary of
the :reas$ry for *inanial Stability !0332B0311"
RSte,hen A. Shwar7man !B.A. 1242, S;B 1242" Q Chairman and CD+ of :he Blakstone (ro$, !12C9B,resent"
Jose,h 5. (leberman !B.A. 12C3" Q Partner of (oldman, Sahs ; Co. !1223B0311"
La$rene *rederik Whittemore !B.A. 1291" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !128@B033A"
RAle?ander :. Drklent7 !B.A. 1292, S;B 1292" Q Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !128CB,resent"
(eor'e 5arold Pfa$ Jr. !B.S. 12@C, S;B 12@C" Q Senior Hie President of Paine Webber FaI$ired by UBSG !1282B.033@"
Jerome P. )enney !B.A. 124A" Q HieBChairman of Merrill Lynh ; Co., #n. !0330B033C"
Robert J. Small !B.A. <ale" Q Mana'in' -iretor of Berkshire Partners !0333B,resent"
Jo$rnalists%
R-a.id R. (er'en !B.A. 124A" Q C// ,olitial analystE Co$nselor to the President of the U.S. !122AB122@"
RRobert (reeley )aiser !B.A. 124@" Q Assoiate Dditor and Senior Corres,ondent at The "ashington Post !122CB,resent"
RPa$l D. Stei'er !B.A. 124@" Q Mana'in' Dditor of "all Street %ournal !1221B0338"
Robert U. =Bob> Woodward !B.A. 1249" Q "ashington Post re,orter !1281B,resent" and bestBsellin' a$thor
Dri -wi'ht Pae !B.A. 1298" Q Member of the staff of The ew 'ork Times !1249B033@"
R*areed Pakaria !B.A. 12C4, S;) 12C4" Q Dditor of /ewsweek #nternationalE -iretor of Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !033@B,resent"
RJames *. 5o'e Jr. !B.A. 129C" Q Dditor of &oreign #ffairs ma'a7ine !1220B0313"
RWilliam *. B$kley Jr. !B.A. 1293, S;B 1293" Q DditorBatBLar'e of ational !eview ma'a7ine !1221B033@"
RRobert B. Sem,le Jr. !B.A. 1292" Q Assoiate Dditor of the Dditorial Pa'e of The ew 'ork Times !12CCB,resent"
R5$'h -.S. (reenway !B.A. 129C, S;) 129C" Q *orei'n Affairs Col$mnist for The Boston )lobe !0333B,resent"
RRobert W. )a'an !B.A. 12C3, S;B 12C3" Q Col$mnist for The "ashington PostE CoB*o$nder of the ProJet for the /ew Amerian Cent$ry
-ana :. Milbank !B.A. 1223, S;B 1223" Q Col$mnist for The "ashington Post
-a.id Leonhardt !B.A. 122@, S;B 122@" Q Washin'ton B$rea$ Chief of The ew 'ork Times !MB,resent"
RPa$l )r$'man !B.A. 128@" Q +,BDd Col$mnist for The ew 'ork Times !1222B,resent"
Sott C. Smith !B.A. 128A" Q President, P$blisher, and CD+ of Chia'o :rib$ne Co. !1228B033@, 0334B033C"
James 5. +ttaway Jr. !B.A. 1243" Q Senior Hie President of -ow Jones ; Co. !12C4B033A"
RMar'aret (. Warner !B.A. 1281" Q PBS Jo$rnalist
Anderson Coo,er !B.A. 12C2" Q C// re,orter !0331B,resent"E anhor of #nderson ,oo-er ./01 !033AB,resent"
Mihael Med.ed !B.A. 1242" Q radio ommentator and a$thorE host of The 2ichael 2edved Show
+r'ani7ation D?e$ti.es%
5oward B. -ean ### !B.A. 1281" Q Chairman of the -emorati /ational Committee !0339B0332"
RRo'er -. Stone !B.A. 1299" Q President of S$stainable -e.elo,ment #nstit$te !122AB,resent"
RStrobe :albott !B.A. 124C, RS" Q President of :he Brookin's #nstit$tion !0330B,resent"
RWinston Lord !B.A. 1292, S;B 1292" Q CoBChairman of the board of #nternational Res$e Committee !. 0331B. 033@"
RRihard D. Salomon !B.A. 124@" Q Hie Chairman of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !0338B,resent"
RCarl (ershman !B.A. 1249" Q President of the /ational Dndowment for -emoray !12C@B,resent"
RJonathan *. *anton !B.A. 1249" Q Chairman of the board of 5$man Ri'hts Wath !122CB033A"E President of John -. and Catherine :.
MaArth$r *o$ndation !1222B0332"
Colle'e Administrators and Professors%
R-a.id L. Boren !B.A. 124A, S;B 124A, RS" Q President of Uni.ersity of +klahoma !122@B,resent"E U.S. Senator !-B+klahoma, 1282B122@"
RSte.en )na,, !B.A. 128A" Q President of (eor'e Washin'ton Uni.ersity !0338B,resent"E Pro.ost of Johns 5o,kins Uni.ersity !1224B0338"
Mar.in )rislo. !B.A. 12C0, J.-. 12CC, RS" Q President of +berlin Colle'e !0338B,resent"E Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of the Uni.ersity
of Mihi'an !122CB0338"
Rihard 5. Brodhead !B.A. 124C, Ph.-. 1280" Q President of -$ke Uni.ersity F/orth CarolinaG !033@B,resent"
-ale :. )nobel !B.A. 1281" Q President of -enison Uni.ersity !122CB031A"
R$ssell ). +s'ood !B.A. 1242, J.-. 128@" Q President of (rinnell Colle'e F#owaG !122CB0313"
-o$'las M. /orth !B.A. 1240" Q President of Alaska Paifi Uni.ersity FAnhora'e, AlaskaG !1229B0332"
Ste.en D. 5yman !B.A. 128@" Q Pro.ost of 5ar.ard Uni.ersity !-eember 0331B0311"E Professor of /e$robiolo'y at 5ar.ard Medial ShoolE
-iretor of the /ational #nstit$te of Mental 5ealth !/#M5" !1224B0331"
Mihael A. Bernstein !B.A. 1284, Ph.-. 12C0" Q Pro.ost of :$lane Uni.ersity !0338B,resent"
-a.id M. Shi7er !B.A. 1223E M.A. 1223E J.-. 122A" Q -ean of Col$mbia Law Shool !033@B,resent"
Mary Dli7abeth Ma'ill !B.A. 12CC" Q -ean of Stanford Law Shool !0310B,resent"E Hie -ean of Uni.. of Hir'inia Shool of Law !0332B0310"
)$rt L. Shmoke !B.A. 1281" Q -ean of 5oward Uni.ersity Shool of Law !033AB0310"
A.i Soifer !B.A. 1242, J.-. 1280" Q -ean of William S. Rihardson Shool of Law at the Uni.ersity of 5awaii !033AB,resent"
Robert J. Sternber' !B.A. 1280" Q -ean of :$fts Uni.ersity Shool of Arts and Sienes !0339B,resent"E President of the Amerian
Psyholo'ial Assoiation !033A"E #BM Professor of Psyholo'y and Dd$ation at <ale Uni.ersity !12C4B0339"
RR. )eith Walton !B.A. 12C4, S;B 12C4" Q D?e$ti.e Hie President and Seretary of Col$mbia Uni.ersity !1224B0338"
RSam$el P. 5$ntin'ton !B.A. 12@4" Q Professor of (o.ernment at 5ar.ard Uni.ersity !1240B033C"
RRashid #. )halidi !B.A. 1283" Q Professor of Middle Dast 5istory at Uni.ersity of Chia'o !12C8B033A"
RPa$l )r$'man !B.A. 128@" Q Professor of Donomis and #nternational Affairs at Prineton Uni.ersity !0333B,resent"
RMihael Mandelba$m !B.A. 124C" Q Christian A. 5erter Professor of Amerian *orei'n Poliy at :he Johns 5o,kins Uni.ersity Shool of
Ad.aned #nternational St$dies !1223B,resent"
Akhil Reed Amar !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12C@" Q Sterlin' Professor of Law at <ale Law Shool !122AB,resent"
#an Ayres !B.A. 12C1, J.-. 12C4" Q William ). :ownsend Professor of Law at <ale Law Shool
-aniel Marko.its !B.A. 1221, J.-. 0333" Q Professor of Law at <ale Law Shool !0338B,resent"
Re.a Sie'el !B.A. 128CE J.-. 12C4" Q /iholas deB. )at7enbah Professor of Law at <ale Law Shool !1222B,resent"
James O. Whitman !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12CC" Q *ord *o$ndation Professor of Com,arati.e and *orei'n Law at <ale Law Shool !1224B,resent"
John *abian Witt !B.A. 122@, J.-. 1222, Ph.-. 0333" Q Professor of Law at <ale Law Shool
Alvin C. Warren (B.A. 1966) Professor of Law at Harvard Law School (1980-present)
Jeffrey /. (ordon !B.A. 1281" Q Alfred W. Bressler Professor of Law at Col$mbia Law Shool !122CB,resent"
Lane Liebman !B.A. 1240" Q William S. Beineke Professor of Law at Col$mbia Law Shool !122CB,resent"
Brian C. M$rhison !B.A. 128@, J.-. 1282, S;B 128@" Q Professor of Law at Washin'ton and Lee Uni.ersity Shool of Law !1223B,resent"
RMar.in Ponis !B.A. 129C" Q Professor of Beha.ioral Sienes at the Uni.ersity of Chia'o !12C2B,resent"
S$san /. (ary !B.A. 1288" Q +rlando John and Marian 5. 5ollis Professor of Law at Uni.ersity of +re'on Shool of Law !033CB,resent"
:om Linin'er !B.A. 12CC" Q +rlando John and Marian 5. 5ollis Professor of Law at Uni.ersity of +re'on Shool of Law !.033AB,resent"
Jose,h A. (r$ndfest !B.A. 128A" Q William A. *ranke Professor of Law and B$siness at Stanford Uni.ersity !1228B,resent"
Pamela S. )arlan !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12C@" Q )enneth and 5arle Mont'omery Professor of P$bli #nterest Law at Stanford Uni.. !1222B,resent"
Wall Street Lawyers%
Robert B. *iske, Jr. !B.A. 1290" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !124@B0313"
($y Miller Str$.e !B.A. 124A, LL.B. 5ar.ard 1244" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !128AB031A"
Bradley <. Smith !B.A. 1283" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C3B031A"
Patrik S. )enadJian !B.A. 1283" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C@B0313"
-. Sott Wise !B.A. 128@" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C8B0311"
Pa$l W. Bartel, ## !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12CCB0313"
John M. Brandow !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C2B,resent"
-anforth :ownley !B.A. 1282E J.-. 12C9" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !122@B,resent"
Mario J. Herdolini !B.A. 12C9" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1228B,resent"
5arry Ballan !B.A. 12C1E Ph.-. 12C4" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1222B,resent"
-aniel (. )elly, Jr. !B.A. 128A" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !1222B,resent"
Jean M. MLo$'hlin !B.A. 12CC" Q Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !0331B,resent"
Mihael M. Maney !B.A. 1294" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1281B033A"E Senior Co$nsel of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !033AB,resent"
Willard B. :aylor !B.A. 1240E LL.B. 1249" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1280B0338"
Rihard R. 5owe !B.A. 124@" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !128@B0332"
Rihard (. Asthalter !B.A. 1244E J.-. 1281" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C3B033C"
John :. Bostelman !B.A. 1289" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C4B0332"
RJames 5. Carter !B.A. 1249E LL.B. 1242" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1288B0313"
Rihard J. Urowsky !B.A. 1248E J.-. 1280" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C3B031@"
(andolfo H. -iBlasi !B.A. 1289E J.-. 128C" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C9B,resent"
-a.id *. Morrison !B.A. 128@" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !12C4B,resent"
Robert S. Risoleo !B.A. 12C3E J.-. 12C@" Q Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !1220B,resent"
William *. )roener ### !B.A. 1248" Q (eneral Co$nsel of *-#C !1229B0334"E Co$nsel of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !0334B,resent"
(re'ory A. Weiss !B.A. 1244" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !1284B,resent"
(lenn M. Reiter !B.A. 128A, J.-. 1284" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !12C@B,resent"
Sarah D. Co'an !B.A. 128C" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !12C2B,resent"
-a.id A. Sneider !B.A. 1282" Q Partner of Sim,son :haher ; Bartlett !122@B,resent"
Ro'er J. Baneman !B.A. 1280" Q Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin' !12C9B,resent"
Antonia D. Stol,er !B.A. 1282" Q Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin'
Mihael J. )ennedy !B.A. 12C1" Q Partner of Shearman ; Sterlin'
:homas B. Wilner !B.A. 1244" Q +f Co$nsel of Shearman ; Sterlin'
Robert S. Rifkind !B.A. 129C" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !1281B0331"
Rory +. Millson !B.A. 128AE J.-. 1288, B.A. +?ford 1289 !S. Afrian Rhodes Sholar"" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !12C@B,resent"
Rahel (. Skaistis !B.A. 1220" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !0339B,resent"
Pa$l 5. P$mbro !B.A. 1220" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !0339B,resent"
Antony L. Ryan !B.A. 1220E J.-. 5ar.ard 1229" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !033AB,resent"
(ary A. Bornstein !B.A. 122@E J.-. 5ar.ard 1228" Q Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !0339B,resent"
Robert W. Sheehan !B.A. <ale" Q Partner of C$rtis, MalletBPre.ost, Colt ; Mosle !as of 031@"
:$rner P. Smith !B.A. <ale" Q Partner of C$rtis, MalletBPre.ost, Colt ; Mosle !as of 031@"
Matias A. He'a !B.A. <ale" Q Partner of C$rtis, MalletBPre.ost, Colt ; Mosle !as of 031@"
RAlbert *ranke !B.A. 1294" Q Partner !124CBM" and +f Co$nsel of C$rtis, MalletBPre.ost, Colt ; Mosle !as of 031@"
-a.id *. Williams !B.A. 128@" Q Partner of Cadwalader, Wikersham ; :aft FWashin'ton, -.C. offieG !as of 031@"
-iana de Brito !B.A. 1282" Q Partner of Cadwalader, Wikersham ; :aft FWashin'ton, -.C. offieG !as of 031@"
(re'ory P. Patti Jr. !B.A. <ale" Q Partner of Cadwalader, Wikersham ; :aft F/ew <ork City offieGE former ,artner at +6Mel.eny ; Myers
5al S. Shaftel !B.A. 12C4E J.-. 12C2" Q Partner of Cadwalader, Wikersham ; :aft F/ew <ork City offieG !as of 031@"
Jonathan M. Wainwri'ht !B.A. 1249" Q Senior Co$nsel of Cadwalader, Wikersham ; :aft !as of 031@"
Mihael A. MCormak !B.A. 1221" Q S,eial Co$nsel of Cadwalader, Wikersham ; :aft !as of 031@"
R-a.id W. Ri.kin !B.A. 1288E J.-. 12C3" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !12CCB,resent"
Mihael W. Blair !B.A. 1288" Q Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !12C2B,resent"
Sott A. Ddelman !B.A. <aleE M.A. <ale" Q Partner !and Hie Chairman" of Milbank, :weed, 5adley ; MCloy !1229B,resent"
Andrew D. :ombak !B.A. <ale, J.-. <ale" Q Partner of Milbank, :weed, 5adley ; MCloy !1224B,resent"
RAlfred -. <o$n'wood !B.A. 1292" Q Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !1283B033C"
R:oby S. Myerson !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !12CAB12C2, 1223B,resent"
RJerome A. Cohen !B.A. 1291E J.-. 1299" Q Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !12C1B0333"E +f Co$nsel of Pa$l, Weiss,
Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !0333B,resent"E Professor of Law at /ew <ork Uni.ersity Shool of Law !1223B,resent"
Charles 5. Crithlow !B.A. 1280" Q Partner of Co$dert Brothers Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !12C4B0339"E Partner of Baker ; M)en7ie Flaw firm
in /ew <ork CityG !0339B,resent"
:homas J. Rie !B.A. 12C0" Q Partner of Baker ; M)en7ie Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !.031AB,resent"
An'ela J. Walitt !B.A. 1221" Q Partner of Baker ; M)en7ie Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !.031AB,resent"
-onald Sha,iro !B.A. 12@@E LL.B. 12@2" Q Partner of Chadbo$rne ; Parke Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !12CCB,resent"
Robert William Br$ndi'e Jr. !B.A. 1244" Q Partner of 5$'hes, 5$bbard ; Reed Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !12C8B,resent"
John M. :ownsend !B.A. 124C, J.-., 1281" Q Partner and CoBChair of 5$'hes, 5$bbard ; Reed Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG
+ther Cor,orate Lawyers%
Mihael P. Bo$dett !B.A. 12CC, J.-. 5ar.ard 1221" Q Partner of *oley 5oa' Flaw firm in BostonG !as of 031@"
-a.id R. Pierson !B.A. 128A, J.-. 5ar.ard 128C" Q Partner of *oley 5oa' Flaw firm in BostonG !as of 031@"
-aniel Mar? !B.A. <ale, J.-. <ale" Q Partner of *oley 5oa' Flaw firm in BostonG !as of 031@"
Robert D. :oone !B.A. 1221, J.-. 1229" Q Partner of *oley 5oa' Flaw firm in BostonG !as of 031@"
-onald R. Ware !B.A. <ale" Q Partner of *oley 5oa' Flaw firm in BostonG !as of 031@"
-a.id Lee Weltman !B.A. 129@" Q Partner of *oley, 5oa' ; Dliot Flaw firm in BostonG !1248B.0339"
*. -a.is -assori !B.A. 124A, LL.B. 124C" Q Partner of Choate 5all ; Stewart Flaw firm in BostonG !as of 031@"
W. Brewster Lee !B.A. 1282" Q Partner of Choate 5all ; Stewart Flaw firm in BostonG !as of 031@"
Andrew D. Mishkin !B.A. 124C" Q Partner of -$ane Morris Flaw firm in Washin'ton, -.C.G !1222B,resent"
Lisa W. Clark !B.A. 12C0" Q Partner of -$ane Morris Flaw firm in Philadel,hiaG !1222B,resent"
Rihard 5. Lowe !B.A. 128C" Q Partner of -$ane Morris Flaw firm in Philadel,hiaG !033AB,resent"
Ste.en Lewis *riedman !B.A. 124C" Q Partner of -$ane Morris Flaw firm in Philadel,hiaG !0339B,resent"E Partner of -ilworth, Pa?son, )alish
and )a$ffman Flaw firm in Philadel,hiaG !1284B0339"E Member of the Amerian Jewish Committee /ational Board of (o.ernors !1221B033A"E
Member of the Re,$blian Jewish Coalition /ational Board of -iretors !033CB,resent"E Member of United States #srael Siene and
:ehnolo'y Commission Ad.isory Committee !a,,ointed by President B$sh in 033A" !033AB,resent"
Sott J. -a.is !B.A. 1280" Q Partner of Mayer Brown FChia'oG !12CAB,resent"
R. O$iny White !B.A. 129@" Q Partner of Sidley ; A$stin FChia'oG !128AB122A"
-a.id Alan Rihards !B.A. 1248, J.-. 1280, S;B 1248" Q Partner of Sidley ; A$stin Flaw firm in Chia'o and /ew <ork CityG !12CAB0333"E
Partner of MCarter ; Dn'lish Flaw firm in /ew <ork CityG !0331B,resent"
-onald Dtra !B.A. 124C, S;B 124C" Q Partner of Sidley ; A$stin Flaw firm in Chia'o and Los An'elesG !12CAB1229"E 5ead of Law *ffices of
(onald +tra in Los An'eles !1229B,resent"
RDli Whitney -ebe.oise ## !B.A. 128@" Q Partner of Arnold ; Porter Flaw firm in Washin'ton, -.C.G !1282B0338"E U.S. D?e$ti.e -iretor of :he
World Bank !0338B,resent"
Jonathan C. Rose !B.A. 124A, S;B 124A" Q Partner of Jones, -ay, Rea.is ; Po'$e FWashin'ton, -.C.G !1288B12C1, 12C@B,resent"
5. Stewart -$nn Jr. !B.A. 1291" Q Partner of #.ins, Philli,s ; Barker Flaw firm in Washin'ton, -.C.G !1240B.0330"
Allen C. (oolsby !B.A. 1241" Q Partner of 5$nton ; Williams FRihmond, Hir'iniaG !1289B,resent"
Andrea Bear *ield !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of 5$nton ; Williams FWashin'ton, -.C.G !1221B,resent"
)ell Marsh -ams'aard !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of Mor'an, Lewis ; Boki$s FPhiladel,hiaG !12C1B,resent"
Robert L. Abramowit7 !B.A. 1281" Q Partner of Mor'an, Lewis ; Boki$s FPhiladel,hiaG !1223B,resent"
(ene J. +shman !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12CA" Q Partner of Baker Botts Flaw firm in 5o$ston, :e?asG !1223B,resent"
J. -a.id )irkland Jr. !B.A. 12C3, J.-. 12CA" Q Partner of Baker Botts Flaw firm in 5o$ston, :e?asG
Peter R. :aft !B.A. 129CE LL.B., 1241, S;) 129C" Q Partner of M$n'er, :olles ; +lson Flaw firm in Los An'elesG !1242B,resent"
(eor'e -ene're !B.A. 12@A" Q Partner of Jones, Walker, Weahter, Poie.ent, Carrere ; -ene're Flaw firm in /ew +rleansG !1290B033C"
Robert 5astin's /ihols !B.A. 124A" Q Partner of Cotton, Watt, Jones ; )in' FChia'oG !1248B1229"E Senior Attorney and Coordinator for
United Airlines Master D?e$ti.e Co$nil, Air Line Pilots Assoiation, #nternational A*LBC#+ !1229B.0338"
Ste,hen M. C$tler !B.A. 12C0, J.-. 12C9" Q D?e$ti.e Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of JP Mor'an Chase ; Co. !*eb. 0338B,resent"E
-iretor of the -i.ision of Dnforement at the Se$rities and D?han'e Commission !0331B0339"
Roderik A. Palmore !B.A. 128@" Q D?e$ti.e Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of (eneral Mills, #n. !033CB,resent"E (eneral Co$nsel and
Seretary of Sara Lee Cor,. !1222B033C"E Senior Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of Sara Lee Cor,. !1222B033@"
Joel /. D,hross !B.A. 12CA" Q Assistant (eneral Co$nsel of Dnron Cor,. !0330B0339"E S,eial Co$nsel of -$ane Morris Flaw firmG !0339B0311"
/ote% RTMember of the Co$nil on *orei'n RelationsE RS T Rhodes SholarE S;B T Sk$ll ; BonesE S;) T Sroll ; )ey
/ote% :he U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Seond Cir$it is loated in /ew <ork City. :he U.S. -istrit Co$rt for the So$thern -istrit of /ew
<ork is loated in /ew <ork City. :he U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the Se.enth Cir$it is loated in Chia'o.
0hie$ .n$or7er at the S8.808 to Step Eo2n
+2 7ENNY AN-ER$>N
The Ne! Yor1 Times
%,blishe&B A3ril 15, <005
$te3hen M# .,tler, the to3 la! enfor0ement offi0ial for the $e0,rities an& Ex0han(e .ommission &,rin( one of the a(en02Is
most t,m,lt,o,s times, sai& 2ester&a2 that he !o,l& leave in a month#
A s,00essor has not 2et been 0hosen# The lea&in( 0an&i&ate is @in&a Thomsen, 50, Mr# .,tlerIs 0,rrent &e3,t2# *hile %eter
-erb2, the 0ommissionIs mana(in( exe0,tive for o3erations, has alrea&2 soli0ite& s,((estions from the five $#E#.#
0ommissioners abo,t !ho sho,l& re3la0e Mr# .,tler, the 0hairman, *illiam )# -onal&son, !ill have the final sa2# If name&, Ms#
Thomsen !o,l& be the first !oman to hea& enfor0ement at the 0ommission#
Mr# .,tler, =/, be0ame enfor0ement &ire0tor in >0tober <001# The 0olla3se of Enron 0ame soon after, follo!e& b2 a !ave of
0or3orate s0an&als, from a00o,ntin( fra,&s at *orl&.om, T20o International an& Y!est to !i&e4ran(in( ab,ses at m,t,al f,n&s
an& *all $treet firms#
At the time, Mr# .,tler an& the 0ommission fa0e& intense 0riti0ism from some la!ma1ers, b,siness lea&ers an& other re(,lators
that the a(en02, !hi0h !as establishe& in 19/= to 3rote0t the nationIs mar1ets an& its investors, ha& faile&#
VThis has been a histori0all2 im3ortant 3erio& to the $#E#.# an& the enfor0ement &ivision,V sai& )arve2 7# 'ol&s0hmi&, a
-emo0rati0 $#E#.# 0ommissioner !ho has anno,n0e& his intention to leave the $#E#.# this s,mmer# VThe2 havenIt been in s,0h a
hi(h43rofile 3osition sin0e the 19/0Is, an& $teve &i& a masterf,l Cob of movin( ever2thin( for!ar& an& reass,rin( the 3,bli0 of
the 0ommissionIs inte(rit2 an& ri(or an& fairness#V
"n&er Mr# .,tlerIs lea&ershi3, the enfor0ement &ivision 4 !hi0h 3rose0,tes 0ases for the 0ommission 4 res3on&e& to the 0olla3se
of the sto01 mar1et an& the s,bseK,ent !ave of 0or3orate s0an&als b2 obtainin( more than PA billion in 3enalties an&
&is(or(ement, P=#5 billion of !hi0h is bein( ret,rne& to investors# >f the 1< lar(est 3enalties levele& b2 the 0ommission, 10 4
in0l,&in( the re0or& P950 million 3enalt2 a(ainst *orl&.om 4 o00,rre& ,n&er Mr# .,tler# Re0entl2, there has been a fier0e
internal &ebate amon( the five 0ommissioners abo,t the merits of lev2in( to,(h 3enalties#
The &ivisionIs 0aseloa& ,n&er Mr# .,tler !as mar1e& b2 0om3lex 0ases at an arra2 of 0om3anies# In a&&ition to overseein(
investi(ations into a00o,ntin( s0an&als, he s3earhea&e& a series of 0ases a(ainst the (ate1ee3ers !ho &i& not 3revent those
fra,&s, in0l,&in( Merrill @2n0h, 7# %# Mor(an an& .iti(ro,3# Mr# .,tlerIs staff also oversa! investi(ations into tra&in( ab,ses at
the Ne! Yor1 $to01 Ex0han(e (!hi0h 0,lminate& in the in&i0tment of 15 tra&ers on T,es&a2, a 0ra01&o!n on ab,ses in the
allo0ation of initial 3,bli0 offerin(s an& 0ases of im3ro3er tra&in( in m,t,al f,n&s#
VIf I 0o,l& 3oint to an a00om3lishment, I ho3e an& I thin1 !eIve ha& some s,00ess in re4establishin( a 0,lt,re of 0om3lian0e on
*all $treet an& on Main $treet,V Mr# .,tler sai& in an intervie! 2ester&a2# VYo, &o that in a variet2 of !a2sB in the enfor0ement
arenas, in to,(h san0tions an& hol&in( 3eo3le a00o,ntable#V
Mr# .,tler !as sometimes 3,t in the ,n0omfortable 3osition of his a(en02 bein( oversha&o!e& b2 Eliot $3it5er, the Ne! Yor1
attorne2 (eneral, !ho Carre& *all $treet !hen he ,n0overe& evi&en0e of 0onfli0ts of interest in resear0h, an& tra&in( ab,ses in
m,t,al f,n&s# *hile the t!o men s3arre& at times, the2 0olle0tivel2 3,t *all $treet on noti0e#
V>bvio,sl2, there have been times !hen I have felt the $#E#.# as an instit,tion 0o,l& be to,(her,V Mr# $3it5er sai& 2ester&a2#
V+,t $teve !as al!a2s a serio,s 3rose0,tor !ho 3,rs,e& 0ases effe0tivel2 an& !as a lea&in( voi0e in reC,venatin( the
instit,tion#V
Mr# .,tler sai&, VThereIs 3lent2 of room for lots of 0o3s on the beat#V
)is &e3art,re !as lamente& b2 the 0ommissionIs em3lo2ees 2ester&a2# Kno!n as intelle0t,al, intense an& fair, he ma&e himself
a00essible to a staff that ha& been battere& in the 3,bli0 arena as ineffe0tive, o,t of &ate an& too 3oliti0al# )e embra0e& Mr#
-onal&sonIs strate(2 of transformin( the 0ommission to better anti0i3ate ris1s# In <00/, he s,((este& that *all $treet firms
revie! 0onfli0ts in their b,sinesses an& brin( them to the $#E#.# !ith ex3lanations as to ho! the2 !ere bein( mana(e&# A stea&2
mar0h of la!2ers follo!e&#
VThe 3,bli0 3er0e3tion of the 0ommission has 0han(e&,V sai& a senior $#E#.# offi0ial !ho as1e& not to be name&# V)e &i& that#V
.2nthia 'lassman, one of t!o Re3,bli0an 0ommissioners, sai& she an& Mr# .,tler sometimes &isa(ree&, b,t she la,&e& his
metho&s# V)eIs s3ee&e& ,3 enfor0ement, !hi0h ma1es it more effe0tive,V she sai&# V*eIll miss that effe0tiveness as !ell as his
in0re&ible sense of h,mor#V
There !as a sense amon( man2 on Mr# .,tlerIs staff that he ha& a00om3lishe& a (reat &eal an& !as (ettin( o,t !hile on to3,
exha,ste& from the !or1 an& the i&eolo(i0al rift that 0,rrentl2 &ivi&es the 0ommission# +,t Mr# .,tler sai& that !as not the 0ase#
The 0ommission 0,rrentl2 has t!o -emo0rati0 an& t!o Re3,bli0an 0ommissioners, an& Mr# -onal&son, a Re3,bli0an 0hairman#
Man2 maCor &e0isions have 0ome to a /4to4< vote, !ith Mr# -onal&son si&in( !ith the t!o -emo0rats in favor of to,(h
3enalties an& 0han(es# The &e3art,re of Mr# 'ol&s0hmi&, a -emo0rat, in 0onC,n0tion !ith a ti&e of 0or3orate 3rotests a(ainst
ex0essive re(,lation an& enfor0ement, has man2 insi&e the 0ommission 0on0erne& that the roa& ahea& !ill be to,(her#
VEver2 0orner of 0or3orate Ameri0a is 3,shin( ba01,V sai& one $#E#.# &ivision hea&# VI !o,l&nIt !ant to 3resi&e over that#V
Mr# .,tler sai& he ha& not &e0i&e& !hat he !o,l& &o next# )avin( often sai& he ha& Vthe 0oolest Cob in the !orl&V he seeme&
move& 2ester&a2 b2 the s,33ort he re0eive&# V*hat &i& In&iana 7ones sa2D ItIs not the n,mber of 2ears, itIs the n,mber of miles#
*eIve lo((e& a lot of miles# ItIs been an ,nbelievable time#V
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#n2times#0om8<00580=8158b,siness815se0#htmlDRrZ0
1919B Year of the $na1e an& the Establishment of Mo&ern IraK
+ritish troo3s enter +a(h&a& on Mar0h 11, 1919 after 0a3t,rin( the 0it2 from the >ttoman T,r1ish arm2#
Dmir *aisal !later )in' *aisal # of #raI" and his dele'ates a,,ear at the Paris Peae Conferene in 1212. *rom left to ri'ht% R$st$m 5aider,
/$ri asBSaid, Dmir *aisal, Ca,tain Pisani !behind *eisal", :.D. Lawrene, *eisal6s sla.e !name $nknown", and Ca,tain :ahsin Oadri. Britain
was 'i.en the ,ower to 'o.ern #raI as a ,rotetorate followin' the Paris Peae Conferene.
Sons of )in' 5$ssein of the 5eJa7 !seated left to ri'ht"% *eisal, )in' of #raIE Abd$llah, Dmir of :ransJordan and later )in' of
JordanE and Ali, )in' of the 5eJa7, before 5eJa7 was a,t$red by #bn Sa$d. :he British 'o.ernment installed )in' *aisal and
Dmir Abd$llah as fi'$rehead =leaders> of their rown olonies of Meso,otamia !#raI" and :ransJordan !Jordan".
!So$re% # Peace to +nd #ll Peace: ,reating the 2odern 2iddle +ast, 343563477 by -a.id *romkin"
Photo Postard of the Coronation of Dmir !Prine" *aisal # as )in' of #raI in Ba'hdad, #raI on A$'$st 0A, 1201. +n the e?treme left is Sir
Pery Co?, the British 5i'h Commissioner of #raI, and to his left is )inahan Cornwallis, )in' *aisal is seated, and to his left is Sir Aylmer
5aldane, the British Commandin' +ffier. Behind the )in' is his aideBdeBam, !A-C" :ahsin Oadri and to e?treme left is Sayied 5$ssein
Afnan, Seretary of the Co$nil of Ministers.
British troo,s obser.e Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ne 11, 12@1. :he British army in.aded #raI be'innin' on May 0, 12@1 to o.erthrow the ,roB/a7i
Prime Minister of #raI Rashid Ali alB(ailani and to se$re the oil fields in #raI. !Photo% /o. D A@4@ from the #m,erial War M$se$m olletion"
:he British army !abo.e" and the So.iet Red Army in.ade #ran be'innin' on A$'$st 09, 12@1, J$st two weeks after Prime Minister of (reat
Britain Winston Ch$rhill met with U.S. President *ranklin -elano Roose.elt aboard 5MS Prince of "ales in /ewfo$ndland. Britain and
So.iet Union ,roeeded to remo.e Shah Re7a Pahla.i on Se,tember 14, 12@1 and installed the Shah6s son Mohammad Re7a Pahla.i !the
=Shah> who wo$ld e.a$ate to Ameria in 1282". Britain and So.iet Union in.aded #ran to se$re a s$,,ly line from the Persian ($lf to So.iet
R$ssia and to se$re #ran6s oil for Allied military needs.
!So$re% Catherine Le'rand, JaI$es Le'rand% ShahBi #ran. Creati.e P$blishin' #nternational !*arsi edition", Minnetonka, M/ 1222, S. @1.
#R&RR" htt,%&&en.wiki,edia.or'&wiki&*ile%Brtitishtroo,siran.J,'
%resi&ent )arr2 $# Tr,man (reets Kin( ?aisal II of IraK on A,(,st 1A, 195< &,rin( Kin( ?aisalHs visit to Ameri0a#
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
)in' *aisal ## of #raI !left" and )in' 5$ssein of Jordan meet to'ether.
#raIi terrorists Abd$l )arim )assem !ri'ht" and Colonel Wasfi :ahir take o.er #raI in J$ly 129C after o.erthrowin' the #raIi
monarhy and assassinatin' )in' *aisal ## of #raI and Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBSaid in a o$, d6etat.
Colonel Abd$l Salam Arif !L", the .ie ,remier of #raI, sits with (eneral Abd$l )arim )assem, #raIKs new Prime Minister, in Ba'hdad, #raI on
J$ly 0A, 129C. #n J$ly of 129C, Colonel Aref and (eneral Oasim o.erthrew the r$lin' monarhy in a o$, dKetat and took ontrol of the new
#raIi re,$bli. !U Bettmann&C+RB#S"
:he body of #raI6s Premier Abdel )arim )assem and two of his lie$tenants lie sl$m,ed in their -efense Ministry room, followin' the *ebr$ary
Cth re.olt, in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary C, 124A. )assem and his followers held o$t a'ainst the rebels $ntil their amm$nition 'a.e o$t.
)assem then s$rrendered and bar'ained for his life. )assem failed to 'i.e a hastilyBs$mmoned o$rt the ,ro,er answers, aordin' to an
Amerian in the town at the time, and he was ,rom,tly shot. !U Bettmann&C+RB#S"
Prisoners a$sed of ,lottin' the assassination of #raIi Premier Abd$l )arim )assem are shown in the dok d$rin' their trial in Ba'hdad, #raI
on Jan$ary 2, 1243. :he only woman in the 'ro$, is <$sra Said :habit, sister of the man who alle'edly onfessed to or'ani7in' the attem,ted
assassination. Also amon' the a$sed was her h$sband, 5amid Maree, a Syrian, the only forei'ner to a,,ear in the o$rt.
!Bettmann&C+RB#S"
Cradlin' Sten '$ns $nder their arms, beretted #raIi soldiers '$ard 'a,in' wreka'e of the -efense Ministry in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary 10,
124A. +.erthrown President of #raI Abdel )arim )assem, e?e$ted on *ebr$ary 2, 124A, and other leaders of the old 'o.ernment made a last
stand in the ministry for ho$rs on *ebr$ary C, 124A a'ainst rebel air and 'ro$nd attaks. !U Bettmann&C+RB#S"
#raIi tank ,atrols the streets of Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary 11, 124A, in this first ,it$re off of Ba'hdad sine the *ebr$ary Cth re.olt that ,$t
Abd$l Salam ArefKs re'ime in ,ower in ,lae of that of Abdel )arim )assem. Pit$res of Aref and United Arab Re,$bli Presidential (amel
Abd$l /asser a,,eared almost e.erywhere *ebr$ary 10, and the ,eo,le seemed 'lad of the end of )assemKs haoti r$le and o,timisti that
the new re'ime wo$ld restore stability. !U Bettmann&C+RB#S"
Barely two weeks after the bloody o$, whih to,,led the )assem Re'ime in #raI, the new re.ol$tionary 'o.ernment in Ba'hdad a,,eared to
ha.e thin's $nder ontrol. :anks and i.ilian militiamen were still ,atrollin' side streets s$rro$ndin' the Comm$nists and other ProB)assem
elements were one stron'. :he #raIi /ational ($ardsmen, who ha.e not yet reei.ed $niforms, marh behind a tank in a mo,,in' $,
o,eration in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary 00, 124A. !U Bettmann&C+RB#S"
*renh Prime Minister, JaI$es Chira and President Saddam 5$ssein si'n an a'reement 'i.in' ,riority to *rane for
ommerial e?han'e with #raI d$rin' a meetin' in Ba'hdad, #raI on -eember 0, 128@. !5enri B$rea$&Sy'ma&Corbis"
JaI$es Chira embraes Saddam 5$ssein in Ba'hdad, #raI in Jan$ary 1284. !U 5enri B$rea$&Sy'ma&Corbis"
+,lent E0evit (0enter, %rime Minister of T,r1e2, (reets IraKHs r,ler $a&&am ),ssein (ri(ht at an air3ort in an ,n&ate& 3hoto#
,ulent .7e#it atten*e* the ,il*erber& Meetin&s hel* in 5ur-ey in (pril 199=8
#raIi ditator Saddam 5$ssein !left" a,,ears with )in' 5$ssein of Jordan.
Saddam 5$ssein hats with #raIi President Ahmed 5assan alBBakr d$rin' the 1283s.
D'y,t6s President 5osni M$barak !left" talks to #raI6s di,lomat :ariI A7i7 in Cairo, D'y,t in 12C@. !U -a.id R$bin'er&C+RB#S"
Syria6s ditator President 5afe7 el Assad !left", #raI6s ditator President Saddam 5$ssein !seond from ri'ht", and #raIKs #nformation and
C$lt$re Minister :ariI A7i7 !ri'ht" attend the Ba'hdad Arab S$mmit in Ba'hdad, #raI on /o.ember 128C. !U *ranoise -em$lder&Corbis"
Al'eriaKs President 5o$ri Bo$medienne !enter" is flanked by Shah Mohammed Re7a Pahla.i of #ran !left" and Saddam 5$ssein,
!ri'ht", .ie ,resident of #raIKs Co$nil of Re.ol$tionary Command, at the Salle de 5ono$r at Al'iers Air,ort in Al'iers, Al'eria on
Marh A, 1289. #raIKs re,resentati.es to the +PDC S$mmit arri.ed at the air,ort shortly after the Shah. #raI President Ahmed
5assan AlBBakr did not attend the onferene. !Bettmann&C+RB#S"
#raIi President Saddam 5$ssein !ri'ht" and #raIi *orei'n Minister :ariI A7i7 meet with So.iet Commissar Mikhail (orbahe.
!left" and So.iet *orei'n Minister Dd$ard She.ardnad7e !0
nd
left" in Mosow, So.iet Union in -eember 12C9. /amed forei'n
minister in 12CA and then de,$ty ,remier in 1221, :ariI A7i7 was belie.ed to ha.e wielded little real ,ower of deisionBmakin',
b$t he beame one of the re'imeKs bestBknown fi'$res abroad who mathed his Amerian ,eers in debate. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
htt,%&&www.tele'ra,h.o.$k&news&,it$re'alleries&worldnews&C3C8438&#nB,it$resB:ariIBA7i7BSaddamB5$sseinsBde,$tyBisB
sentenedBtoBdeathBbyBtheB#raIiBS$,remeBCo$rt.htmlMima'eTA
#raI6s ditator Saddam 5$ssein 'reets Arab terrorist <asser Arafat, hairman of the Palestine Liberation +r'ani7ation, d$rin' the
si?th /onBAli'ned S$mmit meetin's in 5a.ana, C$ba on Se,tember 0, 1282. !Assoiated Press"
TariK A5i5 (left (reets $a&&am ),ssein, !ith %alestine @iberation >r(ani5ation terrorist Yasser Arafat stan&in( behin& $a&&am#
TariK A5i5 (left an& his boss $a&&am ),ssein !ear a fashionable ne01tie an& a b,siness s,it#
TariK A5i5 (left (reets his boss $a&&am ),ssein
$a&&amHs Inner .ir0leB TariK A5i5, fo,rth from left, !ith $a&&am ),ssein (0enter, his son Y,sa2 ),ssein, ri(ht of $a&&am, an& other
to3 +aath %art2 offi0ials
$a&&am ),ssein exer0ises his ri(ht to bear arms#
@Politi7al po2er &ro2s out o$ the barrel o$ a &un8A
I Mao 5se%tun& '1;93%1996+, 0hairman o$ 0ommunist 0hina
Persian ($lf War, Part 1
#raI6s ditator Saddam 5$ssein 'reets -onald R$msfeld, a s,eial en.oy of President Ronald Rea'an, in Ba'hdad, #raI on -eember 03,
12CA. :he Rea'an administration allowed Amerian hemial om,anies to sell hemial and biolo'ial wea,ons to Saddam 5$ssein d$rin'
the #ranB#raI War. :he Rea'an administration established di,lomati relations with #raI in 12C@E President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh se.ered
di,lomati relations with #raI in 1223 after Saddam 5$ssein and the #raIi Army in.aded )$wait in A$'$st 1223.
!Photo% (etty #ma'es&(eor'e Washin'ton Uni.ersity"
Saddam 5$ssein shows Sa$di Arabia6s )in' *ahd bin Abd$l A7i7 an A)B@8 a$tomati rifle d$rin' a meetin' in Ba'hdad, #raI in an $ndated
,hoto. !A*P& (etty #ma'es Photo" htt,%&&www.boston.om&news&s,eials&h$ssein&'allery&SaddamV5$sseinVlifeVinV,hotosM,'T10
#raIi Minister of *orei'n Affairs :ariI A7i7 !R" s,eaks with President Ronald Rea'an !C" and HieBPresident (eor'e 5.W. B$sh !L" at the
White 5o$se in Washin'ton, -.C., USA on /o.ember 04, 12C@, ei'ht months after reei.in' -onald R$msfeld in Ba'hdad, #raI. :he
meetin's onerned the war between #raI and the #slami Re,$bli of #ran. !U Jean Lo$is Atlan&Sy'ma&Corbis"
Prime Minister of *rane JaI$es Chira shakes hands with the #raIi Minister of *orei'n Affairs :ariI A7i7 d$rin' an offiial .isit to the Dlysee
Palae in Paris, *rane on J$ne 13, 12C4. !JaI$es Pa.lo.sky&Sy'ma&Corbis"
U.S. President Ronald Rea'an !enter" )in' 5$ssein of Jordan !left" and D'y,t6s President 5osni M$barak walk alon' the olonnades at the
White 5o$se in Washin'ton, -.C., U.S.A. on *ebr$ary 1@, 12C@. !Barry :h$mma&AP"
#raI6s President Saddam 5$ssein !enter" welomes )in' 5$ssein of Jordan !left" and D'y,t6s President 5osni M$barak d$rin' a s$r,rise .isit
to Ba'hdad, #raI on Marh 12, 12C9. !AP Photo"
#raIi ditator Saddam 5$ssein s,eaks to the #raIi army on the Saaif Saab *ront d$rin' the #ranB#raI war on J$ly 9, 12C8. :he #raIi
'o.ernment was fored to make h$'e re,arations ,ayments as a res$lt of the #ranB#raI War. :he #ranB#raI War ended in a United /ations
easeBfire a'reement on A$'$st 03, 12CC. !U JaI$es Pa.lo.sky&Sy'ma&Corbis"
A ,ort I$arter .iew of the '$ided missile fri'ate $SS Stark !**(BA1" listin' to ,ort after bein' str$k by an #raIiBla$nhed D?oet missile in the
Persian ($lf on May 18, 12C8E An #raIi fi'hter ,ilot flyin' a Mira'e Jet la$nhed two missiles at the shi,, killin' A8 Amerian sailors and inJ$rin'
01 Amerian sailors.
:he 5alabJa ,oison 'as attak o$rred d$rin' Marh 14Q18, 12CC, d$rin' the #ranB#raI War in the )$rdish town of 5alabJa.
!So$re% Wiki,edia"
A ma3 of the K,r&istan re(ion
)$rdish ref$'ees walk to'ether in the mo$ntains of )$rdistan.
%resi&ent of E(23t )osni M,bara1 (left, %resi&ent of IraK $a&&am ),ssein (0enter, an& Yasser Arafat (ri(ht, 0hairman of
%alestine @iberation >r(ani5ation (%@>, meet in +a(h&a&, IraK on >0tober </, 19::# (A?%8'ett2 Ima(es
*rom left to ri'ht% President of /orth <emen Ali Abd$llah Saleh, President of #raI Saddam 5$ssein, )in' 5$ssein of Jordan and
President of D'y,t 5osni M$barak wa.e to the rowd d$rin' a motorade rally ,rior to the o,enin' of the Arab Coo,eration
Co$nil in Ale?andria, D'y,t on J$ne 19, 12C2. !M#)D /DLS+/&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
*rom ri'ht to left% (rand Sheik of AlBA7har, #raIi President Saddam 5$ssein, D'y,tian President 5osni M$barak, Jordanian )in'
5$ssein and /orth <emeni President Ali Abd$llah Saleh attend the *riday #slami noon ,rayer, d$rin' the Arab Coo,eration
Co$nil in Ale?andria, D'y,t on J$ne 14, 12C2. !M#)D /DLS+/&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
#raIi #n.asion of )$wait and +,eration -esert Shield !1223"
:he #raIi army in.ades )$wait on A$'$st 0, 1223 after #raI6s ditator Saddam 5$ssein a$sed )$wait of $sin' slantB drillin'
tehniI$es to Wsteal6 oil from the #raIi side of the field. !PASCAL (U<+:&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
President of #raI Saddam 5$ssein !ri'ht" welomes Colonel Alaa 5$ssein Ali, Prime Minister of )$wait Pro.isional *ree
(o.ernment, for $nifiation talks in Ba'hdad, #raI on A$'$st 8, 1223. Colonel Alaa 5$ssein Ali, a former member of the #raIi
Baath Party who ser.ed as the -e,$ty Prime Minister of #raI followin' #raI6s anne?ation of )$wait, was on.ited of treason in a
)$waiti o$rt in 0333. !Photo% #raIi /ews A'eny"
U.S. Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney !left" meets with Prine S$ltan, Minister of -efense and A.iation of Sa$di Arabia, in
Sa$di Arabia on -eember 1, 1223. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"

Left ,hoto% )in' *ahd of Sa$di Arabia 'reets #raIi des,ot Saddam 5$ssein d$rin' an Arab s$mmit in Ba'hdad, #raI in May 1223.
Ri'ht ,hoto% U.S. Ambassador to #raI A,ril (las,ie !left" shakes hands with #raIi -itator Saddam 5$ssein in J$ly 1223.
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh ,artii,ates in a Joint Chiefs of Staff Briefin' with Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney, Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff (eneral Colin Powell, /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Brent Sowroft, and Army Chief of Staff (en. Carl H$ono !seond from left" at
the Penta'on on A$'$st 19, 1223. Cheney, Powell, Sowroft, and H$ono are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !C*R"E B$sh is a
former C*R member. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
Left to ri'ht% $nknown, Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney, President (eor'e B$sh, Hie President -an O$ayle, $nknown, C#A -iretor William
Webster, $nknown, Rihard /. 5aass, Seretary of State James A. Baker ###, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (en. Colin Powell, /ational
Se$rity Ad.isor Brent Sowroft, and (en. /orman Shwar7ko,f meet at Cam, -a.id on A$'$st @, 1223.
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh meets with U.S. Seretary of State James A. Baker ###, John S$n$n$, -e,$ty /ational Se$rity
Ad.isor Robert M. (ates, /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Brent Sowroft, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (en. Colin Powell,
U.S. Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney, and Hie President -an O$ayle. :hey are seen re.iewin' ma,s and other briefin'
materials re'ardin' +,eration -esert Storm that are on the offee table.
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh meetin' with staff o.er offee, ira 1223. Left to ri'ht% /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Brent Sowroft,
John S$n$n$, U.S. Seretary of State James A. Baker ###, B$sh, and U.S. Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney.
!Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh and members of his staff meet in the +.al +ffie, ira 1223. *rom left to ri'ht% Robert (ates, Jon
S$n$n$, Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney, Hie President -an O$ayle, President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh, Seretary of State
James A. Baker ###, /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Brent Sowroft, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (en. Colin Powell.
!Photo% /ARA&(eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh wathes the news with staff ira 1223. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (en. Colin Powell is
seated in the rear and Robert (ates is seated ne?t to B$sh. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e B$sh meets with Sa$di Prine Sa$d, Sa$di Prine Bandar, Seretary of State James A. Baker ###, John S$n$n$, Robert
(ates, and Rihard /. 5aass on the ,atio at WalkerKs Point in )enneb$nk,ort, Maine on A$'$st 14, 1223.
!Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e B$sh walks alon' the dri.eway at WalkerKs Point in )enneb$nk,ort, Maine with Sa$di *orei'n Minister Prine Sa$d AlB*aisal
d$rin' their meetin' to dis$ss the sit$ation in the Persian ($lf on A$'$st 14, 1223. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
Prine Sa$d alB*eisal, the *orei'n Minister of Sa$di Arabia, listens to a Jo$rnalist6s I$estion onernin' the ministerKs meetin' with the
Ameria6s President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh at WalkerKs Point in )enneb$nk,ort, Maine, U.S.A. on A$'$st 14, 1223. Standin' beside the Sa$di
Arabian ,rine is Seretary of State James A. Baker ###. :he man on the far ri'ht a,,ears to be Rihard 5aass, a State -e,artment assistant.
!Bettmann&C+RB#S"
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh holds an emer'eny meetin' with Seretary of State James A. Baker ### !left", Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney
!ri'ht", and /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Brent Sowroft !rear" at the White 5o$se on Jan$ary 18, 1221, the day after B$sh ordered the U.S.
military to la$nh its first attak on #raI d$rin' the Persian ($lf War, also known as +,eration -esert Storm. !Jean Lo$is Atlan&Sy'ma&Corbis"
President (eor'e B$sh ad.ises the Dmir of )$wait, Jabir AlBAhmad Al Jabir AlBSabah, d$rin' a meetin' in the +.al +ffie on
Se,tember 0C, 1223. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e B$sh and the Dmir of )$wait, Jabir AlBAhmad AlBJabir AlBSabah, wa.e to a rowd on Pennsyl.ania A.en$e on
Se,tember 0C, 1223. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
Seretary of State James A. Baker ### listens to Syrian terrorist 5afe7 Assad. :his ,hoto was ,$blished by James A. Baker ### in
his book The Politics of (i-lomacy.
#raIi *orei'n Minister :ariI A7i7 !left" and Amerian Seretary of State James Baker shake hands before their (ene.a onferene in (ene.a,
Swit7erland on Jan$ary 2, 1221 onernin' #raIKs in.asion of )$wait. !Re$ters&C+RB#S"
Ameri0an militar2 0omman&ers an& senior (overnment offi0ials 3ose for a (ro,3 3hoto in -e0ember 1990 3rior to the be(innin(
of the %ersian ',lf *ar# To3 ro!B @t# 'en# +oomer, @t# 'en# )orner, @t# 'en# Yeoso01, Ni0e4A&m# Arth,r, .ol# 7ohnson#
$eate&B "n&er $e0retar2 of -efense for %oli02 %a,l *olfo!it5, 'en# .olin %o!ell (.hairman of the 7oint .hiefs of $taff, "#$#
$e0retar2 of -efense -i01 .hene2, 'en# Norman $0h!ar51o3f, @t# 'en# *aller, MaC# 'en# 7ohnston# *olfo!it5, %o!ell, an&
.hene2 are members of the .o,n0il on ?orei(n Relations#
+ne of Saddam 5$ssein6s o,$lent ,residential ,alaes near Ba'hdad, #raI. :he United /ations, at the reI$est of the (eor'e
5.W. B$sh administration, im,osed an oil embar'o and a noBfly 7one on #raI followin' the =end> of the first Persian ($lf War.
President Bill Clinton ordered the bombin' of Ba'hdad in -eember 122C shortly after the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es
im,eahed him.
+,eration -esert Storm !1221"
Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff Colin Powell briefs /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Brent Sowroft, President (eor'e B$sh, Hie
President -an O$ayle, and Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney at the White 5o$se.
Pa$l Wolfowit7, Under Seretary of -efense for Poliy !ri'ht" takes notes while (en. Colin Powell, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, and
(en. /orman Shwar7ko,f, Jr., CommanderBinBChief of U.S. Central Command, listen to Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney answer I$estions
from the media at a ,ress onferene in *ebr$ary 1221. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
President of the United States (eor'e 5.W. B$sh meets with his ad.isers !from left to ri'ht" Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (en. Colin
Powell, U.S. Seretary of State James Baker, U.S. Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney, Hie President -an O$ayle, /ational Se$rity Ad.isor
Brent Sowroft, and John S$n$n$ at Cam, -a.id in :h$rmont, Maryland, U.S.A. on Jan$ary 12, 1221 d$rin' the Persian ($lf War.
!White 5o$se&Sy'ma&Corbis"
President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh meets in the White 5o$se with (en. Colin Powell !far left", Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney !third from left",
Seretary of State James A. Baker ### !third from ri'ht", Robert (ates !far ri'ht", and other to, offiials d$rin' +,eration -esert Storm !Persian
($lf War" on *ebr$ary 1A, 1221. !C+RB#S"
Ma3 of (ro,n& o3erations of >3eration -esert $torm from ?ebr,ar2 <=4<:th 1991# $ho!s allie& an& IraKi for0es# $3e0ial arro!s
in&i0ate the Ameri0an 101
st
Airborne &ivision move& b2 air an& !here the ?ren0h A
st
li(ht &ivision an& Ameri0an /
r&
Armore&
.avalr2 Re(iment 3rovi&e& se0,rit2
#sraeli troo,s and ,olie stand near one of the b$ildin's hit by an #raIi S$d missile in :el A.i., #srael on :$esday, Jan$ary 00, 1221. At least
43 ,eo,le were inJ$red in the attak. /o f$rther details an be 'i.en d$e to ensorshi,.
!Photo% htt,%&&www.all,osters.om&Bs,&($lfBWarB1221B#sraelB#raIiBS$dBMissilesBAttakBPostersVi2389249V.htm"
)i(h!a2 of -eath in IraK in 1991
The )i(h!a2 of -eath refers to a roa& bet!een K,!ait an& +asra on !hi0h retreatin( ,nits of the IraKi arm2 an& %alestinian
Arab militiamen WterroristsX !ere atta01e& an& 0om3letel2 &estro2e& b2 Ameri0an air0raft an& (ro,n& for0es &,rin( the "nite&
Nations .oalition offensive in the %ersian ',lf *ar, on the ni(ht of ?ebr,ar2 <A4<9, 1991, res,ltin( in the &estr,0tion of
h,n&re&s of vehi0les an& the &eaths of an ,n1no!n an& &is3,te& n,mber of IraKi sol&iers an& some 0ivilians# The s0enes of
0arna(e on the roa& are some of the most re0o(ni5able ima(es of the !ar# The )i(h!a2 of -eath is 1no!n offi0iall2 as
)i(h!a2 :0, an& it r,ns from K,!ait .it2 to the bor&er to!ns of Ab&ali (K,!ait an& $af!an (IraK, an& then on to +asra# The
roa& !as re3aire& &,rin( the late 1990s, an& !as ,se& in the initial sta(es of the <00/ invasion of IraK b2 "#$# an& +ritish for0es#

Hitims of de,leted $rani$m and the ($lf War Syndrome
=:he memory hole also de.o$red reolletions of how the first President (eor'e B$sh had $sed ,ro,a'anda and lies to e?ite
the Amerian ,$bli to s$,,ort an earlier war with #raI. #n +tober 1223, a new entity allin' itself the Con'ressional 5$man
Ri'hts Ca$$s, b$t in reality a reation of the ,$bli relations ,owerho$se 5ill and )nowlton, held hearin's in order to
s$bstantiate laims of #raIi h$man ri'hts .iolations. :he ommittee heard a ,arti$larly mo.in' testimony from a fifteenByearBold
)$waiti 'irl, /ayirah, who desribed the horrors she witnessed in a )$wait City hos,ital% =while # was there, # saw the #raIi
soldiers ome into the hos,ital with '$ns, and 'o into the room where babies were in in$bators. :hey took the babies o$t of the
in$bators, took the in$bators, and left the babies on the old floor to die.> :he media 'a.e the story maJor ,lay. Po,,y $sed it
to hel, J$stify the war that wo$ld be'in three months later. #t t$rned o$t, howe.er, that the 'irl was at$ally a member of the
)$waiti royal family Q the da$'hter of Sa$d /asir alBSabah, )$wait6s ambassador to the United States. :he .ie ,resident of 5ill
and )nowlton had e.en oahed /ayirah, whose entire testimony was e.ent$ally deemed false by in.esti'ators.>
Q &amily of Secrets by R$ss Baker, ,. @A8
>il fiel&s b,rnin( in K,!ait &,rin( the %ersian ',lf *ar
The "#$# (overnment ,n&er 3resi&ents 'eor(e )#*# +,sh, +ill .linton, an& 'eor(e *# +,sh or&ere& ever2 militar2 servi0emen
(men an& !omen to re0eive anthrax an& small3ox va00inations# The si&e effe0ts from these man&ator2 va00inations remain
,n0ertain#
United States Air *ore *B14A *i'htin' *alons and *B19C and *B19D Da'les of the @th *i'hter Win' fly o.er oil fires in )$wait,
set by the retreatin' #raIi army, d$rin' +,eration -esert Storm !Persian ($lf War #" on *ebr$ary 08, 1221. +,eration -esert
Storm be'an on Jan$ary 18, 1221. !Photo% United States Air *ore"

Left ,hoto% Amerian soldiers wore 'as masks and hemial ,roteti.e s$its !M+PP s$its" d$rin' +,eration -esert Storm
!Persian ($lf War".
Ri'ht ,hoto% Amerian soldiers sit ato, a M1A1 Abrams tank d$rin' the Persian ($lf War.
Ameri0an militar2 3ersonnel sift thro,(h the remains of a !areho,se in -hahran, $a,&i Arabia on ?ebr,ar2 <A, 1991# The
!areho,se !as hit b2 an IraKi $0,& missile on ?ebr,ar2 <5, 1991, 1illin( <9 "#$# Arm2 Reserve 3ersonnel an& !o,n&in( 100
others &,rin( >3eration -esert $torm# The b,il&in( ho,se& the =95th Y,artermaster 'ro,3 (%rovisional#
(%hotoB "#$# -e3artment of -efense
United States Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney res,onds to I$estions from the media while takin' ,art in a ,ress onferene held by U.S.
and Sa$di Arabian offiials d$rin' +,eration -esert Storm on *ebr$ary 1, 1221. Seated in the bak'ro$nd are !from left to ri'ht"% U.S. Army
(en. Colin Powell !Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"E U.S. Army (en. /orman Shwar7ko,f !CommanderBinBChief, U.S. Central
Command", Pa$l -. Wolfowit7 !Under Seretary of -efense for Poliy", and Pete Williams !Assistant Seretary of -efense for P$bli Affairs".
!Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney !left" meets with Prine S$ltan, the Sa$di Arabian Minister of -efense and A.iation, in Sa$di Arabia on
-eember 1, 1223. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
U.S. Army (eneral Colin Powell, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, talks to U.S. Army (en. /orman Shwar7ko,f, the
Commander of U.S. Central Command, while President (eor'e 5.W. B$sh talks to Prime Minister of (reat Britain John MaJor
on the ,hone on *ebr$ary 08, 1221. *rom left to ri'ht% (en. Colin Powell, John S$n$n$, C#A -iretor Robert M. (ates, (eor'e
B$sh, and Brent Sowroft. D.eryone in the room e?e,t for S$n$n$ is or was a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
!Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
President (eor'e B$sh meets with Sa$di Arabian Ambassador to the United States Prine Bandar in the +.al +ffie on
*ebr$ary 0C, 1221. !Photo% (eor'e B$sh Presidential Library"
Left to ri'ht% Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman (eneral Colin Powell, and -esert Storm Commander (en.
/orman Shwar7ko,f wa.e from the re.iewin' stand after they led a tiker ta,e ,arade thro$'h the streets of /ew <ork City on J$ne 13, 1221.
!AP Photo&Amy Sanetta"
U.S. Con'ressman Bill Rihardson !-B/ew Me?io" .isits #raI6s ditator Saddam 5$ssein in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ly 14, 1229.
!*ile Photo" htt,%&&blo'.washin'ton,ost.om&theBtrail&0338&38&04&rihardsonVillVmeetVditators.html
+n the ste,s of the British Dmbassy followin' a l$nheon, Prime Minister of (reat Britain John MaJor la$'hs with !from left" U.S. Seretary of
the :reas$ry /iholas Brady, U.S. :rade Re,resentati.e Carla 5ills, Sa$di Prine Bandar Bin S$ltan, and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff
(en. Colin Powell. #n the bak'ro$nd, behind John MaJor, is U.S. Seretary of -efense -ik Cheney. Brady, 5ills, Cheney, and Powell are
members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Ro'ers Photo Arhi.e"
T)E EN>4?@Y [>NEF ERA (19914<00/
United /ations SeretaryB(eneral )ofi Annan meets with #raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister :ariI A7i7 d$rin' the World S$mmit on
S$stainable -e.elo,ment onferene in Johannesb$r', So$th Afria on Se,tember A, 0330. !United /ations Photo"
United /ations SeretaryB(eneral )ofi Annan !left" 'reets #raIi -itator Saddam 5$ssein at the Re,$blian Palae on *ebr$ary
00, 122C. !United /ations Photo"
United /ations Seretary (eneral )ofi Annan !left" and #raI6s -e,$ty Prime Minister :ariI A7i7 !ri'ht" si'n a memorand$m of $nderstandin' of
iss$e of wea,ons ins,etion in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary 0A, 122C. !U Rik Maiman&Sy'ma&Corbis"
:ariI A7i7 !left" .isits *renh President JaI$es Chira in Paris on May 1@, 122C. !Pasal Le Se'retain&Sy'ma&Corbis"
United /ations SeretaryB(eneral )ofi Annan !ri'ht" shakes hands with #raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister :ariI A7i7 d$rin' a meetin'
at the United /ations in /ew <ork City in +tober 122C. !AP Photo"
htt,%&&www.tele'ra,h.o.$k&news&,it$re'alleries&worldnews&C3C8438&#nB,it$resB:ariIBA7i7BSaddamB5$sseinsBde,$tyBisB
sentenedBtoBdeathBbyBtheB#raIiBS$,remeBCo$rt.htmlMima'eT4

Left ,hoto% #raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister :ariI A7i7 !left" .isits R$ssia6s President Hladimir P$tin in Mosow in J$ly 0333.
Ri'ht ,hoto% #raIi ditator Saddam 5$ssein embraes Hene7$ela6s r$ler 5$'o Cha.e7.
-efense Seretary William S. Cohen is seen walkin' with Sa$di Prine Sa$d alB*aisal !left" and Sa$di Ambassador to the U.S.
Prine Bandar !seond from left" on *ebr$ary 04, 1228. !Photo% William S. Cohen Pa,ers at Uni.ersity of Maine"
:reas$ry Seretary Robert R$bin !left" meets with Sa$di Arabia6s Crown Prine Abdallah at Blair 5o$se in Washin'ton, -.C. on
Se,tember 09, 122C. !Pa$l J. Rihards&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
Seretary of -efense William S. Cohen !left" walks with Crown Prine Abdallah bin Abd alBA7i7 Al Sa$d !ri'ht" followin' their
meetin' in Riyadh, Sa$di Arabia on /o.ember A, 122C. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
Seretary of -efense -onald 5. R$msfeld !left" esorts Prine Bandar Bin S$ltan Bin Abd$l A7i7 !ri'ht", the Ambassador of the )in'dom of
Sa$di Arabia to the U.S., into the Penta'on for a meetin' on *ebr$ary 9, 0331. !Photo by R. -. Ward, U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
Hene7$elaKs President 5$'o Cha.e7, front ri'ht, walks with President of #raI Saddam 5$ssein at Saddam air,ort in Ba'hdad,
#raI on A$'$st 11, 0333. Cha.e7, the first national leader to .isit #raI sine the ($lf War in 1221, was lea.in' the o$ntry after a
short .isit as ,art of a to$r of +PDC o$ntries. !AP Photo&#/A, Pool"
Saddam 5$ssein meets with A$strian ,olitiian Joer' 5aider !left" in Ba'hdad, #raI.
Hene7$elaKs President 5$'o Cha.e7 !left" meets with #raI6s r$ler Saddam 5$ssein in Ba'hdad, #raI in A$'$st 13B11, 0333.
#raIi President Saddam 5$ssein !ri'ht" dri.es his ar with Hene7$ela6s President 5$'o Cha.e7 as his ,assen'er in Ba'hdad,
#raI on A$'$st 13, 0333. Cha.e7 arri.ed in #raI from #ran, as the first head of state to .isit #raI sine the 1221 Persian ($lf War.
!A*P"
#raIi President Saddam 5$ssein !enter" listens to -e,$ty Prime Minister :ariI A7i7 !left" in Ba'hdad, #raI on Se,tember @, 0331 as he
,resents him a model of a mon$ment dediated to the some @33 ,eo,le who died in the ($lf War allied bombin' of the Amriya shelter whih
will be b$ilt in Ba'hdad. !U #/A&e,a&Corbis"

@eftB +4< stealth bombers !ere ,se& 3erio&i0all2 to enfor0e the "nite& Nations4man&ate& ENo4?l2 [oneF a(ainst IraK#
Ri(htB The "nite& Nations4man&ate& ENo4?l2 [oneF
United States Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld shares a la$'h with U.S. Air *ore (en. Rihard B. Meyers !left", Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff, and U.S. Senator Carl Le.in !-BMihi'an" followin' their ,resentation of the fisal year 033A -efense B$d'et to the Senate
Armed Ser.ies Committee in Washin'ton, -.C. on *ebr$ary 9, 0330. !Photo% Martin 5. Simon&Corbis"
United States Seretary of State Colin Powell !left", U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh !0nd left", and /ational Se$rity Ad.isor
Condolee77a Rie !0nd ri'ht" share a la$'h at a /A:+ s$mmit in Pra'$e, C7eh Re,$bli on /o.ember 01, 0330. :he
/o.ember 0330 meetin' welomed se.en formerly omm$nist nations as members, all ,led'in' to hel, fi'ht the war in
terrorism. United States Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld is seated on the far ri'ht. &onald 'msfeld attended the
2002 4ilderberg 0eetings in 2hantilly, 5irginia, 6.+.7. held from -hrsday, 0ay 30, 2002 to +nday, 8ne 2, 2002.
!Photo% Brooks )raft&C+RB#S"
United States President (eor'e W. B$sh !enter" looks $, d$rin' the /orth Atlanti Co$nil S$mmit in Pra'$e, C7eh Re,$bli on /o.ember
01, 0330. /A:+ leaders a'reed :h$rsday to set $, a strike fore for hi'hBintensity warfare and ,led'ed to reb$ild military a,abilities to takle
new se$rity threats, inl$din' terrorism and wea,ons of mass destr$tion. Seated with B$sh are /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Condolee77a Rie
!left", White 5o$se Chief of Staff Andy Card !rear left", and U.S. Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld !ri'ht". !Photo% Re$ters&C+RB#S"
President (eor'e W. B$sh !left", Seretary of State Colin Powell !0
nd
left", /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Condolee77a Rie !0
nd
ri'ht", and
Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld !ri'ht" strike different ,oses as they listen to remarks at the afternoon session of the /A:+ s$mmit in
Pra'$e, C7eh Re,$bli on /o.ember 01, 0330. !Photo% Re$ters&)e.in LamarI$e"
%ersian ',lf *ar, %art <B Invasion an& >00,3ation of IraK (<00/
Seretary of State Colin Powell addresses the United /ations Se$rity Co$nil on the ase for 'oin' to war a'ainst #raI on *ebr$ary 9, 033A.
United States President (eor'e W. B$sh meets with his ad.isers in the White 5o$se Sit$ation Room in 033A. Bak row, $,,er left orner%
U.S. Attorney (eneral John Ashroft, Ste,hen 5adley, Alberto (on7ale7, and Sooter Libby. Clokwise at the onferene table be'innin' with
President (eor'e W. B$sh% B$sh, Seretary of State Colin Powell, Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld, Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff (en. Rihard Myers, /ational Se$rity Ad.isor Condolee77a Rie !bak of head", C#A -iretor (eor'e :enet, and White 5o$se Chief of
Staff Andrew Card. 5adley, Libby, Powell, Myers, Rie, and :enet are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. -onald R$msfeld is a
former member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
U.S. Air *ore en'a'es in a SShok and AweS bombin' am,ai'n on Ba'hdad, #raI on the seond day of war on Marh 01, 033A.
!+li.ier Coret&Corbis"
United States Army MaJor (eneral Stanley MChrystal smiles as a re,orter asks him whether the United States has any more Sshok and
aweS in its arsenal for $se in the war in #raI as MChrystal takes I$estions from re,orters at the Penta'on near Washin'ton, -.C. on Marh
00, 033A. MChrystal said that U.S. fores will ontin$e to $se maJor m$nitions on seleted tar'ets to aom,lish their military 'oals. Stanley
MChrystal is a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations, an internationalist or'ani7ation in /ew <ork City. !RDU:DRS&C+RB#S"
Prime Minister of (reat Britain :ony Blair !left" shakes hands with Amerian President (eor'e W. B$sh after they onl$de a
Joint news onferene at Cam, -a.id, Maryland on Marh 08, 033A !White 5o$se Photo"
Prime Minister of (reat Britain :ony Blair !left" meets with United /ations SeretaryB(eneral )ofi Annan at the United /ations
headI$arters in /ew <ork City on Marh 08, 033A. !Re$ters&Jeff Christensen"
-o,(las ?eith (left, the "n&er $e0retar2 of -efense for %oli02, listen as Ni0e %resi&ent -i01 .hene2 (ri(ht tal1s to -e3,t2
$e0retar2 of -efense %a,l *olfo!it5 (0enter at the %enta(on on A3ril :, <00/# -i01 .hene2Hs 0hief of staff @e!is E$0ooterF
@ibb2 is seate& bet!een .hene2 an& *olfo!it5# ?eith, .hene2, *olfo!it5, an& @ibb2 are members of the .o,n0il on ?orei(n
Relations# (%hoto b2 Robert -# *ar&8"#$# -e3artment of -efense
($o,r0eB War and Decision? (nside t"e Pentagon at t"e Da+n of t"e War on <errorism b2 -o,(las 7# ?eith
EThe oil reven,es of that 0o,ntr2 WIraKX 0o,l& brin( bet!een P50 an& P100 billion over the 0o,rse of the next t!o or three 2ears#
No!, there are a lot of 0laims on that mone2, b,t J*e are &ealin( !ith a 0o,ntr2 WIraKX that 0an reall2 finan0e its o!n
re0onstr,0tion an& relativel2 soon#F
G -e3,t2 "#$# $e0retar2 of -efense %a,l *olfo!it5, in his testimon2 to the "#$# )o,se of Re3resentatives A33ro3riations
.ommittee on Mar0h <9, <00/
-o,(las ?eith (left, the "n&er $e0retar2 of -efense for %oli02, 0hats !ith -e3,t2 $e0retar2 of -efense %a,l *olfo!it5,
National $e0,rit2 A&viser .on&olee55a Ri0e, an& $e0retar2 of $tate .olin %o!ell# All fo,r in&ivi&,als are members of the
.o,n0il on ?orei(n Relations# (A% %hotos8.harles -hara3a1
($o,r0eB War and Decision? (nside t"e Pentagon at t"e Da+n of t"e War on <errorism b2 -o,(las 7# ?eith
An $nidentified Amerian soldier wathes as a stat$e of #raIKs des,ot President Saddam 5$ssein falls in entral Ba'hdad, #raI on A,ril 2,
033A. U.S. troo,s ,$lled down a 03Bfoot !si? meter" hi'h stat$e of President Saddam 5$ssein in entral Ba'hdad on Wednesday and #raIis
daned on it in ontem,t for the man who r$led them with an iron 'ri, for 0@ years. !RDU:DRS&C+RB#S&(oran :omase.i"
#raI6s ditator President Saddam 5$ssein !enter" is flanked by his two sons Uday !left" and O$say !ri'ht" in a ,hoto released by the #raIi
'o.ernment on -eember 1A, 1224. :he searh for Saddam 5$ssein drew fresh moment$m on J$ly 00, 033A after Amerian soldiers killed
Uday and O$say in a fiere si?Bho$r '$n battle in northern #raI. !RDU:DRS&C+RB#S&#raIi /ews A'eny"
U.S. Army a,t$res de,osed #raIi ditator Saddam 5$ssein near :ikrit, #raI on -eember 1@, 033A. !U.S. Army ,hoto"

Left ,hoto% #raIi (o.ernin' Co$nil member Ahmad Chalabi !L" .isits Saddam 5$ssein in his ell on -eember 1@, 133A, ho$rs
after his a,t$re by Amerian Army soldiers near his home town of :ikrit, in northern #raI. !A*P P5+:+&ALBMU:AMAR"
Ri'ht ,hoto% A frame 'rab from #raIi state tele.ision shows a noose bein' ,laed aro$nd former #raIi ,resident Saddam
5$sseinKs nek on -eember A3, 0334. 5$ssein was han'ed for rimes a'ainst h$manity at dawn on Sat$rday, a dramati,
.iolent end for a leader who r$led #raI by fear for three deades before he was to,,led by a U.S. in.asion in 033A. FRe$ters&#raIi
State :ele.isionG
$a&&am ),ssein, the former &i0tator of IraK, testifies in 0o,rt#
$a&&am ),ssein, the former &i0tator of IraK, testifies in 0o,rt in IraK#
$a&&am ),ssein, the former &i0tator of IraK, a!aits his fate insi&e an IraKi 0o,rt#
President of the United States (eor'e W. B$sh !ri'ht" introd$es lon'time State -e,artment offiial L. Pa$l Bremer !enter",
who is bein' a,,ointed to be the i.il administrator in #raI, at the White 5o$se on May 4, 033A while U.S. Seretary of -efense
-onald R$msfeld !left" looks on. !U Brooks )raft&Corbis"
#n this hando$t ,hoto, Prime Minister :ony Blair !enter" walks with Commander British *ores MaJor (eneral Peter Wall !left"
and L. Pa$l Bremer, the Ambassador to the Coalition A$thority, at Basra Air,ort in Basra, #raI on May 02, 033A.
!Photo% (etty #ma'es"
U.S Ambassador to #raI Pa$l Bremer looks o$t o.er the ,ort of Umm Oasr while on a .isit to the ,ort in so$thern #raI on May
09, 033A. :he U.S. A'eny for #nternational -e.elo,ment !USA#-" anno$ned today that the #raIi sea,ort of Umm Oasr, whih
is the main entryway for ar'o and h$manitarian aid, is now $nder i.ilian administration. !Photo% (etty #ma'es"
Pa$l Bremer !0
nd
ri'ht", the U.S. i.il administrator for #raI, talks with Jathare Al )ashab, (eneral Mana'er of oil ,rod$tion at
the -a$ra +il Refinery, d$rin' a to$r of the refinery in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ne A, 033A. !Photo% Maro -i La$ro&(etty #ma'es"
U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh !Ard left" ,ointin' to the ,odi$m after a 'ro$, ,hoto'ra,h with D'y,t6s President 5osni M$barak
!Ard R", Sa$di ArabiaKs )in' Abd$llah !0nd left", JordanKs )in' Abd$llah ## !left", BahrainKs )in' 5amad !0nd ri'ht" and Prime
Minister of =Palestine> Mahmo$d Abbas !ri'ht" at the *o$r Seasons resort in Sharm elBSheikh, D'y,t on J$ne A, 033A.
!L$ke *ra77a&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
President (eor'e W. B$sh makes a statement in the Rose (arden at the White 5o$se in Washin'ton, -.C. on J$ly 0A, 033A.
*rom left to ri'ht% Chairman of the Joint Chiefs (en. Rihard B. Myers, Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld, B$sh, and U.S.
Administrator in #raI Pa$l Bremer. !Re$ters&Larry -ownin'"
Ambassador Pa$l Bremer !left", Administrator of the Coalition Pro.isional A$thorityE U.S. Central Commander (eneral John
Abi7aid !enter", and -e,$ty U.S. Seretary of -efense Pa$l Wolfowit7 !ri'ht" s,eak ,rior to testifyin' before the 5o$se Armed
Ser.ies Committee on Ca,itol 5ill in Washin'ton, -.C. on Se,tember 09, 033A. :he ommittee was hearin' testimony on U.S.
,oliy and o,erations in #raI. :he man seated in the bak'ro$nd is Air *ore (en. /orton Shwart7. Bremer, Abi7aid,
Wolfowit7, and Shwart7 are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Photo% Mark Wilson&(etty #ma'es"
Army (en. John Abi7aid, Commander of U.S. Central Command, talks to Pa$l Bremer and U.S. Seretary of -efense -onald
R$msfeld in #raI on -eember 4, 033A. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
-o,(las ?eith, the "n&er $e0retar2 of -efense for %oli02, tal1s to @# %a,l +remer, the "#$# %ro4.ons,l to IraK# -o,(las ?eith
an& %a,l +remer are members of the .o,n0il on ?orei(n Relations#
($o,r0eB War and Decision? (nside t"e Pentagon at t"e Da+n of t"e War on <errorism b2 -o,(las 7# ?eith

Pa$l Bremer, the .ieroy of #raI, talks to Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld.
Commander of U.S. Central Command (en. John Abi7aid !wearin' a military $niform", -e,$ty Seretary of -efense Pa$l Wolfowit7 !enter",
and Pa$l Bremer, Administrator of the Coalition Pro.isional A$thority in #raI, eat do$'hn$ts and $,akes at a ,arty inside Bremer6s offie in
Ba'hdad, #raI. !Photo% )arren Ballard&Red$?"
!So$re% 2y 'ear in Ira8: The Struggle to Build a &uture of Ho-e by L. Pa$l Bremer ### !with Malolm MConnell"
U.S. Army MaJor (eneral -a.id Petrae$s, Commander of 131
st
Airborne -i.ision, is seen talkin' to Pa$l Bremer in #raI. Both men are
members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Roberto Shmidt&Re$ters"
!So$re% 2y 'ear in Ira8: The Struggle to Build a &uture of Ho-e by L. Pa$l Bremer ### !with Malolm MConnell"
!Photo% J. Sott Car,enter&CPA"
!So$re% 2y 'ear in Ira8: The Struggle to Build a &uture of Ho-e by L. Pa$l Bremer ### !with Malolm MConnell"
U.S. Seretary of State Colin Powell !ri'ht" a,,ears with #yad Allawi !enter", President of the U.S.BA,,ointed #raIi (o.ernin' Co$nil, and
Pa$l Bremer !left", the to, U.S. offiial in #raI, at a Conferene in Madrid, S,ain on +tober 0A, 033A. !U PAUL 5A//A&Re$ters&Corbis"
-e,$ty U.S. Seretary of -efense Pa$l Wolfowit7 !enter" is esorted by Army (en. -a.id 5. Petrae$s !ri'ht", Commander of
U.S. Army 131st Airborne -i.ision, as they walk thro$'h the streets of 0osl, Ira9 on 8ly 21, 2003. Ira9i dictator +addam
:ssein;s t!o sons 6day :ssein and <say :ssein died in a firefight in 0osl, Ira9 on 8ly 22, 2003. Pa$l Wolfowit7
and (en. -a.id 5. Petrae$s are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. =al (olfo!it. attended the 2003 4ilderberg
0eetings held in 5ersailles, $rance from 1>/18 0ay 2003. !AP Photo&U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
U.S. Seretary of State Colin Powell !R" and the to, U.S.Ba,,ointed Coalition Pro.isional A$thority i.il administrator L. Pa$l Bremer s,eak
with re,orters d$rin' a ,ress onferene on Se,tember 1@, 033A in Ba'hdad, #raI. Powell arri.ed in #raI from (ene.a on S$nday mornin' for
a firstBhand look at the ,ro'ress of the reb$ildin' effort, and is the hi'hest rankin' U.S. 'o.ernment fi'$re to .isit #raI th$s far.
!Photo% Sott /elson&(etty #ma'es"
World Bank President James -. Wolfensohn !left" s,eaks to members of the interim #raIi (o.ernin' Co$nil in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ly A3,
033A, eight days after the deaths of Ira9i dictator +addam :ssein;s t!o sons 6day and <say. *rom left to ri'ht% James Wolfensohn,
United /ations s,eial en.oy Ser'io Heira de Mello, #raIi /ational Con'ress leader Ahmed Chalabi, Shiite o$nil member Akila 5ashemi,
tribal hief o$nil member Abd$l )arim alBMohammadawi, Mohsen Abd$lB5amid, seretaryB'eneral of the #raIi M$slim Brotherhood, #raIi
Shiite Ayatollah Mohammed Bahrh$l Uloom. :he #raIi (o.ernin' Co$nil eleted member #barahim Jafari as the first rotatin' ,resident of the
09 member body. !)arim Sahib&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
Seretary of State Colin Powell !left", U.S. o.erseer in #raI Pa$l Bremer !enter", and World Bank President James Wolfensohn
,ose at the Con'ress Palae in Madrid, S,ain on +tober 0A, 033A, d$rin' an international onferene of donors for #raI. All
three men in this ,hoto are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Ja.ier Soriano&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
World Bank President James Wolfensohn !left" and Pa$l Bremer, the U.S. o.erseer of #raI, walk to'ether at Bremer6s
headI$arters in Ba'hdad on J$ly A3, 033A. !)arim Sahib&A*P&(etty #ma'es"
Ambassador L. Pa$l Bremer ###, the U.S. ,residential en.oy to #raI !enter" 'reets United /ations SeretaryB(eneral )ofi Annan
!left" at the United /ations headI$arters in /ew <ork City on Jan$ary 12, 033@. Bremer is seekin' a way to 'et the United
/ations bak in #raI. Standin' left is Sir Jeremy (reenstok, Bremer6s British o$nter,art. !Photo% Ste,hen Chernin&(etty
#ma'es"
U.S. Administrator L. Pa$l Bremer shakes hands as he ,asses o.er do$ments to #raIi hief J$stie Mahdi alBMahmood !left", transferrin'
national so.erei'nty to #raI at a eremony in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ne 0C, 033@, as Prime Minister of #raI #yad Allawi !enter" looks on.
!Photo% (etty #ma'es"
*lanked by se$rity offiers, U.S. Administrator Pa$l Bremer !0
nd
ri'ht" walks with interim -e,$ty Prime Minister of #raI -r. Barhim Salih !left"
as he boards an Air *ore ,lane at Ba'hdad #nternational Air,ort for his fli'ht o$t of #raI on J$ne 0C, 033@. Darlier Bremer attended a
eremony offiially transferrin' so.erei'nty to the interim #raIi 'o.ernment. !Photo% (etty #ma'es"
Pa$l Bremer !L", the Amerian i.il administrator of #raI, and a Shiite notable stand at the om,o$nd of the Uni.ersity for 5$manities, Siene
and :heolo'ial St$dies in 5illa, #raI on J$ne 08, 033@, abo$t 133 kilometers so$th of Ba'hdad. !Photo% Pool&(etty #ma'es"
Ambassador L. Pa$l Bremer ###, the U.S. ,residential en.oy to #raI !C" t$rns toward United States Re,resentati.e to the United /ations John
/e'ro,onte !left" as British en.oy to #raI Sir Jeremy (reenstok !0
nd
ri'ht" and British U/ ambassador Dmyr Jones Parry !ri'ht" sit at the table
before a meetin' between the #raIi (o.ernin' Co$nil, the United /ations, and the Coalition Pro.isional A$thority at U/ 5eadI$arters in /ew
<ork City on Jan$ary 12, 033@. Bremer is seekin' a way to 'et the United /ations bak in #raI. !Photo% Ste,hen Chernin&(etty #ma'es"
U.S. Ambassador to #raI John /e'ro,onte !R" ,resents his ,rinted redentials and 'reets #raIi President (ha7i alB<awer !L" and #raIi *orei'n
Minister 5oshyar Pebari in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ne 02, 033@. !Pool&(etty #ma'es"
U.S. -e,$ty Seretary of State John /e'ro,onte !C" and U.S. Ambassador to #raI Ryan Croker !L" meet with President of #raI Jalal :alabani
in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ne 10, 0338. !Pool&(etty #ma'es"
#raIi (o.ernin' Co$nil members ,ose with U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh !enter" at the Ba'hdad #nternational Air,ort on /o.ember 08,
033A. *rom left to ri'ht are, -r. Mowaffar AlBRobaire, -r. RaJa 5abib )h$7ai, B$sh, -r. Jalal :alabani, and -r. Ahmad Chalabi. Ahmad
Chalabi attended the 0334 Bilderber' Meetin's in +ttawa, Canada in 0334. !Larry -ownin'&Re$ters&Corbis"
#raIi ,olitiian Ahmad Chalabi !left" and U.S. Seretary of State Colin Powell smile for the amera.

Ahmad Chalabi meets with Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld !left" and Pa$l Bremer !ri'ht".

Ahmad Chalabi listens to -e,$ty U.S. Seretary of -efense Pa$l Wolfowit7 !left" and former C#A -iretor R. James Woolsey
!ri'ht". Pa$l Wolfowit7 and R. James Woolsey are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.

Left ,hoto% Britain6s Prime Minister :ony Blair !left" talks to U.S. Ambassador to #raI Palmay )halil7ad !ri'ht" in #raI on -eember 00, 0339.
!Photo% htt,%&&news.bb.o.$k&0&hi&inV,it$res&@990280.stm"
Ri'ht ,hoto% Ahmad Chalabi !left" listens to U.S. Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld !enter" and Pa$l Bremer !ri'ht".
Seretary of -efense -onald 5. R$msfeld !left" ond$ts a meetin' with Prime Minister of #raI Ayad Allawi !seond from ri'ht"
on Se,tember 0@, 033@. :he two men sittin' to the left of R$msfeld are (en. Rihard Myers and Peter W. Rodman. Both
Myers and Rodman are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. -onald R$msfeld was a member of the Co$nil on
*orei'n Relations. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld res,onds to a senatorKs I$estion d$rin' a Senate Armed Ser.ies Committee hearin' on Amerian
military ,resene in #raI on J$ne 0A, 0339. U.S. Central Command Commander (en. John Abi7aid !left" and Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of
Staff (en. Rihard Myers !R$msfeld6s ri'ht" listen to R$msfeld. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
President of #raI Jalal :alabani !ri'ht" s,eaks with Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie !enter", Seretary of -efense -onald
R$msfeld, and U.S. Ambassador to #raI Palmay )halil7ad !left" d$rin' a meetin' in Ba'hdad, #raI on A,ril 04, 0334.
!Photo by Mohammed 5atoBPool&(etty #ma'es"
President of #raI Jalal :alabani !left", Prime Minister of #raIBdesi'nate /o$ri alBMaliki !enter", and U.S. Ambassador to #raI
Palmay )halil7ad s,eak with one another at a ree,tion at the ambassadorKs ,ri.ate residene loated in the hea.ily fortified
(reen Pone area in Ba'hdad, #raI on May 1C, 0334. )halil7ad hosted the ree,tion and dinner in honor of o$t'oin' Prime
Minister of #raI #brahim alBJaafari. )halil7ad is a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
!Photo by Maro -i La$ro&(etty #ma'es"
Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie 'reets U.S. Ambassador to #raI Palmay )halil7ad at the Ba'hdad Air,ort on +tober 9,
0334. Condolee77a Rie and Palmay )halil7ad are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. Rie is wearin' a b$llet,roof
.est. !Photo% Josie -$kett&U.S. -e,artment of State"
Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie meets with Prime Minister of #raI /o$ri alBMaliki in Ba'hdad on +tober 9, 0334.
!Photo% Josie -$kett&U.S. -e,artment of State"
Seretary of -efense Robert M. (ates !left" and (en. John Abi7aid, Commander of U.S. Central Command, arri.e at an air,ort
in Ba'hdad, #raI on -eember 03, 0334. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"

U.S. Ambassador to #raI Palmay )halil7ad !left" wathes President (eor'e W. B$sh shake hands with #raIi President Jalal :alabani !ri'ht"
d$rin' his .isit on J$ne 1A, 0334, to the U.S. Dmbassy in Ba'hdad. )halil7ad was a member of the ProJet for the /ew Amerian Cent$ry, a
'ro$, that reated ,lans for an endless war in the Middle Dast and Central Asia.
President (eor'e W. B$sh shakes hands with U.S. Army (eneral -a.id Petrae$s, the inomin' Commander of the M$ltiB
/ational *oreB#raI, in the +.al +ffie on Jan$ary 04, 0338. (eneral -a.id Petrae$s is a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n
Relations. !White 5o$se ,hoto by Dri -ra,er"
Hie President -ik Cheney !enter" is 'reeted by Army (en. -a.id Petrae$s, Commander of U.S. fores in #raI, as he arri.es
at Ba'hdad #nternational Air,ort on a s$r,rise .isit to Ba'hdad, #raI on May 2, 0338. -ik Cheney and -a.id Petrae$s are
members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !AP Photo by (erald 5erbert"
Re,$blian Party ,residential andidate Senator John MCain !left" meets with Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki in Ba'hdad,
#raI on Marh 18, 033C. !Photo by Ceerwan A7i7&Pool&(etty #ma'es"
United States Senator Barak +bama !left", ,residential andidate for the -emorati Party, shakes hands with Prime Minister
of #raI /$ri alBMaliki in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ly 01, 033C. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
U.S. Commander in #raI (eneral -a.id Petrae$s !enter" shares a la$'h with .isitin' -emorati Party ,residential andidate
Barak +bama !left" and U.S. Senator Ch$k 5a'el d$rin' an aerial to$r of Ba'hdad $,on their arri.al in #raI on J$ly 01, 033C.
-a.id Petrae$s and Ch$k 5a'el are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Re$ters"
United States Senator :ed )ennedy !left" wathes U.S. Army (en. -a.id Petrae$s !enter", Commander of Amerian fores in
#raI, shake hands with Re,$blian Party ,residential andidate United States Senator John MCain on Ca,itol 5ill in
Washin'ton, -.C. on A,ril C, 033C. John MCain and (en. -a.id Petrae$s are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
!(etty #ma'es"
-e,$ty Seretary of State John /e'ro,onte !left" .isits #raIKs Prime Minister /$ri alBMaliki !ri'ht" in Ba'hdad, #raI on +tober 9,
033C. !Re$ters"
President (eor'e W. B$sh shakes hands with #raI6s Prime Minister /o$ri AlBMaliki after their meetin' at the WaldorfBAstoria
5otel in /ew <ork City on Se,tember 09, 0338. !White 5o$se ,hoto by Dri -ra,er"
U.S. Army (en. -a.id Petrae$s !left" and U.S. Ambassador to #raI Ryan Croker testify d$rin' a Joint hearin' of the 5o$se
Armed Ser.ies Committee and the 5o$se *orei'n Relations Committee on Ca,itol 5ill in Washin'ton, -.C. on Se,tember 13,
0338. Petrae$s and Croker deli.ered a re,ort on ,ro'ress made in #raI sine additional U.S. troo,s were sent to the nation
earlier this year. Ryan Croker Joined the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations in 0313. (en. Petrae$s is a member of the Co$nil on
*orei'n Relations. !Photo by Chi, Somode.illa&(etty #ma'es /ews"
U.S. Ambassador to #raI Ryan Croker !left" and U.S. Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie led a U.S. dele'ation to )irk$k, #raI
on -eember 1C, 0338 to s,eak with the 'o.ernin' leadershi, re,resentin' the )$rdish, Arab and :$rkman ,olitial ,arties.
!Photo% U.S. Dmbassy in #raI"
President (eor'e W. B$sh meets with U.S. Army (eneral -a.id Petrae$s !left", Commander of the M$ltiB/ational *oreB#raI, and U.S.
Ambassador to #raI Ryan Croker !ri'ht" at the White 5o$se on :h$rsday, A,ril 13, 033C. !White 5o$se ,hoto by Dri -ra,er"
Pres$m,ti.e -emorati ,residential andidate Sen. Barak +bama !-B#llinois" !ri'ht" and U.S. Ambassador to #raI Ryan Croker !left" lea.e
the offie of Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki after a meetin' in Ba'hdad, #raI on J$ly 01, 033C. +bama to$red the war 7ones in
Af'hanistan the ,re.io$s week to make e.al$ations and he ,lans to meet with the U.S. ommander in #raI (en. -a.id Petrae$s.
!Photo by Pool&(etty #ma'es D$ro,e"
Seretary of State 5illary Clinton a,,ears with Prime Minister of #raI alBMaliki in the :reaty Room at the State -e,artment in Washin'ton, -.C.
on J$ly 0@, 0332. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of State"
President (eor'e W. B$sh !C" s,eaks to Amerian troo,s as U.S. Army Lt. (en. Riardo S. Sanhe7 !L", ommander of Coalition Joint :ask
*oreB8, and Pa$l Bremer listen, d$rin' a s$r,rise .isit on :hanks'i.in' -ay, /o.ember 08, 033A in Ba'hdad, #raI.
U.S. administrator for #raI Pa$l Bremer !L" walks flanked with an $nidentified body'$ard to attend a meetin' in Mos$l, #raI on A,ril 1, 033@.
:he B$sh administration a$thori7ed merenaries s$h as Blakwater to o,erate in #raI. !Photo% Pool&(etty #ma'es"
:henBArmy MaJor (eneral -a.id 5. Petrae$s and the =hi'h ommissioner> to #raI L. Pa$l Bremer ### walks with an $nidentified #raIi man as a
Blakwater merenary is seen walkin' behind them. :he B$shBCheney administration a$thori7ed or,orate merenaries s$h as Blakwater,
Hinnell, and 5allib$rtonB)ello'' Brown and Root !)BR" to o,erate in #raI with almost no o.ersi'ht.
!Photo% htt,%&&www.tro$blin'.info&arhi.es&ate'ory&'wBb$shBadmin"
U.S. i.il administrator in #raI Pa$l Bremer !0nd L" is esorted by ,ersonnel from U.S. se$rity ontrator Blakwater on his arri.al at U.S.
Army C0nd Airborne -i.ision headI$arters in Ramadi, #raI in this Marh 11, 033@ file ,hoto. Blakwater, whih has reei.ed U.S. 'o.ernment
ontrats worth more than a billion dollars sine 0331, is $nder intense sr$tiny o.er its se$rity work in #raI, where its hief e?e$ti.e Drik
Prine said the /orth Carolina firm had abo$t 1,333 ,ersonnel. Blakwater defended its role in #raI on +tober 0, 0338, b$t ske,tial
lawmakers took aim at the om,any o.er a series of inidents, inl$din' a Se,tember 14, 0338 shootin' that killed 11 #raIis. !Re$ters"
)allib,rton .om3an2 hea&K,arters in )o,ston, Texas
*ormer U.S. Army (eneral :ommy *ranks !C" sits with former C#A diretor (eor'e :enet !L" and former #raIi administrator Pa$l Bremer !R"
while President (eor'e W. B$sh, not seen, makes introd$tory remarks d$rin' a eremony to award the Presidential Medal of *reedom at the
White 5o$se in Washin'ton, -.C. on -eember 1@, 033@. All three reei.ed the nationKs hi'hest i.ilian honor for their ontrib$tion to U.S.
ation in #raI. (eor'e :enet and Pa$l Bremer are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !U )e.in LamarI$e&Re$ters&Corbis"
President (eor'e W. B$sh awards the Presidential Medal of *reedom to former C#A -iretor (eor'e :enet !left", retired U.S. Army (en.
:ommy *ranks !0nd left", who o.ersaw ombat in Af'hanistan and the initial in.asion of #raI, and former #raI administrator L. Pa$l Bremer
!ri'ht" in a eremony in the Dast Room of the White 5o$se in Washin'ton, -.C. on -eember 1@, 033@. :he medal is the nationKs hi'hest
i.ilian honor and B$sh is honorin' three men who were entral to his #raI ,oliy. !U Larry -ownin'&Re$ters&Corbis"
Left to ri'ht% #raI St$dy (ro$, oBhairmen Lee 5amilton and James A. Baker ### 'reet U.S. Senator John Warner !RBHir'inia" and U.S.
Senator Carl Le.in !-BMihi'an" before testifyin' at a Senate Armed Ser.ies Committee hearin' in Washin'ton, -.C. on -eember 8, 0334.
:he biB,artisan ommission released their written re,ort of their nineBmonth e?amination at the sit$ation in #raI. Lee 5amilton, James A. Baker
###, and John Warner are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Jonathan Drnst&DPA&Corbis"
:he #raI St$dy (ro$,, also known as the BakerB5amilton Commission, a,,ear in front of a amera in 0334. *rom left to ri'ht% Lee 5amilton,
William J. Perry, Ddwin Meese ###, Lawrene S. Da'leb$r'er !seated", Alan Sim,son, Leon Panetta !$rrent C#A -iretor", Hernon D. Jordan,
Charles Robb, Sandra -ay +6Connor, and James A. Baker ###. Meese, Sim,son, and Baker are members of the Bohemian (ro.e. 5amilton,
Perry, Da'leb$r'er, Jordan, Robb, Baker, and +6Connor are or were members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. :his ,hoto was ,$blished
in the -eember 09, 0334 edition of :ime ma'a7ine. !Photo'ra,h for :#MD by Ben Baker Q Red$?"
U.S. Army M1A1 Abrams MB: !Main Battle :ank", and ,ersonnel from A Com,any !C+", :ask *ore 1st Battalion, A9th Armor Re'iment !1BA9
Armor", 0nd Bri'ade Combat :eam !BC:", 1st Armored -i.ision !A-", ,ose for a ,hoto $nder the S5ands of HitoryS in Ceremony SI$are,
Ba'hdad, #raI d$rin' +,eration #RAO# *RDD-+M. :he 5ands of Hitory mon$ment b$ilt at the end of the #ranB#raI war marks the entrane to
a lar'e ,arade 'ro$nd in entral Ba'hdad. :he hand and arm are modeled after former ditator Saddam 5$sseins own and s$rro$nded with
tho$sands of #ranian helmets taken from the battlefield. :he swords made for the '$ns of dead #raIi soldiers, melted and reast into the 0@Bton
blades. !Photo% :S(: J+5/ L. 5+U(5:+/ JR., USA*"
Cranes litter the skyline as onstr$tion workers ontin$e work on the new United States Dmbassy om,o$nd in Ba'hdadKs fortified (reen
Pone on A$'$st A1, 0334 in Ba'hdad, #raI. A new U.S. embassy is $rrently $nder onstr$tion in the (reen Pone of Ba'hdad. :he
om,o$nd will be om,rised of 01 b$ildin's aross 13@ ares. +ne om,leted, the new N920Bmillion U.S. embassy will likely be the bi''est,
most fortified di,lomati om,o$nd in the world. !Photo by -aniel Bereh$lak&(etty #ma'es"
:he Re,$blian Palae in Ba'hdad, #raI. :he B$sh administration s,ared the ,residential ,alae d$rin' its shok and awe raid d$rin' the
033A in.asion of #raI. !*likr ,hoto"
Re,$blian Palae in Ba'hdad, #raI !*likr ,hoto"
An aerial .iew of the Al Salam Presidential Palae in Ba'hdad, #raI !*likr ,hoto"
!Released to P$bli" U.S. Army Cor,s of Dn'ineers !USACD" ,hoto'ra,h by ACoD ,hoto'ra,her Jim (ordon of one of the 'ates leadin' to the
Re,$blian Palae at the #nternational Pone !#P" F(reen PoneG in entral Ba'hdad. !Photo% *likr&U.S. Army"
Terrorism L Tort,re in IraK
The E.anal )otel +ombin(F in +a(h&a&, IraK o00,rre& in the afternoon of A,(,st 19, <00/, 1illin( << 3eo3le, in0l,&in( the "nite&
NationsI $3e0ial Re3resentative in IraK $Ur(io Nieira &e Mello, an& !o,n&in( over 100# The blast tar(ete& the "nite& Nations
Assistan0e Mission in IraK 0reate& C,st 5 &a2s earlier# In the above 3hoto, res0,e !or1ers sear0h for vi0tims at the "nite& Nations
>ffi0e of ),manitarian .oor&inator +,il&in( in +a(h&a&, IraK on A,(,st <<, <00/, after a tr,01 bombin( &estro2e& m,0h of the
b,il&in( three &a2s earlier# ("#$# -e3artment of -efense 3hoto8Ms(t 7ames M# +o!man, "$A?
A f$el tanker tr$k b$rns after bein' attaked by ins$r'ents on the road to *all$Jah near *all$Jah, #raI on A,ril C, 033@.
!U Ali 5aider&e,a&Corbis"
#raIi ShiKite s$,,orters of leri MoItada alBSadr elebrate near a b$rnin' U.S. Army tr$k in the Sh$ala nei'hborhood of Ba'hdad, #raI on
A,ril 9, 033@. !U CDDRWA/ AP#P&Re$ters&Corbis"
Res$ers r$sh to the sene of one of three ar bomb e?,losions in Basra, #raI on A,ril 01, 033@. At least 99 ,eo,le were killed and 033
wo$nded when ar bombs hit three ,olie stations in the so$thern ity of Basra, a Re$ters re,orter said. !Re$ters&Corbis"
#raIi ShiKite s$,,orters of leri MoItada alBSadr elebrate near a b$rnin' U.S. Army tr$k !1
st
Armored -i.ision" in the Sh$la nei'hborhood of
Ba'hdad, #raI on A,ril 9, 033@. !U CDDRWA/ AP#P&Re$ters&Corbis"
A U.S. Army tank b$rns after an attak on a hi'hway J$ntion in the #raIi a,ital of Ba'hdad, #raI on A,ril 13, 033@.
!U Akram Saleh&Re$ters&Corbis"
IraKis in ?all,Cah, IraK b,rn a vehi0le of an Ameri0an se0,rit2 0ontra0tor &,rin( a 3rotest in A3ril <00=#
(A?%8'ett2 Ima(es ($o,r0eB Ne!s!ee1, A3ril 1<, <00=, 33# <A4<9
IraKis in ?all,Cah &ra( thro,(h the streets the 0harre& bo&2 of an Ameri0an se0,rit2 0ontra0tor in A3ril <00=#
(Re,ters ($o,r0eB Ne!s!ee1, A3ril 1<, <00=, 33# <A4<9
-o7ens of #raIis make their way thro$'h a hek,oint towards the ity of *all$Jah, #raI on A,ril 0C, 033@. Amerian military
war,lanes and artillery attaked S$nni ins$r'ents tra,,ed in a sl$m in a th$ndero$s show of fore that roked *all$Jah on A,ril
08, sendin' h$'e ,l$mes of blak smoke into the ni'ht sky. !U Shawn Baldwin&Corbis"
Smoke omes o$t of wreked ars after a s$iide attaker detonated a ar bomb o$tside a ,hotoo,y sho, in AlBJamiyah,
Ba'hdad, #raI, where #raIi /ational ($ard a,,liants were readyin' their ,a,ers before headin' to a nearby rer$itin' enter,
Wednesday Se,tember 00, 033@. At least 4 died and 9@ were wo$nded in the blast. !AP Photo&5adi Mi7ban"
A .ideo ima'e on an #slamist internet site shows Amerian hosta'e D$'ene Armstron' ,rior to his e?e$tion !beheadin'" on Se,tember 03,
033@ by a 'ro$, of terrorists workin' for alBOaeda terrorist Ab$ M$sab alBParIawi. Armstron' and two other indi.id$als !an Amerian and a
British man" were kidna,,ed in Ba'hdad se.eral days earlier. !:he .ideo showed the banner of ParIawiKs :awhid and Jihad (ro$,.".
!RDU:DRS&5ando$t"
Ameri0an sol&iers r,n 3ast &ea& IraKi ins,r(ents &,rin( a street battle in $amarra, IraK in >0tober <00=#
(%hotoB Max +e0herer8%olaris; from Time, >0tober 11, <00=, 33# =A4=9
E%oliti0al 3o!er (ro!s o,t of the barrel of a (,n#F G Mao Tse4t,n(
A "#$# Marine stan&s next to the &ea& bo&2 of a s,s3e0te& ins,r(ent &,rin( the (ro,n& offensive in ?all,Cah, IraK on November
9, <00=# The $e0on& +attle of ?all,Cah (0o&e4name& >3eration Al4?aCr (Arabi0, Vthe &a!nV an& >3eration %hantom ?,r2
laste& from November 9, <00= to -e0ember </, <00=#
(%hotoB htt3B88in0re&ibleima(es=,#blo(s3ot#0om8<0098098real4fa0e4of4iraK4!ar43ain4an&4violen0e#html
An air stri1e is 0alle& b2 the "#$# Marines in on a s,s3e0te& ins,r(ent hi&eo,t at the e&(e of ?all,Cah, IraK on November :, <00=#
("nite& $tates Marine .or3s 3hoto
An M419: 155mm )o!it5er of the "#$# Marines .or3s fire at ?all,Cah, IraK, &,rin( the $e0on& +attle of ?all,Cah on November
11, <00= (NeteranHs -a2# (%hotoB "nite& $tates Marine .or3s
IraKi $3e0ial ?or0es sol&iers assi(ne& to the 1st Marine -ivision of the "#$# Marine .or3s 3atrol the streets of ?all,Cah on
November 15, <00=# (%hotoB "nite& $tates Marine .or3s
An #raIi woman walks ,ast the site of S$ndayKs mortar attak in Ba'hdad, #raI on /o.ember 08, 0334. Aordin' to the #raIi
,olie, two mortar attaks killed fo$r i.ilians and inJ$red fi.e. !AP Photo&5adi Mi7ban"
A 'ro$, of #raIi i.ilians in the fore'ro$nd are ritially wo$nded as a U.S. Army =Bradley> armored ,ersonnel arrier b$rns in the bak'ro$nd.
!Photo% htt,%&&inredibleima'es@$.blo's,ot.om&0332&32&realBfaeBofBiraIBwarB,ainBandB.iolene.html"
An #raIi boy who was wo$nded in a bomb attak waits for treatment in a hos,ital in )irk$k, #raI, abo$t 093 km !199 miles" north
of Ba'hdad, #raI, on -eember 11, 033C. #raIi ,olie re,orted that a s$iide bomber killed @4 ,eo,le and wo$nded nearly 133 in
a rowded resta$rant near #raIKs ethnially mi?ed ity of )irk$k on -eember 11, 033C, shatterin' the alm d$rin' a maJor
M$slim holiday. !Re$ters"
A U.S. Army trans,ort tr$k bla7es on a hi'hway after an attak on the west side of the #raIi a,ital of Ba'hdad, #raI on 7pril 19, 200?.
!U :haer alBS$dani&Re$ters&Corbis"
U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh meets with U.S. Re,resentati.e to the United /ations John /e'ro,onte in the +.al +ffie of the White 5o$se
in Washin'ton, -.C. on 7pril 19, 200?. (eor'e W. B$sh named John /e'ro,onte to be his ambassador to #raI after =so.erei'nty> is restored
to #raI on J$ne A3, 033@. (eor'e W. B$sh and John /e'ro,onte are 'rad$ates of <ale Uni.ersity. !U W#LL#AM P5#LP+::&Re$ters&Corbis"
#raIi ,olie offiers stand at the site of ar bomb e?,losion that destroyed the Ministry of J$stie the day before on +tober 04,
0332 in Ba'hdad, #raI. :wo ar bombs e?,loded on @ctober 2>, 2009, tar'etin' the Ba'hdad Pro.inial Co$nil and the
Ministry of J$stie, killin' at least 1A4 ,eo,le and inJ$rin' o.er 933, in the deadliest attak of its kind sine A$'$st 0338.
!(etty #ma'es"
#raIKs President Jalal :alabani !ri'ht" smiles as he meets U.S. Army (eneral -a.id Petrae$s !left" , Commander of U.S. Central
Command, d$rin' their meetin' at alBSalam ,alae in Ba'hdad, #raI on @ctober 2>, 2009. !Re$ters"
An #raIi man wee,s as he walks away from the Ministry of J$stie followin' a s$iide bombin' in Ba'hdad, #raI on +tober 09, 0332.
!(etty #ma'es"

Left ,hoto% Seretary of -efense Robert M. (ates !left" meets with #raIi President Jalal :alabani d$rin' a .isit to Ba'hdad, #raI, on -eember
03, 0334. (ates, alon' with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (en. Peter Pae, U.S. Marine Cor,s, is in #raI to meet with #raIi leaders,
Army (en. John Abi7aid, ommander of U.S. Central Command and Army (en. (eor'e Casey, ommander M$ltinational *oresB#raI, to
dis$ss the way ahead in #raI. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
Ri'ht ,hoto% U.S. Army (eneral -a.id Petrae$s meets with #raI6s Prime Minister /o$ri alBMaliki.
U.S. Army Bri'adier (eneral Janis )ar,inski wathes Seretary of -efense -onald R$msfeld talk to one of his assistants at the
infamo$s Ab$ (hraib ,rison in #raI on Se,tember 4, 033A. !James M. Bowman&USA*&Re$ters&Corbis"

-e,$ty U.S. Seretary of -efense Pa$l Wolfowit7 .isits the infamo$s Ab$ (hraib ,rison in #raI on J$ly 03, 033A. !Re$ters&C+RB#S"
EI am reasonabl2 0ertain that (the IraKi 3eo3le !ill (reet ,s as liberators, an& that !ill hel3 ,s to 1ee3 reK,irements &o!n#F
G %a,l *olfo!it5, -e3,t2 "#$# $e0retar2 of -efense, &,rin( a 0on(ressional testimon2 hel& on ?ebr,ar2 <9, <00/

:5D ABU (5RA#B PR#S+/ :+R:URD SCA/-AL
U.S. President (eor'e W. B$sh shakes hands with former #raI administrator L. Pa$l Bremer as retired U.S. Army (en. :ommy *ranks, the
former Commander of U.S. Central Command, a,,la$ds after B$sh awarded the Presidential Medal of *reedom to Bremer on -eember 1@,
033@. :ommy *ranks and former C#A -iretor (eor'e :enet also reei.ed the honor. !UP# Photo&Ro'er L. Wollenber'"
=<o$ see how it works, yo$ ,lay the 'ame, yo$ 'o alon' with whate.er is bein' s,$n by the /eoBCons or by the Penta'on and
yo$ 'et ,romoted. B$t the ,eo,le who ha.e the stren'th and the moral o$ra'e to stand $, and say, W:his is wron', this is a lie,
they are remo.ed from their ,ositions, they take their se$rity learane away and then theyKre o$t on the streetX:here is
o.erwhelmin' ,roof that tort$re is 'oin' on, that it has been direted and is likely ontin$in', e.en to this day. # don6t want to
belie.e it is b$t the statements from the ,eo,le J$st ret$rnin' from the theater 'i.e e.ery indiation that in fat it is, they still don6t
know where to draw the line.> Q U.S. Army Bri'. (en. Janis )ar,inski, in an inter.iew on the Ale? Jones Show, +tober 09, 0339
A ma3 of the o00,3ation 5ones in IraK (as of $e3tember <00/
A as$alty of the An'loBAmerian, B$shBRokefeller MilitaryB#nd$strial Com,le?% A U.S. Army soldier lies dead on the kithen floor of a ho$se
$sed as a base by ins$r'ent fi'hters in *all$Jah, #raI on Sat$rday, /o.ember 1A, 033@. :he Amerian soldier was shot and killed by ins$r'ent
fi'hters when he entered the room. !Photo% htt,%&&inredibleima'es@$.blo's,ot.om&0332&32&realBfaeBofBiraIBwarB,ainBandB.iolene.html"
Ro,tes an& maCor battles fo,(ht b2 Ameri0an an& +ritish invasion for0e in Mar0h4A3ril <00/
A ma3 of the An(lo4Ameri0an 3rote0torate of IraK
E>3eration IraKi ?ree&omF TimelineB
Mar0h 19, <00/ (Ameri0an time, Mar0h <0 IraK time G +e(innin( of Ameri0an invasion of IraK (E>3eration IraKi ?ree&omF
A3ril 9, <00/ G E@iberationF of +a(h&a&, IraK
Ma2 1<, <00/ G %a,l +remer arrives in +a(h&a&, IraK
7,l2 <<, <00/ G Ameri0an sol&iers 1ill $a&&am ),sseinHs sons "&a2 an& Y,sa2 in a fier0e six4ho,r (,n battle in Mos,l
November <9, <00/ G %resi&ent 'eor(e *# +,sh 3a2s a s,r3rise visit to "#$# Arm2 sol&iers in +a(h&a&, IraK
-e0ember 1=, <00/ G "#$# Arm2 0a3t,res &e3ose& IraKi &i0tator $a&&am ),ssein near Ti1rit, IraK
7,ne <:, <00= G %a,l +remer an& the +,sh a&ministration transferre& Esoverei(nt2F to the IraKi (overnment in +a(h&a&, IraK
-e0ember /0, <00A G $a&&am ),ssein is han(e& to &eath b2 the IraKi (overnment
)o! To @ose IraK
'rants of imm,nit2 have a lon( an& ,n3leasant histor2 in the Mi&&le East, havin( 0a,se& serio,s 0rises#
7,ne <:, <00:
No !or& better s,ms ,3 the &an(ers the "nite& $tates fa0es in IraK to&a2 than a fo,r4letter a0ron2m 2o,Ive 3robabl2 never hear& ofB
$>?A# $everal &e0a&es a(o, $>?A hel3e& Ameri0a lose Iran# No! it has be0ome the bi((est sti01in( 3oint bet!een *ashin(ton an&
+a(h&a&#
$>?A stan&s for $tat,s of ?or0es A(reement, a t23e of 0om3a0t that (overns the treatment of "#$# 3ersonnel abroa&# *ith "#$# troo3s
s0attere& aro,n& the (lobe, these a(reements are 0riti0all2 im3ortant, an& there are some 90 of them in for0e, ea0h tailore& to the
s3e0ial reK,irements of the host nation# The +,sh a&ministration no! !ants to a&& IraK to this list, in or&er to hel3 formali5e the lon(4
term "#$# se0,rit2 3resen0e there#
That &oesnIt so,n& 3roblemati0, b,t thereIs a 0at0h# Most $>?As (rant "#$# 3ersonnel imm,nit2 from 3rose0,tion b2 the host 0o,ntr2#
In this 0ase, a00or&in( to lea1e& a00o,nts from IraKi lea&ers, *ashin(ton is &eman&in( even more# The 3ro3ose& &eal !o,l& (,arantee
"#$# ri(hts to more than 50 militar2 bases, (ive Ameri0ans the ri(ht to &etain terror s,s3e0ts !itho,t 3rior IraKi a33roval, ens,re "#$#
0ontrol of IraKi airs3a0e an& exten& le(al imm,nit2 to 0ivilian 0ontra0tors# The %enta(on sa2s itIs all ne0essar2 for the se0,rit2 of IraKis
an& "#$# 3ersonnel# The (overnment of %rime Minister N,ri al4Mali1i has sai& the &eal V&ee3l2 affe0ts IraKi soverei(nt2, an& this !e
0an never a00e3t#V
It t,rns o,t that imm,nit2 (rants have lon( been 0ontroversial an& have an ,n3leasant histor2 in the Mi&&le East, !here the2Ive
(enerate& serio,s 0risis in T,r1e2, E(23t an& es3e0iall2 Iran#
$tartin( ba01 in the 1Ath 0ent,r2, >ttoman s,ltans, to 3romote tra&e an& (ain E,ro3ean (oo& !ill, be(an (rantin( forei(n mer0hants
imm,nit2 from T,r1ish la!s# +,t this ir1e& lo0als# Then, in 1905, $,ltan Ab&,l )ami& !as tar(ete& in a faile& bomb (<9 b2stan&ers
!ere 1ille&# E&!ar& 7oris, a +el(ian s,bCe0t, !as arreste& an& 0on&emne& to &eath b2 a T,r1ish 0o,rt for alle(e& 0om3li0it2# +,t
+r,ssels &eman&e& his release, an& t!o 2ears later, 7oris !al1e& free# T,r1ish reformers sei5e& on the 0ontrovers2 to &eman& the
abolition of extraterritorial ri(hts, !hi0h the2 formall2 a0hieve& in 19</ ,n&er %resi&ent Kemal Atat,r1 of the fle&(lin( T,r1ish
re3,bli0#
A relate& &is3,te str,01 E(23t aro,n& the same time as the 7oris affair# In 190A, seven +ritish offi0ers h,ntin( in the villa(e of
-insha!ai ba((e& a flo01 of 3i(eons that !ere a0t,all2 tame# Nilla(ers 3roteste&, a melee er,3te&, an& a .a3tain +,ll 0olla3se& an&
&ie& from heat stro1e, an& +,llIs 0omra&es beat a villa(er to &eath# This m,r&er !ent ,n3,nishe&, b,t for insti(atin( the s0,ffle, fo,r
villa(ers !ere han(e&, ei(ht !ere severel2 flo((e& an& others !ere arreste&# +ritish 0riti0s of im3erial r,le sei5e& on the 0ase as an
exam3le of 0olonial h,bris# 'eor(e +ernar& $ha! as1e& his rea&ers to ima(ine their rea0tion if a 3art2 of .hinese offi0ials t,rne& ,3
in an En(lish villa(e Van& be(an shootin( the &,01s, the (eese, the hens an& t,r1e2s an& 0arrie& them off, assertin( that the2 !ere !il&
bir&s, as ever2bo&2 in .hina 1ne!, an& that the 3reten&e& in&i(nation of the farmers !as a 0loa1 for hatre& of the .hinese#V
-es3ite s,0h 3rotests, extraterritorial 3rivile(es !ere not totall2 abolishe& in E(23t ,ntil 19=9# In Iran, the (,arantees ha& been
abolishe& b2 the ne!l2 enthrone& nationalist Re5a $hah %ahlavi in 19<:# +,t in 19A<, the %enta(on be(an 3ressin( his son an& heir to
a33rove a s!ee3in( ne! (rant of imm,nit2 in ret,rn for militar2 ai&, an& in 19A=, a 0om3liant Iranian %arliament a33rove& the 3a0t,
i(norin( !i&es3rea& &issent#
VIsnIt this 3art of the reason 2o, Ameri0ans fo,(ht the +ritishDV an Iranian frien& as1e& the s0holar 7ames A# +ill# )is o,tra(e !as
share& b2 A2atollah Khomeini, then a 0leri0 in the hol2 0it2 of Yom !ho &e0lare& that the National Assembl2 ha& C,st si(ne& a
&o0,ment that enslave& the 0o,ntr2# VIf the shah himself !ere to r,n over a &o( belon(in( to an Ameri0an, he !o,l& be 3rose0,te&,V
ar(,e& Khomeini# V+,t if an Ameri0an 0oo1 r,ns over the shah, no one !o,l& have an2 0laims a(ainst him#V $o (reat !as the ens,in(
,3roar that the shah banishe& the a2atollah, !ho so,(ht as2l,m in T,r1e2, IraK an& ?ran0e before his tri,m3hant ret,rn in 1999#
The %enta(on ma2 not reali5e it, b,t IraK, too, s,ffere& a $>?A4li1e arran(ement &,rin( its &e0a&es as a +ritish 3rote0torate, in0itin(
similar f,ries# $ome sort of limite& a(reement is ne0essar2 to (overn the stat,s of "#$# troo3s there, sin0e the2Ire li1el2 to remain in
IraK for some time# +,t it sho,l& have a limite& s0o3e to 0o,nter the !i&es3rea& im3ression that the +,sh a&ministration !ants
3ermanent bases for an in&efinite o00,3ation# If *ashin(ton 0ontin,es on its 0,rrent 0o,rse, the next 3resi&ent !ill fin& himself the
inheritor of an a(reement almost 0ertain to ha,nt his a&ministration, es3e0iall2 if, as re3orte&, it offers le(al imm,nities to 0ontra0t
em3lo2ees as !ell as "#$# militar2 3ersonnel# Ameri0ansOan& IraKisO&eserve better#
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#ne!s!ee1#0om8<00:80A8<:8ho!4to4lose4iraK#html
$a&&am ),ssein Ilie& abo,t *M-s to 3rote0t IraK from IranI
$a&&am ),ssein tol& the ?+I that he misle& the !orl& into believin( IraK still 3ossesse& !ea3ons of
mass &estr,0tion be0a,se he feare& revealin( his !ea1ness to Iran, a00or&in( to &e0lassifie&
intervie! trans0ri3ts#
+2 Alex $3illi,s in *ashin(ton
0/ 7,l <009
The late IraKi &i0tator also tol& his interro(ators that he re(ar&e& >sama in @a&en as a V5ealotV an& ha& no 0onta0t !ith the al4
Yae&a lea&er or his or(anisation#
-es3ite &efeat in the ',lf *ar at the han&s of the Ameri0an4le& 0oalition, $a&&am still re(ar&e& Iran, !ith !hi0h IraK fo,(ht a
bloo&2 !ar from 19:04::, as a (reater threat than the "$, the &o0,ments sho!#
V),ssein believe& that IraK 0o,l& not a33ear !ea1 to its enemies, es3e0iall2 Iran,V ?+I s3e0ial a(ent 'eor(e %iro !rote on notes
of a 0onversation !ith $a&&am in 7,ne <00=#
Mr %iro !roteB V),ssein state& IraK 0o,l& have absorbe& another "nite& $tates stri1e, for he vie!e& this as less of a threat than
ex3osin( themselves to Iran#V
The trans0ri3ts, release& ,n&er a free&om of information reK,est, both ,n&ermine& the +,sh 0ase for !ar, !hi0h !as base& on
the threat of *M- an& alle(e& IraKi lin1s to al4Yae&a, an& ,n&erline& the abs,r& len(th of $a&&amIs &esire to 0onvin0e the
!orl& that he hel& *M-#
In the !a1e of the Mar0h <00/ invasion, no s,0h !ea3ons have ever fo,n& an& before leavin( offi0e in 7an,ar2 Mr +,sh himself
a01no!le&(e& that Vmost of the intelli(en0e t,rne& o,t to be !ron(V#
$a&&am, i&entifie& as V)i(h Nal,e -etainee N,mber >ne,V share& Mr +,shIs hostilit2 to!ar&s the Vfanati0V Iranian m,llahs,
a00or&in( to the re0or&s, !hi0h !ere reK,este& b2 the National $e0,rit2 Ar0hive, a non4(overnmental resear0h instit,te#
)e also state& that the "nite& $tates ,se& the $e3tember 11, <001 terrorist atta01 as a C,stifi0ation to atta01 IraK an& sai& the "$
ha& Vlost si(ht of the 0a,se of 9811V#
)e asserte& that he ha& never met nor s,33orte& >sama bin @a&en, tho,(h he sai& V2esV !hen Mr %iro mentione& t!o visits to
+a(h&a& b2 an al4Yae&a i&eolo(,e, Ab, )afs al Ma,ritani, !hi0h in0l,&e& reK,ests for Vtens of millions of &ollarsV# It !as not
0lear if that !as re(ar&e& as 0onfirmation of the visit or a01no!le&(ement of the Ameri0ansI belief the2 too1 3la0e#
?+I s3e0ial a(ents 0arrie& o,t, in Arabi0, <0 formal intervie!s an& at least five V0as,al 0onversationsV !ith the former IraKi
lea&er after his 0a3t,re in -e0ember <00/# )e !as han(e& in <00A#
$a&&am reveale& that the farm !here he !as &is0overe& in an ,n&er(ro,n& room !as the same one !here he hi& in 1959 after
ta1in( 3art in a faile& assassination attem3t on the 3resi&ent#
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#tele(ra3h#0o#,18ne!s8!orl&ne!s8mi&&leeast8iraK859<9:A:8$a&&am4),ssein4lie&4abo,t4*M-s4to43rote0t4
IraK4from4Iran#html
)ra:: >hen 0an >e Go 6ome?
+2 Ton2 Karon Th,rs&a2, 7,ne <A, <00/
%resi&ent +,sh fa0e& a 0all this !ee1 from a senior member of his o!n 3art2Is forei(n 3oli02 establishment to VlevelV !ith the
Ameri0an 3eo3le abo,t IraK# $enate ?orei(n Relations .ommittee .hairman Ri0har& @,(ar !as not har3in( on the !hereabo,ts of
$a&&am ),sseinIs alle(e& !ea3ons of mass &estr,0tion; he !as ,r(in( the 3resi&ent to (ive the ele0torate a more realisti0 3i0t,re of
the s0ale an& &,ration of the "#$# o00,3ation mission in IraK, an& to im3ress on them the im3ortan0e of sta2in( the 0o,rse# ?resh from
a visit to +a(h&a&, @,(ar !arne&B VThe i&ea that !e !ill be in C,st as lon( as !e nee& to an& not a &a2 more O !eIve (ot to (et over
that rhetori0# It is r,bbishM *eIre (oin( to be there a lon( time#V
A similar !arnin( 0ame from Thomas %i01erin(, !ho ha& serve& the first %resi&ent +,sh as "N ambassa&or an& ha& hea&e& ,3 a
.o,n0il on ?orei(n Relations st,&2 on IraK !hi0h 0on0l,&e& that the "#$# mission ha& la01e& Vvision an& strate(2#V %i01erin(, too,
,r(e& +,sh to ma1e 0lear that the 0,rrent "#$# &e3lo2ment of some <00,000 troo3s in an& aro,n& IraK !o,l& have to be maintaine& for
a lon( time to 0ome# >r, as 'eneral 7ohn Abi5ai&, !ho !ill ass,me 0omman& of the IraK mission from the retirin( 'eneral Tomm2
?ran1s next month, 3,t it in 0on(ressional testimon2 this !ee1, Vfor the foreseeable f,t,re#V
?or obvio,s &omesti0 3oliti0al reasons, the +,sh A&ministration (oin( into the !ar ha& &o!n3la2e& the s0ale an& &,ration of a 3ost4
!ar o00,3ation mission# >hen then%(rmy 0hie$ o$ Sta$$ General .ri7 Shinse-i tol* le&islators that su7h a mission 2oul*
re:uire se#eral hun*re* thousan* F8S8 troops, his assessment ha* been imme*iately *ismisse* by Eeputy Ee$ense Se7retary
Paul >ol$o2it as J2il*ly o$$ the mar-8J >ol$o2it eKplaine* that J) am reasonably 7ertain that 'the )ra:i people+ 2ill &reet
us as liberators, an* that 2ill help us to -eep re:uirements *o2n8J $ix !ee1s a(o, -efense $e0retar2 R,msfel& !as still
s,((estin( the "#$# for0e in IraK 0o,l& be re&,0e& to /0,000 b2 the en& of the 2ear# +,t the 3revailin( assessment in *ashin(ton
a33ears to be shiftin( to the i&ea of a fi(,re 0loser to $hinse1iIs#
The 0han(in( assessment in *ashin(ton is bein( s3,rre& b2 the reali5ation that the se0,rit2 3roblem 0onfrontin( "#$# an& +ritish
troo3s in IraK is not sim3l2 maintainin( or&er in the fa0e of lootin( an& la!lessness, b,t instea& that 0oalition for0es are fa0in( !hat
a33ears to be an es0alatin( (,errilla ins,r(en02# An& that means the o00,3ation mission is 0ostin( not onl2 Ameri0an treas,re O
0,rrentl2 an estimate& P/ billion a month O b,t also Ameri0an lives# "#$# for0es 0ome ,n&er atta01 ever2 &a2 in IraK, an& the2 have
s,ffere& 0ombat 0as,alties at a rate ,3!ar& of one &eath ever2 other &a2# $ix +ritish M%s !ere 1ille& near +asra on T,es&a2 an& ei(ht
!ere !o,n&e& in a se0on& in0i&ent; a "#$# Marine !as 1ille& en ro,te to hel3 amb,she& 0omra&es *e&nes&a2; t!o "#$# troo3s !ere
re3orte& missin( overni(ht Th,rs&a2 in +a(h&a&, an& later in the &a2 .ent0om anno,n0e& that a $3e0ial >3erations sol&ier ha& been
1ille& an& ei(ht !o,n&e& b2 hostile fire &,rin( an o3eration so,th!est of +a(h&a&# T!o IraKis em3lo2e& to hel3 restore +a(h&a&Is
ele0tri0it2 s,33l2 !ere amon( those 1ille& in a ro01et atta01 on a "#$# 0onvo2 Th,rs&a2, !hile sabote,rs ble! ,3 t!o im3ortant oil
3i3elines earlier in the !ee1, a33arentl2 re0o(ni5in( their abilit2 to &isr,3t 3o!er s,33lies b2 tar(etin( some of the 0o,ntr2Is =,000
miles of oil an& (as 3i3elines#
The 0oalition bo&2 0o,nt is mo,ntin( stea&il2 in the 3ost!ar ins,r(en02, &es3ite t!o lar(e s!ee3 o3erations north of +a(h&a& last
!ee1en& &esi(ne& to eliminate resistan0e# "#$# 0omman&er have be(,n to a01no!le&(e that the2Ire fa0in( an or(ani5e& ins,r(en02,
blamin( remnants of the ol& re(ime an& Ciha&ists from other Arab 0o,ntries !ho ha& 0ome to IraK to fi(ht the "#$# More !orr2in( are
the atta01s that have o00,rre& this !ee1 so,th of +a(h&a&, in 3re&ominantl2 $hiites areas# An ins,r(en02 0onfine& to the $,nni
minorit2 is more easil2 0ontaine& than one !hose base exten&s to the $hiite maCorit2#
Avera(e &ail2 tem3erat,res in +a(h&a& no! are ,3!ar& of 110 &e(rees, an& "#$# troo3s !ho ha& ho3e& to be home in time for 7,l2
=th 0oo1o,ts instea& fin& themselves fa0in( an enem2 in&istin(,ishable from the (often hostile 0ivilian 3o3,lation# An& the enem2Is
strate(2 is to avoi& ever 3resentin( himself as a visible tar(et, ho3in( to sa3 Ameri0an morale an& alienate the "#$# from the lo0al
3o3,lation thro,(h hit an& r,n atta01s, an& sabota(e of re0onstr,0tion efforts#
*ashin(ton is ho3in( to li(hten the loa& !ith an inf,sion of some <0,000 troo3s slate& to be sent O in small 0ontin(ents, mostl2 at
"#$# ex3ense O from those NAT> 0o,ntries that s,33orte& the !ar# +,t the n,mber that a0t,all2 arrive in IraK ma2 shrin1 some!hat
if it t,rns o,t the2Ire hea&e& into a 0o,nterins,r(en02 mission rather than a more 3e&estrian 3ea0e1ee3in( affair# This !ee1Is +ritish
0as,alties, in !hat ha& ostensibl2 been the most tranK,il 3art of IraK, !onIt hel3 *ashin(tonIs re0r,itment efforts# +ritainIs o!n for0e
levels in IraK ha& been re&,0e& from =5,000 &,rin( the !ar to aro,n& 15,000, altho,(h follo!in( the latest in0i&ent the (overnment
fa0es 0onfli0tin( 3ress,res to both in0rease an& re&,0e its ex3os,re in IraK#
More rob,st 0ontrib,tions have been as1e& of In&ia an& %a1istan, b,t !hile the lea&ers of both 0o,ntries are in0line& to 0om3l2, both
fa0e stron( &omesti0 o33osition# The "#$# is also embar1in( on a 3lan to train an& eK,i3 a ne! IraKi national arm2 0om3risin( some
A0,000 men, altho,(h that 3roCe0t !ill li1el2 ta1e 2ears to 0om3lete# In the short term, &es3ite lo0al re0r,itment an& the 3lanne&
&e3lo2ment of more forei(n troo3s, most, if not all of the heav2 liftin( !ill remain the 3reserve of the "#$# an& +ritish for0es#
IraK, of 0o,rse, is not the onl2 3ea0e1ee3in( mission reK,irin( the attention of the "#$# an& its allies# $ome 11,000 0oalition troo3s
remain &e3lo2e& in Af(hanistan a(ainst the Taliban an& al4Yae&a, !hile 3ea0e1ee3in( &,ties are the 3reserve of the =,:00 forei(n
troo3s (ro,3e& ,n&er the banner of the International $e0,rit2 Assistan0e ?or0e, !hose small n,mbers 0onfine its !or1 to the 0a3ital,
Kab,l# A n,mber of "#$# le(islators an& $o,th Asia ex3erts are K,ietl2 !arnin( that the se0,rit2 sit,ation there is in &an(er of
,nravelin( in the fa0e of Taliban res,r(en0e an& interne0ine !arlor& 0onfli0ts, an& that t,rnin( the sit,ation aro,n& reK,ires either
ex3an&in( the terms of the "#$# &e3lo2ment to stabili5in( Af(hanistan, or else si(nifi0antl2 ex3an&in( I$A?# (I$A? has one a&vanta(e
in that it has &ra!n on maCor troo3 0ontrib,tions from NAT> members that ha& o33ose& the IraK !ar O T,r1e2, ?ran0e an&
'erman2#
The "#$# exit strate(2 from IraK has al!a2s been to install a stable, frien&l2 IraKi (overnment !hose oil reven,es !o,l& (ive it
finan0ial in&e3en&en0e an& !ith&ra! the b,l1 of the for0e that ha& overthro!n $a&&amIs re(ime# +,t the s0ale of the 0hallen(e of
rema1in( IraK for0e& *ashin(ton to a&a3t its 3lans# *hen "#$# vi0ero2 %a,l +remer arrive& to ta1e the reins from the ha3less 7a2
'arner he 0hose to 1ee3 3oliti0al a,thorit2 in "#$# han&s rather than bettin( 3remat,rel2 on an2 IraKi (ro,3# To the 0ha(rin of most of
IraKIs man2 3oliti0al fa0tions, +remer has 3,t tal1 of a transitional (overnment in the &ee3 free5e, an& instea& 3lans to &ra! IraKis into
a m,0h slo!er 3ro0ess of 0ons,ltation over a ne! 0onstit,tion# That, of 0o,rse, leaves the o00,3ation a,thorit2 !itho,t an IraKi fa0e,
!hi0h f,rther inflames nationalist 3assions O b,t mana(in( an o00,3ation mission s,0h as IraK invariabl2 thro!s ,3 mostl2 lesser4
evil 0hoi0es#
It !as 0lear from the moment +remer too1 over that the 3ro0ess of a0hievin( the +,sh a&ministrationIs 3oliti0al obCe0tives in 3ost4
$a&&am IraK mi(ht ta1e 2ears of 3atient nation4b,il&in(# +,t !hat has be0ome eK,all2 0lear, in re0ent !ee1s, is that it ma2 also
reK,ire !innin( a se0on& !ar, of 0o,nterins,r(en02#
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#time#0om8time8!orl&8arti0le80,:599,=A1=A<,00#html
Medis at a entral Ba'hdad, #raI hos,ital tend to a woman inJ$red by a ar bomb on Marh 04, 0332. :he bomb e?,loded near
a rowded market in a mainly Shiite area in Ba'hdad, killin' as many as 03 ,eo,le, #raIi offiials said, in the fifth maJor attak in
#raI in Marh 0332. !AP Photo"
IraKHs .hristians terrori5e& b2 !ave of bombin(s
3y 3arbara /urk And 4amid A"med$ Associated Press G November 10, <010
+A')-A- G $,s3e0te& $,nni militants too1 aim a(ain at +a(h&a&Is &!in&lin( .hristian 0omm,nit2, settin( off a &o5en roa&si&e
bombs *e&nes&a2 an& sen&in( terrifie& families into hi&in( behin& a 0h,r0h !here !alls are still staine& from bloo& from an atta01
nearl2 t!o !ee1s a(o#
?ive 3eo3le !ere 1ille& an& <0 !ere !o,n&e& in the bombin(s an& mortar atta01s that tar(ete& .hristians a0ross the 0it2, 3oli0e an&
hos3ital offi0ials sai&# IraKi .hristians are alrea&2 reelin( after the earlier atta01 on a $,n&a2 Mass servi0e left A: 3eo3le &ea&, an&
man2 are no! !on&erin( !hether itIs time to leave their homelan&# At a ho,se on the (ro,n&s of >,r @a&2 of $alvation .h,r0h,
Karim %atros Thomas !as ,n&er no ill,sion that the 0omm,nit2 is ,n&er sie(e#
>n >0t# /1, ThomasI brother4in4la! ble& to &eath on the 0h,r0h floor after militants storme& the b,il&in(, shot 0on(re(ants in the first
ro!, hel& others hosta(e an& then set off bombs !hen IraKi for0es 0ame to the res0,e# Then *e&nes&a2 mornin(, t!o bombs !ent off
in K,i01 s,00ession o,tsi&e his home#
V*e are terrifie&,V Thomas sai&, !ho so,(ht ref,(e !ith his famil2 *e&nes&a2 at the 0h,r0h# VI 0annot (o ba01 to m2 ho,se# The2
!ill atta01 a(ain# The2 !ant to 1ill ,s#V
A 3riest at the 0h,r0h, Mo,1hlis $hash, sai& fo,r families arrive& *e&nes&a2, an& he ex3e0ts more in the 0omin( &a2s# )e sai& some
of the families fo,n& on their &oorste3s a b,llet !ra33e& in 3a3er that rea&B VYo,r bloo& is le(itimate for ,s#V
$e0,rit2 !as beefe& ,3 aro,n& 0h,r0hes in +a(h&a& after the 0h,r0h massa0re, 3ossibl2 3,shin( the militants to tar(et the homes as
easier tar(ets#
$everal 3oli0e vehi0les, eK,i33e& !ith ma0hine (,ns, s,rro,n&e& the 0h,r0h *e&nes&a2# The b,il&in(Is o,tsi&e !alls !ere still
ri&&le& !ith b,llets# %i0t,res of t!o 3riests, 1ille& in the sie(e, h,n( above the main entran0e# %ie0es of bla01 0loth, ea0h a&ore& !ith a
!hite 0r,0ifix, !ere tie& to the metal fen0e s,rro,n&in( the 0h,r0h#
%oli0e sai& at least 11 roa&si&e bombs !ent off !ithin an ho,r *e&nes&a2 in three 3re&ominantl2 .hristian areas of 0entral +a(h&a&#
T!o mortar ro,n&s also str,01 .hristian en0laves of the 3re&ominantl2 $,nni nei(hborhoo& of -ora in so,th +a(h&a&# T!o bombs
3lante& in &eserte& .hristian homes in !estern +a(h&a& &estro2e& t!o ho,ses# The ni(ht before, a series of bombs hit three em3t2
ho,ses belon(in( to .hristians b,t no one !as h,rt#
VItIs not !orth sta2in( in a 0o,ntr2 !here the (overnment is not able to 3rote0t 2o, even !hen 2o, are sittin( in 2o,r ho,se,V sai&
7,liet )ana, a //42ear4ol& .hristian !ho lives in one of the nei(hborhoo&s tar(ete& *e&nes&a2# $he !as havin( brea1fast !ith her
&a,(hter !hen she hear& the bombs (o off, an& sai& she 3lans to leave soon for either $2ria or 7or&an#
.atholi0 offi0ials estimate that more than 1 million .hristians have fle& IraK sin0e the "#$#4le& invasion in <00/# Man2 !ent to $2ria,
!hi0h in re0ent &a2s has seen a (reater n,mber of arrivin( IraKis than ,s,al#
$ar(on -a!o&, &ire0tor of the Ass2rian 'eneral .onferen0e in -amas0,s sai& ei(ht families O /0 3eo3le O have immi(rate& to
$2ria over the 3ast 10 &a2s# )e ex3e0ts that n,mber to in0rease# ?a&el Mi1ha $amIan, AA, sai& he !ent to $2ria fo,r &a2s a(o after
losin( three relatives in the 0h,r0h atta01# VThe terrorists are 1illin( .hristians# The2 !ant to em3t2 IraK of .hristians,V he sai&#
$,nni militants s,0h as al4Yai&a C,stif2 their atta01s b2 K,estionin( !hether the .hristians are lo2al to 0o,ntries in the *est rather
than to IraK# A (ro,3 lin1e& to al4Yai&a in IraK has 0laime& res3onsibilit2 for the atta01 on the 0h,r0h#
IraKIs to3 .atholi0 3relate, .hal&ean .ar&inal Emman,el III -ell2, has en0o,ra(e& the remainin( 1#5 million .hristians to sta2 in the
0o,ntr2 an& as1e& a,thorities for more 3rote0tion#
At the +a(h&a& 0h,r0h, Thomas sai& the .hristians have no tribal lea&ers or militias to 3rote0t them# )e is be((in( his !ife to leave
the 0o,ntr2 !ith their 0hil&ren# )is !ife, $elma E&!ar& Es1an&er, sai& she 0onsi&ers IraKIs M,slims her famil2 too#
VI &onIt !ant to leave# I C,st !ant to be some!here !here m2 0hil&ren are safe,V she sai&, still &resse& in bla01 to mo,rn her ol&er
brother# VI !on&er !hat has ha33ene& to IraK# *e .hristians an& M,slims ,se& to live to(ether#V
RRR
Asso0iate& %ress !riter $ameer N# Ya0o,b in Amman, 7or&an, an& Albert ACi in -amas0,s, $2ria 0ontrib,te& to this re3ort#
htt3B88ne!s#2ahoo#0om8s8a38<01011108a3RonRreRmiRea8mlRiraK
Christian #raIis 'rie.e o.er the offin of a relati.e ,rior to a f$neral mass at the Chaldean Catholi Ch$rh in the northern ity of
)irk$k, 099 kms from Ba'hdad on A,ril 08, 0332. ($nmen killed two Christians, inl$din' a woman, after breakin' into their
homes in the northern #raIi oil ity of )irk$k ,olie said. !(etty #ma'es"
Mo$rners arry the offin of a Christian ,riest Adel <o$sif, who was killed by '$nmen, d$rin' a f$neral at Syrian +rthodo?
h$rh in Ba'hdad A,ril 4, 033C. ($nmen shot dead an #raIi ,riest in a dri.eBby shootin' in entral Ba'hdad on Sat$rday, ,olie
said, in the latest attak on Christians in the o$ntry. !Re$ters"

An #raIi woman !left" and an #raIi M$slim ,olieman !ri'ht" li'ht andles in front of a stat$e of Hir'in Mary as Chaldean Catholi Christians
elebrated Daster Mass inside the h$rh in entral Ba'hdadKs AlB)arrada nei'hborhood on Marh 0A, 033C. #raIi Catholis elebrated Daster
today amidst fears of bein' tar'eted by ins$r'ents after Chaldean Arhbisho, Pa$los *araJ Rahho of Mos$l was fo$nd dead in a shallow 'ra.e
in northern #raI on Marh 1@, thirteen days after he was kidna,,ed d$rin' a shooto$t in whih three of his om,anions were killed. !both
,hotos% A*P&(etty #ma'es"
#raIi Christians ,ray in St. Jose,hKs Chaldean h$rh in Ba'hdad, #raI, S$nday, *eb. A, 033C. :he Chaldean Ch$rh is an Dastern Rite h$rh
affiliated with the Roman Catholi Ch$rh. !AP Photo"
A Chaldean Catholi bisho, ,erforms a Mass attended by #raIi Christians, loal M$slim tribal leaders, and Amerian soldiers in Ba'hdad, #raI
on /o.ember 19, 0338. :he ser.ie was held at St. John the Ba,tist, a h$rh in the nei'hborhood of -ora that losed earlier this year d$e to
#slami militant threats. A reent derease in .iolene has allowed the #raIi Christians to reBo,en the h$rh for the first time in se.en months,
and the afternoon mass attrated aro$nd a h$ndred worshi,,ers. !(etty #ma'es"
Loal M$slim tribal leaders attend a mass in a Chaldean Catholi h$rh in a ser.ie attended by #raIi Christians, loal M$slim tribal leaders,
and Amerian soldiers in Ba'hdad, #raI on /o.ember 19, 0338. :he ser.ie was held at St. John the Ba,tist, a h$rh in the nei'hborhood of
-ora that losed earlier this year d$e to #slami militant threats. A reent derease in .iolene has allowed the #raIi Christians to reBo,en the
h$rh for the first time in se.en months, and the afternoon mass attrated aro$nd a h$ndred worshi,,ers. !(etty #ma'es"
Postwar #raIi -i,lomay
#n this hando$t from the Syrian Arab /ews A'eny !SA/A", Syrian President Bashar alBAssad !R" shakes hands with Shiite radial leader
MoItada Sadr at the Presidential Palae in -amas$s, Syria on *ebr$ary 4, 0334. Aordin' to re,orts, Sadr stated K#srael, the United States
and Britain, whih are enemies of #raI and Syria, are '$ilty of sowin' dissent between the Syrian and #raIi ,eo,lesK and .owed to Kmaintain
oordinationK with -amas$s. !Photo by SA/A .ia (etty #ma'es"
President o f#raI Jalal :alabani !ri'ht" shakes hands with President of #ranMahmo$d AhmadineJad $,on his arri.al in Ba'hdad, #raI on Marh
0, 033C. AhmadineJad arri.ed in Ba'hdad on S$nday, the first ,resident of #ran to .isit #raI sine the two nei'hbors fo$'ht a bitter ei'htByear
war in the 12C3s that killed a million ,eo,le. !Re$ters"
President of #raI Bashar alBAssad !ri'ht" shakes hands with President of #raI Jalal :alabani d$rin' their meetin' at the ,residential ,alae in
-amas$s, Syria on Jan$ary 1@, 0338. :alabani arri.ed in Syria today on the first s$h hi'hBle.el .isit in three deades to a o$ntry a$sed
by the United States of f$ellin' the .iolene in his homeland. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"

Left ,hoto% Ahmad Chalabi !left" s,eaks to #ran6s r$ler Mohammad )hatami !enter" at an offiial meetin' in :ehran on Marh
1A, 033@. Ri'ht ,hoto% Left% Ahmad Chalabi meets #ran6s President Mahmo$d AhmadineJad.

:$rkish Prime Minister :ayyi, Drdo'an !R" sits alon'side #raIi ShiKite leri MoItada alBSadr !L" as they ,ose for a ,hoto'ra,h ,rior to a
meetin' in Ankara, :$rkey on May 1, 0332. !(etty #ma'es"
IraKHs %rime Minister N,ri al4Mali1i (left an& IraKi $hiHite .leri0 MoKta&a al4$a&r a33ear at a 3ress 0onferen0e#
#ranKs s$,reme leader Ayatollah Ali )hamenei !ri'ht" meets with Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki in :ehran, #ran on J$ne 2, 033C. Maliki,
who li.ed in e?ile in #ran d$rin' SaddamKs ditatorshi,, is on his third .isit to the o$ntry as ,rime minister. AhmadineJadKs Marh .isit to #raI,
the first by an #ranian ,resident, was also hailed as a landmark in ties. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
Prime Minister of #raI /oori ). AlBMaliki !left", SwedenKs *orei'n Minister Carl Bildt, !0nd ri'ht" and Seretary (eneral of the United /ations
Ban )i Moon !ri'ht" are ,it$red on May 02, 033C attendin' the ,ress onferene at the first #raI Com,at Ann$al Re.iew Conferene in
#nfraCity in Stokholm, Sweden. World leaders attendin' the onferene on #raI $nanimo$sly a,,ro.ed a delaration aknowled'in'
Ba'hdadKs efforts to im,ro.e se$rity and Sombat terrorismS in the warBtorn o$ntry. :he statement, ado,ted by the some 133 dele'ations
attendin' a followB$, meetin' of the soBalled #nternational Com,at with #raI !#C#" onferene in Stokholm, said that S'i.en the diffi$lt
onte?t, these s$esses are all the more remarkable.S Carl Bildt is a re'$lar ,artii,ant in the e?l$si.e Bilderber' Meetin's.
!A*P&(etty #ma'es"
SyriaKs President Bashar Assad, ri'ht, shakes hands with #raIKs Prime Minister /o$ri alBMaliki in -amas$s, Syria on :$esday, A$'$st 01,
0338. AlBMaliki and Assad said in a meetin' :$esday d$rin' the embattled #raIi leaderKs first offiial .isit here that des,ite their differenes,
both are interested in stabili7in' #raI. AlBMalikiKs threeBday soJo$rn in Syria omes as ,art of his efforts to seek nei'hborsK hel, in stemmin' the
.iolene ra.a'in' #raI. !AP Photo"
Ahmad Chalabi 'reets #ran6s r$ler Mohammed )hatami.
#ranKs s$,reme leader, Ayatollah Ali )hamenei !ri'ht" meets with Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki in :ehran, #ran on J$ne 2, 033C. Maliki,
who li.ed in e?ile in #ran d$rin' SaddamKs ditatorshi,, is on his third .isit to the o$ntry as ,rime minister. AhmadineJadKs Marh .isit to #raI,
the first by an #ranian ,resident, was also hailed as a landmark in ties. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
President of #ran Mahmo$d AhmadineJad !left" shakes hands with Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki at the latterKs offie in the hea.ily fortified
(reen Pone in Ba'hdad, #raI on Marh 0, 033C. AhmadineJad be'an a histori .isit to #raI today BB the first e.er by an #ranian ,resident BB
ho,in' to boost ties with Ba'hdad with whih :ehran fo$'ht a bitter ei'htByear war. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
Prime Minister of #raI /o$ri alBMaliki !left" 'reets o$t'oin' Prime Minister of (reat Britain :ony Blair in May 0338.
Prime Minister of (reat Britain (ordon Brown !left" talks with President of #raI Jalal :alabani d$rin' their meetin' in Ba'hdad,
#raI on J$ly 12, 033C. !(etty #ma'es"
Prime Minister of #raI /o$ri alBMaliki !ri'ht" shakes hands with Chanellor of (ermany An'ela Merkel after a news onferene at the
Chanellery in Berlin, (ermany on J$ly 00, 033C. !(etty #ma'es"
President of *rane /iolas Sarko7y !left" shakes hands with Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki as he arri.es at the Dlysee Palae in Paris,
*rane on May @, 0332. !Re$ters"
Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki !left" shakes hands with /A:+ Seretary (eneral Jaa, de 5oo, Sheffer d$rin' a ,ress onferene at the
Alliane headI$arters in Br$ssels, Bel'i$m on A,ril 18, 033C. !Re$ters"
Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki !left" 'reets Po,e Benedit YH# at the Po,eKs s$mmer residene in Castel'andolfo, #taly on J$ly 09, 033C.
!(etty #ma'es"
Prime Minister of (reat Britain (ordon Brown !left" 'reets Prime Minister of #raI /o$ri alBMaliki o$tside 13 -ownin' Street in London on A,ril
A3, 0332. (reat Britain one 'o.erned #raI as a British olony. !Re$ters"
IraKi 3eo3le are seen &rivin( a,tomobiles, in0l,&in( +M* ('erman2 an& .hevrolet (Ameri0an 0ars in +a(h&a&, IraK on
?ebr,ar2 9, <009# ('ett2 Ima(es8.hris )on&ros
Ameri0an %resi&ent +ara01 >bama sha1es han&s !ith %rime Minister of IraK No,ri al4Mali1i after a Coint 3ress event on .am3
Ni0tor2 in +a(h&a&, IraK, A3ril 9, <009# %resi&ent >bama s3o1e to h,n&re&s of Ameri0an troo3s &,rin( his s,r3rise visit to IraK
to than1 them for their servi0e# ("#$# Arm2 3hoto
President (eor'e W. B$sh and Prime Minister of (reat Britain :ony Blair walk thro$'h the Cross 5all of the White 5o$se before
the start of their news onferene on J$ly 18, 033A. !White 5o$se ,hoto"
Prime Minister of (reat Britain :ony Blair 'reets British soldiers in #raI.
President Barak +bama reads his s,eeh to ,hoto'ra,hers after deli.erin' an address to the nation on the end of ombat o,erations
!=+,eration #raIi *reedom>" in #raI from the +.al +ffie of the White 5o$se in Washin'ton, -.C., U.S.A. on A$'$st A1, 0313. !(etty #ma'es"
U.S. Hie President Joe Biden s,eaks d$rin' a Chan'e of Command eremony at am, Hitory in Ba'hdad, #raI on Se,tember 1, 0313.
Amerian military fores were in the final ,hase of the #raI War !Persian ($lf War" after endin' ombat missions, as #raIi leaders were
ad.ised to form their own 'o.ernment si? months after a ,arliamentary eletion. !Re$ters"
'eneral %eter %a0e (left, the .hairman of the 7oint .hiefs of $taff, an& $e0retar2 of -efense Robert 'ates (ri(ht la,(h before
testif2in( at a $enate A33ro3riations .ommittee hearin( re(ar&in( %resi&ent 'eor(e *# +,shHs f,n&in( reK,ests for IraK an&
Af(hanistan on .a3itol )ill in *ashin(ton, -#.# on ?ebr,ar2 <9, <009# (6 7ason Ree&8Re,ters8.orbis
-efense $e0retar2 Robert 'ates, left, an& 7oint .hiefs .hairman A&m# Mi0hael M,llen, share la,(h on .a3itol )ill in
*ashin(ton, -#.# on ?ebr,ar2 <, <010, 3rior to testif2in( before the $enate Arme& $ervi0es .ommittee hearin( on the -efense
-e3artmentHs b,&(et# (A% %hoto
)slami7 State o$ )ra: an* the Le#ant ')S)S+: Cr&anie* 0rime?
Terrorists of the Islami0 $tate of IraK an& the @evant (I$I$ s,mmaril2 exe0,tes a (ro,3 of 0a3t,re& IraKi sol&iers at an ,n1no!n
lo0ation in IraK in 7,ne <01=# IraKi sol&iers !ent on a f,ll4s0ale retreat to!ar&s +a(h&a& after the2 !ere overr,n b2 I$I$
terrorists in Mos,l in earl2 7,ne <01=#
An ima(e ,3loa&e& on 7,ne 1=, <01= on the Ciha&ist !ebsite *ela2at $alah,&&in alle(e&l2 sho!s terrorists of the Islami0 $tate
of IraK an& the @evant (I$I$ s,mmaril2 exe0,tin( &o5ens of 0a3t,re& IraKi sol&iers an& se0,rit2 for0es members at an ,n1no!n
lo0ation in the $alahe&&in 3rovin0e# (A?% %hoto
$,nni M,slim terrorists of the Islami0 $tate of IraK an& the @evant (I$I$ terrorist ((an( or(ani5ation have 0onK,ere&
northeastern $2ria an& northern IraK, in0l,&in( the IraKi 0ities of Mos,l an& Ti1rit in 7,ne <01=#
IraK Reli(ion Ma3 in <00:
Men boar& militar2 tr,01s to Coin the IraKi arm2 at the main re0r,itin( 0enter in +a(h&a&, IraK in 7,ne <01=#
A file 3hoto of "#$# Marines !al1in( 3ast the front of the Ameri0an Embass2 in +a(h&a&, IraK on ?ebr,ar2 A, <009# "#$#
%resi&ent +ara01 >bama sent over <00 troo3s to IraK in 7,ne <01= to (,ar& the Ameri0an Embass2 in +a(h&a&#
K,r&ish se0,rit2 for0es 3re3are 0ombat 3ositions !hile a K,r&ish fla( flies o,tsi&e the oil4ri0h 0it2 of Kir1,1, IraK, abo,t 1:0 miles
(<90 1ilometers north of +a(h&a&, on Th,rs&a2, 7,ne 19, <01=# As extremist $,nni I$I$ terrorists s!e3t over a lar(e area of northern
IraK an& a&van0e& to!ar& +a(h&a& the 3ast t!o !ee1s, K,r&ish fi(hters 1no!n as 3eshmer(a sei5e& territor2 of their o!n, effe0tivel2
ex3an&in( the K,r&ish4r,n re(ion into areas it has lon( 0laime& for itself# Most notabl2, the2 (rabbe& the oil 0enter of Kir1,1# In
0ontrast to the $hiite4le& (overnment in +a(h&a&, !hi0h is in t,rmoil, the K,r&s are (ro!in( more 0onfi&ent, vo!in( to in0rease oil
sales in&e3en&ent of the 0entral (overnment# (A% %hoto
%rime Minister of IraK No,ri Al4Mali1i (left loo1s on after a meetin( "#$# %resi&ent +ara01 >bama in the >val >ffi0e at the
*hite )o,se in *ashin(ton, -#.# on November 1, <01/# Al4Mali1i !as ex3e0te& to reK,est a&&itional "#$# assistan0e in
battlin( a risin( !ave of violen0e in IraK# A00or&in( to the .hinese 0alen&ar, <01/ !as 1no!n as EYear of the $na1eF#
(%hotoB %ool8'ett2 Ima(es North Ameri0a
Co$nil on *orei'n Relations ; #raI
Hie President -ik Cheney !left" meets with the Abd$l A7i7 alB5akim, head of the S$,reme Co$nil for the #slami Re.ol$tion in
#raI, in Ba'hdad on Marh 18, 033C. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
Hie President -ik Cheney !ri'ht" shakes hands with #raI6s Prime Minister /$ri alBMaliki !left" after their meetin' in Ba'hdad,
#raI on Marh 18, 033C. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
United States Seretary of -efense Robert M. (ates !left" listens as Prime Minister of #raI /o$ri alBMaliki !ri'ht" s,eaks d$rin'
their meetin' in Ba'hdad, #raI on A,ril 03, 0338. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie meets with #raI6s Prime Minister /o$ri alBMaliki !ri'ht" in Ba'hdad on +tober 9, 0334.
!Photo% Josie -$kett, State -e,artment"
)in' *aisal ## of #raI !seond from left" listens to Drnest A. (ross !seond from ri'ht" at a ,arty in 1290.
Prine Abd$lB#lah, the Re'ent of #raI, is sittin' on the far ri'ht.
)in' *aisal ## AlB5ashimi of #raI and Prine Abd$lB#lah, Re'ent of #raI, are entertained at a dinner 'i.en in their honor by /a7i
ollaborator :homas J. Watson, President of #BM Cor,oration. Pit$red from left to ri'ht% Prine Abd$lB#lah, )in' *aisal ##, and
:homas J. Watson. *rom ,hoto'ra,h alb$m, =Hisit of his MaJesty the )in' of #raI and his Royal 5i'hness the Re'ent of #raI to
the United States of Ameria, A$'$st C to Se,tember 10, 1290.>
Kin( ?aisal II of IraK meets "#$# $e0retar2 of $tate -ean A0heson in 195<#
(%hotoB htt3B88iraKthelastin(love#blo(s3ot#0om8<00981181in(4faisel4ii4in4,nite&4states#html
U.S. Con'ressman Bill Rihardson !-B/ew Me?io" .isits #raI6s ditator Saddam 5$ssein in Ba'hdad on J$ly 14, 1229.
!*ile Photo" htt,%&&blo'.washin'ton,ost.om&theBtrail&0338&38&04&rihardsonVillVmeetVditators.html
:e?ao Chairman and CD+ Alfred C. -eCrane Jr. !ri'ht" in.ites #raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister :ariI A7i7 to the 5arold Pratt 5o$se
on +tober 9, 12C2. -eCrane is a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
!Photo% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
:ariI A7i7 shakes hands with Seretary of State James A. Baker ### on Jan$ary 2, 1221. :his ,hoto was ,$blished by James A.
Baker ### in his book The Politics of (i-lomacy. !Re$ters&Bettmann"

Left ,hoto% #raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister and Baath Party member :ariI A7i7 !left" meets with former U.S. Ambassador to Sa$di Arabia James
Akins at the 5arold Pratt 5o$se in /ew <ork City. James Akins was a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
!Photo% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
Ri'ht ,hoto% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations member Sam$el W. Lewis !ri'ht", former U.S. Ambassador to #srael, in.ites Ahmad Chalabi !left"
and M$hammad Bahr alBUl$m, the reli'io$s leader of /aJaf, #raI, to the 5arold Pratt 5o$se in /ew <ork City on Marh 4, 1221. !Photo%
Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
#raIi Ambassador to the United /ations /i7ar 5amdoon !left" .isits Co$nil on *orei'n Relations President Leslie (elb !enter" and Rihard /.
5aass at the 5arold Pratt 5o$se in /ew <ork City on -eember 8, 122@. !Photo% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
ABC Jo$rnalist Barbara Walters !left", Co$nil on *orei'n Relations President Leslie (elb !enter", and #raIi Ambassador to the United /ations
/i7ar 5amdoon dis$ss iss$es onernin' #raI at the 5arold Pratt 5o$se in /ew <ork City on *ebr$ary 09, 122C.
!Photo% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
#raIi Ambassador to the United /ations /i7ar 5amdoon !left", Caryle Marie M$r,hy !enter", and former U.S. Ambassador to
Syria Rihard W. M$r,hy meet at the 5arold Pratt 5o$se on -eember 8, 122@.
!Photo% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
Charlayne 5$nterB(a$lt !enter" and +deh Ab$rdene !ri'ht" talk to /i7ar 5amdoon, the #raIi Ambassador to the U.S., at a ,arty
in 12C8. !Photo% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
CBS Jo$rnalist -an Rather !left" .isits #raI6s ditator Saddam 5$ssein !seond from ri'ht" in Ba'hdad.
Amerian en.oy -onald R$msfeld !left" and #raIi ditator Saddam 5$ssein shake hands in Ba'hdad, #raI on -eember 03,
12CA, d$rin' the #ranB#raI War. !Photo by (etty #ma'es"
Ahmad Chalabi !left" and Seretary of State Colin Powell smile for the amera.

#raIi ,owerbroker Ahmad Chalabi meets with Seretary of -onald R$msfeld !left" and Pa$l Bremer !ri'ht".

Left ,hoto% #raIi ,olitiian Ahmad Chalabi !left" talks to -e,$ty Seretary of -efense Pa$l Wolfowit7 !ri'ht".
Ri'ht ,hoto% #raIi ,olitiian Ahmad Chalabi !left" talks to former C#A -iretor R. James Woolsey.

Left ,hoto% Hie President -ik Cheney !left" and Abd$l A7i7 alB5akim, head of the #slami S$,reme Co$nil of #raI, s,eak to the ,ress in
Ba'hdad on Marh 18, 033C. !A*P&(etty ima'es"
Ri'ht ,hoto% Senator Joe Lieberman shakes hands with #raIi ,owerbroker Ahmad Chalabi in an $ndated ,hoto.
#raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister Ahmad Chalabi s,eaks to the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations in /ew <ork City on /o.ember 11, 0339. A fa.orite of
the B$sh administration who fell from fa.or after the 033A in.asion of #raI, Chalabi ahie.ed a kind of ,olitial rehabilitation on a hi'hB,rofile
Washin'ton .isit that inl$ded meetin's with Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie and /ational Se$rity Ad.iser Ste,hen 5adley.
!C5#P DAS:&Re$ters&Corbis"
#yad Allawi, President of the #raIi (o.ernin' Co$nil !left", James Wolfensohn, President of the World Bank !seond from left",
and Seretary of State Colin Powell !third from left" listen to )ofi Annan at the #nternational -onors Conferene for the
Reonstr$tion of #raI in Madrid on +tober 0A, 033A.
Seretary of -efense -onald 5. R$msfeld !left" ond$ts a meetin' with Prime Minister of #raI Ayad Allawi !seond from ri'ht"
on Se,tember 0@, 033@. :he two men sittin' to the left of R$msfeld are (en. Rihard Myers and Peter W. Rodman. Both
Myers and Rodman are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. -onald R$msfeld was a member of the Co$nil on
*orei'n Relations. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
Seretary of -efense Robert M. (ates !left" meets with #raIi President Jalal :alabani d$rin' a .isit to Ba'hdad, #raI, on
-eember 03, 0334. (ates, alon' with Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (en. Peter Pae, U.S. Marine Cor,s, is in #raI to
meet with #raIi leaders, Army (en. John Abi7aid, ommander of U.S. Central Command and Army (en. (eor'e Casey,
ommander M$ltinational *oresB#raI, to dis$ss the way ahead in #raI. !Photo% U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
:his ,hoto a,,ears in the 0334 Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort.
#raIi President Jalal :alabani !left", Prime Minister of #raIBdesi'nate /o$ri alBMaliki !enter", and U.S. Ambassador to #raI
Palmay )halil7ad s,eak with one another at a ree,tion at the ambassadorKs ,ri.ate residene loated in the hea.ily fortified
(reen Pone area in Ba'hdad, #raI on May 1C, 0334. )halil7ad hosted the ree,tion and dinner in honor of o$t'oin' Prime
Minister of #raI #brahim alBJaafari. )halil7ad is a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Photo by Maro -i La$ro&(etty
#ma'es"
#raI St$dy (ro$, oBhairman James A. Baker ### !left" and former Con'ressman Lee 5amilton !ri'ht" meet with #raIi President
Jalal :alabani !enter" d$rin' a meetin' at the #raIi ,resident6s offie in Ba'hdad6s hea.ily fortified (reen Pone on A$'$st A1,
0334. James A. Baker ### and Lee 5amilton are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
!Photo by -aniel Bereh$lak&(etty #ma'es"
U.S. Senator John Warner !left", #raIi President Jalal :alabani !enter", and U.S. Ambassador to #raI Palmay )halil7ad a,,ear
at a ,ress onferene at the fortified (reen Pone in Ba'hdad, #raI on +tober 0, 0334. John Warner and Palmay )halil7ad are
members of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Photo by Ali JasimBPool&(etty #ma'es"
Palmay )halil7ad !left", the U.S. Ambassador to #raI, and Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie !enter" meet with #raIi
President Jalal :alabani in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary 18, 0338. Palmay )halil7ad and Condolee77a Rie are members of the
Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Photo by Sabah ArarBPool&(etty #ma'es"
#raIi President Jalal :alabani !ri'ht" s,eaks with Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie !enter", Seretary of -efense -onald
R$msfeld, and U.S. Ambassador to #raI Palmay )halil7ad !left" d$rin' a meetin' in Ba'hdad, #raI on A,ril 04, 0334.
!Photo by Mohammed 5atoBPool&(etty #ma'es"
#raIi President Jalal :alabani kisses the U.S. Ambassador to #raI Palmay )halil7ad !left" before a meetin' with #raIi ,olitial
leaders at :alabaniKs residene in Ba'hdad, #raI on Marh 0@, 0334. !Photo by WathiI )h$7aie&(etty #ma'es"
*ormer Central #ntelli'ene A'eny -iretor (eor'e :enet !enter" is 'reeted by #raIi President Jalal :alabani !left" before a meetin' in
Washin'ton, -.C. on Se,tember 09, 0334. :alabani insisted on meetin' :enet in the lobby of his hotel, tellin' him, S<o$ met me at yo$r 'ate
when yo$ were in offie and # was o$t of offie. /ow, #Km in offie and yo$ are o$t of offie, so # ome to my 'ate to 'reet yo$.S :alabani told
the Washin'ton Post news,a,er that he wants to see a ,resene of 13,333 Amerian troo,s and two Amerian air bases in #raI Slon' term.S
!Photo by Chi, Somode.illa&(etty #ma'es"
*ormer Central #ntelli'ene A'eny -iretor (eor'e :enet !L" is 'reeted by #raIi President Jalal :alabani before a meetin' in Washin'ton,
-.C. on Se,tember 09, 0334. !Photo by Chi, Somode.illa&(etty #ma'es"
-e,$ty Seretary of State John /e'ro,onte !left" .isits #raIKs Prime Minister /$ri alBMaliki !ri'ht" in Ba'hdad, #raI on +tober 9,
033C. !Re$ters"
-e,$ty Seretary of State John /e'ro,onte !left" meets with President of #raI Jalal :alabani !ri'ht" at his residene in the
northern #raIi ity of S$laimaniyah on +tober @, 033C. /e'ro,onte arri.ed on an $nanno$ned .isit to #raI yesterday, the U.S.
embassy in Ba'hdad said, addin' that he will meet senior #raIi 'o.ernment offiials abo$t ,olitial, se$rity, and eonomi
,ro'ress in the o$ntry. !A*P&(etty #ma'es"
Re,$blian Party ,residential andidate Senator John MCain !left" meets with Prime Minister of #raI /$ri alBMaliki in Ba'hdad,
#raI on Marh 18, 033C. !Photo by Ceerwan A7i7&Pool&(etty #ma'es"
U.S. Army (en. -a.id Petrae$s !left", Commandin' (eneral of M$ltiB/ational *oreB#raI, U.S. Seretary of -efense Robert M.
(ates !enter", and #raIi /ational Se$rity Ad.isor -r. Al R$baie dis$ss #raIiKs defense iss$es in Ba'hdad, #raI on *ebr$ary
13, 033C. !Photo by Air *ore :eh. S't. Jerry Morrison, U.S. -e,artment of -efense"
U.S. Army (en. -a.id Petrae$s !far ri'ht", the Commandin' (eneral of M$ltiB/ational *oreB#raI, talks with #raIi ,owerbroker Ahmad Chalabi
!enter" and U.S. Army Col. :erry *errell, Commander of 0nd Bri'ade Combat :eam, Ard #nfantry -i.ision, at Patrol Base 5awkes on +tober
08, 0338. U.S. Army (en. -a.id Petrae$s is a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations. !Photo by S't. )e.in Stabinsky"
#raIKs President Jalal :alabani !ri'ht" smiles as he meets U.S. Army (eneral -a.id Petrae$s !left" , Commander of U.S. Central Command,
d$rin' their meetin' at alBSalam ,alae in Ba'hdad, #raI on +tober 09, 0332. !Re$ters"
!Pit$red from left to ri'ht" Carlos D. Pas$al, Hie President and -iretor of *orei'n Poliy St$dies, the Brookin' #nstit$tion s,eaks
aom,anied by #raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister Barham Saleh, former U.S. Seretary of State Madeleine Albri'ht, Malaysian +,,osition Leader
Anwar #brahim and -a.id Petrae$s, ommander of US. entral ommand at the o,enin' session of the U.S. B #slami World *or$m in -oha,
Oatar on *ebr$ary 1@, 0332. :he for$m will fo$s on ways to im,ro.e relations between the #slami world and the administration of U.S.
President Barak +bama. !Re$ters"

Left ,hoto% *ormer U.S. Seretary of State Madeleine Albri'ht !R" stands ne?t to #raIKs -e,$ty Prime Minister Barham Saleh on the seond
day of the U.S.B#slami World *or$m in -oha, Oatar on *ebr$ary 19, 0332. :he for$m will fo$s on ways to im,ro.e relations between the
#slami world and the administration of U.S. President Barak +bama. !Re$ters"
Ri'ht ,hoto% U.S. Army (en. -a.id Petrae$s meets with #raI6s Prime Minister /o$ri alBMaliki. (eneral -a.id Petrae$s is a member of the
Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
%ersian ',lf *ar L $3e0ial InterestsB +il&erber( 'ro,3
2??3 ,il*erber& Meetin&s: Cr&anie* 0rime?
-e,$ty U.S. Seretary of -efense Pa$l Wolfowit7 !ri'ht" hosts a meetin' in his Penta'on offie with -$th Minister of *orei'n Affairs Jaa, de
5oo, Sheffer !enter" on Se,tember 0, 033A. Pa$l Wolfowit7 and Jaa, de 5oo, Sheffer attended the 033A Bilderber' Meetin's onferene
held in Hersailles, *rane near Paris in May 033A. !U.S. -e,artment of -efense ,hoto by R.-. Ward"
-a.id Rokefeller !ri'ht" walks with his body'$ard at the 033A Bilderber' Meetin's in Hersailles, *rane in May 033A.
!Photo% htt,%&&www.ha.en.ideo.om&.iewto,i.,h,MfTAA;tT20A3"
:he :rianon Palae 5otel in Hersailles, *rane !near Paris" was the site of the 033A Bilderber' Meetin's held in May 033A.
:he La HZranda Resta$rant inside the :rianon Palae 5otel in Hersailles, *rane
2003 4ilderberg 0eetings =articipants
5enry A. )issin'er
*o$nder and Chairman of
)issin'er Assoiates, #n.
!12C0B,resent"
-a.id Rokefeller
Chairman of the board of
Chase Manhattan Bank
!1242B12C1"
O$een Beatri? of :he
/etherlands
!rei'n, 12C3B031A"
O$een Sofia of S,ain
!rei'n, 1289B,resent"
)in' Phili,,e of Bel'i$m
!J$ly 01, 031AB,resent"
John R. Bolton
B.A. <ale 1283
Under Seretary of State
for Arms Control and
#nternational Se$rity
Affairs !0331B0339"
Rihard /. 5aass
Poliy Plannin' -iretor
of U.S. -e,artment of
State !0331B033A"
Pa$l -. Wolfowit7
Ph.-. U. of Chia'o 1280
-e,$ty U.S. Seretary of
-efense !0331B0339"
Rihard /. Perle
Chairman of the -efense
Poliy Board !0331B033A"
Robert B. Poellik
J.-. 5ar.ard 12C1
U.S. :rade
Re,resentati.e
!0331B0339"
JeanBCla$de :rihet
(o.ernor of BanI$e de
*rane !122AB033A"
Sir Mer.yn Allister )in'
-e,$ty (o.ernor of the
Bank of Dn'land
!122CB033A"
Sir James -. Wolfensohn
M.B.A. 5ar.ard 1292
President of the World
Bank !1229B0339"
S.ein (Jedrem
(o.ernor of the Bank of
/orway !1222B0313"
John L. :hornton
B.A. 5ar.ard 1284
President of (oldman
Sahs ; Co. !1222B033A"
*rits Bolkestein
D$ro,ean Commissioner
for #nternal Market and
Ser.ies !1222B033@"
Pasal Lamy
D$ro,ean Commissioner
for :rade !1222B033@"
Mario Monti
D$ro,ean Commissioner
for Com,etition
!1222B033@"
:ommaso
PadoaBShio,,a
Member of the D?e$ti.e
Board of D$ro,ean
Central Bank !122CB0339"
Jaa, de 5oo, Sheffer
Minister of *orei'n Affairs
of the /etherlands !J$ly
00, 0330B-e. A, 033A"E
SeretaryB(eneral of
/A:+ !033@B0332"
Peter -. S$therland
F#relandG
Chairman of the board of
British Petrole$m
!1228B0332"
J$r'en Shrem,,
F(ermanyG
Chairman of the board of
-aimlerChrysler
!122CB0339"
Jorma +llila
F*inlandG
Chairman of the board of
/okia !1222B0310"
Anthony R$ys
F/etherlandsG
*ormer Chairman of the
board of 5eineken /.H.
Fbeer om,anyG
Claes -ahlb[k
FSwedenG
Chairman of #n.estor AB
!0330B0339"E
-iretor of (oldman
Sahs !033AB,resent"
5enri de Castries
F*raneG
Chairman of the board of
AYA F*renh in.estment
and ins$rane firmG
!0333B,resent"
Phili,,e Cam$s
F*raneG
Chairman of the board of
AlatelBL$ent
!033CB,resent"E
*ormer CD+ of D$ro,ean
Aerona$tis -efene and
S,ae Com,any !DA-S"
-enis RanI$e
F*raneG
Chairman and CD+,
:hales Aeros,ae and
-efene !122CB0332"
*rank Ribo$d
F*raneG
Chairman and CD+,
-anone *oods
Phili,,e Hillin
F*raneG
*ormer Hie Chairman,
Lehman Brothers D$ro,e
-aniel L. Hasella
FSwit7erlandG
Chairman of the Board of
/o.artis A( !1222B031A"E
&irector of =epsi2o
A2002/presentB
Jaob Wallenber'
FSwedenG
Chairman of #n.estor AB
!0339B,resent"E
&irector of -he 2oca/
2ola 2o. A2008/presentB
5ilmar )o,,er
F(ermanyG
*ormer Chairman of the
S$,er.isory Board,
-e$tshe Bank A(
Andre Le.yBLan'
F*raneG
*ormer Chairman,
BanI$e Paribas
Bertrand Collomb
F*raneG
*ormer Chairman and
CD+ of Lafar'eE -iretor
of -$Pont !0338B,resent"
J. Martin :aylor
F(reat BritainG
Chief D?e$ti.e of
Barlays ,l !122AB122C"
Jeroen .an der Heer
F/etherlandsG
Chief D?e$ti.e +ffier of
Royal -$th Shell ,l
!033@B0332"
Paolo Saroni
F#talyG
CD+, Dni S.,.A. Fener'y
om,anyG !0339B,resent"E
former CD+ of :ehint
BJorn Wahlroos
F*inlandG
Chairman of the Board of
Sam,o (ro$,
Ffinanial ser.iesG
R$dolf Sholten
FA$striaG
Member of the Board of
D?e$ti.e -iretors,
+esterreihishe
)ontrollbank A(
Jose Man$el Barroso
Prime Minister of Port$'al
!0330B033@"E
President of the D$ro,ean
Commission
!033@B,resent"
Anders *o'h Rasm$ssen
Prime Minister of
-enmark !0331B0332"
+tto Shily
Minister of the #nterior of
(ermany !122CB0339"
(areth Williams, :he Lord
Williams of Mostyn
Leader of the 5o$se of
Lords !J$ne C, 0331Q
Se,t. 03 033A"E
-ied in offie on
Se,tember 03, 033A
Anna Lindh
*orei'n Minister of
Sweden !122CB033A"E
-ied in offie on
Se,tember 11, 033A
HalZry (isard d6Dstain'
President of *rane
!128@B12C1"
Wim )ok
Prime Minister of the
/etherlands !122@B0330"
Wolf'an' Sha$ble
*inane Minister of
(ermany !0332B,resent"
)enneth Clarke
Chanellor of the
D?heI$er !122AB1228"
Ddward Balls
Shadow Chanellor of the
D?heI$er !0311B,resent"
Andr7eJ +lehowski
Minister of *orei'n Affairs
of Poland !122AB1229"
Ali Babaan
*orei'n Minister of :$rkey
!0338B0332"
*raniso Pinto Balsemao
Prime Minister of Port$'al
!12C1B12CA"
Paa.o Li,,onen
Prime Minister of *inland
!1229B033A"
Mo'ens Lykketoft
*inane Minister of
-enmark !122AB0333"E
*orei'n Minister of
-enmark !0333B0331"
)laas de Hries
Minister of the #nterior and
)in'dom Affairs of the
/etherlands !0333B0330"
-ermot (leeson
*ormer Chairman of
Allied #rish Bank (ro$,E
Attorney (eneral of
#reland !122@B1228"
Willy Claes
SeretaryB(eneral of
/A:+ !122@B1229"
-ora Bakoyannis
Mayor of Athens, (reee
!033AB0334"E
*orei'n Minister of
(reee !0334B0332"
Dd$ardo *erro Rodri'$es
Leader of the Port$'$ese
Soialist Party
!0330B033@"
Anthony S. *ell
FCanadaG
Chairman, RBC -ominion
Se$rities #n.
5eather Reisman
FCanadaG
President and CD+,
#ndi'o Books and M$si
#n.
Mar'aret +. MaMillan
FCanadaG
*ormer Pro.ost of :rinity
Colle'e, Uni.ersity of
:oronto
Conrad M. Blak
FCanadaG
*ormer Chairman and
CD+ of 5ollin'er
#nternational, #n.
Ste,hen 5ar,er
Prime Minister of Canada
!0334B,resent"E
Leader of the +,,osition
!0330B033@, 033@B0334"
:imothy C. Collins
Senior Mana'in' -iretor
and CD+ of Ri,,lewood
5oldin's, LLC
:homas D. -onilon
(eneral Co$nsel of
*annie Mae !1222B0339"
James A. Johnson
Chairman and CD+ of
*annie Mae !1221B122C"
Hernon D. Jordan Jr.
Senior Mana'in' -iretor
of La7ard *reres
5enry R. )ra.is
*o$ndin' Partner of
)ohlber' )ra.is Roberts
; Co. F/ew <ork CityG
MarieBJosee )ra.is
Senior *ellow of 5$dson
#nstit$te, #n.
Martin S. *eldstein
B.A. 5ar.ard 1241
President and CD+ of
/ational B$rea$ of
Donomi Researh
!1288B12C0, 12C@B033C"
Crai' J. M$ndie
Chief Researh and
Strate'y +ffier for
Mirosoft Cor,.
!0334B,resent"
James B. Steinber'
B.A. 5ar.ard 128A
-e,$ty U.S. Seretary of
State !0332B0311"
R. (lenn 5$bbard
Ph.-. 5ar.ard 12CA
-ean of Col$mbia
B$siness Shool
!033@B,resent"
*areed Pakaria
B.A. <ale 12C4
Dditor of /ewsweek
#nternational
!0333B,resent"
:homas L. *riedman
*orei'n Affairs Col$mnist
of The ew 'ork Times
!1229B,resent"
Pa$l A. (i'ot
Dditorial Pa'e Dditor of
The "all Street %ournal
Allan B. 5$bbard
-iretor of /ational
Donomi Co$nil
!0339B0338"
Jon S. Cor7ine
Chairman and CD+ of
(oldman Sahs ; Co.
!122@B1222"E
U.S. Senator !-B/ew
Jersey, 0331B0334"
Dtienne -a.i'non
FBel'i$mG
Hie Chairman of S$e7B
:ratebel
Hitor 5alberstadt
F/etherlandsG
Professor of Donomis at
Leiden Uni.ersity
:hierry de Montbrial
F*raneG
President, *renh #nstit$te
for #nternational Relations
Anders Dldr$,
F-enmarkG
*ormer CD+, -anish +il
and (as Cor,oration
!-+/("
J$an L$is Cebrian
FS,ainG
CD+ of PR#SA
Alfredo Ambrosetti
F#talyG
Chairman of Abbrosetti
(ro$,
Matias Rodri'$e7 #niarte
FS,ainG
D?e$ti.e Hie Chairman,
Bano Santander Central
5is,ano
)la$s P$mwinkel
F(ermanyG
Chairman of the Board of
Mana'ement, -e$tshe
Post A( F(erman Post
+ffieG
Mario -ra'hi
HieBChairman and
Mana'in' -iretor,
(oldman Sahs
#nternational
*rano Bernabe
F#talyG
*ormer Hie Chairman of
Rothshild D$ro,e
Martin 5. Wolf
F(reat BritainG
Chief Donomis
Commentator, The
&inancial Times
/iholas Beyto$t
F*raneG
DditorBinBChief of
Le &igaro
F*renh news,a,erG
Matthias /ass
F(ermanyG
-e,$ty Dditor of (ie 9eit
F(erman news,a,erG
:o'er Seidenfaden
F-enmarkG
Dditor in Chief, Politiken
F-anish news,a,erG
+li.ier Roy
F*raneG
Professor of Soial and
Politial :heory, D$ro,ean
Uni.ersity #nstit$te
F*lorene, #talyG
Walter B. )ielhol7
FSwit7erlandG
*ormer Chairman of the
Board, Credit S$isseE
D?e$ti.e Hie Chairman
of the Board of -iretors,
Swiss Re
John (. R$''ie
Assistant U/ SeretaryB
(eneral and Chief
Ad.isor for Strate'i
Plannin' to U/ SeretaryB
(eneral !1228B0331"
)la$s Shwab
F#nternationalG
President of World
Donomi *or$m
Lo$kas :so$kalis
F(reeeG
President, 5elleni
*o$ndation for D$ro,ean
and *orei'n Poliy
!DL#AMDP"
Lilia She.tso.a
FR$ssiaG
Chair, R$ssian -omesti
Politis and Politial
#nstit$tions Pro'ram at the
Carne'ie Mosow Center
+I@-ER+ER' MEETIN'$
.hantill2, Nir(inia, "#$#A#
/0 Ma2 G < 7,ne <00<
L)S5 CF P(!5)0)P(/5S
6onorary 0hairman
+ -avi(non, Etienne Ni0e .hairman, $o0iUtU 'UnUrale &e +el(iK,e
Parti7ipants
"$A Allaire, %a,l A# ?ormer .hairman an& .E>, \erox .or3oration
.-N +aillie, A# .harles .hairman an& .E>, T- +an1 ?inan0ial 'ro,3
'+ +alls, E&!ar& .hief E0onomi0 A&visor to the Treas,r2
% +alsemao, ?ran0is0o %into %rofessor of .omm,ni0ation $0ien0e, Ne! "niversit2, @isbon;
.hairman, IM%RE$A, $#'#%#$#
? +elot, 7ean &e E&itor4in4.hief, @e ?i(aro
"$A +er(sten, .# ?re& -ire0tor, Instit,te for International E0onomi0s
N +ernan&er, 7ohn '# -ire0tor 'eneral, Nor!e(ian +roa&0astin( .or3oration
.-N +la01, .onra& M# .hairman, Tele(ra3h 'ro,3 @imite&
INT +ol1estein, ?rits .ommissioner, E,ro3ean .ommission
% +or(es, Ant]nio Ni0e .hairman an& Mana(in( -ire0tor, 'ol&man $a0hs
"$A +o2&, .harles '# %resi&ent an& .E>, +,siness Exe0,tives for National $e0,rit2
? .astries, )enri &e .hairman of the +oar&, A\A
E .ebrian, 7,an @,is .E>, %risa (El %ais
? .ollomb, +ertran& .hairman an& .E>, @afar(e
.) .o,0he3in, %as0al ?e&eral .o,n0illor; )ea& of the ?e&eral -e3artment of E0onomi0 Affairs
'+ -ahren&orf, Ralf Member, )o,se of @or&s; ?ormer *ar&en, $t# Anton2Is .olle(e, >xfor&
"$A -am, Kenneth *# -e3,t2 $e0retar2, "$ -e3artment of Treas,r2
'R -avi&, 'eor(e A# .hairman of the +oar&, .o0a4.ola )#+#.# $#A#
"$A -avi&4*eill, Mi0hel A# .hairman, @a5ar& ?r^res L .o#
TR -ervis, Kemal Minister of E0onomi0 Affairs
"$A -e,t0h, 7ohn M# Instit,te %rofessor, MIT
"$A -inh, Niet -# Assistant Attorne2 'eneral for >ffi0e of %oli02 -evelo3ment
"$A -onilon, Thomas E# Exe0,tive Ni0e %resi&ent, ?annie Mae
I -ra(hi, Mario Ni0e .hairman an& Mana(in( -ire0tor, 'ol&man $a0hs International
"$A Ei5enstat, $t,art .ovin(ton L +,rlin(
-K El&r,3, An&ers .hairman of the +oar& of -ire0tors, -anish >il L 'as .onsorti,m
"$A ?el&stein, Martin $# %resi&ent an& .E>, National +,rea, of E0onomi0 Resear0h
% ?erreira, Elisa ',imar_es Member of %arliament, ?ormer Minister of %lannin(
"$A ?ole2, Thomas $# %artner, A1in, ',m3, $tra,ss, )a,er L ?el&
INT ?ortes0,e, A&rian -ire0tor 'eneral, 7,sti0e an& Internal Affairs, E,ro3ean .ommission
.-N ?r,m, -avi& Ameri0an Enter3rise Instit,te; ?ormer $3e0ial Assistant to %resi&ent +,sh
? 'er(orin, 7ean4@o,is Exe0,tive Ni0e %resi&ent, $trate(i0 .oor&ination, EA-$
"$A 'i(ot, %a,l A# E&itorial %a(e E&itor, The *all $treet 7o,rnal
"$A 'reens3an, Alan .hairman, ?e&eral Reserve $2stem
N@ 'roenin1, RiC1man *#7# .hairman of the +oar&, A+N AMR> +an1 N#N#
A ',senba,er, Alfre& Member of %arliament; .hairman, $o0ial -emo0rati0 %art2
N@ )albersta&t, Ni0tor %rofessor of E0onomi0s, @ei&en "niversit2; ?ormer )onorar2 $e0retar2 'eneral of
+il&erber( Meetin(s
"$A )ills, .arla A# .hairman an& .E>, )ills L .om3an2, International .ons,ltants
"$A )oa(lan&, 7im Asso0iate E&itor, The *ashin(ton %ost
"$A ),bbar&, Allan +# %resi&ent, ELA In&,stries
"$A ),t0hison, Ka2 +aile2 $enator (Re3,bli0an, Texas
+ ),2(hebaert, 7an .hairman, AlmaniC N#N#
- Is0hin(er, *olf(an( Ambassa&or to the "$
"$A 7ames, .harles A# Assistant Attorne2 'eneral for Antitr,st
"$A 7ohnson, 7ames A# Ni0e .hairman, %erse,s, @#@#.#
"$A 7or&an, 7r#, Nernon E# Mana(in( -ire0tor, @a5ar& ?r^res L .o# @@.
"$A Kissin(er, )enr2 A# .hairman, Kissin(er Asso0iates, In0#
N@ Kist, E!al& .hairman of the +oar& IN' N#N#
N@ Kleisterlee, 'erar& 7# %resi&ent an& .E>, Ro2al %hili3s Ele0troni0s
- Ko33er, )ilmar .hairman of the $,3ervisor2 +oar&, -e,ts0he +an1 A'
"$A Kra,thammer, .harles .ol,mnist, The *ashin(ton %ost
"$A Kravis, )enr2 R# ?o,n&in( %artner, Kohlber( Kravis Roberts L .o#
"$A Kravis, Marie47osUe $enior ?ello! 4 ),&son Instit,te In0#
.) K,&els1i, An&rU .hairman of the +oar& L .E>, K,&els1i 'ro,3
"$A @a?al0e, 7ohn 7# .on(ressman (-emo0rat, Ne! Yor1
"$A @es0hl2, 7an .hairman L .E>, .are .a3ital @@.
? @ev24@an(, An&rU ?ormer .hairman, %aribas
+ @i33ens, Ma,ri0e .hairman, ?ortis
"$A Mathe!s, 7essi0a T# %resi&ent, .arne(ie En&o!ment for International %ea0e
"$A M0A,liffe, Terr2 .hairman, -emo0rati0 National .ommittee
"$A M0-ono,(h, *illiam 7# %resi&ent an& .E>, ?e&eral Reserve +an1 of Ne! Yor1
E Mi(,el, Ram]n &e $e0retar2 of $tate for ?orei(n Affairs
"$A Mit0hell, An&rea .hief ?orei(n Affairs .orres3on&ent, N+. Ne!s
? Mo`si, -ominiK,e -e3,t2 -ire0tor, ?ren0h Instit,te of International Relations
? Montbrial, Thierr2 &e -ire0tor, ?ren0h Instit,te of International Relations
"$A Mos1o!, Mi0hael )# %resi&ent, ?e&eral Reserve +an1 of .hi0a(o
N M21leb,st, E(il .hairman, Nors1 )2&ro A$A
?IN >llia, 7orma .hairman of the +oar& an& .E>, No1ia .or3oration
.-N >str2, $2lvia -istrin(,ishe& Resear0h ?ello!, .enter for International $t,&ies, "niversit2 of
Toronto
TR >5a2&inli, +,len& .E>, Koa )ol&in( A#$#
INT %a&oa4$0hio33a, Tommaso Member of the Exe0,tive +oar&, E,ro3ean .entral +an1
'R %a3ahelas, Alexis ?orei(n 3oli02 0ol,mnist# T> NIMA
"$A %earl, ?ran1 )# .hairman an& .E>, %erse,s, @#@#.#
"$A %erle, Ri0har& N# Resi&ent ?ello!, Ameri0an Enter3rise Instit,te for %,bli0 %oli02 Resear0h
- %olen5, R,3re0ht Member of %arliament, .-"8.$"
"$A %resto!it5, 7r#, .l2&e N# %resi&ent, E0onomi0 $trate(2 Instit,te
"$A Ra0i0ot, Mar1 .hairman, Re3,bli0an National .ommittee
"$A Raines, ?ran1lin -# .hairman an& .E>, ?annie Mae
A Ran&a, 'erhar& .hairman an& .E>, +an1 A,stria A'
"$A Rattner, $teven Mana(in( %rin0i3al, Y,a&ran(le 'ro,3 @@.
.-N Reisman, )eather %resi&ent an& .E>, In&i(o +oo1s an& M,si0 In0#
"$A Ro01efeller, -avi& Member, 7% Mor(an International .o,n0il
E Ro&ri(,e5 In0iarte, Matbas Exe0,tive Ni0e .hairman, +an0o $antan&er .entral )is3ano
'+ Roll, Eri0 $enior A&viser, "+$ *arb,r( @t&#
"$A Rose, .harlie %ro&,0er, Rose .omm,ni0ations
? Ro2, >livier "niversit2 %rofessor an& Resear0her, .NR$
"$A R,msfel&, -onal& )# $e0retar2 of -efense
TR $anber1, c5&em -ire0tor, T,r1ish E0onomi0 an& $o0ial $t,&ies ?o,n&ation
- $0hrem33, 7,r(en E# .hairman of the +oar& of Mana(ement, -aimler.hr2sler A'
- $0h,l5, E11ehar& .hairman, Th2ssenKr,33 A'
? $0h!eit5er, @o,is .hairman an& .E>, Rena,lt $#A#
-K $ei&enfa&en, To(er E&itor4in4.hief, %oliti1en
? $eilliere, Ernest4Antoine .hairman an& .E>, .'I%
R"$ $hevtsova, @ilia $enior Asso0iate, .arne(ie Mos0o! .enter
"$A $ie(man, )enr2 .o,n0il on ?orei(n Relations
"$A $oros, 'eor(e .hairman, $oros ?,n& Mana(ement
"$A $teinber(, 7ames +# Ni0e %resi&ent an& -ire0tor, ?orei(n %oli02 $t,&ies %ro(ram
N $toltenber(, 7ens @ea&er of the >33osition ($o0ial -emo0rati0 %art2
"$A $,mmers, @a!ren0e )# %resi&ent, )arvar& "niversit2
IR@ $,therlan&, %eter -# .hairman an& Mana(in( -ire0tor, 'ol&man $a0hs International; .hairman +%
Amo0o
?IN Taxell, .hristoffer %resi&ent an& .E>, %arte1 >2C
"$A Thoman, '# Ri0har& $enior A&visor, Ever0ore %artners In0#
"$A Thornton, 7ohn @# %resi&ent an& 0o4.E>, The 'ol&man $a0hs 'ro,3 In0#
?IN Tiili1ainen, TeiCa )# -ire0tor of Resear0h, .entre for E,ro3ean $t,&ies
$ Tres0ho!, Mi0hael .hairman, Eri0sson
? Tri0het, 7ean4.la,&e 'overnor, +anK,e &e ?ran0e
.) Nasella, -aniel @# .hairman an& .E>, Novartis A'
"$A Nin1, @o&e!iC1 7# R# &e .hairman, 'lobal )ealth .are %artners; .re&it $,isse ?irst
A Nranit512, ?ran5 ?ormer ?e&eral .han0ellor
$ *allenber(, 7a0ob .hairman of the +oar&, $1an&inavis1a Ens1il&a +an1en
.-N *h2te, Kenneth E&itor, The National %ost
'+ *illiams, 'areth @ea&er, )o,se of @or&s; Member of the .abinet
INT *olfensohn, 7ames -# %resi&ent, The *orl& +an1
- [,m!in1el, Kla,s .hairman of the +oar& of Mana(ement, -e,ts0he %ost A'
Ra33orte,rs
'+ Mi01leth!ait, R# 7ohn "nite& $tates E&itor, The E0onomist
'+ *ool&ri&(e, A&rian -# ?orei(n .orres3on&ent, The E0onomist
In Atten&an0e
N@ MaCa +an01 Exe0,tive $e0retar2, +il&erber( Meetin(s
"$A Mi0hael 7# ?arren Ni0e %resi&ent of External Affairs, \erox .or3oration; A&viser, Ameri0an
?rien&s of +il&erber(, In0#
"$A $teven $# @ee @o0al >r(ani5er <00<
$o,r0eB <00< +il&erber( Meetin( Re3ort, @ibrar2 of .on(ress
+I@-ER+ER' MEETIN'$
Nersailles, ?ran0e
1541: Ma2 <00/
L)S5 CF P(!5)0)P(/5S
6onorary 0hairman
+ -avi(non, Etienne Ni0e4.hairman, $o0iete 'enerale &e +el(iK,e
6onorary Se7retary General
'+ Ta2lor, 7# Martin .hairman *) $mith %@.; International A&visor, 'ol&man $a0hs International
? A&ler, Alexan&re E&itorial .o,nsel, @e ?i(aro
I Ambrosetti, Alfre&o .hairman Ambrosetti 'ro,3
TR +aba0an, Ali Minister of E0onomi0 Affairs
'R +a1o2annis, -ora Ma2or of Athens
'+ +alls, E&!ar& .hief E0onomi0 A&visor to the Treas,r2
% +alsemao, ?ran0is0o %into %rofessor of .omm,ni0ation $0ien0e, Ne! "niversit2, @isbon; .hairman an&
.E>, IM%RE$A, $#'#%#$#; ?ormer %rime Minister
% +arroso, 7osU M# -,r_o %rime Minister
TR +a2ar, Mehmet A# -e3,t2 .hairman of -Y% (Tr,e %ath %art2
A +e01er, Eri0h .hairman of the Mana(in( +oar& an& .E>, NA Te0hnolo(ie A'
I +en&etti, Ro&olfo &e Mana(in( -ire0tor .IR $#3#A#
I +ernabe, ?ran0o .hairman ?ran0o +ernabe L .# $#3#A#
? +e2to,t, Ni0olas E&itor4in4.hief, @es E0hos
K* +ishara, Ahma& E# $e0retar2 'eneral of K,!aitHs @iberal National -emo0rati0 %art2
.-N +la01, .onra& M# .hairman, Tele(ra3h 'ro,3 @imite&
INT +ol1estein, ?rits Internal Mar1ets .ommissioner, E,ro3ean .ommission
"$A +olton, 7ohn R# "n&er4$e0retar2 of $tate for Arms .ontrol an& International $e0,rit2
? +on, Mi0hel )onorar2 .hairman, ?ran0e Tele0om
? +r,(,i^re, 7ean4@o,is ?irst Ni0e %resi&ent, 7,sti0e -e3artment
- +,r&a, ),bert %,blisher an& .E>, ),bert +,r&a Me&ia )ol&in( 'mb) L .o#
? .am,s, %hilli3e .E>, E,ro3ean Aerona,ti0s -efen0e an& $3a0e .om3an2 (EA-$
INT .ar2, Anthon2 7# )ea& of .hristo3her %attenHs .abinet, E"
? .astries, )enri &e .hairman of the +oar&, A\A
E .ebrian, 7,an @,is .E>, %RI$A
+ .laes, *ill2 Minister of $tate
'+ .lar1e, Kenneth Member of %arliament; former .han0ellor of the Ex0heK,er
"$A .ollins, Timoth2 .# $enior Mana(in( -ire0tor an& .E>, Ri33le!oo& )ol&in(s @@.
? .ollomb, +ertran& .hairman an& .E>, @afar(e
? .o3U, 7ean4?ranaois $e0retar2 of $tate in 0har(e of relations !ith %arliament; 'overnment $3o1esman
"$A .or5ine, 7on $# $enator (-, Ne! 7erse2
$ -ahlbd01, .laes .hairman, Investor A+
'R -avi&, 'eor(e A# .hairman of the +oar&, .o0a4.ola )#+#.# $#A#
"$A -onilon, Thomas E# Exe0,tive Ni0e %resi&ent, ?annie Mae
I -ra(hi, Mario Ni0e4.hairman an& Mana(in( -ire0tor, 'ol&man $a0hs International
-K El&r,3, An&ers .E>, -anish >il an& 'as .or3oration
"$A ?el&stein, Martin $# %resi&ent an& .E>, National +,rea, of E0onomi0 Resear0h
.-N ?ell, Anthon2 $# .hairman, R+. -ominion $e0,rities In0#
"$A ?rie&man, Thomas @# ?orei(n Affairs .ol,mnist, The Ne! Yor1 Times
? 'er(orin, 7ean4@,is Exe0,tive Ni0e %resi&ent, $trate(i0 .oor&ination, E,ro3ean Aerona,ti0s -efen0e
an& $3a0e .om3an2 (EA-$
"$A 'i(ot, %a,l A# E&itorial %a(e E&itor, The *all $treet 7o,rnal
? 'is0ar& &HEstain(, NalUr2 ?ren0h %resi&ent (199=419:1; .hairman of the .onvention on the ?,t,re of
E,ro3e
N 'Ce&rem, $vein 'overnor, .entral +an1 of Nor!a2
IR@ 'leeson, -ermot .hairman &esi(nate, Allie& Irish +an1s, 3#l#0#
'+ 'o,l&, %hili3 %,bli0 Relations A&viser to %rime Minister +lair
"$A )aass, Ri0har& N# -ire0tor, >ffi0e of %oli02 %lannin( $taff, $tate -e3artment
N@ )albersta&t, Ni0tor %rofessor of E0onomi0s, @ei&en "niversit2; ?ormer )onorar2 $e0retar2 'eneral of
+il&erber( Meetin(s
.-N )ar3er, $te3hen @ea&er of the >33osition
"$A )erto(, Ro(er Ni0e4.hairman, Allian0e .a3ital Mana(ement
N@ )oo3 $0heffer, 7aa3 '# &e Minister for ?orei(n Affairs
"$A ),bbar&, Allan +# %resi&ent, ELA In&,stries
"$A ),bbar&, R# 'lenn R,ssell @# .arson %rofessor of E0onomi0s an& ?inan0e, .ol,mbia "niversit2
"$A 7ohnson, 7ames A# Ni0e .hairman, %erse,s, @#@#.#
"$A 7or&an, 7r#, Nernon E# $enior Mana(in( -ire0tor, @a5ar& ?reres L .o# @#@#.#
.) Kielhol5, *alter +# ?ormer .hairman of the +oar&, .re&it $,isse; Exe0,tive Ni0e .hairman of the
+oar& of -ire0tors, $!iss Re
'+ Kin(, Merv2n A# -e3,t2 'overnor, +an1 of En(lan&
"$A Kissin(er, )enr2 A# .hairman, Kissin(er Asso0iates, In0#; Member, -efense %oli02 +oar&; Member,
7#%# Mor(an International .o,n0il
?IN Kivinen, >lli $enior E&itor L .ol,mnist, )elsin(in $anomat
N@ Ko1, *im ?ormer %rime Minister
- Ko33er, )ilmar ?ormer .hairman of the $,3ervisor2 +oar&, -e,ts0he +an1 A'
"$A Kravis, )enr2 R# ?o,n&in( %artner, Kohlber( Kravis Roberts L .o#
"$A Kravis, Marie47oseU $enior ?ello!, ),&son Instit,te, In0#
INT @am2, %as0al Tra&e .ommissioner, E,ro3ean .ommission
? @ello,0he, %ierre Ni0e .hairman, NAT> %arliamentar2 Assembl2
? @ev24@an(, An&rU ?ormer .hairman, %aribas
$ @in&h, Anna Minister for ?orei(n Affairs
?IN @i33onen, %aavo ?ormer %rime Minister; $3ea1er of the %arliament
-K @211etoft, Mo(ens .hairman, $o0ial -emo0rat %art2
.-N Ma0Millan, Mar(aret ># %rovost, Trinit2 .olle(e, "niversit2 of Toronto
R"$ Mar(elov, Mi1hail N# .hairman, .ommittee for ?orei(n Affairs, .o,n0il of ?e&eration
? Montbrial, Thierr2 &e %resi&ent, ?ren0h Instit,te of International Relations (I?RI
INT Monti, Mario .om3etition .ommissioner, E,ro3ean .ommission
"$A M,n&ie, .rai( 7# .hief Te0hni0al >ffi0er, A&van0e& $trate(ies an& %oli02, Mi0rosoft .or3oration
N M21leb,st, E(il .hairman, Nors1 )2&ro A$A
- Naas, Matthias -e3,t2 E&itor, -ie [eit
N@ Netherlan&s, )#M# the Y,een of the
%@ >le0ho!s1i, An&r5eC @ea&er, .ivi0 %latform
?IN >llila, 7orma .hairman of the +oar& an& .E>, No1ia .or3oration
INT %a&oa4$0hio33a, Tommaso Member of the Exe0,tive +oar&, E,ro3ean .entral +an1
I %anara, Mar0o 7o,rnalist, @a Re3,bli0a
I %assera, .orra&o Mana(in( -ire0tor, +an0a Intesa+.I
"$A %er1ovi0h, 'eor(e Ni0e %resi&ent for $t,&ies, .arne(ie En&o!ment for International %ea0e
"$A %erle, Ri0har& N# Member, -efense %oli02 +oar&; Resi&ent ?ello!, Ameri0an Enter3rise Instit,te
(AEI for %,bli0 %oli02 Resear0h; Member, %roCe0t for a Ne! Ameri0an
.ent,r2 (%NA.
+ %hili33e, )#R#)# %rin0e
I %oli, Roberto .hairman, Eni $#3#A#
? RanK,e, -enis .hairman an& .E>, Thales Aeros3a0e an& -efen0e
-K Rasm,ssen, An&ers ?o(h %rime Minister
.-N Reisman, )eather %resi&ent an& .E>, In&i(o +oo1s L M,si0 In0#
? Ribo,&, ?ran01 .hairman an& .E>, -anone ?oo&s
.) Rin(ier, Mi0hael .E>, Rin(ier A'
"$A Ro01efeller, -avi& Member, 7#%# Mor(an International .o,n0il
% Ro&ri(,es, E&,ar&o ?erro @ea&er of the $o0ialist %art2; Member of %arliament
E Ro&ri(,e5 In0iarte, Matias Exe0,tive Ni0e .hairman, +an0o $antan&er .entral )is3ano
? Ro2, >livier $enior Resear0her, .NR$
"$A R,((ie, 7ohn -ire0tor, .enter for +,siness an& 'overnment, Kenne&2 $0hool of 'overnment,
)arvar& "niversit2
N@ R,2s, Anthon2 .hairman of the +oar&, )eine1en N#N#
TR $anber1, c5&em -ire0tor, T,r1ish E0onomi0 an& $o0ial $t,&ies ?o,n&ation
I $0aroni, %aolo Mana(in( -ire0tor, Enel $#3#A#
- $0hd,ble, *olf(an( -e3,t2 %arliamentar2 @ea&er, .-"8.$" 'ro,3
- $0hil2, >tto Minister of the Interior
A $0holten, R,&olf Member of the +oar& of Exe0,tive -ire0tors, >esterrei0his0he Kontrollban1 A'
- $0hrem33, 7,r(en E# .hairman of the +oar& of Mana(ement, -aimler .hr2sler A'
INT $0h!ab, Kla,s %resi&ent, *orl& E0onomi0 ?or,m
-K $ei&enfa&en, To(er E&itor in .hief, %oliti1en
R"$ $hevtsova, @ilia $enior Asso0iate, .arne(ie En&o!ment for International %ea0e
E $3ain, )#M# the Y,een of
"$A $teinber(, 7ames +# Ni0e %resi&ent an& -ire0tor, ?orei(n %oli02 $t,&ies %ro(ram, The +roo1in(s
Instit,tion
.-N $te2n, Mar1 7o,rnalist for vario,s 3,bli0ations
IR@ $,therlan&, %eter -# .hairman an& Mana(in( -ire0tor, 'ol&man $a0hs International; .hairman, +%
Amo0o
"$A Thornton, 7ohn @# %resi&ent an& .E>, 'ol&man $a0hs 'ro,3, In0#
? Tri0het, 7ean .la,&e 'overnor, +anK,e &e ?ran0e
'R Tso,1alis, @o,1as %rofessor, "niversit2 of Athens; %resi&ent )elleni0 ?o,n&ation for E,ro3ean an&
?orei(n %oli02
A Tr,m3el4',(erell, 'ertr,&e Ni0e 'overnor, .entral +an1 of A,stria
.) Nasella, -aniel @# .hairman an& .E>, Novartis A'
N@ Neer, 7eroen van &er %resi&ent, Ro2al -,t0h %etrole,m .om3an2; Ni0e .hairman of the .ommittee of
Mana(in( -ire0tors of Ro2al -,t0h8$hell 'ro,3 of .om3anies
? Nillin, %hili33e Ni0e .hairman, @ehman +rothers E,ro3e
N@ Nries, Klaas &e Member of %arliament (@abo,r; ?ormer Minister of the Interior
?IN *ahlroos, +Cern %resi&ent an& .E>, $am3o 3l0#
$ *allenber(, 7a0ob .hairman of the +oar&, $1an&inavivs1a Ens1il&a +an1en
'+ *illiams, 'areth @ea&er of the )o,se of @or&s
'+ *olf, Martin )# Asso0iate E&itor8E0onomi0s .ommentator, The ?inan0ial Times
"$A8INT *olfensohn, 7ames -# %resi&ent, The *orl& +an1
"$A *olfo!it5, %a,l -e3,t2 $e0retar2 of -efense, "#$# -e3artment of -efense
"$A [a1aria, ?aree& E&itor, Ne!s!ee1 International
"$A [oelli01, Robert %rin0i3al Tra&e A&viser to the %resi&ent
- [,m!in1el, Kla,s .hairman, -e,ts0he %ost *orl&net A'
Ra33orte,rs
'+ Mi01leth!ait, R# 7ohn "nite& $tates E&itor, The E0onomist
'+ Ra0hman, 'i&eon +r,ssels .orres3on&ent, The E0onomist
$o,r0eB htt3B88!!!#bil&erber(#or(8<00/#htm
%ersian ',lf *ar L $3e0ial InterestsB .o,n0il on ?orei(n Relations
>ar Pro$iteers or Eamn Dan-ees?
:e?ao Chairman and CD+ Alfred C. -eCrane Jr. !ri'ht" in.ites #raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister :ariI A7i7 to the 5arold Pratt 5o$se
in /ew <ork City on +tober 9, 12C2. -eCrane is a member of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations.
!Photo% Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort"
5arold Pratt 5o$se, the headI$arters of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations, is loated on so$thwest orner of Park A.en$e and 4C
th
Street in
the Manhattan boro$'h of /ew <ork City.
#raIi -e,$ty Prime Minister Ahmad Chalabi s,eaks to the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations in /ew <ork City on /o.ember 11, 0339. A fa.orite of
the B$sh administration who fell from fa.or after the 033A in.asion of #raI, Chalabi ahie.ed a kind of ,olitial rehabilitation on a hi'hB,rofile
Washin'ton .isit that inl$ded meetin's with Seretary of State Condolee77a Rie and /ational Se$rity Ad.iser Ste,hen 5adley.
!C5#P DAS:&Re$ters&Corbis"
:his ,hoto a,,ears in the 0334 Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Ann$al Re,ort.
U.S. Army (eneral -a.id Petrae$s, Commander of U.S. Central Command, s,eaks abo$t #raI at the Assoiation of the United States Army
!AUSA" ann$al meetin' in Washin'ton, -.C. on +tober 4, 0332. !Re$ters" htt,%&&www.daylife.om&,hoto&3@dJ8*(8W0eisMITda.id\,etrae$s
U.S. (en. -a.id Petrae$s !L", Commander of U.S. Central Command, looks on as former U.S. Seretary of State (eor'e Sh$lt7 s,eaks
d$rin' the (eor'e P. Sh$lt7 Let$re Series at the Marines Memorial Cl$b in San *raniso, California, U.S.A. on J$ly 2, 0332. (en. Petrae$s
was the '$est s,eaker at the (eor'e P. Sh$lt7 Let$re Series. -a.id Petrae$s and (eor'e Sh$lt7 are members of the Co$nil on *orei'n
Relations. !(etty #ma'es" htt,%&&www.daylife.om&,hoto&311:'naI7@y<MITda.id\,etrae$s
-iretors of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations d$rin' the *irst Persian ($lf War F+,eration -esert StormG !1223B1221"

Peter (. Peterson, Pa$l A. Holker, Warren Christo,her, 5arold Brown, John S. Reed, James -. Robinson ###

Strobe :albott, )aren Dlliott 5o$se, :homas S. *oley, William S. Cohen, Clifton R. Wharton Jr., Peter :arnoff

Adm. William J. Crowe Jr., Adm. Bobby R. #nman, Jeane J. )irk,atrik, -onald *. M5enry, Alie M. Ri.lin, Charles MC. Mathias Jr.
/ame -iretor !<ear" +$,ation in 1223B1221
Peter (. Peterson 128AB12CA, 12C@B0338 Chairman of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !12C9B0338"
Pa$l A. Holker 1289B1282, 12CCB1222 Chairman of James -. Wolfensohn, #n. !12CCB1224"E
Professor of #nternational Donomi Poliy at Prineton Uni.ersity !12CCB1229"
Warren Christo,her 12C0B1221 Partner of +6Mel.eny ; Myers Flaw firmG !129CB1248, 1242B1284, 12C1B122A"
5arold Brown 12CAB1220 Partner of Warb$r', Pin$s ; Co. !1223B0338"
Stanley 5offmann 12CAB1220 Professor of (o.ernment at 5ar.ard Uni.ersity !124AB,resent"
Clifton R. Wharton Jr. 12CAB1220 Chairman and CD+ of :#AABCRD* !12C8B122A"
-onald *. M5enry 12C@B122A Professor of -i,lomay and #nt6l Relations at (eor'etown Uni.. !12C1B,resent"
!Adm." Bobby R. #nman 12C9B122A
Jeane J. )irk,atrik 12C9B122@ Professor of Politial Siene at (eor'etown Uni.ersity !128AB0330"
Charles MC. Mathias Jr. 12C4B1220 Partner of Jones, -ay, Rea.is and Po'$e Flaw firmG !12C8B122A"
R$ben *. Mettler 12C4B1220
Peter :arnoff 12C4B122A President of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !12C4B122A"
James D. B$rke 12C8B1229
Robert *. Drb$r$ 12C8B122C Chairman and CD+ of :he :imes Mirror Co. !12C4B1229"
)aren Dlliott 5o$se 12C8B122C, 033AB033C Hie President of the international 'ro$,, -ow Jones ; Co. !12C2B1229"
Re,. :homas S. *oley 12CCB122@ S,eaker of the U.S. 5o$se of Re,resentati.es !12C2B1229"
James -. Robinson ### 12CCB1221 Chairman and CD+ of Amerian D?,ress Co. !1288B122A"
Strobe :albott 12CCB122A DditorBatBLar'e and *orei'n Affairs Col$mnist for Time ma'a7ine !12C2B122A"
John L. Clendenin 12C2B122@ Chairman, President, and CD+ of BellSo$th Cor,oration !12C@B1224"
Sen. William S. Cohen 12C2B1228 U.S. Senator !RBMaine, 1282B1228"
Josh$a Lederber' 12C2B122C Professor at Rokefeller Uni.ersity !1223B.1229"
John S. Reed 12C2B1220 Chairman and CD+ of Citibank !12C@B122C"
Alie M. Ri.lin 12C2B1220 Member of the staff of :he Brookin's #nstit$tion !1298B44, 1242B1289, 12CAB122A"
!Adm." William J. Crowe Jr. 1223B122A Professor of (eo,olitis at Uni.ersity of +klahoma !12C2B122@"
:homas R. -onah$e 1223B0331 SeretaryB:reas$rer of A*LBC#+ !1282B1229"
-iretors of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations d$rin' the Seond Persian ($lf War F+,eration #raIi *reedomG !033A"

Peter (. Peterson, Rihard C. 5olbrooke, Ma$rie R. (reenber', Robert D. R$bin, William J. M-ono$'h, (eor'e Soros

Lo$is H. (erstner Jr., John -e$th, Mihael 5. Moskow, Carla A. 5ills, La$ra -6Andrea :yson, )aren Dlliott 5o$se
/ame -iretor !<ear" +$,ation in 033A
Peter (. Peterson 128AB12CA, 12C@B0338 Chairman of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !12C9B0338"
)aren Dlliott 5o$se 12C8B122C, 033AB033C P$blisher of The "all Street %ournal !0330B0339"
Rihard C. 5olbrooke 1221B122A, 1224B1222,
0331B0332
Hie Chairman of Perse$s LLC !0331B0332"
Robert -. 5ormats 1221B033@ Hie Chairman of (oldman Sahs #nternational !12C8B0332"
Ma$rie R. (reenber' 1220B0330, 033@B0332 Chairman and CD+ of Amerian #nternational (ro$, !12C2B0339"
Leslie 5. (elb 122AB0331, 0330B033A President of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !122AB033A"
:heodore C. Sorensen 122AB033@ Senior Co$nsel of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison
(arrik Utley 122AB033A /BC and C// Corres,ondent
Carla A. 5ills 122@B,resent Chairman and CD+ of 5ills ; Com,any #nternational Cons$ltants !122AB,res."
Pe''y -$lany 1229B033A Chairman of :he Syner'os #nstit$te
Jessia P. Dinhorn 1229B0339 -ean of Pa$l /it7e Shool of Ad.aned #nternational St$dies at Johns
5o,kins Uni.ersity !0330B0310"
William J. M-ono$'h 1229B033@ President of the *ederal Reser.e Bank of /ew <ork !122AB033A"
(eor'e Soros 1229B033@ Chairman of Soros *$nd Mana'ement !1224B,resent"
(eor'e J. Mithell 1229B0339
Lo$is H. (erstner Jr. 1229B0339 Chairman of the Carlyle (ro$, !033AB033C"
Lee C$ll$m 1224B0334 Col$mnist for (allas 2orning ews !1220B,resent"
Hinent A. Mai 1228B033A
Warren B. R$dman 1228B0339 Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !122AB033A"
La$ra -6Andrea :yson 1228B0338 -ean of London B$siness Shool of Donomis !0330B0334"
Martin S. *eldstein 122CB033C, 0332B,resent President of /ational B$rea$ of Donomi Researh !1288B12C0, 12C@B033C"
Bette Bao Lord 122CB033A
Mihael 5. Moskow 122CB033C President of the *ederal Reser.e Bank of Chia'o !122@B0338"
John -e$th 1222B033@ Professor of Chemistry at Massah$setts #nstit$te of :ehnolo'y !1281B,res."
Robert D. R$bin 0333B,resent Member of the board of diretors of Citi'ro$, !1222B,resent"
Andrew <o$n' 0333B0339
5enry S. Bienen 0331B0311 President of /orthwestern Uni.ersity !1229B0332"
)enneth M. -$berstein 0331B0310
Joan D. S,ero 0331B0311 President of -oris -$ke Charitale *o$ndation !1228B,resent"
Hin Weber 0331B0311, 0310B,resent
*o$ad AJami 0330B0310 Professor of Middle Dastern St$dies at Johns 5o,kins Uni.ersity
Ronald L. +lson 0330B0313 Partner of M$n'er, :olles ; +lson Flaw firmG
Jeffrey L. Bewkes 0330B0334 Chairman of Dntertainment and /etworks 'ro$,, :ime Warner, #n. !0330B39"
:homas R. Pikerin' 0330B0338 Senior Hie President for #nternational Relations, :he Boein' Co. !0331B0334"
5elene -. (ayle 033AB033C
Rihard /. 5aass 033AB,resent President of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !033AB,resent"
Rihard D. Salomon 033AB,resent Chairman of Meo? Hent$res
AnneBMarie Sla$'hter 033AB0332 -ean of Woodrow Wilson Shool of P$bli and #nternational Affairs at
Prineton Uni.ersity !0330B0332"
Co$nil on *orei'n Relations Members and :heir +$,ation d$rin' the Persian ($lf War !1223B1221"%
/ame C*R Membershi, !<ear" Primary +$,ation
Covernment @fficials*
Brent Sowroft 128@B,resent /ational Se$rity Ad.isor !12C2B122A"
Robert M. (ates 12CAB,resent -e,$ty /ational Se$rity Ad.isor !Marh 03, 12C2B/o.ember 4, 1221"
William 5. Webster 12C8B,resent -iretor of Central #ntelli'ene A'eny !May 04, 12C8BA$'$st A1, 1221"
Rihard B. =-ik> Cheney 12C0B,resent U.S. Seretary of -efense !12C2B122A"
Pa$l -. Wolfowit7 128@B1282, 12C1B,resent Under Seretary of -efense for Poliy !12C2B122A"
Rihard /. Perle 128CB033A Member of the -efense Poliy Board, U.S. -e,artment of -efense !12C8B033@"
5enry S. Rowen 1244B,resent Assistant Seretary of -efense for #nternational Se$rity Affairs !12C2B1221"
-onald B. Rie 12CAB122C Seretary of the Air *ore !12C2B122A"
(en. Colin L. Powell 12C4B,resent Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff !12C2B122A"
(en. Carl D. H$ono 12CCB,resent Army Chief of Staff !J$ne 0A, 12C8BJ$ne 01, 1221"
(en. Merrill A. MPeak 12C2B,resent Air *ore Chief of Staff !1223B122@"
(en. John R. (al.in, Army 12CCB0330 S$,reme Allied Commander of D$ro,e !12C8B1220"
(en. John :. Chain Jr. 12C@B1224 CommanderBinBChief, Strate'i Air Command !J$ne 12C4BJan$ary 1221"
(en. (eor'e Lee B$tler 12CAB0330 CommanderBinBChief, Strate'i Air Command !Jan$ary 1221B J$ne 1220"
Lt. (en. Bradley C. 5osmer 128@B,resent #ns,etor (eneral of the United States Air *ore !Se,tember 12C2BJ$ne 1221"
Lt. (en. Ronald R. *o'leman 12C4B,resent Commander of 8th Air *ore, -e,$ty CommanderBinBChief of United /ations
Command )orea, and -e,$ty Commander of U.S. *ores )orea !1223B1220"
MaJ. (en. Mar$s A. Anderson 12C8B0330 Commander, Ard Air *ore at RA* Station Mildenhall !J$ne 12CCBJ$ly 1221"
MaJ. (en. *rank B. 5orton ### 12C@B1224 -e,$ty Chief of Staff for #ntelli'ene, Strate'i Air Command !1223B1220"
Bri'. (en. Wesley ). Clark 1289B1282, 12CAB,resent Commander, /ational :rainin' Center F*t. #rwin, CaliforniaG !12C2B1221"
Hie Adm. Jerome L. Johnson 12C2B1220 Hie Chief of /a.al +,erations !1223B1220"
Lawrene S. Da'leb$r'er 128@B0313 -e,$ty Seretary of State !12C2B1220"
Robert M. )immitt 1288B12C0, 12C9B,resent Under Seretary of State for Politial Affairs !Marh 0, 12C2BA$'$st 0A, 1221"
Re'inald Bartholomew 1284B,resent Under Seretary of State for #nternational Se$rity Affairs !12C2B1220"
5erman J. Cohen 1223B,resent Assistant Seretary of State for Afrian Affairs !12C2B122A"
Rihard 5. Solomon 1282B,resent Assistant Seretary of State for Dast Asian and Paifi Affairs !12C2B1220"
-ennis B. Ross 12CCB,resent -iretor of State -e,artment Poliy Plannin' Staff !12C2B1220"
Brandon 5. (ro.e Jr. 12C4B033C -iretor of the *orei'n Ser.ie #nstit$te FState -e,artmentG !12CCB1220"
:homas R. Pikerin' 1289B,resent U.S. Re,resentati.e to the United /ations !12C2B1220"
William 5oward :aft #H 12C@B,resent U.S. Re,resentati.e to /A:+ !12C2B1220"
Morris B. Abram 1249B0333 U.S. Re,resentati.e to the United /ations D$ro,ean +ffie !12C2B122A"
Jak *. Matlok Jr. 12C4B,resent U.S. Ambassador to the So.iet Union !A,ril 4, 12C8B A$'$st 11, 1221"
5enry D. Catto Jr. 128AB,resent U.S. Ambassador to (reat Britain !May 18, 12C2BMarh 1A, 1221"
*rank (. Wisner ## 1289B,resent U.S. Ambassador to D'y,t !A$'$st 0C, 12C4B J$ne 4, 1221"
Morton #. Abramowit7 1289B,resent U.S. Ambassador to :$rkey !A$'$st 1, 12C2BJ$ly 09, 1221"
Robert B. +akley 1223B0332 U.S. Ambassador to Pakistan !Se,tember 1, 12CCBA$'$st 02, 1221"
Mihael 5. Armaost 1288B,resent U.S. Ambassador to Ja,an !12C2B122A"
/iholas Platt 1289B,resent U.S. Ambassador to the Phili,,ines !A$'$st 08, 12C8BJ$ly 03, 1221"
-eane R. 5inton 1289B,resent U.S. Ambassador to Panama !1223B122@"
John -. /e'ro,onte 12C1B,resent U.S. Ambassador to Me?io !12C2B122A"
:erene A. :odman 1282B,resent U.S. Ambassador to Ar'entina !12C2B122A"
Roy M. 5$ffin'ton 12C3B033C U.S. Ambassador to A$stria !1223B122A"
Ddward /. /ey 1289B,resent U.S. Ambassador to Canada !12C2B1220"
Warren Pimmermann 128CB033A U.S. Ambassador to <$'osla.ia !12C2B1220"
Shirley :em,le Blak 1288B031A U.S. Ambassador to C7ehoslo.akia !12C2B1220"
*ranes -. Cook 12CAB,resent U.S. Ambassador to Cameroon !12C2B122A"
Condolee77a Rie 12C@B,resent Senior /at6l Se$rity -iretor of So.iet and Dast D$ro,ean Affairs !12C2B1221"
/iholas *. Brady 12CAB,resent Seretary of the :reas$ry !12CCB122A"
Robert R. (la$ber 1223B,resent Under Seretary of the :reas$ry for *inane !12C2B122A"
-a.id C. M$lford 1283B,resent Under Seretary of the :reas$ry for #nternational Affairs !12C2B1220"
-ik :hornb$r'h 12CCB,resent U.S. Attorney (eneral !A$'$st 10, 12CCB A$'$st 19, 1221"
Dlaine L. Chao 12CAB12CC, 1223B,resent -e,$ty Seretary of :rans,ortation !12C2B1221"
Rihard (. -arman 1288B122A -iretor of the +ffie of Mana'ement and B$d'et !12C2B122A"
(eor'e J. Mithell 1223B,resent U.S. Senator !-emoratBMaine, 12C3B1229"
U.S. Senate MaJority Leader !12C2B1229"
Claiborne Pell 1244B033C U.S. Senator !-emoratBRhode #sland, 1241B1228"
William H. Roth Jr. 128AB033A U.S. Senator !Re,$blianB-elaware, 1281B0331"
John 5. Chafee 12C0B1222 U.S. Senator !Re,$blianBRhode #sland, 1284B1222"
-aniel P. Moynihan 1289B0330 U.S. Senator !-emoratB/ew <ork, 1288B0331"
-a.id L. Boren 12C2B,resent U.S. Senator !-emoratB+klahoma, 1282B122@"
William S. Cohen 12C1B,resent U.S. Senator !Re,$blianBMaine, 1282B1228"
Larry Pressler 12C4B,resent U.S. Senator !Re,$blianBSo$th -akota, 1282B1228"
Warren B. R$dman 12C@B0310 U.S. Senator !Re,$blianB/ew 5am,shire, 12C1B122A"
Christo,her J. -odd 12C9B,resent U.S. Senator !-emoratBConneti$t, 12C1B0311"
John -. Rokefeller #H 128CB,resent U.S. Senator !-emoratBWest Hir'inia, 12C9B,resent"
:erry Sanford 12C1B1228 U.S. Senator !-emoratB/orth Carolina, 12C4B122A"
Bob (raham 12C1B,resent U.S. Senator !-emoratB*lorida, 12C8B0339"
:imothy D. Wirth 12C8B,resent U.S. Senator !-emoratBColorado, 12C8B122A"
Charles S. Robb 12C8B,resent U.S. Senator !-emoratBHir'inia, 12C2B0331"
:homas S. *oley 12C@B,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBWashin'ton, 1249B1229"
S,eaker of the 5o$se !12C2B1229"
Amory 5o$'hton Jr. 1283B,resent U.S. Con'ressman !Re,$blianB/ew <ork, 12C8B0339"
-ante B. *asell 128AB122C U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratB*lorida, 1299B122A"
Ste,hen J. Solar7 128CB,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratB/ew <ork, 1289B122A"
William B. =Bill> Rihardson 12C9B,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratB/ew Me?io, 12CAB1228"
Bill (reen 12C4B0330 U.S. Con'ressman !Re,$blianB/ew <ork, 128CB122A"
Sam (eJdenson 12CCB1228 U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBConneti$t, 12C1B0331"
Lo$is Stokes 12CCB033A U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratB+hio, 1242B1222"
Robert :. Mats$i 12CCB033@ U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBCalifornia, 1282B0339"
5oward Wol,e 12CCB,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBMihi'an, 1282B122A"
-a.e ). MC$rdy 12CCB,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratB+klahoma, 12C1B1229"
Mel Le.ine 12CCB,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBCalifornia, 12CAB122A"
Jim Moody 12CCB,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBWisonsin, 12CAB122A"
:homas D. Petri 12C2B,resent U.S. Con'ressman !Re,$blianBWisonsin, 1282B,resent"
Rihard A. =-ik> (e,hardt 1223B,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBMisso$ri, 1288B0339"
/ewton L. =/ewt> (in'rih 1223B,resent U.S. Con'ressman !Re,$blianB(eor'ia, 1282B1222"
John M. S,ratt Jr. 1223B,resent U.S. Con'ressman !-emoratBSo$th Carolina, 12CAB0311"
Ste,hen (. Breyer 12CAB,resent J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the *irst Cir$it FBostonG !12C3B122@"
R$th Bader (insb$r' 128AB,resent J$d'e of the U.S. Co$rt of A,,eals for the -.C. Cir$it !12C3B122A"
Mario C$omo 12CAB0333 (o.ernor of /ew <ork !12CAB1229"
William J. =Bill> Clinton 12C2B,resent (o.ernor of Arkansas !1282B12C1, 12CAB1220"
:om Bradley 12C9B122A Mayor of Los An'eles, California !128AB122A"
4an%ers*
Lewis :. Preston 128@B1229 President of :he World Bank !1221B1229"
Rihard -. Drb 12C0B,resent -e,$ty Mana'in' -iretor of #nternational Monetary *$nd !12C@B122@"
Alan (reens,an 128CB,resent Chairman of the *ederal Reser.e !12C8B0334"
D. (erald Corri'an 12C4B1228 President of the *ederal Reser.e Bank of /ew <ork !12C9B122A"
Ste,hen *riedman 12C@B,resent Chairman of (oldman Sahs ; Co. !1223B122@"
Willard C. B$ther 1283B1221 Chairman and CD+ of Chase Manhattan Bank !12C1B1223"
:homas (. LabreI$e 12C4B0333 Chairman and CD+ of Chase Manhattan Cor,. !1221B1229"
Robert R. -o$'lass 128@B,resent Hie Chairman of Chase Manhattan Bank !12C9B122A"
-ennis Weatherstone 1223B0338 Chairman of J.P. Mor'an ; Co. !1223B1229"
John S. Reed 12C@B1224 Chairman and CD+ of Citibank !12C@B122C"
John P. Birkel$nd 124CB,resent Chairman and CD+ of -illon, Read ; Co. !12CCB122A"
Walter H. Shi,ley 1284B,resent Chairman of the board of Chemial Bank !12CAB1221, 122@B1224"
-onald B. Marron 1281B,resent Chairman and CD+ of PaineWebber #n. !12C3B0333"
John 5. ($tfre$nd 128CB,resent Chairman of the board and CD+ of Salomon Brothers, #n. !12C1B1221"
*rank (. Parb 128CB,resent Chairman and CD+ of Smith, Barney, 5arris, U,ham ; Co., #n. !12CCB122A"
Charles S. Sanford Jr. 12C@B1224 Chairman of Bankers :r$st Co. !12C8B1224"
Robert H. Roosa 1298B122A Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !1249B122A"
Robert L. #reland ### 1281B122A Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !1243B.122@"
Ale?ander :. Drklent7 12CCB,resent Partner of Brown Brothers 5arriman ; Co. !128CB,resent"
James -. Robinson ### 128AB,resent Chairman and CD+ of Amerian D?,ress Co. !1288B122A"
Phili, Caldwell 12C9B0332 Senior Mana'in' -iretor of Lehman Brothers !12C9B122C"
Rihard C. 5olbrooke 1283B0313 Mana'in' -iretor of Lehman Brothers !12C9B122A"
4sinessmen*
Ma$rie R. (reenber' 1288B,resent Chairman and CD+ of Amerian #nternational (ro$, !12C2B0339"
William A. Shreyer 12C2B122A Chairman and CD+ of Merrill Lynh ; Co. !12C@B122A"
Lawrene (. Rawl 12C4B122A Chairman and CD+ of D??on !12C4B122A"
Allen D. M$rray 12C1B0330 Chairman and CD+ of Mobil +il Cor,. !12C4B122@"
Alfred C. -eCrane Jr. 12CCB,resent Chairman of :e?ao !12C8B1224"
C.J. Silas 12CCB,resent Chairman and CD+ of Philli,s Petrole$m Co. !12C9B122@"
Rihard J. Ste'emeier 12C2B122@ Chairman and CD+ of Unoal !12CCB122@"
5enry B. Shaht 1281B,resent Chairman and CD+ of C$mmins Dn'ine Co. !1288B1229"
John *. Akers 12C9B122A Chairman and CD+ of #nternational B$siness Mahines F#BMG !12C4B122A"
Rand H. Arasko' 12C0B122C Chairman and CD+ of #:: Cor,oration !12C3B122C"
John L. Clendenin 12C9B1229 Chairman, President, and CD+ of BellSo$th Cor,oration !12C@B1224"
Roberto C. (oi7$eta 12C1B1224 Chairman and CD+ of :he CoaBCola Com,any !12C1B1228"
Lo$is H. (erstner Jr. 12C0B,resent Chairman and CD+ of RJR /abiso #n. !12C2B122A"
-wayne +. Andreas 12CCB0339 Chairman of ArherB-anielsBMidland Co. !1282B1228"
Robert -. 5aas 12CAB,resent Chairman of Le.i Stra$ss ; Co. !12C2B033C"
Leonard A. La$der 12CCB,resent Chief D?e$ti.e +ffier of Dstee La$der Co. !12C0B1222"
-a.id :. )earns 12C@B1228 Chairman of Yero? Cor,. !12C9B1221"
Pa$l A. Allaire 12C2B,resent President !12C4B1221" and Chairman !1221B0331" of Yero? Cor,.
)enneth W. -am 12C0B,resent Hie President for Law and D?ternal Relations, #BM Cor,oration !12C9B1220"
5enry A. )issin'er 1294B0332 *o$nder and Chairman of )issin'er Assoiates, #n. !12C0B,resent"
L. Pa$l Bremer ### 1223B,resent Mana'in' -iretor of )issin'er Assoiates, #n. !12C2B0333"
Da!yers*
BenJamin W. 5eineman Jr. 1223B,resent Senior Hie President and (eneral Co$nsel of (eneral Dletri Co. !12C8B033@"
(eor'e W. Ball 12@2B122A +f Co$nsel of Cleary, (ottlieb, Steen ; 5amilton !1244B124C, 1242B122@"
Cyr$s R. Hane 124CB0331 Partner of Sim,son, :haher ; Bartlett !1294B1241, 1248B1288, 12C3B122C"
Lloyd /. C$tler 128@B033@ Senior Co$nsel of Wilmer C$tler Pikerin' !1223B0339"
William Dldred Jakson 12@8B1222 Partner of Milbank, :weed, 5adley ; MCloy !129@B1222"
*ranis -. Lo'an 12C@B,resent Partner of Milbank, :weed, 5adley ; MCloy !1249B1224"
Man$el R. An'$lo 128@B122A Partner of C$rtis, MalletBPre.ost, Colt ; Mosle !1241B.122A"
5enry L. )in' 12C9B,resent Chairman and Partner of -a.is, Polk ; Wardwell !12C0B1224"
Robert B. .on Mehren 129@B,resent Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1298B122A"
Roswell B. Perkins 1294B,resent Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1298B1224"
Phili, S. Winterer 1289B,resent Partner of -ebe.oise ; Plim,ton !1244B122A"
M. Bernard Aidinoff 1284B,resent Partner of S$lli.an ; Cromwell !124AB1224"
*rederik A.+. Shwar7 Jr. 1283B12C1, 12CCB0331 Partner of Cra.ath, Swaine ; Moore !1242B1289, 1284B12C1, 12C8B0331"
Matthew /imet7 128AB,resent Partner of Pa$l, Weiss, Rifkind, Wharton ; (arrison !128@B1288, 12C1B0333"
William :. Coleman Jr. 1280B,resent Senior Partner of +6Mel.eny ; Myers !1288B,resent"
Warren M. Christo,her 128AB0313 Partner of +6Mel.eny ; Myers !129CB1248, 1242B1284, 12C1B122A"
Hernon D. Jordan Jr. 128CB,resent Partner of Akin, ($m,, Stra$ss, 5a$er ; *eld !12C1B0333"
Jose,h A. Califano Jr. 128AB,resent Senior Partner of -ewey, Ballantine, B$shby, Palmer ; Wood !12CAB1220"
2orporate 0edia*
)atharine (raham 1283B0333 Chairman of the board of :he Washin'ton Post Co. !128AB122A"
W. :homas Johnson 128AB,resent President and CD+ of Cable /ews /etwork !C//" !1223B0331"
Cas,ar W. Weinber'er 12C1B0339 P$blisher of &orbes ma'a7ine !12C2B122A"
Peter R. )ann 12C9B,resent P$blisher of The "all Street %ournal !12C2B0330"
-a.id A. La.enthol 12C3B,resent P$blisher of Los #ngeles Times !12C2B122A"
Arna$d de Borh'ra.e 1289B,resent DditorBinBChief of The "ashington Times !12C9B1221"
Mortimer B. P$kerman 12CCB,resent DditorBinBChief of $:S: ews and "orld !e-ort !12C@B,resent"
Jason -. MMan$s 12CCB,resent DditorBinBChief of Time ma'a7ine !12C8B1229"
Walter S. #saason 1282B12C@, 12C8B,res. Senior Dditor of Time ma'a7ine !12C2B1221"
Jim 5oa'land 1282B,resent Assoiate Dditor ; Chief *orei'n Corres,ondent, "ashington Post !12C4B,res."
Robert (. )aiser 1282B,resent Mana'in' Dditor of The "ashington Post !1221B122C"
Me' (reenfield 128AB122C Dditorial Pa'e Dditor of The "ashington Post !1282B1222"
Ste,hen S. Rosenfeld 12C0B0313 -e,$ty Dditorial Pa'e Dditor of The "ashington Post !12C0B1222"
Robert B. Sem,le Jr. 1288B1224 Assoiate Dditorial Pa'e Dditor of The ew 'ork Times !12CCB,resent"
Robert L. Bartley 1282B033A Dditor of The "all Street %ournal !1282B033A"
Robert J. White 1284B0311 Dditorial Pa'e Dditor of 2innea-olis Star Tribune !12C0B1220"
:om Brokaw 12CCB,resent Anhor of /BC /i'htly /ews !12C0B033@"
-an Rather 12C3B,resent Anhor of CBS D.enin' /ews !12C1B0339"
Barbara Walters 128CB,resent CoB5ost and Chief Corres,ondent of ABC /ewsK 03&03 !1282B033@"
William *. B$kley Jr. 128@B033A DditorBatBLar'e of ational !eview ma'a7ine !1221B033@"
Strobe :albott 1289B,resent DditorBatBLar'e and *orei'n Affairs Col$mnist for Time ma'a7ine !12C2B122A"
:homas L. *riedman 12C9B,resent Chief -i,lomati Corres,ondent for The ew 'ork Times !12C2B1220"
/orman Pearlstine 12C@B,resent Mana'in' Dditor and Hie President of The "all Street %ournal !12CAB1221"
Charles )ra$thammer 1223B,resent Syndiated Col$mnist for The "ashington Post !12C@B,resent"
A.M. Rosenthal 124AB0334 Col$mnist for The ew 'ork Times !12C4B1222"
@rgani.ation EFectives*
Dd'ar M. Bronfman Sr. 1284B031A President of World Jewish Con'ress !12C1B0338"
:homas A. -ine 128CB,resent D?e$ti.e -iretor of Amerian #srael P$bli Affairs Committee !12C3B122A"
-a.id Rokefeller 12@0B,resent /orth Amerian Chairman of the :rilateral Commission !1288B1221"
Peter (. Peterson 1281B,resent Chairman of the Co$nil on *orei'n Relations !12C9B0338"
:homas L. 5$'hes 1248B,resent President of Carne'ie Dndowment for #nternational Peae !1281B1221"
Peter C. (oldmark Jr. 1282B,resent President of :he Rokefeller *o$ndation !12CCB1228"
*ranklin A. :homas 128CB,resent President of *ord *o$ndation !1282B1224"
William (. Bowen 12C8B0338 President of Andrew W. Mellon *o$ndation !12CCB0334"
Ral,h D. (omory 12C8B,resent President of Alfred P. Sloan *o$ndation !12C2B0338"
-a.id A. 5amb$r' 12CAB,resent President of Carne'ie Cor,oration of /ew <ork !12C0B1228"
James A. :homson 12CCB,resent President of RA/- Cor,oration !12C2B0311"
Br$e ). MaLa$ry 124CB,resent President of :he Brookin's #nstit$tion !1288B1229"
Martin S. *eldstein 12C3B,resent President of /ational B$rea$ of Donomi Researh !1288B12C0, 12C@B033C"
Clifton R. Wharton Jr. 1248B,resent Chairman and CD+ of :#AABCRD* !12C8B122A"
Ste,hen M. Shwebel 1294B,resent J$d'e of the #nternational Co$rt of J$stie !12C1B0333"
Ronald #. S,iers 1289B,resent Under Seretary (eneral of the United /ations for Politial Affairs !12C2B1220"
Lane )irkland 128AB1222 President of A*LBC#+ !1282B1229"
2ollege =rofessors*
Mihael #. So.ern 1288B,resent President of Col$mbia Uni.ersity !12C3B122A"
Benno C. Shmidt Jr. 12C4B,resent President of <ale Uni.ersity !12C4B1220"
5arold :. Sha,iro 1221B0338 President of Prineton Uni.ersity !12CCB0331"
Hartan (re'orian 12C@B,resent President of Brown Uni.ersity !12C2B1228"
*rank 5.:. Rhodes 12C9B1229 President of Cornell Uni.ersity !1288B1229"
-onald )ennedy 12CAB122A President of Stanford Uni.ersity !12C3B1220"
5anna 5olborn (ray 12CAB,resent President of Uni.ersity of Chia'o !128CB122A"
:homas Dhrlih 1280B0331 President of #ndiana Uni.ersity !12C8B122@"
Ddward :. *oote ## 12C0B,resent President of Uni.ersity of Miami F*loridaG !12C1B0331"
S. *rederik Starr 1282B0339 President of +berlin Colle'e !12CAB122@"
James :. Laney 12C4B,resent President of Dmory Uni.ersity FAtlanta, (eor'iaG !1288B122A"
(erhard Cas,er 12C9B,resent Pro.ost of Uni.ersity of Chia'o !12C2B1220"
Jeswald Sala$se 12C2B,resent -ean, *lether Shool of Law and -i,lomay at :$fts Uni.ersity !12C4B122@"
Robert -. P$tnam 12C1B,resent -ean, )ennedy Shool of (o.ernment at 5ar.ard Uni.ersity !12C2B1221"
(eor'e R. Pakard 1281B,resent -ean, Shool of Ad.aned #nt6l St$dies at Johns 5o,kins Uni.. !1282B122A"
Alfred C. Ste,an 1289B,resent -ean, Shool of #nternational and P$bli Affairs at Col$mbia Uni.. !12CAB1221"
-onald D. Stokes 12C8B1224 -ean, Wdrw. Wilson Shool of P$bli ; #nt6l Affairs at Prineton U. !128@B1220"
L. Carl Brown 12C4B0339 (arrett Professor of *orei'n Affairs at Prineton Uni.ersity !1283B122A"
($sta. Ranis 1283B,resent *rank Altsh$l Professor of #nternational Donomis at <ale Uni.. !12C0B0339"


2oncil on $oreign 'elations 0embers and -heir @ccpation dring the =ersian Clf (ar
James A. Baker ###
U.S. Seretary of State
!12C2B1220"
(en. Colin L. Powell
U.S. Seretary of State
!0331B0339"E Chairman of
the Joint Chiefs of Staff
!12C2B122A"
-ik Cheney
Hie President of the U.S.
!0331B0332"E Seretary of
-efense !12C2B122A"
Pa$l -. Wolfowit7
President of :he World
Bank !0339B0338"E
-e,$ty Seretary of
-efense !0331B0339"
Brent Sowroft
/ational Se$rity Ad.isor
!1289B1288, 12C2B122A"
Robert M. (ates
U.S. Seretary of -efense
!0334B0311"E -iretor of
Central #ntelli'ene
A'eny !1221B122A"
Condolee77a Rie
U.S. Seretary of State
!0339B0332"E /ational
Se$rity Ad.isor
!0331B0339"
Sir Alan (reens,an
Chairman of the *ederal
Reser.e !12C8B0334"
/iholas *. Brady
Chairman and CD+ of
-illon, Read ; Co.
!12C0B12CC"E Seretary of
the :reas$ry !12CCB122A"
William 5. Webster
-iretor of Central
#ntelli'ene A'eny
!12C8B1221"
L. Pa$l Bremer ###
U.S. ProBCons$l, #raI
!033AB033@"E U.S.
Ambassador to the
/etherlands !12CAB12C4"
Palmay )halil7ad
U.S. Ambassador to #raI
!0339B0338"E U.S.
Ambassador to
Af'hanistan !033AB0339"
John -. /e'ro,onte
U.S. Ambassador to #raI
!033@B0339"E
U.S. Re,. to the United
/ations !0331B033@"
:homas R. Pikerin'
U.S. Re,resentati.e to
the United /ations
!12C2B1220"
*rank (. Wisner ##
U.S. Ambassador to
D'y,t !12C4B1221"
(en. Merrill A. MPeak
Air *ore Chief of Staff
!1223B122@"
(en. Carl D. H$ono
Army Chief of Staff
!12C8B1221"
(en. John R. (al.in
S$,reme Allied
Commander of D$ro,e
!12C8B1220"
-o$'las J. *eith
Under Seretary of
-efense for Poliy
!0331B0339"
-o. S. Pakheim
Com,troller of the
-e,artment of -efense
!0331B0339"
Alfred C. -eCrane Jr.
Chairman of :e?ao
!12C8B1224"
C.J. Silas
Chairman and CD+ of
Philli,s Petrole$m Co.
!12C9B122@"
Lee R. Raymond
Chairman and CD+ of
D??onMobil !1222B0334"
Lawrene (. Rawl
Chairman and CD+ of
D??on !12C4B122A"
Rihard J. Ste'emeier
Chairman and CD+ of
Unoal !12CCB122@"
Ma$rie R. (reenber'
Chairman and CD+ of
Amerian #nternational
(ro$, !12C2B0339"
5enry A. )issin'er
*o$nder and Chairman of
)issin'er Assoiates, #n.
!12C0B,resent"
-a.id Rokefeller
/orth Amerian Chairman
of the :rilateral
Commission !1288B1221"
Chairman of the Co$nil
on *orei'n Relations
!12C9B0338"
James -. Wolfensohn
President of the World
Bank !1229B0339"
/ewt (in'rih
U.S. Con'ressman
!RB(eor'ia, 1282B1222"
-ik (e,hardt
U.S. Con'ressman
!-BMisso$ri, 1288B0339"
William S. Cohen
Seretary of -efense
!1228B0331"E
U.S. Senator !RBMaine,
1282B1228"
Christo,her J. -odd
U.S. Senator
!-BConneti$t,
12C1B0311"
Jay Rokefeller
U.S. Senator
!-BWest Hir'inia,
12C9B,resent"
(en. John P. Abi7aid
Commander, U.S. Central
Command !033AB0338"
(en. Rihard B. Myers
Chairman of the Joint
Chiefs of Staff
!0331B0339"
(en. John P. J$m,er
Air *ore Chief of Staff
!0331B0339"
!(en." Dri ). Shinseki
Army Chief of Staff
!1222B033A"
(en. James L. Jones Jr.
S$,reme Allied
Commander of D$ro,e
!033AB0334"E /ational
Se$rity Ad.isor !0332B
0313"
Arlin(ton National .emeter2 in Arlin(ton, Nir(inia# A total of ==1A Ameri0an servi0emen (sol&iers, marines, sailors, an&
airmen 3erishe& in >3eration IraKi ?ree&om; ma2 their so,ls rest in 3ea0e#
Tomb of the "n1no!n $ol&ier in Arlin(ton, Nir(inia, "#$#A# To all Ameri0ans !ho !ere 1ille& in a0tion or &e0lare& missin( in
a0tion in >3eration -esert $torm an& >3eration IraKi ?ree&om; ma2 2o,r so,ls rest in 3ea0e#