HOW TO PURGE WITH NITROGEN Nitrogen purging is easily adapted to any process installation.

Different methods are used depending on the type and shape of the equipment to be purged and on the location of the purging inlets and outlets. 1. Displacement Purging This method is used for equipment with simple cross sections such as pipelines. The volume of nitrogen required corresponds to the physical volume of the pipe. In many pipelines, a rubber scraping piston, or "pig," is introduced and propelled through the pipe by the nitrogen pressure to clean the line. The nitrogen volume required to purge equipment with a simple cross section is determined using the following formula: V = VoP/14.7 = Total nitrogen volume required (scf) = Water volume of pipeline (cf) Absolute pressure of nitrogen in the pipeline during = purging (psia)

Where:

V Vo P

2. Pressurization Purging This method is used when conditions do not permit a sweeping action of nitrogen through the vessel. The vessel is repeatedly pressurized and mixed with nitrogen gas and then the mixture is exhausted. The total volume of nitrogen depends on the number of pressurizing purges required to reduce the contaminant to an acceptable level and can be determined by using this formula: V = 1.2nVoP/Pa Total nitrogen volume required (scf) Water volume of vessel or tank (cf) Absolute pressure after pressurization with nitrogen (psia) Absolute pressure after exhaust (psia) Number of purges = C log Co/(log Pa log P) Initial content of gas to be removed Final content of gas to be removed

Where:

V = Vo = P Pa n Co C = = = = =

120748245.doc.ms_office

Page 1 of 5

3. Dilution Purging This method is used for equipment cross sections such as distillation columns, kilns, reactors, etc. Nitrogen partially mixes with the gas to be purged out, and then the mixture exits through an outlet located as far as possible from the inlet. The nitrogen required to reduce a contaminate to a desired level can be found using the graph below and the total volume of nitrogen needed can be computed from the following formula: V = nVo = Total nitrogen volume required (scf) = Water volume of equipment (cf) = Number of nitrogen volumes required

Where:

V Vo n

120748245.doc.ms_office

Page 2 of 5

PURGING EFFICIENCY (C/Co) AS A FUNCTION OF NITROGEN VOLUME (TANK VOLUMES) FOR VARIOUS PURGING TECHNIQUES

Purging Technique: 1. Displacement 2. Dilution Pf = Pi = 14.7 3. Dilution Pi = 14.7; Pf = 29.4 4. Pressure Purge Pi = 19.7; Pf = 24.7 5. Pressure Purge Pi = 19.7; Pf = 34.7

Where: Pf = pressure final Pi = pressure initial

120748245.doc.ms_office

Page 3 of 5

GAS TURBINE CAPACITY TABLE

Manufacturer Model Simple Cycle kw Output ABB ABB ABB ABB ABB ABB General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric General Electric Pratt & Whitney Pratt & Whitney Siemens Siemens Siemens Solar Mars Westinghouse Westinghouse Westinghouse Westinghouse GT 35 GT 10 GT 8C GT11N GT 13D GT 11N2 LM1600PA LM2500 PG5371PA LM2500+ LM5000 LM6000 PG6541B PG6101FA PG7111EA PG9171E FT 8 FT 8 Twin V64.3A V84.2 V84.3A 100S 251B12 Trent 501D5A 501F 16900 24630 52800 83800 97700 109300 13425 22800 26300 27040 34450 36970 38340 70150 83500 123400 25420 51100 70000 106180 170000 10695 47680 48690 119200 162410 Combined Cycle Base Steam, Remarks KPPH 240# Satt 60.5 108.0 600# 600F 42.0 98.0 1, 2 1, 2 1, 2 2 3, 4

Heat MMbtu kw Heat MMbtu Rate Input Output Rate Input btu/kw btu/kw 10670 9970 9920 10370 10564 9977 9560 9273 11990 9330 9180 8795 10880 9980 10480 9890 10100 8950 8905 9270 10120 8980 10505 10670 8570 9910 9660 180.3 245.6 523.8 22800 35500 77700 7880 6755 6640 6825 6920 6550 6870 6850 8146 6637 7094 6620 7020 6440 6800 6460 6610 7010 6930 6230 6625 6890 7750 7230 6778 7024 6425 179.7 239.8 515.9 855.9 1017.9 1072.9 128.5 211.7 315.3 255.4 316.4 350.9 415.6 698.1 875.2 1148.6 1245.3 226.3 452.6 629.2 1000.4 1750.1 222.4 504.7 418.8 1180.5 1517.6

234.6 200.0 397.2 335.9 466.6 390.0 490.0 430.0 53.1 92.2 44.3 79.0

869.0 125400 1032.1 147100 1090.5 163.800 128.3 211.4 315.3 252.3 316.3 325.2 417.1 18700 30900 38700 38480 44600 53000 59200

1, 2 1, 2

143.4 119.6 100.7 84.6 1 259.9 238.0 132.9 109.5 193.2 168.8 330.7 293.9 399.8 343.8 517.2 450.0 707.8 621.7 85.0 67.0 190.0 134.0 296.8 260.0 512.3 442.9 602.9 589.1 48.9 40.8 233.0 200.0 145.0 110.0 530.0 450.0 750.0 660.0

1, 2 1 1, 2

700.1 108400 875.1 128700 1147.2 177800 1246.3 188400 227.5 455.0 32280 65310

1, 2 1, 2 2, 3 1 1 1

PG7161EC 116000

648.9 101000 1074.5 151000 1526.6 254000 112.4 508.7 417.3 28700 69800 61788

1, 2 2 2 1 2 2

1181.3 168070 1568.9 236200

Notes: This information is for preliminary estimating only. Accurate estimations require a detailed set of site conditions. Simple cycle output is at ISO conditions with no HRSG and with DLN burner technology where available. Combined cycle kw output is using most favorable steram generation conditions for equipment. ISO conditions and inlet and outlet drops of 4.0 and 10 inches respectively. Some machines can use water or steam injection for NOx control or power augmentation. Such injection may substantially alter kw output. Base steam is at GTG base rate, open cycle, open cycle, with no supplemental firing for two points only for illustration. Most any combination of pressure and temperature is available.

120748245.doc.ms_office

Page 4 of 5

Remarks: 1. 50 Hz configuration available with no appreciable change in output. 2. Can be steam or water injected for additional power output and/or NOx control. 3. 50 Hertz only. 4. Burns heavy oil fuel only.

Source:

http://www4.us.airliquide.com/cgi-bin/USBVP10/ReferenceLibrary.jsp?0&OID=-14860

120748245.doc.ms_office

Page 5 of 5