The Association of Electrical and Medical Imaging Equipment Manufacturers n www.nema.org n January 2012 n Vol. 17 No.

Energy Efficient Motors

Reflections on
ALSO INSIDE
n What are Permanent Magnet AC Motors? n Alternative Motor Technologies Offer OEMs Market Advantage n Say Hello to Green Button n Supreme Court to Decide Alien Tort Statute n 1MG and 1IS Updates

FEATURES:
Energy-Efficient SR Motors Offer Additional Solutions ..............................8

Electroindustry News ...................................16 Welcoming New Members..........................................16 Say Hello to Green Button............................................17 Supreme Court to Decide Major International Issue Confronting Corporations ............................................18 Resolving for a Safer Home ........................................19 MITA Documents Downward Trends in Imaging Spending and Utilization .............................20 Which Battery Technology will be the New Normal? ...............................................................21 Industrial Automation Control Products and Systems Section (1IS) Update .....................................22 Code Actions/Standardization Trends ............23 Retailers Launching Factory Audit Program ...............23 Industrial Automation Tallies Significant Technical Harmonization Progress ..............................24 Impacting Functional Safety from EMC ......................26 Delaying Code Adoptions, a Growing Trend ................26 NEMA-UL Policy Committee Addresses Strategic Issues of Mutual Importance ......................................27 USNC Seeks Nominations for IEC Young Professionals ....................................................28 Benefits of IEC Delegate Funding ................................28 International Roundup ................................29

CONTENTS

Advanced/Alternative Motor Technologies Offer OEMs Market Advantage ......................10 Induction vs. Permanent Magnet Technology .....................................11 Frequently Asked Questions about Permanent Magnet AC Motors ......................12 NEMA Carbon Footprint Initiative Places Early Focus on Motors ...................................13 Cadmium on Electrical Contacts Where Do We Go From Here? .........................14

NOTES:
NEMA Officers ................................................................2 Comments from the C-Suite..........................................2 View from the Top ..........................................................3 Policy & Politics ..............................................................4 Learn More ...................................................................31

DEPARTMENTS:
Washington Report........................................5 California Regulatory Actions Update ...........................5 Coalition Makes Push on Industrial Energy Efficiency ............................................................6 Lamp Recycling Program to Meet Statutory Requirements in Vermont .............................................6 International Panel to Reconsider Proposals as U.S. Targets Air Shipment of Lithium Batteries ............7 NEMA-Backed High-Performance Federal Buildings Legislation Introduced ...................................................7

CANENA Technical Committee Meets to Review Harmonization Activities ................................29 Impact of EMF Exposure Limits and MRI ....................29 EEMODS Comes to the U.S.7th Biennial International Conference Held in D.C. Area .................30 Economic Spotlight ......................................32 Future Conditions EBCI for North America Rises to Seven Month High in December .............................32 Lamp Indices Show Gains............................................32

ECO BOX

Did you know...

ei careers lists jobs in electrical manufacturing, engineering, and medical imaging technology. Post a jobor find a jobat www.eicareers.org

NEMA electroindustry text and cover pages are printed using SFI certified Anthem paper using soy ink. SFI certified products come from North American forests managed to rigorous environmental standards. SFI standards conserve biodiversity and protect soil and water quality, as well as wildlife habitats. SFI forests are audited by independent experts to ensure proper adherence to the SFI Standard. SFI participants also plant more than 650 million trees each year to keep these forests thriving.

Publisher | Joseph Higbee Managing Editor / Editor in Chief | Pat Walsh Contributing Editors | William E. Green III Chrissy L. Skudera Economic Spotlight | Timothy Gill Standards | Al Scolnik Washington Report | Kyle Pitsor Art Director | Jennifer Tillmann Media Sales Team Leader | Stephanie Bunsick

electroindustry

electroindustry (ISSN 1066-2464) is published monthly by the National Electrical Manufacturers Association, 1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209; 703.841.3200. FAX: 703.841.5900. Periodicals postage paid at Rosslyn, VA, and York, PA, and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to NEMA, 1300 N. 17th Street, Suite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209. The opinions or views expressed in electroindustry do not necessarily reflect the positions of NEMA or any of its subdivisions. Follow NEMA: www.nema.org/facebook, blog.nema.org, podcast.nema.org, twitter.com/NEMAupdates, www.youtube.com/NEMAvue, www.nema.org/linkedin

Officers
Chairman Dominic J. Pileggi Chairman of the Board & CEO Thomas & Betts Corporation First Vice Chairman John Selldorff President & CEO Legrand North America Second Vice Chairman Christopher Curtis President & CEO Schneider Electric Treasurer Thomas Gross Vice Chairman & COO Eaton Corporation Immediate Past Chairman David J. FitzGibbon Vice Chairman & CEO ILSCO Corporation President & CEO Evan R. Gaddis Secretary Clark R. Silcox

COMMENTS FROM THE C-SUITE

A new year, vast opportunities, fresh goals, renewed aspirations, an inspired industry and association team2012 is our year. As we ink a new volume of history, we are optimistic about the successes that lie ahead for our industry. There is a lot of work to be done this year, and we are fit for the challenge. Starting the year off with an issue about motors is quite fitting, because we see the electroindustry generating power for the economic engine of this country. NEMA represents a widely progressive and diverse array of companies making electrical products and systems. As our industry works together and applies the knowledge gifted to us from our predecessors, we will create the technologies of the future. Setting our gaze ahead, NEMA has set Strategic Initiatives for 2012. They are: Smart Grid High Performance Buildings NEMA Intelligence Portal Carbon Footprint Initiative Low Voltage Direct Current (LVDC) Distribution and Energy Storage These cross-cutting initiatives are designed to promote safety, innovation, interoperability, the environment, and market enhancement through advocacy, business information, and standards for products, systems, and technologies. Lastly, we acknowledge the governments role in this upward climb. Our federal, state, and local politicians should understand that we as an industry promote the greater good at the community and national levels. As we create jobs, keep homes safe, and enhance lifestyles, we will enlist the government to join us in accomplishing the goals of this industry, which in turn helps drive the goals of our nation. ei 2012 is our year!

Evan R. Gaddis President and CEO

Dominic J. Pileggi Chairman

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Dominic J. Pileggi

Evan R. Gaddis

View from the Top

Industrial Automation Drives Efficiency Profits
Jeff Meyers, President, Mr. Electric Corporation Every business focuses on improving its bottom line, and while there are many methods, models, and systems devoted to making a business more profitable, the simplest solution is still the most elegant and the most reliable. Efficiency is the key. As efficiency increases, so do profits. A business can make its production or service more efficient, thus increasing the profit for each good produced or service performed. Typically, when we think of efficiency, we focus on the actual business practice. However, there is another aspect of business, often accepted as a necessary expense, which can be reduced in order to improve efficiencyoverhead. By using industrial automation effectively, a business can greatly increase its efficiency. An automated control platform can reduce the overhead cost for lighting, HVAC, and other operations. By simply reducing day-to-day operating costs, a business can significantly increase its bottom line. These systems are designed specifically for reliability and flexibility. They track and displayin real timethe energy output for an entire facility, broken down into zones or individual devices. Each might be indicated by a different color, keeping even a complex system easy to understand. Not only does industrial automation monitor the systems, but it also provides a powerful level of control. A platform with unlimited wireless range and twoway communication with connected devices not only allows the user to switch a device or system on or off, but can also alter the level at which it is operating or the mode it is in. The systems use of distinct zones allows for customized operations based on the hours and demands of different areas of a facility. Different departments operate at different levels throughout the day and the effectiveness of natural lighting fluctuates throughout the day, as well as the time of year. With an automated control system, all of this can be accounted for. Each hour of each day of each year can be preprogrammed, and then altered on the fly if necessary, in order to radically increase the efficiency of a business. Using industrial automation, a business can reduce the overall cost of its lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. And depending upon the business, other systems can be added to the control platform. By adding such things as automated assembly lines to the system, a business not only reduces its overhead, but also increases its production efficiency. The bottom line? Industrial automation can really increase your bottom line. ei Mr. Meyers is the recipient of the 2011 ESFI SAFE Award.

Using industrial automation, a business can reduce the overall cost of its lighting, heating, ventilation, and air conditioning.
Perhaps the most profitable feature of such a platform is its programmable nature. The system boasts not only a 365-day calendar, but also a daily schedule. By combining this aspect with an ability to detect ambient light, a business can reap the benefits of natural lighting and reduce the amount of energy used for lighting. The schedule also works for HVAC.

NEMA Board of Governors is accepting nominations for the 2012-2013 term. Consideration will begin in March. Contact NEMA President and CEO Evan R. Gaddis with nominations via Karen.Sterba-Miller@nema.org

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Policy & Politics

Heading into a Challenging, Exciting Year
Congress returns this month to begin the second session of the 112th Congress. With the backdrop of the 2012 elections, legislative action this session is likely to be front-loaded with deficit reduction as a main policy driver; major battles over funding and taxes will be replayed repeatedly this year. It is useful to note that the first session was characterized by having the fewest number of bills become law in nearly 20 years. NEMA actively engaged in pursuing legislation and supporting initiatives aimed at economic growth, job creation, reducing regulatory over-reach, and opening markets for electroindustry products and technologies. Despite the low number of bills enacted in 2011, significant groundwork was laid in the House and Senateand in most cases on a bipartisan basisto position our legislative proposals for 2012. Below is a summary of key bills that NEMA and the industry are working on. For each, we have worked with the industry to craft provisions and encouraged NEMA members to contact their elected officials in support of them. We have also created partnerships and coalitions to advance these legislative proposals, which have been very important given the highly-partisan environment in Washington. ei Kyle Pitsor, Vice President of Government Relations | kyle.pitsor@nema.org

BILL NAME

SUMMARY OF BILL AND IMPORTANCE

NEMA POSITION Support: Opens markets, supports manufacturing jobs, and creates level playing field.

STATUS Signed by President 10/21/2011 South Korea Parliament approved 11/22/2011; Colombia and Panama legislatures approved FTAs in 2007 Entry into force, TBD Q1-Q2 of 2012 Voted out of Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee 7/14/2011 Next Step: Senate Floor Voted out of Senate Energy and Natural Resources Committee 5/18/2011 Next Step: Senate Floor Approved by House 253-167 12/2/2011 Next Step: Senate consideration

Free Trade These bills will immediately or progressively eliminate customs duties on U.S. Agreements: exports and remove other barriers to U.S. sales into these markets HR 3078 Colombia ($1.4 billion in 2010). HR 3079 Panama HR 3080 South Korea Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act S 1000 Implementation of National Consensus Applicance Agreements Act S 398 Regulatory Accountability Act HR 3010, S 1606 Creates federal-state loan programs for commercial building and industrial facility energy efficiency upgrades that the market is not currently encouraging. Incents states to adopt national building energy codes developed by ASHRAE or ICC.

Support: Promotes energy efficiency, supports manufacturing jobs, and increases U.S. competitiveness.

Legislation is a compilation on consensus appliance standards agreed to by various Support: Promotes energy efficiency through consensus industry and energy advocates. Provisions include an agreement on ER/BR lamps, agreements. language directing the DOE to conduct studies on motor market assessment and dc supply in buildings, and process improvements to the rulemaking statute. The bill modernizes and updates the 1946 Administrative Procedures Act (APA) for Support: Incorporates established cost/benefit principles in considering rulemaking, makes the process more transparent, economically significant regulations. agencies more accountable, and overhaul out-moded APA. Provisions would enhance public participation in rulemakings; require agencies to choose the lowest cost option or explain compelling need otherwise; on-therecord administrative hearings with agency officials; include direct and indirect cumulative costs, benefits, and estimated impact on jobs, growth, innovation, and competitiveness; consider reasonable alternatives including no federal response. The bill would not affect any regulations already in effect or have been proposed. The bill promotes energy efficiency and high performance in federal buildings through the use of an integrated and holistic approach to building design, construction, operations, and maintenance including use of building information modeling (BIM), lifecycle costing, commissioning, and compliace verification. Directs Department of the Interior to prioritize minerals, including rare earths, based on importance to the U.S. economy and outlines a set of policies to bolster domestic production of these minerals, expand manufacturing, promote recycling and alternatives, and maintain strong environmental protections. Electroindustry manufacturers rely on a stable and competitive supply of materials but disruptions in international supply and demand and a dearth of U.S. production and processing of certain materials have a significant impact in specific industry sectors. Support: Promotes energy efficiency in federal buildings and greater adoption on energy efficient technolgies in these buildings. Support: Leverages work already done at Interior and Energy deparmtents and brings greater urgency and coordination at the federal level necessary to create opportunities for U.S. manufacturers. In addition, the bill specifically recognizes the importance of critical materials for many NEMA industries, including but not limited to arc welding, lighting, electric motors, superconducting wire, advanced batteries, and medical imaging.

High Performance Federal Buldings Act HR 3371 Critical Materials Policy Act S 1113

Introduced 11/4/2011 and referred to House Transportation and Infrastructure Committee Next Step: House committee hearing Senate Energy and Natural Resources Subcommittee hearing held 6/9/2011 Next Action: Senate committee consideration

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Washington Report
California Regulatory Actions Update
The California Energy Commission (CEC) and stakeholders continue to make solid progress toward Title 20 (Appliance Code) and Title 24 (Building Code) proposals and revisions, some of which began the 45-day language process in late 2011. AppliAnce code Proposals for battery chargers and self-contained lighting controls were expected to be finalized by the end of 2011. This combined proposal brought all battery charging systems under greater scrutiny for the amount of power drawn and delivered during standby and normal modes of operation. Devices would be required to use much less power when maintaining a charge level (i.e., standby mode), as well as ensure higher efficiency during recovery charging (normal mode) so that the bulk of power drawn by the system goes into the batteries being recharged. The proposals affect nearly all types of chargers, from cell phones to automotive batteries. On-road electric vehicle systems are not directly affected at this time. Lighting controls were moved from Title 24 into Title 20, following lengthy collaboration between Lighting Controls Section members and CEC staff. NEMA continued to monitor proposals for lighting controls as they evolved during the CEC workshop process, noting changes and bringing NEMA members for comment and clarification, until the end of the 45-day language period. Regarding battery chargers, the Emergency Lighting Section was very concerned that efficiency requirements might reduce the flexibility and capability of life safety equipment. Before the formal proposal period and during numerous conversations, email exchanges, and workshops, the section implored CEC to exclude all life safety equipment since it is already regulated by existing requirements and is mandatory in most locations. It is not an appropriate avenue for additional energy savings. As the formal proposal process approached, CEC decided to exempt exit signs but include other equipment. During the formal public comment period, NEMA continued to push for exemption of all types of life safety equipment. By early 2012, it will be known if these attempts were successful. Building code In the California Building Code, dozens of proposals are being finalized for Title 24. One of considerable interest to the Residential and Commercial Controls Section involves an upgradeable setback thermostat (UST) in new construction homes. It is essentially a wireless programmable thermostat with the radio removed and a port available where a radio module may be inserted later. CEC staff, advocates, and their advisors developed this proposal to allow a homeowner or future homeowner to participate in demand response and other energy savings programs. This followed a turbulent 2008 session where wireless thermostats were proposed as mandatory, resulting in stiff pushback from privacy advocates, the media, and the public. NEMA supports the use of intelligent climate controls, but does not support the UST proposal. The devices do not exist, except for a few one-off designs. They would have to be created by companies who want to continue eligibility in the California new home market. Since standards for the communications of smart appliances are still in development, solutions would be proprietary and likely incompatible among brands. Individual product lines may not be interchangeable, and radio modules and their multiple combinations would all require Federal Communications Commission evaluation and certification, a requirement that increases in difficulty in proportion to the number of possible combinations. NEMA will continue to argue that the issues of standardization and intellectual property should be resolved before such a proposal might proceed. Homeowners who want to participate in energy programs already can and do. Regulations should encourage harmonization and proliferation of technologiesthe UST proposal does not. The NEMA Lighting Systems Division has been participating in several development and review processes for lighting-related proposals to Title 24. Of most interest is the section on lighting repairs and renovations. Currently, maintenance and renovation for lighting typically do not trigger building permit and code compliance until they reach a 50 percent modification level. Current proposals have expanded the scope of what constitutes a modification and lowered the trigger to ten percent. CEC and energy advocates cited a strong desire to have lighting renovation and refit professionals brought under new code requirements. NEMA and its members expressed concern that routine maintenance will be swept into this net, particularly replacement of worn out and burned out electronic fluorescent lighting ballasts in large buildings with dedicated repairmen or service contracts. NEMA is working with CEC to fine tune the wording to exclude due diligence repairs, while still allowing for outright renovations. ei Alex Boesenberg, Regulatory Affairs Manager | alex.boesenberg@nema.org

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Washington Report
Coalition Makes Push on Industrial Energy Efficiency
Six NEMA companies have come together to form the Industrial Energy Efficiency Coalition (IEEC), a group focused on promoting adoption of industrial and manufacturing processes that save energy and reduce costs. In its first year, IEECs expertise has been recognized in the halls of Congress and at the Department of Energy (DOE). IEEC provided significant input into S 1000, the Energy Savings and Industrial Competitiveness Act of 2011, a bill that passed a Senate committee this summer and awaits consideration by the full Senate. Recently, DOE hosted a meeting of IEEC to hear its perspective on ways to improve programs in the Advanced Manufacturing Office (formerly Industrial Technologies Program) that encourage energy savings, foster American manufacturing competitiveness, and provide greater value to the taxpayer. Founding members ABB, Eaton Corporation, GE, Rockwell Automation, Schneider Electric, and Siemens are promoting processes, methods, best practices, technologies, and metrics to further their common goals improving energy efficiency in industry, providing leadership in industrial energy efficiency, and accelerating growth for IEEC members. IEEC strategy includes engaging members, end users, and policymakers in building a path to greater energy efficiency in industry; establishing cross-cutting collaboration with industry organizations and government agencies; being the supreme advocate on energy management and contributing to the industrial sectors sustainable future; driving innovation in energy efficiency for the industrial sector; and communicating the members value propositions. Looking ahead, 2012 promises to be a year in which the IEEC expands its visibility and influence within government and promotes its message throughout the industry to draw greater attention to the incredible amount of energy savings in the industrial sector just waiting to be realized. ei Jim Creevy, Director of Government Relations | jim.creevy@nema.org

Lamp Recycling Program to Meet Statutory Requirements in Vermont

NEMA staff and members of the Lamp Section have held a series of discussions with Vermont regulatory officials in preparation for submitting an industry plan for a statewide recycling program for household mercury-added lamps. The program is being developed according to S 34, which last May became the third state law requiring manufacturers of energy-efficient, mercury-added lamps to assume financial responsibility for recycling their products at end of life. NEMA opposed the Vermont law, as well as similar Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) bills that previously passed in Maine and Washington, arguing that EPR is an inappropriate model for lamps due to the nature of the product and the economics of the market. The industry supports product stewardship, but contends that shared responsibility and flexibility are necessary elements in finding the best solution for each individual product group. For lamps, NEMA promotes an alternative approach that would provide sustainable funding for lamp recycling obtained through an environmental handling charge paid by consumers when they purchase mercury-added household lamps at retail. Proceeds from this charge would be transmitted to an industry-formed and -operated third-party organization which would use the money to reimburse retailers and municipal waste facilities for collecting lamps and delivering them to a recycler. A fee-based funding system for lamp recycling is already in place in British Columbia, Canada. Similar programs exist in various U.S. jurisdictions to fund the recovery of products such as paint, used motor oil, and automobile tires. In the meantime, however, NEMA staff and company representatives will devise a program plan that meets the statutory requirements in Vermont in time for the February 1, 2012, submission deadline. The plan will likely draw from experience gained from the industrys existing program in Maine, which NEMA launched last January. ei Mark A. Kohorst, Senior Manager of Environment, Health, & Safety | mark.kohorst@nema.org

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

 International Panel to Reconsider Proposals as U.S. Targets Air Shipment of Lithium Batteries
NEMA will participate in a February working group meeting of the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Dangerous Goods Panel (DGP) devoted to three proposals concerning safe air shipment of lithium batteries. In October, the meeting was agreed upon by the full DGP to prevent disharmony among ICAO and international postal regulations and to address ongoing concerns in the U.S. and other member states about the adequacy of current regulations to ensure safe air transport of lithium batteries. Scheduled at ICAO headquarters in Montreal, Canada, the meeting will reconsider an October proposal from the U.S. Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) to tighten restrictions on small packages of lithium batteries in order to prevent consolidation of multiple small packages into a large consignment that could present a larger fire risk. The FAA proposal was rejected by the panel in October, although many members agreed with its intent. In a related development, the Department of Transportation (DOT) announced in early November its plans to issue a Supplemental Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (SNPRM) on February 14, 2012, on the regulation of lithium batteries in transportation. The SNPRM follows on not only the ICAO deliberations, but also in opposition from the White House and a broad industry coalition, including NEMA, to proposed rules issued by DOT in January 2010. The February ICAO DGP working group will also consider recommendations from a DGP subgroup on how to resolve differences between ICAO requirements and new international Universal Postal Union requirements permitting mailing of a single piece of equipment containing lithium batteries. Finally, the working group is expected to consider a proposal from Germany on regulations for large lithium ion batteries used in electric vehicles. NEMA has observer status at the ICAO DGP and will attend the meeting to advise delegates on the possible impacts of regulatory proposals. At press time, several members of the NEMA Dry Battery Section were scheduled to participate in the meeting, in addition to NEMA Government Relations manager for transportation issues, Craig Updyke. ei Craig Updyke Manager, Trade and Commercial Affairs cra_updyke@nema.org

NEMA-Backed High-Performance Federal Buildings Legislation Introduced

On November 4, Rep. Russ Carnahan (D-MO) introduced the HighPerformance Federal Buildings Act of 2011 (HR 3371), which aims to reduce the energy consumption of federal buildings in the U.S. through the implementation of cost-saving analysis and programs. NEMA products play a large role in the efficiency of buildings and the NEMA High Performance Buildings Council played an integral role in developing this legislation with Rep. Carnahan. HR 3371 directs the federal government to take numerous steps to increase the efficiency of federal buildings, taking into account items such as lifecycle costs, building information modeling, and the reporting of building performance data. Using these existing tools to reduce federal energy consumption will increase the performance of federal buildings and help encourage the private sector to make similar cost-saving investments. Passage of this legislation is a top priority for Rep. Carnahan. NEMA will continue to work with his office to secure its passage. ei Justin Neumann, Government Relations Manager | justin.neumann@nema.org

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Energy-Efficient SR Motors Offer Additional Solutions

Photo courtesy of Nidec Motor Corporation

SR motor stator winding end turns are much more compact than those of induction motors. This exploded view of an SR motor reveals the rotor structure that contains no windings, rotor bars, or magnetsonly steel laminations.

Robert Boteler, government Relations, nidec Motor corporation

EMA Motor and Generator Section (1MG) members now offer additional motor solutions to industrial and commercial equipment manufacturers.

One of these advanced technologies is the switched reluctance (SR) motor.

Now, with increased emphasis on energy efficiency, SR motors are poised to take a prominent role in appliances as well as in industrial, commercial, and motor vehicles applications. An SR motor and drive system can be significantly more efficient than a comparable induction motor and drive solution in several applications. Its simplicity and ruggedness is inherent to the motor construction and power-electronics configuration. The SR motors rotor consists of a stack of laminated steel with a series

Inherently simple, SR motors were developed in the 1800s when switching devices were very primitive. Their optimum operation depends on relatively sophisticated switching control, something not economical until the advent of compact but powerful solid-state power devices and greatly enhanced computing power.

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

MOTOR EFFIcIENcy
of teeth. The rotor requires no windings, rare earth materials, or magnets of any kind. The teeth are magnetically permeable and the areas surrounding them are weakly permeable by virtue of slots cut into them. cool, contRolled toRque Unlike induction motors, there are no rotor bars, and consequently no torque-producing current flow in the rotor. Torque produced by the SR motor is controlled by adjusting the magnitude of current in the stators electromagnets. Speed is then controlled by modulating the torque (via winding current), in the same way that speed is controlled via armature current in a traditional brushed dc motor and drive. Torque production in an SR motor is proportional to the amount of current put into the windings. Unlike ac motors where in the field-weakening region, rotor current increasingly lags behind the rotating field as motor speed risestorque production is unaffected by motor speed. The SR motors torque density can easily exceed that of a typical induction motor, allowing equipment manufacturers to eliminate gear boxes or greatly reduce the number of reductions necessary in some applications. SR motors also offer advantages in motion control applications. An SR motor can produce 100 percent torque at stall indefinitely. This is because there is no heat produced in the rotor at stall. Rotor bearings stay cool as well. Only the stator coils experience temperature rise, and they can be cooled via fins on the stator housing or by other conventional means. SR stator windings are simpler than those required for induction motors or permanent-magnet ac motors. Each slot in the stator contains windings for only one phase. A winding that emerges from the stator slot needs only to loop back around one slot, rather than around multiple slots as on induction motors. This minimizes the volume of end windings and significantly reduces the risk of a phase-to-phase insulation failure. This construction also minimizes the energy lost on coil overhangs at the slot ends, since magnetic fields generated at the end of the slot do not contribute to output power. A smaller, end-winding area also keeps down the length of the motor and the amount of heat dissipated, resulting in an SR motor that can be one or two frame sizes smaller than an equivalent induction motor. eneRgy efficiency The energy efficiency of SR motors and drives are at least as good as the best ac machines and drives operating at their sweet spot. The energy efficiency of ac induction motors drops dramatically when operated at less than 50 percent load, or when used in the field-weakening range at higher speeds. In contrast, complete SR systems (including all lossesmotor and inverter) can have an efficiency of well over 90 percent across a wide span of load conditions. There is no fundamental high speed limit for SR motors. 1MG members have run some units at 70k rpm and are evaluating operation at 100k rpm for certain small machines. High speeds are constrained only by the bearing system and the yield strength of the rotor steel. Moreover, SR motors generate no back electromotive force, so there is no need to expend energy for field-weakening at high speeds, as is the case with permanent magnet drives.

An SR motor and drive system can be significantly more efficient than a comparable induction motor and drive solution in several applications.
Drive electronics for SR motors resemble those for conventional variable-speed drives (VFDs) to some degree. Ordinary sixswitch inverters for VFDs and SR motor drives both contain an identical number of power switches (usually insulated gate bipolar transistors, or IGBTs) and freewheeling diodes. The SR drive, however, has efficiency advantages compared to VFDs that use relatively high pulse-width modulation (carrier) frequencies in order to approximate a sinusoidal motor current. Switching losses can be appreciable in VFDs, causing the inverters to run hotter when comparing this operation with that of a typical eight-pole SR motor. Here switching takes place at eight times the physical rotation speed of the motor. Thus for a 3,600 rpm motor, switching frequency per phase is 480 Hz, about ten times slower than an equivalent inverter, resulting in switching losses ten times lower as well, allowing power loss in an SR inverter to be reduced by as much as half in comparison with an inverter for an ac motor. Members of 1MG welcome inquiries from other NEMA sections to explore this advanced motor technology and how it may be applied to their products. ei Mr. Boteler received NEMAs Kite and Key award in 2007 for his work advancing efficient motors. He has spent the past 25 years promoting and developing motor efficiency programs, including the NEMA Premium motors program, and the electrical motors section of the Energy Independence and Security Act.
NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Photo courtesy of Nidec Motor Corporation

Advanced/Alternative Motor Technologies Offer OEMs Market Advantage

Robert Boteler, government Relations, nidec Motor corporation

ecent advancements in power electronics have moved the bar in motor performance. Available motor technologies with expanded performance options have added a choice that can better match machinery performance requirements with dramatically improved efficiencies at the same time.
One of these technologies is the electronically commutated motor (ECM). It integrates an electronic control and motor into one package. The ECM is a brushless direct current motor with a permanent magnet rotor. The motor phases are sequentially energized by the electronic control, which is powered from a single-phase supply. Motors are typically used with input power supplies of 120, 240, 277, or 460 VAC. The motor control converts ac power to dc power and determines the speed and torque as required for optimized equipment operation. The motor control then converts dc back to three-phase power for motor operation. Benefits of the ECM, including controllability and programmability, allow machine designers to optimize system efficiency and performance to match equipment needs. The ECMs high system efficiency is available over a wide operating range and includes soft ramp up to speed and ramp down capabilities. ECMs frequently remove the need for a belt and pulley system, further reducing maintenance and simplifying installation without sacrificing performance. Chart 1 compares the energy consumed by a one-half and a one horsepower split phase ac motor and an ECM. The energy savings shown is approximately 15 percent when operated at full speed; it increases to more than 20 percent when speed is reduced 50 percent. Equipment manufacturers can take advantage of the energy savings to improve the performance of their systems and deliver precise control. Excellent process control means more energyefficient systems for their customers. ECM applications include a variety of uses such as fans, blowers, compressors, and pumps. Additionally, swimming pool pumps and food processing equipment are being converted from traditional induction motors to high performance ECMs. California and Washington State have recognized the energysaving benefits of ECMs and have written legislation that

prohibits induction motors for swimming pools. Other states are expected to follow by adopting similar regulations. ECM electronics include several advantages for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs): user-friendly PC interface programming initiated with barcode scanning log file for programming traceability for each individual motor auto-label generation specific hardware designed for a variety of needs SeeRS of the futuRe Members of the Motor and Generator Section (1MG) are supplying OEMs with ECMs to meet increased Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) standards. ECMs allow OEMs to integrate precise speed control into equipment, which optimizes system efficiency and comfort to meet SEER and other standards. ECMs are also used as retrofits to existing HVAC and commercial refrigeration systems. They provide significant reductions in energy use and enhanced comfort for the end user. ECMs used as retrofits require professional installation contractors. 1MG welcomes inquiries to explore the features and benefits of ECM applications. ei
Chart 1: Energy Consumption ECM vs Conventional PSC
1200

900

Watts*

600

300
1/2 HP ECM 1/2 HP PSC 1 HP ECM 1 HP PSC

Full Speed

80% Speed

50% Speed

10

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Induction vs. Permanent Magnet Technology

Which Technology Will Ultimately Win the Efficiency Battle?

MOTOR EFFIcIENcy

Richard R. Schaefer, Senior product Manager for Adjustable Speed and Specialty Motors, Baldor electric

ne can argue that the induction motor has been the driving force behind the industrial revolution. It is a low-cost, highly reliable machine that is much like the combustion engine. And just as combustion engine technology evolved to meet higher fuel efficiency standards, the induction motor has grown from a standard, efficient device into an energy-efficient, EPACT-compliant1 motor and now into a NEMA Premium efficient motor.

Much of the worlds supply of NdFeB material is currently controlled by China, which been escalating magnet prices and controlling supply. The higher price is allowing more countries to enter the market and reopen mines, thus providing additional volume of raw materials and finished processed magnets. But is there a better answer? Lower cost magnets such as samarium-cobolt (SmCo) are starting to make a resurgence with similar electrical performance to NdFeB, but with much lower cost. And dont forget about ferrite magnetsthey have a much lower cost, but also a much lower energy product. And the WinneR iS? Make no mistakethe demand for more efficient motors will continue just as the demand for more electricity increases. Which technology will eventually win? Answer: neither. It is more likely that the ultra-efficient motor of the future, a motor that is three to four efficiency bands higher than the premium efficient motors of today, will be a hybrid design. It will incorporate both an induction cage for starting and permanent magnets for high efficiency operation and running at true synchronous speed. The future hybrid may be a synchronous reluctance design enhanced with permanent magnet technology. Hybrids with synchronous designs that run at true synchronous speed could ultimately replace the induction motors of today. In the future, todays induction motor may find a place in the antique museum along with the dc armature shifting motor that used a hand crank to adjust motor speed (circa 1905) and the small block V8 combustion engine. Of course, by then we may be driving all-electric vehicles. Mr. Schaefer is the senior variable speed product marketing manager for all ac variable speed, dc, mining, and nuclear motors, as well as shipboard motors for the U.S. Navy.
ei

In the process, better materials (and more of them) have resulted in more efficient motor designs. The ac induction motor has even been replacing variable speed dc motors with advances in adjustable frequency control technology. The problem is the law of diminishing returns. As the motor industry strives to achieve greater motor efficiency, two problems exist. First, there isnt much more room to improve when you are already in the 90 percent efficiency range on most ratings. Second, the cost to gain additional efficiency becomes increasingly higher versus the energy savings. Enter permanent magnet (PM) rotor technology. Rather than having to induce a secondary magnetic field in the rotor, highperformance magnets are used to create the magnetic field. Because these are magnets, the magnetic field is always present. This virtually eliminates the secondary circuit rotor I2R losses2 found in the induction motor design, resulting in improved efficiency along with an improvement in power factor as well. Rating-for-rating, PM rotor technology is more efficient than its induction twin and is more efficient across the load range spectrum. Add in the advantages of improved power factor combined with efficiency improvements, and it appears that the clear efficiency technology winner for the future is the PM synchronous motor (see charts below). Just as ac has been replacing dc, will PM replace induction? MAgnet coSt And AvAilABility The latest PM rotor technology is very impressive, using neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets. The high energy product of these magnets, along with their high temperature operating characteristics, makes them ideal for industrial motor applications. This technology is the same used to enhance the combustion engine mentioned earlier; it is available today in hybrid vehicles. If you need a motor to fit between an engine and a transmission, the PM motor design is ideal. The ultimate deciding factor, however, is cost and payback. In the industrial world, payback all comes down to energy savings.
1 2

Energy Policy Act of 1992 I2R refers to energy generated or lost as heat, due to the internal resistance of the battery.

Efficiency vs. Load

Power Factor vs. Load

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

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Frequently Asked Questions about Permanent Magnet AC Motors

Steve Stretz, engineering Manager, enabling technology, Regal Beloit

q. in terms of construction, how do ac induction motors differ from permanent magnet ac (pMAc) motors? A. The major difference is in the rotor itself. The rotor in an ac squirrel cage induction motor has conductive bars (or a cage) going through slots in the rotor laminations and connected on each end. The rotor in a typical PMAC motor has magnets on its surface or imbedded in slots in the rotor lamination. Because of this permanently magnetized rotor, stator constructions, such as coils wound on a single slot (concentrated windings), can also often be found. q. in terms of operation, how do ac induction motors differ from permanent magnet ac (pMAc) motors? A. The magnetic field in the rotor of an induction motor is developed as the stator field, created by the windings in the stator and ac voltage applied to them. It slips past the rotor bars, inducing a current within them. The rotor, therefore, cannot run at exactly synchronous speed. It must slip, which is commonly measured as the percent difference between synchronous speed and the actual motor speed at any load. In the case of a PMAC motor, the rotor already has a magnetic field because of the magnets and does not need to lag the synchronous rotation of the stator field. q. What are some of the primary benefits of pMAc versus ac induction motors? A. There are numerous benefits. These motors are inherently more efficient because some rotor losses, such as those due to the current flowing in rotor bars present in induction motors, are eliminated. Motor efficiency can extend over a wider range of loads, especially lower load, thus being more constant or flatter than an induction motor. A benefit exploited in early PMAC machines, still available today, is the ability to run at synchronous speed. With the proper combination of electronic

control and motor, a more precise speed control and regulation is possible. The combination of an already magnetized rotor, allowing motors to be designed with a higher pole count and different stator constructions as mentioned above, allows PMACs to pack more power for a given size or have higher power density. The higher efficiency can be exploited, creating a cooler running machine, resulting in longer bearing and insulation life. q. how much higher is the efficiency of a pMAc motor over high-efficiency induction motors? A. In general, PMAC motor losses (inverse of efficiency) are 1520 percent lower than NEMA Premium induction motors. Since each NEMA efficiency index represents a ten percent difference in losses, PMAC motor efficiency will be one to three indices higher than NEMA Premium. q. can pMAc motors be operated without a drive? A. No. True PMAC motors do not have a way to generate starting torque when connected directly to line power. Unlike induction motors, PMAC motors must be electronically commutated or controlled to operate properly. q. Are pMAc motors suitable for variable and/or constant torque applications when used on a drive? A. Most often the same motor can be used in either mode. To achieve optimum results for wide-speed range-variable torque applications, it is best to specify the speed range to the motor and drive manufacturer to see if matching the motor and control for your specific application could achieve better performance over the entire speed range. ei Mr. Stretz, who is active in IEEE and 1MG activities, has been involved in electric machine engineering and drives since 1973.

Learn more at www.nema.org/FAQs_PMAC_Motors

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MOTOR EFFIcIENcy

NEMA Carbon Footprint Initiative Places Early Focus on Motors

elsa olivetti, Research Scientist, Massachusetts institute of technology Mark A. Kohorst, Senior Manager of environment, health, and Safety, neMA

EMA is in the process of devising a harmonized method, tailored to the electro-product industry, for assessing the greenhouse gas (GHG) impacts of member companies products and systems. The Carbon Footprint Initiative was launched in 2011 to illuminate risks and opportunities that could be realized through mitigating GHG emissions.

This is a complicated venture, however, made even more challenging by the breadth of NEMAs product scope. Can a methodology designed to show how component parts and manufacturing attributes relate to the environmental impact of a product be just as applicable to lamps as it is to transformers or medical imaging equipment? That is a central premise underlying the project. NEMA presented this challenge to a team of experts at MITs Materials Systems Lab. Because all members are paying for it, it is imperative that the outcome have practical value across the industry. The MIT team recommended using carefully selected focal products as a basis for developing the methodology. With the approval of the projects Technical Advisory Group, MIT chose an ac induction motor as one of the initial products. Motors are ubiquitous. They account for upwards of 40 percent of electric energy consumed in the U.S. Most of the electricity used in industry is consumed by motor systems. Besides this significant contribution to our societal footprint, motors provide a good candidate product because they have many shared elements with other NEMA-relevant products significant energy consumption in the use phase, extensive use of varying grades of steel, a global supply chain, and important remanufacturing ability at end-of-life. Methodology Using a Product Attribute to Impact Algorithm (PAIA), MITs approach begins with a high level triage assessment. A representative bill of materials and manufacturing process flow are created from publicly available data sets and product information. The analysts then conduct simulations to create a preliminary picture of how these components, materials, power sources, and processes contribute to the products overall generation of carbon dioxide equivalentsthe standard metric used for carbon footprint characterization.

This initial run provides the basis for more targeted analysis by identifying hot spots, i.e., aspects of the product or its lifecycle that statistical simulations reveal as particularly significant contributors to overall impact. Identifying these targets early is a key advantage of the methodology in that it allows the investigator to distinguish the attributes that truly drive a products carbon footprint from those that are largely irrelevant to the calculation. Time and resources are thus channeled toward greater understanding of hot spots rather than into exhaustive lifecycle analysis of every material, component, or manufacturing step. Technical input from NEMA companies is critical in this phase to ensure the focus product profiles are sufficiently accurate and representative. NEMA staff, therefore, sought assistance early from the Motors and Generators Section and arranged a webinar with the MIT team, who described its technical approach and the key data gaps it is seeking to fill. Members were asked to comment on a list of proposed attributes for the representative motor (e.g., output power, frame type, speed, etc.) and have been instrumental in constructing a workable bill of materials. This collaboration will enable MIT to refine the analysis and increase confidence in its results. The research performed on motorsas well as the second initial focal product, energy-efficient lampswill inform the analysis of other NEMA products, such as printed wiring boards and electrical grade metals, such as steel. This is especially true with regard to components and lifecycle phases. Moreover, the statistical methods developed to handle uncertainty and identify product hotspots will also be refined to carry over to the larger NEMA product scope. NEMAs Carbon Footprint Initiative is focused above all on producing an analytical tool that can be applied broadly across the spectrum of NEMA products. We cannot achieve this goal, however, without the ongoing insights and technical expertise of member company experts. Motor section representatives have done much to provide depth and credibility to the initial phase of the project and will continue to be valuable stakeholders in the effort. ei Ms. Olivetti is a research scientist in the Materials Systems at MIT. Mr. Kohorst oversees NEMAs sustainability initiatives.
NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

13

Cadmium on Electrical ContactsWhere Do We Go From Here?

harry Massey, neMA industry director

or the past several years, the NEMA Industrial Automation Control Products (1IS) Section has considered the use of cadmium-bearing electrical contacts. In its white paper on Cadmium on Electrical Contacts1, 1IS maintains that a blanket ban on cadmium-bearing electrical contacts will do more harm than good because safety-related products (overload relays, transfer switches, bypass contactors, fire pump controllers) would fail more often and in more dangerous modes, resulting in increased loss of life and property.

incinerators, and as long as cadmium-bearing river sludge is not allowed to enter drinking water untreated. Cadmium is used in electrical contacts because it provides the best known performance to switch off high-power electrical current quickly and cleanly, and avoid contact welding and premature failure. While there are many other contact materials available, they do not perform as well in power switching applications and can create life safety and property damage issues. Again, a blanket ban on cadmium-bearing electrical contacts will do more harm than good. Power switching products (motor starters, contactors, pilot devices) will fail more often, resulting in increased volume of product disposed into the waste stream. Replacement contacts are bigger, requiring larger contactors that may not fit in the space of the original contactor. This can result in disposal and replacement of the entire end product, also resulting in increased volume of product disposed into the waste stream. The 1IS Section is proposing a course of action which balances the importance of protecting the environment with the unintended consequences of a blanket ban on cadmium-based electrical contacts. huMAn eXpoSuRe The vast majority of human exposure to cadmium results from: drinking turbid, untreated water directly from rivers and streams where cadmium dust has been dumped (simple filtering avoids this exposure); industrial exposure to cadmium fumes and dust during smelting and processing (in the U.S., OSHA has all but eliminated this as an issue); and inhaling cadmium fumes created by incinerating garbage (in the U.S., most garbage is buried in landfills where cadmium lies dormant; since many European countries lack the land area to bury garbage, they incinerate it, which releases cadmium fumes that could place citizens at risk).

As a steward for environmental responsibility, public safety, and continuous improvement, the industry should support federal and international legislation that: bans cadmium-based electrical contacts where as good or better replacements are available; allows the use of cadmium-based electrical contacts where as good or better replacements are not available; and supports technological development of new contact materials with the goal of eliminating the need for cadmium-based electrical contacts as soon as technologically feasible. BAcKgRound The European Union has restricted the use of cadmium since the ratification of the 1992 Basel Convention; however, an RoHS (Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment) exemption is in place to allow the use of cadmium in electrical contacts. This exemption is under consideration to be rescinded and U.S. restrictions could follow. Since cadmium comes from smelting zinc ore, as long as there is zinc, there will be cadmium. The most energetic push to ban all cadmium use has come from those countries that have historically allowed the worst cadmium handling habits. Cadmium can be used without risk to public safety as long as garbage containing cadmium is not burned in open
1

Cadmium in Electrical Contacts, Approved by NEMA Industrial Automation Control Products and Systems Section, July 10, 2008. www.nema.org/cadmium_whitepaper

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January 2012

MOTOR EFFIcIENcy
SilveR cAdMiuM oXide electRicAl contActS Over the past 50 years, significant research has been conducted on the performance of various metal alloys for use as separable electrical contacts. Domestically and abroad, there has been ongoing research into new contact materials by: manufacturers (General Electric, Westinghouse, Siemens, Square-D, and Eaton Electrical, as well as AMI/Doduco, Brainin, Checon, Chugai, Danco, Deringer-Ney, Loxwood, Metalor, and Naeco) academic institutions (Carnegie-Mellon University, University of Virginia, the University of TechnologyVienna, University of Wales, Osaka University, University of Braunschweig, and University of Southampton) private research firms (Electric Power Research Institute and the Battelle Institute) The cadmium in AgCdO electrical contacts significantly improves the ability of the contacts to quickly quench (extinguish) the arc, and significantly reduces material transfer and erosion of the contacts over common alternatives, such as silver tin oxide (AgSnO2). The result is: AgCdO contacts last longer. This has the effect of requiring less replacement, thus reducing the overall burden on the environment, and reducing the volume of products disposed into the waste stream. AgCdO contacts perform better in many applications than other available choices. The ability of AgCdO contacts to quench arcs and resist welding makes them ideal for safetyrelated applications where device failure must be minimized. Products made with AgCdO contacts are smaller. This has the effect of using less material to make the products, which not only reduces the total manufacturing energy requirement, but also further reduces the volume of product at time of disposal. Products made with substitute contacts fail in the dangerous welded-closed state much more often than do AgCdO contacts. For safety-related products, such failures result in a higher burden on society for the costs of personal injury and property damage. neXt Step In light of the above information, it is evident that a universal ban on electrical contacts containing cadmium is a cure that is worse than the disease. Therefore, 1IS recommends the following actions: Provide public, visible support for continuing and accelerating research into contact materials that could be direct drop-in replacements for AgCdO, with the goal of reducing the use of cadmium in electrical contacts as quickly as technologically feasible. NEMA should lobby in support of retaining the existing EU RoHS exemption allowing the use of cadmium in electrical contacts until advancements in technology provide contact materials that are as good or better substitutes for AgCdO.

A universal ban on electrical contacts containing cadmium is a cure that is worse than the disease.
The results of their efforts can be seen in the proceedings of the IEEE Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts (53 editions)2, the Technical University of Lodz International Conference on Switching Arc Performance (ten editions)3, the RSIA International Relay and Switch Technology Conference (54 editions)4, and others. Currently, there are 35 different major categories of metal alloys commercially available for use in separable electrical contacts; silver cadmium oxide (AgCdO) is one. Differing formulations within each major category result in literally hundreds of possibilities. Yet, after all this research and effort, there are applications for which AgCdO has no equal. In NEMA motor control products (sizes 00-9)transfer switching products, motor hermetic overload relays, bypass contactors, and general-purpose power switches (less than 30 amperes ac, or greater than 600 V dc at 600 amperes) efforts to find a suitable replacement for AgCdO have shown limited success.

ei

Listen to NEMAcast
Keeping Cadmium in Electrical Contacts Exemption http://podcast.nema.org/index.php?id=18

Proceedings of the Holm Conference on Electrical Contacts, editions 1-53, 1953-2007, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Los Alamitos, CA Proceedings of the International Conference on Switching Arc Performance, editions 1-8, 1999-2007, Technical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland Proceedings of the RSIA International Relay and Switch Technology Conference, editions 1-53, 19532006, Relay and Switch Industry Association, Arlington, VA

NEMA electroindustry

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Electroindustry News
Welcoming New Members
The NEMA Board of Governors has approved the following members: induStRiAl AutoMAtion (div 1) Bender Incorporated www.bender.org Industrial Automation Control Products & Systems (01IS) Danfoss VLT Drives www.danfoss.com/businessareas/ industrialautomation Industrial Automation Control Products & Systems (01IS) lighting SySteMS (div 2) Amerillum Brands www.amerillumbrands.com Luminaire (02LE) ELB Electronics, Inc. www.elbelectronics.com Ballast (02BL) Lighting Science Group Corporation www.lsgc.com Solid State Lighting (02SL) LumenOptix, LLC www.lumenoptix.com Luminaire (02LE) Optiled Technology LLC www.optiled.com Solid State Lighting (02SL) Seoul Semiconductor www.acriche.com Solid State Lighting (02SL) Switch Lighting www.switchlightbulbs.com Lamp (02LL) electRonicS (div 3) Applied Information, Inc. www.appinfoinc.com Transportation Management Systems & Associated Control Devices (03TS) Enclose Manufacturing, Inc. enclosemfg.com Transportation Management Systems & Associated Control Devices (03TS) HSI Fire & Safety Group LLC www.homesafeguard.com Signaling Protection & Communication (03SB) Inovonics www.inovonics.com Health Care Communications & Emergency Call Systems (03SB-2) John Thomas, Inc. www.crashcushions.com Transportation Management Systems & Associated Control Devices (03TS) Micropack Detection (Americas) Inc. micropackamericas.com Signaling Protection & Communication (03SB) TMT Services & Supplies (Pty) Ltd www.tmtservices.co.za Transportation Management Systems & Associated Control Devices (03TS) induStRiAl iMAging (div 4) Morpho Detection www.morpho.com/detection Industrial Imaging & Communications (04IIC) Building SySteMS (div 5) Bender Incorporated www.bender.org Ground Fault Personnel Protection (05PP) ECOtality, Inc. www.ecotality.com Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment/ Systems (05EV) Integro www.integro-usa.com Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment/ Systems (05EV); Pin & Sleeve Plug, Receptacle, & Connector (05PR) MitA (div 9) Acertara Acoustic Laboratories www.acertaralabs.com Ultrasound Imaging (09UD) Arkansas Medical Cyclotron mahc.net Molecular Imaging (09MO) Aspera, Inc. www.asperasoft.com Medical Imaging Informatics (09MII) Bayer Schering Pharma AG www.bayerpharma.com/en/index.php Molecular Imaging (09MO) Bracco Diagnostics Inc. www.bracco.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) Cardinal Health www.cardinalhealth.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) Jubilant DraxImage Inc. www.draximage.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) Lantheus Medical Imaging, Inc. www.lantheus.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) Eli Lilly & Company www.lilly.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) MILabs BV www.milabs.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) Neoprobe Corporation www.neoprobe.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) Numa, Inc. www.numa-inc.com Molecular Imaging (09MO) ASSociAte MeMBeRShip Guardian Industries, Corp. www.guardian.com/GuardianGlass NRG EV Services www.evgonetwork.com CBS ArcSafe cbsarcsafe.com Med-Engineering LLC med-engineering.com

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NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

 Say Hello to Green Button

During the Gridweek trade show in September and again at Grid-Interop in December, Aneesh Chopra challenged the industry to implement his concept of a Green Button to display consumer energy usage information. In a corresponding post on www. whitehouse.gov, Mr. Chopra, the countrys first chief technology officer, said, With this information at their fingertips, consumers would be enabled to make more informed decisions about their energy use and, when coupled with opportunities to take action, empowered to actively manage their energy use. Inspired by a popular Staples Office Supply commercial featuring an Easy button, the green button would work like popular smart phone apps. Consumers could get an instant snapshot of their energy usage data, whether at home or remotely, by clicking on the green button. According to Mr. Chopras vision, certain aspects of the energy usage information would be configurable, allowing the consumer to focus on the largest energy users in the home. It would offer historical information for the past hour, day, week, or month. Other useful features would allow the homeowner to compare this years usage to last years and offer an estimate of the consumers electricity bill for the current month. One group that has been working on the standards that will support the green button features is the Smart Grid Interoperability Panel (SGIP). The panel has a series of Priority Action Plans (PAPs) that will deliver on the green button vision. Specifically, PAP 10 was an effort focused on standardizing energy usage information resulting in two business practice and information model standards that were developed by the North American Energy Standards Board (NAESB). NAESB REQ 18 describes the interfaces for the Retail Electric Quadrant (REQ) with a corresponding NAESB WEQ 18 for the Wholesale Electric Quadrant (WEQ). The two standards are designed to be completely interoperable with one another, while at the same time permitting energy usage information services to be specifically tailored for either wholesale or retail electricity providers. Act (S 1029), crafted by Senators Mark Udall (D-CO) and Scott Brown (R-MA). In the updated version submitted during the first session of the 112th Congress (a similar bill was submitted to the previous Congress), the bill seeks to take advantage of smart meter functionality and improve consumers understanding of and access to the electric energy usage information in order to help consumers more effectively manage usage. Features of e-KNOW include specific instructions for utility companies and manufacturers, including provisions to: measure electricity use in intervals of one hour or less; provide data in a machine-readable form no more than 48 hours after consumption; require the utility to maintain and provide historical data for up to 13 months after use occurred;
Aneesh Chopra, Assistant to the President and Associate Director for Technology within the Office of Science & Technology, spoke during Gridweek. Photo courtesy Gridweek

detail requirements for securing the usage data, maintaining privacy over the consumers identity; and grant enforcement of the law to each states attorney general. While the features of the green button and e-KNOW Act focus on data exchanges with consumers, NEMA is vigilant about identifying their impacts on members products and will continue to share this information with its members and electroindustry readers. ei Paul A. Molitor, Assistant Vice President, Strategic Initiatives and Special Projects | paul.molitor@nema.org John Caskey, Assistant Vice President for Industry Operations | john.caskey@nema.org

Other related SGIP work includes plans to allow the utility companies to share price (PAP 03) and scheduling (PAP 04) information with the consumer. Together, the standards resulting from these PAPs will support everything from flat-rate electricity service to timeof-use or any demand-based charges. Additionally, PAP 09 is developing requirements for communications with the consumer for demand response programs that are implemented by utility companies. e-KnoW pRoMoteS AcceSS Somewhat related to the green button initiative is the U.S. Senates Electric Consumers Right to Know or e-KNOW

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

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Electroindustry News
Supreme Court to Decide Major International Issue Confronting Corporations
On October 17, 2011, the U.S. Supreme Court agreed to hear argument and decide an issue that has been recognized as a growing legal concern for corporations doing business beyond U.S. borders. The court will decide whether or not a corporation that is alleged to have committed violations of international law that cause personal injuries to non-U.S. citizens entirely outside the U.S., can be sued in U.S. federal courts. This particular case involves only foreign corporations as defendants. The instinctive response is to ask why U.S. courts are open to resolve disputes between persons who have no connection to the U.S. for conduct that did not take place here and did not cause any injury here. The possibility that U.S. courts might be available to such litigants lies in the scope of the Alien Tort Statute (ATS), enacted in 1789, during the early years of the American Republic. While the case to be decided (Kiobel v. Royal Dutch Petroleum Co.) involves claims against Dutch and Nigerian corporations for aiding and abetting the Nigerian government whose military allegedly committed torture, extrajudicial executions, and crimes against its own citizens, U.S. corporations are equally interested in the outcome of this case because the decision will apply to them. Since the 1990s, more than 150 suits have been filed in U.S. federal courts under ATS alleging violations of international law against corporations in a wide variety of industries, according to the U.S. Chamber of Commerce. SiMply open foR inteRpRetAtion The text of ATS is simple; its scope is open for interpretation: The district courts shall have original jurisdiction of any civil action by an alien for a tort only, committed in violation of the law of nations or a treaty of the United States. As the Supreme Court and legal scholars have explained, it was enacted into the U.S. Judicial Code in 1789 to enable aliens to bring tort suits in U.S. courts for a violation of the law of nations, which in 1789 was generally contemplated to include violation of safe conducts, infringements against the rights of ambassadors, and piracy on the seas. the Supreme Court against the Dutch and Nigerian corporations do not allege such behavior by the corporations. The foreign corporations are alleged to have aided and abetted Nigerian government officials in this conduct, essentially providing material assistance (transportation, food, staging grounds) that enabled or contributed to the violations of the law of nations by government officials. While U.S. courts have shown limited interest in extending ATS to recognize forms of secondary liability such as aiding and abetting under the law of nations, the case that the court has agreed to review decided that customary international law only recognizes claims against individuals, not juridical entities such as corporations. In September 2010, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York held that U.S. courts do not have jurisdiction over claims brought against corporations under ATS. While the decision was unanimous that this particular case should be dismissed, only two judges agreed that corporations could not be sued in the U.S. under ATS; the third judge concluded that corporations could be sued, but that the particular allegations of aiding and abetting in the case were not actionable. The petitioners who asked the Supreme Court to review this decision express concern, for example, that if a corporation had procured the instrumentalities of a state to commit torture on its behalf against its own citizens, no claim for aiding and abetting could be brought in the U.S. Those who would have the high court affirm the appeals court decision would say no problem: if that claim has merit, bring the claim in the country where the corporation is organized or where the injury occurred under national law, not the law of nations.

The question of aiding and abetting liability is not before the Supreme Court in this case, only the question of whether the statute provides jurisdiction over claims against corporations.
In the only other ATS case to reach the Supreme Court, the court stated in 2004 that cognizable tort claims under the statute were not limited to these three violations, but could include claims based on the present-day law of nations provided that the claims rest on norm[s] of international character accepted by the civilized world and defined with a specificity comparable to the features of the eighteenth-century paradigms [the court had] recognized. Torture, genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity, summary execution, and prolonged arbitrary detention are examples of the expanded types of torts that might be cognizable in U.S. courts under this statute. No other country has a statute that invites aliens to bring these types of claims in its country. These are not the kind of claims one would expect to be asserted against a business, and statistically it seems highly unlikely that a corporation would be engaged in this behavior. In fact, the allegations in the case before

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January 2012

ciRcuit Split While the question of whether or not the Supreme Court would review the decision of the Court of Appeals in New York was pending over the summer of 2011, the Courts of Appeal in Washington and Chicago concluded that the court in New York was wrong, and held that claims against corporations could be brought in the U.S. under ATS. That brings the number of appellate courts that have held that corporations can be sued in the U.S. under ATS to three. Both courts, however, decided that the aiding and abetting claims against the corporations were not actionable. In one sense, the fact that there has been a growing interest in bringing these types of claims in the U.S. arguably speaks volumes for our judicial system in that it implies the alien believes he

can secure justice here that cannot be secured elsewhere. But as Judge Jos Cabranes wrote in his opinion for the Second Circuit, Such civil lawsuits, alleging heinous crimes condemned by customary international law, often involve a variety of issues unique to ATS litigation, not the least the fact that the events took place abroad and in troubled or chaotic circumstances. He added, The resulting complexity and uncertainty-combined with the fact that juries hearing ATS claims are capable of awarding multibillion-dollar verdicts has led many defendants to settle ATS claims prior to trial. International litigation, particularly given U.S.type pre-trial discovery, can be very expensive.

There are also policy concerns that are potentially raised by a broad reading of ATS. Will it serve as a disincentive to engagement withand business development incountries with questionable human rights records? Will it discourage foreign direct investment in the U.S.? To what extent does it interfere in foreign policymaking, which the U.S. Constitution has assigned to the legislative and executive branches, and not to the judiciary? The question of aiding and abetting liability is not before the Supreme Court in this case, only the question of whether the statute provides jurisdiction over claims against corporations. The court will decide the case before its current term ends in June. ei Clark R. Silcox, Legal Counsel | cla_silcox@nema.org

Resolving for a Safer Home

The New Year is an opportunity to make both minor and significant lifestyle improvements. While many will make personal resolutions, ESFI encourages people to also make changes in their homes by practicing electrical safety measures that can prevent fires and help keep families safe. According to the National Fire Protection Association, home electrical problems cause more than 51,000 fires in the U.S. each year, resulting in more than 490 deaths, 1,400 injuries, and $1.3 billion in property damage. Electrical systems and heating equipment are leading causes of home structure fires. Keep your home safe by learning the basics of how these systems work and keeping them properly maintained. Be sure circuit breakers and fuses are correctly labeled with amperage and the rooms, circuits, or outlets they serve. Thorough labeling can direct you to the correct circuit breaker in case of emergency and will make future electrical installations easier. Have a qualified, licensed electrician replace standard circuit breakers with combination-type arc-fault circuit interrupters (AFCIs). AFCIs provide a higher level of protection by detecting arcing conditions and shutting down the electricity before a fire can start. Make sure ground-fault circuit interrupters (GFCIs) are installed wherever water and electricity may come in contact. GFCIs monitor electricity flowing through a circuit and quickly switch the power off if a loss of current is detected. Examine electrical outlets and replace missing or broken wall plates to ensure that wiring and components are not exposed. Also, check for loosefitting plugs, which can be a shock or fire hazard. Childproof your home by installing tamper-resistant receptacles (TRRs). While they look like standard outlets, TRRs include spring-loaded cover plates that close off the receptacle openings unless equal pressure is simultaneously applied to both sides. Clean the dryer lint filter after each laundry load and keep the area free of clutter. Check for excessive vibration when the machines are operating. This can stress electrical connections. Install carbon monoxide alarms on every level of your home and outside each sleeping area. Have your furnace cleaned and inspected annually by a qualified, licensed professional. Always have a qualified, licensed professional install stationary space heating equipment, water heaters, or central heating equipment. ei Julie Chavanne, Communications Manager, ESFI | julie.chavanne@esfi.org
NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

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Electroindustry News
MITA Documents Downward Trends in Imaging Spending and Utilization
University in Philadelphia released a similar study examining how advanced imaging modalities (e.g., CT, MRI, and PET scans) have been used. Physicians and patients know that medical imaging is essential to earlier detection, saving lives, and preserving quality of life. Furthermore, it is because of advanced medical imaging that life-threatening conditions can be caught early and treated sooner preventing the need for longer, more costly treatments. Yet Congress and the current administration have cut imaging reimbursements seven times in six years, with payments for some services being reduced by more than 60 percent. These include bone density screenings, arm and leg artery x-rays, and MRIs of the brain. These cuts hurt patient access and undercut the benefits of early detection. Policymakers continue to propose further reductions to Medicare reimbursement, including a new prior authorization program that would take medical decisions out of the physicians hands and create additional hurdles between patients and prescribed services. MITA supports alternative effective approaches to managing utilization of advanced medical imaging. Instead of indiscriminately cutting reimbursement, we encourage the use of evidence-based, physiciandeveloped appropriateness criteria.
Imaging Spending as a Percentage of Total Medicare Carrier Paid Claims (2006-2010)
14% 13.1% 13% 13% 13.1%

A recent analysis of 2010 Medicare claims data shows that spending on medical imaging continues to decline and that Medicare patients are actually receiving fewer imaging procedures. This debunks myths that lifesaving diagnostic imaging and radiation therapy are being overused and increasing healthcare costs. MITA conducted the analysis, based on data tabulated by Direct Research, LLC, to determine the impact of reimbursement cuts over the last five years. The data shows that spending on imaging services per Medicare beneficiary dropped 13.2 percent since 2006, when significant imaging-specific reimbursement cuts from the Deficit Reduction Act began to be implemented. Imaging utilization per beneficiary declined by three percent in 2010. Meanwhile, spending for non-imaging Medicare services grew by 20 percent since 2006, utilization increased two percent in 2010, and imaging is now a smaller portion of Medicare spending than it was in 2000. On the heels of MITAs analysis, researchers from Thomas Jefferson
Imaging Spending as a Percentage of Total Medicare Carrier Paid Claims (2001-2006)
14%

As Congress continues its work of decreasing the deficit, MITAs message is clear: Both spending and utilization are declining in the Medicare system. It is vital that policymakers refer to the most recent information about advanced medical imaging when making budget decisions that affect patient access to lifesaving imaging technologies and quality of care. ei Dave Fisher, Executive Director, MITA | dfisher@medicalimaging.org

Celebrating, Exporting Medical Imaging Innovations

Last November, breakthrough innovations in imaging and groundbreaking radiological research were shared at the 97th Scientific Assembly and Annual Meeting of the Radiological Society of North America in Chicago. At the event, MITA was awarded funding from the U.S. Department of Commerce International Trade Administration (ITA) to promote harmonization of international standards, reduce unnecessary regulation, and expand market access to lifesaving technologies. By eliminating impediments to trade, MITAs partnership with ITA will allow industry to more efficiently export innovative medical imaging and radiotherapy products to markets such as China and India. MITA Executive Director Dave Fisher (left) accepted the award from U.S. Deputy Assistant Secretary of Manufacturing Peter Perez. Photo by Richard Paddock

Percentage of Total Claims

12% 11.1% 11%

Percentage of Total Claims

12%

11%

10%

10%

9.8%

9%

2001

2002

2003

2004

2005

2006

9%

2006

2007

2008

2009

2010

20

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

 Which Battery Technology will be the New Normal?

Even if you have never heard of Normal, Illinois, you may soon. Thanks to a town initiative to form a model electric vehicle community (called EVTown) and Mitsubishi, use of electric vehicles (EVs) is going normal. Mitsubishi is reserving 1,000 of its new i-MiEV all-electric vehicles to be shipped and sold in Normal, and a grant from the U.S. Department of Energy is funding the installation of 33 Level 21 charging stations. Pending city council approval, another 16 stations could be added. The concept behind EVTown is that more recognition will result from placing 1,000 cars in a mid-sized Midwestern city dominated by trucks and family SUVs rather than in a progressive community like San Francisco, California, or Boulder, Colorado. Furthermore, if ones work, school, and stores have charging stations, and if friends and neighbors have EVs, adoption is likely to be more rapid and widespread. diveRgent technologieS evolve While this is an innovative way to promote EVs and plan communities around them, it also helps highlight an advance in battery technology. The i-MiEV features a 330V 88 cell lithium-ion battery with a 16 kWh capacity providing a stated range of 100 miles on a full charge. The battery diverges from conventional lithium-ion batteries by incorporating lithiumtitanate nanocrystals on the surface of its anode in place of graphite. This surface chemistry increases the available surface area of the anode from 3 m2 to 100 m2 per gram, effectively widening the conduit through which electricity can flow into and out of the battery, substantially decreasing charging time.
1

Reportedly, the battery is capable of attaining 80 percent charge in 15 minutes via the CHAdeMo, a quick charging method for EVs that was developed by the Tokyo Electric Power Company, Nissan, Mitsubishi, and Fuji Heavy Industries. But few of these installations are currently available in the U.S. The Super Charge Ion Battery (SCiB) developed by Toshiba will be used in the 2012 Honda FitEV. In the short term, however, advances in lithium-ion electrode materials are providing the biggest advances in EV battery charging times, energy capacity, and safety. Many are not viable solutions for EVs because of high cost and concerns about stability, but several competing technologies, though rarely a marketing point, are in place. The Chevy Volt, with battery packs sourced from LG Chem, and the Nissan Leaf use cells with cathodes made of lithium manganese oxide spinel (a type of mineral formation noted for closely packed atomic structure), which serves primarily to increase capacity. The next generation of battery cells is likely to build on this arrangement by intertwining nickel manganese cobalt into lithium manganese to further increase energy capacity. A123 Systems, the provider of battery packs for the Fisker Karma EV, uses a lithium ion nanophosphate material at

the anode to increase battery life and allow several thousand full discharge cycles. Lithium iron phosphate is also considered to be much more stable than other chemistries. Meanwhile, Subarus forthcoming G4e all-electric vehicles will use batteries with lithium vanadium oxide anodes. Panasonic, who partnered with Tesla, is developing a silicon-alloy cathode which may further increase capacity. The obvious drawback of this state of affairs is that battery standardization leading to high-volume production and the usually resultant lower cost is nowhere in sight. EVs will continue to compete on singlecharge trip range and recharging time for the foreseeable future. While it is not yet clear which combinations of battery chemistry will gain the greatest market share, cells using alternative metals to lithium (e.g., nickel, zinc, and others) remain several years away in development. Advanced lithium ion cells will be normal in EVs for some time to come, no matter where they are adopted. ei
Courtesy Coulomb Technologies, Inc.

Ryan Franks, Program Manager | ryan.franks@nema.org Mr. Franks hails from Normal, Illinois.

Level 2, the primary and preferred method for an EV charger, specifies a 240VAC, single-phase, 40A branch circuit and employs special equipment to provide safety required by the National Electrical Code.

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

21

Electroindustry News
Industrial Automation Control Products and Systems Section (1IS) Update
gAt AddReSSeS doMeStic, inteRnAtionAl iSSueS Recognizing the importance of reducing tariffs on industrial automation and control products, the 1IS Government Affairs and Trade Committee (GAT) works with NEMA Government Relations to support: opposition of global non-tariff barriers to trade for industrial automation and control products; Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Nationally Recognized Testing Laboratories programs and third-party certifications; and legislation that promotes the sale, installation, and use of 1IS member products. One GAT priority is looking at carbon footprinting from the 1IS perspective. A NEMA Strategic Core Initiative, the project is exploring ways to standardize the calculation method of greenhouse gas emissions. The section is considering a recommendation to include a 1IS product in the initiative. Internationally, GAT is reviewing the new RoHS (Restriction of the Use of Certain Hazardous Substances in Electrical and Electronic Equipment), which will cover all but a few instances of electrical and electronic equipment. In conjunction with RoHS is WEEE (European Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), which encourages manufacturers to design products with reuse and ease of recycling in mind. The WEEE / Basel Treaty covers shipment of waste or non-functioning equipment. It will have an impact on repair equipment. REACH, the European Community Regulation on Chemicals and their safe use, deals with registration, evaluation, authorization, and restriction of chemical substances. This covers the shipping of any chemicals, movement toward no shipping, local sourcing, third-party sourcing to do the paperwork, etc. GAT is also looking at TSCA (Toxic Substance Control Act) Recast, lithium batteries, and conflict minerals. A major effort for the committee during 2012 is the Smart Manufacturing Initiative. In an effort to raise awareness and visibility, it will identify federal officials and provide them with information on the industrys value to the nation. ei Bruce Quinn, Rockwell Automation Vice President, Government Relations | bmquinn@ra.rockwell.com Mr. Quinn was recently elected chair of GAT, succeeding Alec McMillan.

1iS BuSineSS coMMittee MARKetS the induStRy The 1IS Industrial Automation Control Products and Systems Section strategic plan calls for business and market development programs that: address the installation and use of member products in different industry applications; engage customers in specific industry sectors to promote the safe, secure, and environmentally sustainable deployment of member products; and educate users on the appropriate use of section scope products. The 1IS Section Business Committee has responsibility for all section work concerning operational activities that affect products within the section scope. The committee promotes activities of NEMA and the section, including its subcommittees, to the industry and consumers to increase their awareness of technology and opportunities for growth. The committee also promotes the services and benefits of NEMA and 1IS to industrial automation control product manufacturers in an effort to increase participation and membership. During its most recent meeting, the committee addressed: product labeling that would allow electronic-based posting of safe installation / product information with the UL mark; supporting continued development of application guides for NEMA products; and collecting international market data/ market research. During the sections Executive Advisory Board meeting in October, members agreed to contact counterparts in Mexico to participate in the international market data report. It was also recommended that other countries be invited to participate in the report, beginning with Brazil. During the meeting, Tom Fowler (Schneider Electric) was recognized for outstanding service for the past three years as committee chair. Joe Rogers (Siemens Industry) was elected chair and will serve a three-year term. ei Harry Massey, Industry Director | harry.massey@nema.org

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NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Code Actions/Standardization Trends

Retailers Launching Factory Audit Program
It appears that the Retail Industry Leaders Association (RILA) factory audit standard is not going away. Despite sustained industry opposition over the past two years, RILA and several RILA members intend to use the factory audit standard to solve manufacturing quality problems with certain suppliers, particularly those that supply private label direct imports out of developing countries. While it does not appear that the standard will be adopted uniformly by all retailers, large retailers such as The Home Depot, Lowes, and Best Buy intend to use it to mitigate risk and related problems. We havent seen a lot of activity yet, but recently a large NEMA manufacturer was notified by a national retail drugstore chain that it wanted RILA audits completed for two domestic factories in early 2012. NEMA is particularly concerned that some retailers might apply this most often to small- and medium-size suppliers who can least afford the audit costs, so NEMA will be tracking this closely. By way of history, NEMA expressed strong concerns about this standard and the way it was developed the first time we had a chance to review it. The standard was developed without benefit of an open, participative process normally required for developing electrical product standards in the U.S. Despite repeated complaints and offers of assistance from NEMA and other supplier associations to improve the standard, RILA moved ahead undaunted. As a result, NEMA announced in 2010 that it would not support the standard. The NEMA Board, in an unprecedented action, sent a letter signed by every member to major retailer CEOs objecting to the standard. Additionally, in a letter from NEMA CEO Evan Gaddis to RILA President Sandy Kennedy, NEMA complained that despite our best efforts, we continue to see major flaws in the RILA/BRC process for developing your factory audit standard and proposed electrical guidelines that threaten to take attention away from maintaining a U.S. electrical safety system that is second to none in the world. RilA AuditS MiSguided So, what is involved in the RILA factory audit program? The standard, known as BRC/CP3, is modeled after a British Retail Consortium (BRC) standard for consumer products. In fact, the RILA standard is actually a BRC standard and BRC holds the copyright. It prescribes a broad and complex audit program, with more than 400 requirements, designed to help manufacturing or contract-packing sites to reliably produce safe, legal products to the quality levels specified by their customers or demanded by consumers. After broad industry review, it appears that as much as 80 percent of more than 400 requirements detailed in RILA are not directly applicable to the safe and effective manufacture of electrical products. Industry considers these to be second- and third-tier issues with little impact on safety and quality. A key issue in rolling out the standard has been the development of auditor guidelines for electrical manufacturing facilities. RILA turned to Underwriters Laboratories (UL) in late 2010 to develop the guidelines, despite caution expressed by NEMA and other manufacturing associations. UL nevertheless worked with RILA to identify audit requirements that appear to be relevant to electrical manufacturingstill too many, in NEMAs opinion. These guidelines are now included in an electrical manufacturing guidance document. It is still unclear how the audit will be rolled out. RILA senior staff advised NEMA that retailers have everything they need to begin to request audits. Auditor training, which is underway in China and elsewhere, is critical to ensuring that the audit, as it is, is done correctly and efficiently. The programs designers appear to have envisioned thousands of trainers and inspectors traveling around the globe to visit and evaluate thousands of manufacturing facilities. RILA denies this and claims that pilot testing, particularly in Asian factories, has worked out the bugs and has minimized the number of auditors needed to achieve BRC/RILA targets. NEMA has consistently made the point that this kind of audit is misguided because it imposes significant costs on some of this nations most reliable manufacturers whose products are already third-party certified to some of the most effective standards in the world. Moreover, the primary beneficiaries of this program will likely be the testing and auditing organizations who will reap substantial fees for what appears to be a limited return on investment. NEMA will continue to follow this initiative as industry gains experience with it. NEMA members are encouraged to communicate with NEMA about scheduled audits and audit results. Details will be kept confidentialwe are anxious to know about your audit experience. Was it done efficiently? Were the auditors capable? Were the results reasonable? Was this helpful to your company? How costly was the audit in terms staff time and fees? If it appears that the audit is not accomplishing its intended purpose or that it is not conducted in a fair manner, NEMA will not hesitate to step in on behalf of its membership. ei Al Scolnik, Vice President of Technical Services | alv_scolnik@nema.org

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

23

Code Actions/Standardization Trends

Industrial Automation Tallies Significant Technical Harmonization Progress
Industrial Automation Control Products & Systems (1IS) and Motor Generator (1MG) technical programs continue to emphasize the harmonization goals and efforts as envisioned by their respective sections and in accordance with NEMAs Standardization Strategy1 for standard development from national, regional, and international perspectives. With eight North American standards published and maintained under the auspices of CANENA (Council for Harmonization of Electrotechnical Standardization of the Nations of the Americas), 1IS stands on the precipice of having another three published in 2012.
1 2

At press time, seven North American standards developed under CANENA and based on IEC (International Electrotechnical Commission) content were either published, in the process of being published, or in the final stages of being prepared by their respective publication coordinators for distribution to Canada, Mexico, and U.S. Additionally, four standards that are not IEC-based (because of substantial technical differences and code compliance issues) have similarly been published or are in various stages of their national balloting processes. Mg1 The 1MG technical committee continues to upgrade ANSI/NEMA MG 1 Motors and Generators2 by mirroring the IEC 60034 series to the fullest extent possible.

In 2011, ANSI approval was obtained. MG1 is currently being revised to include energy-efficiency levels for 8 pole machines and enhancements to the large machine section. Its prior revision included IEC efficiency tables for NEMA Premium values for products operating at 50Hz. International motor efficiency requirements have been largely derived and influenced by the NEMA Premium criteria appearing in MG1 with the NEMA Premium efficiency values for 60Hz operation being included in IEC 60034-30. Requirements that emulate the IEC criteria for noise and vibration, as well as auxiliary markings, were included in the previous edition of MG1.

www.nema.org/stds/complimentary-docs/upload/NEMA_Std_Strat.pdf www.nema.org/stds/mg1.cfm

IEC-Based Standard Development Efforts

60947-1 60947-4-1 60947-4-2 60947-5-1 60947-5-2 60947-7-1 60947-7-2 60947-7-3 UL 218 UL 347 (609470) UL 1008 (60947-6-1) UL 845 UL 674 60947-4-3 60947-5-3 60947-5-5 60947-7-4
*

Publication Status
Published 1/2007 In preparation for first revision 2012 ballot by SDOs* Published 1/2007 In preparation for first revision 2012 ballot by SDOs In preparation for 2012 ballot by SDOs In preparation for 2012 ballot by SDOs In preparation for 2012 ballot by SDOs Published 5/2011 Maintenance cycle to commence in 2012 Published 5/2011 Maintenance cycle to commence in 2012 Published 5/2011 Maintenance cycle to commence in 2012 Published 9/2009 Presently in first maintenance cycle Published 11/2009 Presently in first maintenance cycle Presently in ballot Published 8/2005 Presently in second ballot cycle Published 4/2011

Low-Voltage Switchgear and ControlgearGeneral rules Contactors and motor-startersElectromechanical contactors and motor-starters Contactors and motor-startersAC semiconductor motor controllers and starters Control circuit devices and switching elementsElectromechanical control circuit devices Control circuit devices and switching elementsProximity switches Ancillary equipmentTerminal blocks for copper conductors Ancillary equipmentProtective conductor terminal blocks for copper conductors Ancillary equipmentProtective conductor terminal blocks for fuses Fire Pump Controllers Medium-Voltage AC Contactors, Controllers and Control Centers Automatic Transfer Switching Equipment Motor Control Centers Electric Motors and Generators for Use in Hazardous (Classified) Locations Contactors and motor-startersAC semiconductor controllers and contactors for non-motor loads

Regional Harmonization Efforts (U.S., Mexico, Canada) under CANENA

Harmonization Projects Anticipated to be Initiated in 2012 (IEC based)

Control circuit devices and switching elementsRequirements for proximity devices with defined behavior under fault conditions Control circuit devices and switching elementsElectrical emergency stop device with mechanical latching function Ancillary equipmentPrinted board terminal blocks for copper conductors

Standards developing organizations It is important to note here that while the UL 218 is a non-IECbased standard, the IEC 62091 fire pump control standard was mostly based on UL 218 and NFPA 20 having been successfully developed by NEMA 1IS SC10 members before its approval as an IEC document in 2007.

24

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

hARMonizAtion Much of the forward progress seen in harmonization can be attributed to the rapport between 1IS and 1MG IEC experts toward their respective IEC counterparts. A mutual respect in technical acumen and competency levels have allowed shared efforts to be maximized. This would not be possible without committed member resources combined with an understanding of the necessity for proactive participation. Continued momentum toward technical harmonization of industrial automation equipment continues to progress under development from a confluence of local, regional, and international viewpoints. Because many of the harmonized standards being developed must undergo multiple reviews by different standard developing committees (UL Standards Technical Panels, IEEE, USNC TAGs, etc.), can harmonization be achieved in a reasonable timeframe? The following flowchart, which was developed by 1IS members under its CANENA technical harmonization subcommittee (THSC WG7), illustrates the complex synergy needed to help ensure that existing processes do not hinder either the efforts or the progress of harmonizations goals. Progress continues, but some impediments continue to hinder timely completion of harmonization and publication. Most notable is the time differential between the national processes of Canada, Mexico, and the U.S., as well as national nuances in receiving and resolving comments. While these processes serve adequately to process standards from a national perspective, they impede regional harmonization efforts and further complicate the timing and maintenance of published standards, especially when

the harmonized standard is predicated on an IEC-based document. The 1IS and 1MG sections remain engaged on this issue with other SDOs to determine what can be done to foster synchronization between existing standard development processes and to maximize harmonization efforts undertaken by industry. An additional tool to assist in the management of CANENA standard

development scheduling has been advanced by the SDOs. A sample appears at www.nema.org/events/upload/ CANENA-Publication-Schedule.pdf. NEMA 1IS and 1MG, through proactive participation in standard development work, continue to lead in technical harmonization achievements by example. ei William Buckson, Program Manager | bil_buckson@nema.org

IEC documentdra proposal, compilation of comments, other document for consideration

IEC provides documents to National Committees NCs internally discuss concerns & positions (2) (3.a.1)

Timing of work at NC or CANENA level can vary based on document type and committee

National Committee Mexico

NC Liaisons bring positions to THSC (1)

National Committee USA (TAG)

National Committee Canada

(1) THSC develops consensus position or agrees to di erences (3) (4)

CANENA THSC

Communication between National Committees strongly encouraged

NCs internally discuss concerns & positions with THSC proposal (2)

National Committee Mexico

NCs submit position to IEC

National Committee USA (TAG)

National Committee Canada

Or NC position carried to MT/WG meeting

IEC

cAnenA iec fAcilitAtion floWchARt

Numbers in parentheses refer to text located at www.nema.org/events/upload/CANENA-STRATEGIC-PLAN.pdf

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

25

Code Actions/Standardization Trends

Impacting Functional Safety from EMC
A meeting of IEC Technical Committee 77 Maintenance Team (MT) 15 was held at NEMA headquarters November 810, 2011. International participants conducted standardization work in the field of electromechanical compatibility (EMC) for functional safety. Functional safety is the effort to prevent unacceptable risk of physical injury or damage to property or the environment by implementing safety practices in systems and devices. It entails ensuring that the systemand products employed within the systemwill respond to inputs, operating conditions, and even anticipated operator errors, hardware failures, and environmental changes in a manner that maintains this reduction of risk. A special portion of functional safety is the analysis and establishment of requirements addressing the impact of the electromagnetic environment on a safety system and its component parts. Operation of machines, talking on cellphones and walkie-talkies, and operation of nearly anything electrical generates electrical and magnetic fields that can impact the flow of electrons in devices operated with electricity. MT 15 has responsibility for a technical specification (IEC/TS 61000-1-2) and an industry standard (IEC 61000-67) relating EMC to functional safety. The technical specification deals with EMC considerations affecting the entire lifecycle of a functional safety product. The industry standard addresses EMC testing requirements. During the meeting, the MT began the process of enhancing pertinent EMC for functional safety requirements to transition the specification to a standard. Part of this effort includes generating a questionnaire to be circulated to national committees. The MT also responded to the national committee comments on the first new draft of IEC 61000-6-7. ei Ken Gettman, Director of International Standards | ken_gettman@nema.org

Delaying Code Adoptions, a Growing Trend

Michigan HB 4561, authored by the Michigan Association of Home Builders, proposes to change the way that the state adopts its building codes. If approved, the bill would increase the current threeyear adoption six years. This appears to be a trend that is growing in popularity in several Midwestern states. As detailed last month in ei magazine, Washington State, without prior notice or opportunity for public comment or input, Governor Christine Gregoire issued Executive Order 11-03, extending a moratorium on non-essential rulemaking for a year, effectively halting the adoption process of the 2011 National Electrical Code (NEC) midstream. The indication is that Washington will skip the 2011 NEC entirely and will move directly to the 2014 NEC. This will leave the state on the 2008 edition for at least another three years, while neighboring states will have adopted and begun enforcement of the 2011 NEC far ahead of Washington. In South Carolina, the code adoption cycle has been extended approximately six years as homebuilders found a way through a legislative procedure to get the 2009 International Code Council (ICC) codes abandoned one week before their scheduled implementation. This resulted in the state moving to an adoption process involving the 2012 ICC codes. Because of South Carolinas lengthy adoption process, this postponement will push the time between adoption of the 2006 ICC codes currently being enforced five or six years to the time the 2012 ICC codes are adopted. Similar delaying action is taking place in North Carolina as the homebuilders have delayed adoption of the 2011 NEC to 2012 or possibly even 2013 depending on how the North Carolina legislature reacts. The result of these delaying actions is twofold. First, safety enhancements that are part of the new codes will not be implemented as quickly as they might otherwise. Examples would include the expansion of the requirement for arcfault circuit protectors or ground-fault circuit interrupters. Second, as the use of new technologies spreads, installation requirements will not keep pace and may result is a less safe environment. An example of this would be electric vehicle supply equipment. NEMA is seeking to develop a coalition with like-minded organizations to develop and implement a strategy to counter this growing trend. ei Vince Baclawski, Senior Technical Director, Codes and Standards | vin_baclawski@nema.org

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NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

 NEMA-UL Policy Committee Addresses Strategic Issues of Mutual Importance

When the NEMA-UL (Underwriters Laboratories) Policy Committee met October 30, 2011, in Washington, D.C., in conjunction with NEMAs annual meeting, the focus was strategic issues. The meeting was attended by 18 committee members and 20 other participants, including NEMA members and NEMA and UL staff. UL CEO Keith Williams addressed ULs move toward for-profit status that will result in a not-for-profit parent company which will focus on standards, research, and outreach. The for-profit company will cover all other business. He also spoke about ULs recent acquisition of five other businesses. It now has approximately 9,000 employees. Eighty percent of ULs business is related to its NEMA clients. UL reiterated its commitment to CANENA (Council for Harmonization of Electrotechnical Standardization of the Nations of the Americas) and to harmonization of North American standards in general. However, when industry wants a harmonized standard and UL has one but CSA (Canadian Standards Association) and UL Canada (ULC) do not, ULs preference will be to work with ULC to develop one for Canada and the U.S. UL and ULC are harmonizing their standards development processes. The Standards Council of Canada has acknowledged ULC as a standards developing organization for electrical products. SySteMS integRAtion UL noted that while it has not yet developed a system standard, it would establish a balanced standards technical panel (STP), define the system for which the standard is to be developed, and identify the key areas of concern to be addressed by the standard (e.g., interoperability). NEMA will continue to define systems and work with UL where appropriate. UL is interested in working with industry on systems projects like high performance buildings. UL is opening a Systems Integration Center which will be used for systems development and testing of interoperability. There may be an opportunity for UL and NEMA to conduct research together. One project for consideration involves microgrids, an area of interest to NEMA President and CEO Evan R. Gaddis. SuStAinABility UL reported that ULE 880 Sustainability for Manufacturing Organizations defines the performance of a company and not of a product. The standard was published in January 2011 and UL is now working on a second iteration. It may be ahead of its time in terms of a conformity assessment activity. UL may develop a simplified version as a free application that companies could use for self-assessment. UL indicated that it would be willing to partner with NEMA in an effort to identify a minimum set of requirements for sustainability. Alvin Scolnik, NEMA vice president of technical services, reported conversations with many NEMA members about a common electroindustry approach to defining sustainability. He will soon schedule a workshop on sustainability for electrical manufacturers. UL will work with NEMA on it. code AdoptionS Several states have initiated efforts to extend code adoption cycles from three years to six, which can delay the implementation of new technologies in the marketplace. (See Delaying Code Adoptions, A Growing Trend, page 26.) While reasons to defend this include state budget deficits, the cost of new code books and training, and the downturn in residential construction, the main driving force is local homebuilders associations, which use this strategy to relieve them of implementing new technologies. NEMA will bring together key organizations to develop a strategy to address the issue of extending code adoption cycles. UL reported that it has completed development of electrical guidelines and that the Retail Industrys Leadership Association (RILA) will soon adopt them. RILA is planning to launch the program in early 2012. RILA told UL that the timing of the roll out is not clear, but UL will provide the final guidelines to NEMA for distribution. NEMA has been strongly opposed to this program. (See Retailers Launching Factory Audit Program, page 23.) UL updated the committee on its anti-counterfeiting activities. Mr. Gaddis reported that NEMAs anticounterfeiting efforts will soon be driven by the Electrical Safety Foundation International (ESFI). The advantages of having ESFI involved include its global reach and that its board is made up of a broad group of public and private sector stakeholders. There was consensus among attendees that the focus of the discussions was appropriate, the identification of areas where NEMA and UL can work together was promising, and that the meeting was worthwhile. The next Policy Committee meeting will be scheduled in conjunction with the 2012 Illuminations Weekend. ei Vince Baclawski, Senior Technical Director, Codes and Standards | vin_baclawski@nema.org

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

27

Code Actions/Standardization Trends

USNC Seeks Nominations for IEC Young Professionals
The U.S. National Committee (USNC) to the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) is seeking nominations for its Young Professionals 2012 Workshop to be held in conjunction with the IEC General Meeting in Oslo, Norway, October 15, 2012. The Young Professionals Workshop brings together candidates selected from IEC national bodies who are starting their careers in electrotechnical standardization and conformity assessment. Recipients will be financially supported for travel to the workshop. U.S. stakeholders are encouraged to nominate young professionals who work for industry, the government, academia, consumer organizations, or any entity within the U.S. voluntary standards and conformity assessment community. For more information, visit www.iec.ch/members_experts/ypp/ programme/what.htm. ei Ken Gettman, Director of International Standards | ken_gettman@nema.org

Benefits of IEC Delegate Funding

Attendance at International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) meetings, while not mandatory, is often critical to gain acceptance of U.S. proposals or to defend against attempts to reduce or eliminate market access to U.S. products. If a U.S. representative is not in attendance and available to explain the rationale behind submitted material or to respond to counter-arguments, the committee response may be noted at best and simply rejected at worst. Face time at the meetings builds relationships and cultivates the understanding of opposing concerns. Given the number of sponsored technical advisory groups (TAGs) that NEMA administers, NEMA membership is in a favorable position to obtain committee positions for funded delegates if the applicable section will make the fund available. While IEC standards are defined as voluntary (similar to NFPA 70 National Electrical Code), products must comply with the appropriate IEC standard(s) when marketed in an area where the regulatory authority has adopted the standard. The process for development of IEC standards is finalized by votes from participating countries, but the real work is conducted by groups of experts nominated by their countries to participate in the project. Working groups, maintenance teams, and project teams (WGs/MTs/PTs) are the worker bees of the IEC. Their meetings and their members homework enables the development of the appropriate requirements and responses to comments from national committees for drafts of the standards for products, systems, and horizontal requirements. These groups report to technical committees or subcommittees and their meetings get into the core content of IEC standards. Individuals can participate by correspondence, submitting comments and proposals, but this level results in less effective involvement. If a national committee (e.g., USNC) submits a comment or proposal to modify a document, having an expert attend the meeting where the details of implementation are discussed is critical. Without a representative, it is possible that misunderstandings of the intent of the proposal may occur or arguments against the proposal may not get countered. It is during the discussion of the wording and the repercussions of a requirement that products from countries without an attending expert may be effectively locked out of a market adopting the resulting IEC standard. A key concept that is critical to a particular technology may be left out of a standard because the in-person participants make the determination that the text of the proposal is not necessary as it is covered, even though the omission means a device will not comply. Nominating an individual to participate as a U.S. expert to a WG/MT/PT is no trivial matter. The relevant USNC technical advisory group must approve of the nomination and submit the appropriate documentation to the USNC staff for entry on the IEC Expert Management System. The organization sponsoring the individual must ensure that travel to the meetings are covered and that the person is granted sufficient work time to not only read draft documents and proposals, but to research related documents and prepare responses as well. Going to a meeting without being prepared can be disastrous when a key conflicting proposal is missed and ends up in the standard, thus providing a market access restriction or requiring significant product modification to achieve compliance. The IEC website (www.iec.ch/perspectives) provides additional information. ei Ken Gettman, Director of International Standards | ken_gettman@nema.org

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NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

International Roundup
CANENA Technical Committee Meets to Review Harmonization Activities
In November, NEMA hosted the CANENA (Council for Harmonization of Electrotechnical Standardization of the Nations of the Americas) Secretaries Meeting. Speakers included Valara Davis (UL), Michael Wilson (CSA), and Luis Ivan Hernandez (ANCE). Ronald Lai (Burndy LLC), chairman of CANENA THC99, Connectors, also attended. The meeting was to review activity of CANENAs 19 technical committees (TCs) and provide training on CANENA processes and procedures to TC chairmen and secretaries. New secretaries from NEMAs technical staff include Megan Hayes (THC34, Lighting Equipment), Jean Johnson, (THSC 23AWG3, Cable Trays), and Ryan Franks (THSC20, Flexible Cords and Cable). The TCs have shown that regional electrotechnical standards harmonization is possible. CANENA has 79 electrotechnical harmonization projects underway involving 243 regional national standards. Of them, 52 percent have successfully gone to publication as harmonized technical requirements and 51 have completed a maintenance cycle resulting in publication of a second edition. Activity involving the harmonization of North American requirements with IEC standards now makes up 16 percent of CANENAs ongoing projects. As an example, the air conditioning industry in the U.S. completed the task of harmonizing its North American electrotechnical standards with the IEC. The U.S. and EU have the largest bilateral trade relationship in the world, with each investing directly in the others marketdealings that we see played out through strategic acquisitions. Probably a third of transatlantic trade is inter-company transfers. A key to maximizing these investments is the removal of non-tariff barriers such as those imposed by differing national electrotechnical requirements. CANENAs success results from the belief of its members that harmonized standards provide the electrotechnical industry with freedom to participate in regional markets, unencumbered from technical and regulatory requirements. CANENA harmonizes electrotechnical requirementsand it does this by following procedures commonly referred to as the CANENA harmonization process. As part of the review of ongoing activity of CANENAs 19 TCs, several chairmen provided input on their committees activities. They reported holding 46 meetings in 2011 and intend to hold at least 29 meetings in 2012. Of 79 harmonization projects, individuals in only two projects expressed dissatisfaction with the CANENA harmonization process. Both noted that the harmonization process is slower than they would have liked, but they were otherwise satisfied with the outcome. CANENA recently formed the Operations Committee, which reports directly to the Executive Committee, to address the dissatisfaction. A publication schedule is now required for each harmonization project and is posted on the CANENA technical webpage. The schedule is maintained by the TC publication coordinator. It lays out the milestones from the start of the project and concludes with the harmonized standards publication. The Operations Committee will also be developing reporting metrics based on the publication schedule. ei Joel Solis, CANENA General Secretary | joel_solis@nema.org

Impact of EMF Exposure Limits and MRI

Recent articles highlighting the role of the International Commission on NonIonizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) in establishing limits for electromagnetic field (EMF) exposure during MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) procedures provide useful information, but do not tell the whole story regarding low frequency exposure limits. The work of the IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety (ICES) Standards Coordinating Committee 39 includes the publication of the IEEE C95 series of standards (C95.1 was first published in 1966) addressing human exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields from 0 Hz to 300 GHz. Currently, the membership of the ICES committee and subcommittees that develop the exposure standards stands at 180 with members from 29 countries. Since the work of IEEE ICES is based on scientific review of the many sources of relevant data and an open consensus process, and operates under the strict rules and oversight of IEEE Standards Association, any discussion of this topic should include the IEEE ICES and its accomplishments. ICES is an international committee whose membership represents academia, public health and other government agencies, the military, other users of electromagnetic energy, and product manufacturers. Follow the conversation at blog.nema.org/ blogs/currents/archive/2011/12/20/impactof-emf-exposure-limits-and-mri.aspx ei Ken Gettman, Director of International Standards | ken_gettman@nema.org
NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

29

International Roundup
EEMODS Comes to U.S. 7th Biennial International Conference Held in D.C. Area
Innovation takes many forms and can evolve in many ways. Does it come from a manufacturers R&D department, a university lab, a policy think tank, the shop floor, or the suggestion box? The simple answer is that it can come from anywhere at any time. But theres a more complex equationthe more calculated and organized opportunities are for exchanging ideas that target the same goals, the more likely it is that innovative ideas will evolve. It is in that spirit that Energy Efficiency in Motor Driven Systems (EEMODS) was born in the 1990s. EEMODS has evolved to become the premier international conference on motor and motor system efficiency. It began with the European Commission (EUs executive body) and has been staged throughout Europe and China. But EEMODS had never been staged in the country that is acknowledged to be the leader in motor efficiency regulation in the worldthe U.S. NEMA was approached prior to EEMODS 2009 to co-chair and host EEMODS 2011. The 1MG Motor and Generator Section accepted the challenge. NEMA Industry Director William Hoyt assumed the role of cochair along with Paolo Bertoldi from the European Commission. Mr. Bertoldi took responsibility for solicitation, acceptance, and peer review of papers. Mr. Hoyt took charge of planning and logistics with the help of 1MG members John Malinowski, David Parkinson, and Rob Boteler.
Hugh Faulkner, Atkins, United Kingdom, and Sarah Hatch, Australian Government Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency

After two years of planning, coordination, and work, along with the view that no detail was too small,

Bill Hoyt, NEMA Industry Director and EEMODS Co-chair, and Doug Hoffmann, GE Energy

EEMODS kicked off September 12, in Alexandria, Virginia. NEMA President and CEO Evan R. Gaddis welcomed more than 160 attendees from 21 countries. He was followed by Leo Christodoulou, Advanced Manufacturing Office, U.S. Department of Energy (DOE); Jigar Shah, Institute of Industrial Productivity; and Congressman Russ Carnahan (D-MO). The common thread among the speakers was energy efficiency, innovative paths that include solid public policy, innovative R&D and manufacturing, and rigorous academic pursuit. Two and a half days of multi-track peer reviewed papers began. In all, 70 papers were produced (68 were presented). They covered motors, pumps, drives, policy, energy management, motor systems, programs, test methods, and other applications. The second and third days each began with panel discussions. Topics included motor systems policies and programs, and motor minimum efficiency standards. Panel participants included representatives from DOE, ACEE1, ASAP2, European Commission,

From left: John Mollet, International Copper, U.S.; Paolo Bertoldi, European Commission and EEMODS Co chair; Milind Raje, International Copper, India; and Glycon Garcia, International Copper, Brazil Photos by EEMODS attendees

CEMEP3, and the Australian Department of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency. The conference offered networking opportunities during meals and coffee breaks, as well as displays from key sponsors. Evening events included an opening reception and bus tour of the Washington, D.C., monuments, and a gala dinner at the Smithsonians Stephen F. Udvar-Hazy National Air and Space Museum. EEMODS 2013 will be held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Presentations are available at www.eemods.org. ei William Hoyt, Industry Director | bill.hoyt@nema.org

1 2 3

American Council for an Energy-Efficient Economy Appliance Standard Awareness Project European Committee of Manufacturers of Electrical Machines and Power Electronics, a sector committee of ORGALIME, which represents the interests of mechanical, electrical, electronic, and metal industries.

30

NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

Learn

Illuminations Weekend Daniel Burrus, who presented the Executive Leadership Workshop at IW, has compiled the hard and soft trends that were developed by attendees on October 29. Access those trends and other IW presentations at www.nema. org/illuminations/presentations.shtml Cadmium Cadmium in Electrical Contacts, a NEMA White Paper, is available at www.nema.org/cadmium_whitepaper Also, listen to Keeping Cadmium in Electrical Contacts Exemption at http://podcast.nema.org/index. php?id=18 StocK ARt cReditS:
Cover iStockphoto.com/ 12 iStockphoto.com/lvdesign77

More

November February
Curtains up on advanced lighting technologies! The annual lighting issue will shine the light on: outdoor lighting induction, plasma, solid state, HID, LED, and fluorescent technologies lighting controls daylight management Enlighten America DOEs L Prize
Flickr

Coming in

Impact of EMF Exposure Limits The IEEE International Committee on Electromagnetic Safety has addressed human exposure to electric, magnetic, and electromagnetic fields. Learn more at www.ices-emfsafety.org/documents/ publications/brochure_200704.pdf www.ices-emfsafety.org standards.ieee.org/about/get/index. html
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Also, new to electroindustry magazine in Februarya special section on innovative products by members of the Mixx Skype Technorati Lighting Division.
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Economic Spotlight
Future Conditions EBCI for North America Rises to Seven Month High in December
Results from NEMAs latest business conditions survey show the flagship Electroindustry Business Confidence Index (EBCI) for current North American conditions exceeded 50 points in Decemberwith more respondents reporting conditions improved relative to the previous month than reporting they declinedfor a third consecutive month. The surveys measure of the intensity of change in conditions, meanwhile, indicated no change in the business environment from November. Confidence in future conditions climbed to a seven-month high. The EBCI for current North American conditions slipped to 52 in December from 56 in November, but nonetheless cleared the 50-point mark above which more panelists than not saw an improved business environment. Twenty percent of survey panelists reported better conditions in December, identical to Novembers share. By contrast, 16 percent experienced deteriorating conditions in December, double the eight percent proportion of the previous month. The vast majority of panelists (64 percent) saw no change in conditions in December. The surveys measure of the degree of change in current North American conditions retreated to 0 in December from +0.2 the previous month. Panelists are asked to report intensity of change on a scale ranging from 5 (deteriorated significantly) through 0 (unchanged) to +5 (improved significantly). Decembers EBCI for future North American conditions jumped 10 points to 70, its highest level since May 2011, affirming that expectations for the business environment six month hence remain positive. Some 44 percent of panelists said they expected conditions to improve to at least some degree over the next six months versus only 4 percent anticipating they will worsen. In November, 32 percent of panelists expected an improvement while 12 percent anticipated a deterioration. ei
Electroindustry Business Confidence Index: December 2011

70.0 54.8

71.4 65.8

52.0

44.4 28.9 16.7

North American Current Conditions Magnitude: December 2011

18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2

Median = 0 Mean = 0.0

Tim Gill, Director of Economics | tim_gill@nema.org

Lamp Indices Show Gains

lineAR fluoReScent lAMp ShipMentS incReASe NEMAs indexes for linear fluorescent lamp shipments increased during 3Q 2011, compared to the previous quarter. T8 lamp shipments led the way with a 6.1 percent gain. Shipments of T5 and T12 lamps followed, posting increases of 5.7 and 0.9 percent, respectively. Year-overyear (y/y) performance showed double digit growth in T5s of 18.8 percent and 20.8 percent for T8s. Read more at www. nema.org/media/pr/20111222a.cfm SodiuM vApoR hid lAMp indeX lone BRight Spot foR hids NEMAs shipment index for sodium vapor high intensity discharge lamps increased 7.1 and 2.0 percent on a quarterly and y/y basis, respectively, during 3Q 2011. However, metal halide lamps decreased by 5.3 percent from the previous quarter. The index for mercury vapor lamps decreased too, falling by 0.6 percent, erasing gains during the previous quarter. Read more at www. nema.org/media/pr/20111221b.cfm incAndeScent lAMp ShipMentS ReMAin RoBuSt NEMAs incandescent lamps shipment index for 3Q 2011 decreased 1.2 percent from the previous quarter, but was up 21.5 percent compared to the same period last year. The y/y change is the largest swing, in either direction, since 2008. CFLs shipments registered a slight gain of 0.9 percent over 2Q 2011. Read more at www.nema.org/media/ pr/20111221a.cfm ei Stacey Harrison, Director, Statistical Operations | harrisons@nema.org

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NEMA electroindustry

January 2012

The 5 Ls of Lighting
The Consumers Guide to Choosing Energy-Efficient Lighting

Where will I use this light bulb?

Location
Dimmability Usage All halogen incandescent light bulbs are dimmable. Check the packaging or with the manufacturer for dimmability of CFL or LED bulbs. The package shows if the bulb is for indoor or outdoor use

How bright do I need this light bulb to shine?

Lumens
More Lumens = Brighter Lumens are shown on the package label 60 watt Incandescent ~ 800 Lumens | 100 watt Incandescent ~ 1600 Lumens

What are my light bulb options?

Incandescent
(Energy-efficient incandescent)

Halogen

CFL

LED

Light Bulbs
Clear Frosted Clear Frosted Open Covered

(Compared to incandescent)

Energy/Cost Savings

~28%

~75%

~75%+

How do I read the Lighting Facts label?

Brightness Energy Cost The amount of light a bulb emits, expressed in lumens The average cost to run a bulb for one year The average life of a bulb, expressed in years How warm (yellowish white) or cool (bluish white) the light appears The amount of electrical power the bulb uses, expressed in watts The bulb contains a small amount of mercury. Recycling is recommended. epa.gov/cfl

Label

Life Light Appearance Energy Used

CFL Label Only

Mercury

There are new energy-efficiency standards for lighting.

Which incandescent bulbs will no longer be made? Current Wattage Date (not made after) January 1, 2012 January 1, 2013 January 1, 2014

Law

100w 75w 60w & 40w

The law requires increased efficiency. It does not ban incandescents or mandate CFLs.
www.Lightbulboptions.org | Copyright 2011 by National Electrical Manufacturers Association

One Testing Program for Lighting.

Less Time. Lower Cost.

We Make ENERGY STAR and Required Safety Testing a Single, Seamlessly Efcient Process
Third-party certication and verication are now ENERGY STAR requirements. CSA International has earned EPA recognition as an ENERGY STAR Testing Facility and Certication Body. That means today we can meet all of your lighting product safety and energy efciency testing needs with a single, seamlessly efcient testing program that saves you time and money. Look to CSA International to meet ENERGY STAR requirements for lighting products including: Luminaires Lamps Decorative Light Strings If you prefer to perform testing using your own testing laboratory, we can qualify your lab facilities under our EPA accepted, Witnessed or Supervised Manufacturers Testing Laboratory program, then verify your test results and submit them to the EPA. Contact us today and learn how much time and money a combined safety and energy efciency testing program with CSA International can save you.

1-866-463-1785 cert.sales@csa-international.org

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