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What is CRZ ?
The coastal stretches of seas, bays, estuaries, creeks, rivers and backwaters which are influenced by tidal action upto 500 m. from the high tide line (HTL) and the land between the low tide level (LTL) and the HTL is termed as CRZ. The notification imposes restriction on the setting up and expansion of industries, operations or processes in the CRZ

Coastal Regulation Zone Notification 1991

Genesis 1981 November: The then PM Smt. Indira Gandhi took initial measures to protect the ecological balance in the coastal area of our country by writing a letter to all the CM of the coastal states. 1982: the ministry of Environment setup working groups to prepare environmental guidelines for the development of beaches and coastal areas. 1983 July: Environmental guidelines were promulgated. 1985-06: Launched an integrated project called Monitoring of coastal waters for assessing the status of coastal pollution up to 5Km- DOD & MoEF 1989: Draft of CRZ notification was published 1990 December 15th : MoEF issued notification against the declaration of the coastal stretches as regulation zones- imposed restrictions on industries, operation and processes in the zone. 1991 February 9th : based on the EP Act 1986 MoEF issued CRZ notification

CRZ Notification - Genesis

1981 - Prime Minister Indira Gandhis letter: Keep 500 m from the HTL free from development activities 1982- Working Group on beach development guidelines 1983- Guidelines for the development of beaches (Tourism, Industrial development, Urban and rural development
Special areas - mangroves, scenic areas, corals, oceanic islands)

1986 - Environmental Protection Act 1989 - Draft CRZ Notification 1991 - CRZ Notification 1994 - Supreme Court direction asking for strict implementation of CRZ 1996 - Approval to State CZMPs 1997 - Constitution of Aquaculture Authority 1998 - National and State Coastal Zone Management Authorities

How it progressed
Vohra Committee Saldhana Committee Balakrishnan Nair Committee Saldhana Committee Babu Paul Committee Swaminathan Committee

Terms of Reference of Swaminathan Committee 1. Review reports of various Committees & international 2. Suggest scientific principles for an ICZM best suited for the practices 3. Define and enlist various coastal and marine resources country 4. Recommend the methodology for their identification 5. Recommend the extent of safeguards required for conservation and protection 6. Revisit CRZ, Notification, 1991 in the light of above 7. Recommend necessary amendments to make the regulatory framework consistent with recommendations

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MSS Committee

MSS Committee

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CZM

Ecological and cultural security, livelihood security and national security Territorial sea and the landward administrative biological limits Regulation, education and social mobilization conformity with international laws Regulation based on sound, scientific and ecological principles Precautionary approach where there are potential threats or irreversible damage to ecologically fragile systems Significant biological, cultural and natural assets should be considered incomparable

GUIDING PRINCIPLES OF CZM

Coastal policy and regulations should be guided by the principles of gender and social equity as well as intragenerational and inter-generational equity Polluterpays principle(s) and public trust doctrine Concurrent attention to conservation, sustainable use and equitable sharing of benefits National coastal bio-shield movement Short term commercial interests not be allowed to undermine the ecological security of our coastal areas Cohesive, multi-disciplinary approaches

Classification of CRZ
For regulating development activities, the coastal stretches with in 500 meters of High Tide Line on the landward side are classified in to 4 categories. They are CRZ-I : Ecologically important areas like national parks . Sensitive area- no activity permitted- Area between LTL and HTL CRZ-II: Already exploited to some extent like drainage etc. The coastal stretches of urban and developed areas- buildings are permitted on the landward side of the existing buildings or structures CRZ- III: Undisturbed areas not included under I & II. Areas, which do not belong to the above- no constriction is permitted upto 200m from HTL. However, beach resorts and other activities permitted on conditions. CRZ- IV: Lakshadweep, Andaman, Nicobar, and other small islands are grouped under this.

Permissible Activities
Clearance for any activity in the CRZ- given only if it requires waterfront and foreshore facilities. The following activities require environmental clearance from MoEF Construction activities related to Atomic Energy Department Construction of ports, harbours, lighthouses, jetties, wharves, etc. Reclamation for commercial purposes Exploration and extraction of oil and natural gas Thermal power plants Housing schemes in CRZ areas Mining of rare minerals Specified activities/facilities in SEZ Facilities for generating power by non-conventional energy sources Airstrips and other facilities in Lakshadweep and Andaman and Nicobar Islands Demolition or reconstruction of buildings of archeological importance, heritage buildings and buildings under public use Setting up of shrimp hatcheries.

Prohibited Activities
The following activities are declared as prohibited in the CRZ: Setting up of new industries and expansion of existing industries Manufacture or handling or storage or disposal of hazardous substances Setting up and expansion of fish processing units Mechanism for disposal of waste and effluents Discharge of untreated wastes and effluents from industries, cities and other human settlements. Dumping of town waste for the purpose of land filling Dumping of ash or wastes from thermal power stations. Land reclamation, bunding or disturbing the natural course of seawater Mining of sands, rocks and other substrata materials Harvesting and drawl of ground water Any construction activity between the LTL and HTL Altering of sand dunes or natural features for beautification Setting up of new shrimp farms.

Coastal Zone Management Notification 2007(Draft)

Background The implementation of CRZ notification ignored by state governments Vested interests from various lobbies (tourism, industry, etc.)- tried to violate CRZ notification CRZ notification amended 19 times- rendered the law more impotent As a part of environmental regulations by MoEF Appointed Prof. M. S. Swaminathan committe July 2004 in order to recommend necessary amenmends to make the CRZ legislation more effective-consists of 13 members and 7 co-opted members. Tsunami- 26th December 2004- intensified the importance of this committee

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Coastal Issues
High rates of population growth and industrial activity in environmentally sensitive areas Poverty, dwindling resources, lack of alternatives Quick profit, e.g. conflicts, resource degradation Lack of sustainable management practices Lack of understanding of the economic contribution and value of coastal resources to society Lack of serious government follow-up in support and enforcement of conservation programs

Structural and Non Structural Measures for Hazards Reduction

Non-Structural Measures

Storm Surge Barriers

A series of movable gates (sliding or rotating) that prevent water intrusion in low lying areas

Building sand dunes and growing vegetation around them Artificial Beach Nourishment removal of sand from one place and transportation to some other place upstream where erosion feared Providing Bio-Shields

Bio-Shields
Mangroves Coral Reefs Sea Grass Sea Weeds Animal Habitats Marine Parks Marine Sanctuaries

Mangroves
Located in inter-tidal regions Grow in saline water and sheltered places like creeks and estuaries Buffer against storm surges, Arrest Erosion, Trap Sediments, harbor fish Certain species sensitive to excessive sedimentation, stagnation, oil spills In Gujarat and Orissa cyclones, presence of Mangrove buffers destruction

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How do we prepare for the hazards?

Awareness:
Occurrence of a hazard How does it evolve during an occurrence? Distribution of magnitude in the past

To reduce the disasters..

Preceding measures alone not sufficient Human Factor Education of society: various sections of society must be educated on causes, effects and ways to combat different types of coastal disasters Access to information: unrestricted access to data and information is needed to come up with scientific solutions and to build greater public awareness Coordination: necessity for an interaction between technologists, who devise solutions, and social scientists, who help implement them

Appreciation of vulnerability of a hazard Ability to predict either deterministically or stochastically How should one respond to an occurrence?
Education at all levels

How do we prepare for the hazards?

Installation of Early Warning Systems Strict Enforcement of Coastal Regulation Zone Notification Coastal Community Training
Evacuation Personal safety Interpreting for warning Assistance for SAR Necessary and Immediate Action

How do we prepare for the hazards?

Round- the- Clock Preparedness Vulnerability Analysis of Coastal Areas Structural Safety Analysis Effective Evacuation Plan Plan for Swift Transition of Population to Relief Camps Public Address System Integrated Comn Technology ICS

Conservation and Regeneration of Bio-shields

INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT

Sustainable Development of coastal and marine areas including Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) identified as one of the key issues of UN Sustainable Development could be achieved by Conserving natural habitats and vital fragile eco-systems and species Controlling pollution Controlling watershed activities Controlling excavation, mining etc. Rehabilitating degraded resources Pursuing ecological recovery