U.S.

History Study guide

Textbook pages: It took up 3 pages just to do the first three readings, so re-read the textbook pages Other reading assignments: we received packets on every single one of these and focus on the main ideas of each person or idea, theres no need to read everything Early Exploration: Marquette- In 1666 sent to new France. He built relationships with tribes in WI, MI, and Ontario, Huron, and Ottawa. In 1673 Marquette and Joliet were the first to explore the Mississippi river (French) Magellan- he died in the Philippines but his crew went to finish the exploration and became the first people to circumnavigate the world. Proved the world is not flat but round (Portuguese) Vespucci- explored the coast of South America and concluded that this landmass could not be a part of Asia. In 1507 a German mapmaker proposed the continent be called America, inspired by his name (Italian) Columbus- first navigator to land in the Americas and was successful in finding; gold, parrots, and spices. Ms. Egan told us she hated him because of what he did to the indigenous people like enslaving them to mine for gold and plant crops (Spanish) La Salle- first to follow the Mississippi all the way to the Gulf of Mexico, and claimed it for France and named it Louisiana after King Louis XIV (French) Pizarro- In 1526 he reached Peru, six years later he returned with a small band of infantry and conquered the Inca because of the superior weapons they had (Spanish) Cortes- conquered the Aztecs in 1521. The Aztec leader Montezuma thought that Cortes was the savior because of a prophecy, he tried to make peace but Cortes continued on and took control of Tenochtitlan and renamed it Mexico city the capital of New Spain (Spanish) Treaty of Tordesillas- Pope Alexander created this for slavery over Africans and to stop fighting between the two countries. Portugal gets right to control route from Africa to India and Spain controls most of the Americas Triangle Trade- Common things traded; guns, people, food, and other resources. The order goes Africa to Americas and from there back Europe and then from Europe back to Africa. This was a combination of the Columbian Exchange and African slave trade Impact of exploration on Native Americans- many died because of being enslaved by European nations and being over worked. Many cultures were lost due to being wiped out by plagues and being taken over by them. some survived and integrated Eastern culture

Encomienda System- the expedition commander would give out land grants (also known as parcels) and that lands inhabitants to his conquistadores. They would collect taxes from natives and force them to work for them. They also had groups of Encomienderos would provide protection and Catholicism to the natives. This system was mainly used on the main lands (Spanish) Fall of Spanish Colonial Empire- The main reasons why they fell were: 1. Defeat of the Armada in 1588 to the English navy (weather was a big factor) 2. They became too big to handle all of their assets so they slowly lost control 3. The increased wealth caused massive inflation 4. England was cutting off all trade routes to new world so they couldnt send supplies or keep in contact with them Colonization and the Revolutionary War: Founders- George Washington, Ben Franklin, Thomas Jefferson, Patrick Henry and, John Adams Tea Act- Made in 1773 to help out the British East India Company. This act allowed the Company to directly sell to shopkeepers, bypassing merchants who distributed the tea. This angered colonial merchants, who feared it was the first step by the British to put them out of business Sugar Act- Made in 1764 to put on high taxes on sugar and molasses, and with other west Indian goods. Colonial officials can seize any suspected smuggled goods, and get a reward by doing this Townshend Acts: Revenue Act of 1767- put new customs duties on glass, lead, paper, paint, and imported tea by the colonies Writs of assistance- a general search warrant that enabled customs officers to enter any location during the day to look for evidence of smuggling Declaratory Act- Made in 1766 to affirm that Parliament had the power to make laws for the colonies Stamp Act- Made in 1765 to tax all printed materials including newspapers, pamphlets, posters, wills, mortgages, deeds, licenses, diplomas, and playing cards. This was the first ever direct tax on colonists Coercive Acts- The 4 new laws that were intended to punish Massachusetts and end colonial challenges to British authority

1. Boston Port Act- it shut down Boston port until the city paid for the tea that had been destroyed 2. Massachusetts Government Act- it required all council members, judges, and sheriffs in Massachusetts to be appointed by the governor instead of being elected. It also banned most town meetings 3. Administration of Justice Act- allowed the governor to transfer trials of British soldiers and officials to Britain to protect them from American juries 4. Quartering Act- it required local officials to provide lodging for British soldiers, in private homes if necessary Mercantilism- an economic system where you export more than you import. Colonies werent allowed to trade with other countries. They begin to smuggle goods to other countries (import and export). Boston Massacre- British troops fire into a group of colonists. 5 dead and 6 injured. The news spread quickly and it might have sparked the start of the revolution but Parliament repealed almost all of the Townshend Acts. They only kept one tax and that was the tax on tea, the reason for this is to uphold their right to tax the colonies Boston Tea Party- On December 17,1773,150 men dressed up as Blackhawk Indians and dumped 342 chests of tea into the Boston Harbor, this was a direct response to the Tea Act Boycott- many colonists refused to buy British goods of any kind, many goods became worthless because the colonists didnt buy anything. Thousands of workers in Britain lost their jobs so lawmakers repealed the Stamp Act in 1765 then the Declaratory Act was made Loyalists vs. Patriots: 1. Many people were undecided on what they wanted done 2. Many loyalists were from the government or they were Anglican ministers 3. Many backcountry farmers on the frontier remained loyal as well because they regarded the King as their protector against planters and merchants who controlled local governments 4. Patriots were all over the social levels, they also had more people but their numbers grew as the war moved on Thomas Paine- Wrote the persuasive pamphlet called Common Sense. He attacked King George III and wrote that Parliament did nothing without the kings support. He argued that monarchies had been set up by seizing power from the people. King George III was a tyrant, and it was time to declare independence

Sons of Liberty- a group of men who organized anti-British demonstrations and intimidated stamp distributors. They became very popular after the Boston Tea party Establishment of Government: Government vs. PoliticsGovernment Infrastructure Different types Ultimate Authority Create/enforce law Advocates Nationalism Maintains economy Subject to public opinion Government Types: 1. Oligarchy- power his handled by a select few 2. Democracy- The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race 3. Republic- is a government where the head of state is not a monarch 4. Communism- is a revolutionary socialist movement to create a classless, moneyless, and stateless social order structured upon common ownership of the means of production, as well as a social, political and economic ideology that aims at the establishment of this social order Philosophers and their impacts on American politics: Hobbes- Leviathan -> sea monster => Government (controls people) Montesquieu- proposed a balanced system of government were an executive branch was balanced by a legislature whose members were drawn from the wealthy and educated in society Voltaire- believed in freedom of thought and religion Locke- governments right to rule came from the people Rousseau- where people choose their government and, by doing so, they effectively created a civil society Both Politicians elected to run gov. Politicians express desires for the people have for law One cannot function without the other Competitive Beauracy The people Propaganda Politics Set of ideologies Voice of the people Abstract -> change Anyone can have a role Response to government Opinionated

Principles of the Declaration of Independence: 1. Inalienable Rights 2. All are created equal 3. People can dissolve government ties -> two sided contract 4. Natural law 5. God creates Articles of Confederation: 1. Legislative body 2. 13 representatives -> limited rights for representatives 3. Job Duties -Declare war, set currency, maintain post office, make treaties, deal with Native Americans, and no control over trade or taxes Problems with Articles of Confederation: 1. No executive/judicial branch 2. 13/13 state support to amend document 3. 9/13 state support to amend document 4. Cant impose/ collect taxes 5. Cant regulate trade -> states can tax and make own currency 6. Lack of National Unity -> mini countries Plans for Legislative branch: 1. The New Jersey Plan- The legislative branch appoints people to serve in the executive branch and state laws were subordinate to laws passed by the national legislature 2. The Virginia Plan- The legislature was more powerful, as it chose people to serve in the executive and judicial branches and legislature could regulate trade, strike down laws deemed unconstitutional and use armed forces to enforce laws 3. Connecticut Plan- was an agreement that large and small states reached during the Constitutional Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It retained the bicameral legislature as proposed by James Madison, along with

proportional representation in the lower house, but required the upper house to be weighted equally between the states. Meaning of Preamble- explains that a people can break away from government and establish natural law Federalists Arguments: 1. Civic -> virtually alone and cannot protect basic rights (I may change this because I cannot read my hand writing for this one 2. Government will protect the peoples rights 3. Representatives of different interests will protect ones rights Anti-Federalists Arguments: 1. Too much power to national government 2. Certain powers not fully clarified 3. No bill of rights Marbury vs. Madison: was a landmark United States Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. The landmark decision helped define the boundary between the constitutionally separate executive and judicial branches of the American form of government. the provision of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that enabled Marbury to bring his claim to the Supreme Court was itself unconstitutional, since it purported to extend the Court's original jurisdiction beyond that which Article III established. The petition was therefore denied Review your own Constitution Study guide and the numbers Economics: Hamiltonian Economics: 1. Plans Objective- to eliminate debt and create revenue 2. Proposes a 3-pronged Plan -Report on Public credit -Report on National banks -Report on Manufactures Federalists view on economics:

1. Support strong Federal government and want economic issues dealt with at the Federal level 2. Pro-Manufacturing technology 3. Largely supported by middle class, merchants, and manufactures 4. Believed in loose interpretation Democratic-Republicans view on economics: 1. Support states rights and weak central government 2. Advocate for traditional agrarian economy 3. Supported by wealthy landowners and the poor 4. Believed in strict interpretation Bigger Deal: -Create capital for national banks -Issue new bonds to soldiers and citizens -Government should assume all state debts -These 3 lead to the bigger deal McCullough vs. Maryland- was a landmark decision by the Supreme Court of the United States. The state of Maryland had attempted to impede operation of a branch of the Second Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on all notes of banks not chartered in Maryland. federal laws have supremacy over state laws; Maryland had no power to interfere with the bank's operation by taxing it. Maryland Court of Appeals reversed Gibbons vs. Ogden- was a landmark decision in which the Supreme Court of the United States held that the power to regulate interstate commerce was granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause of the United States Constitution. The New York law was found invalid because the Commerce Clause of the Constitution designated power to Congress to regulate interstate commerce and that the broad definition of commerce included navigation Death of the 2nd national bank: 1. President Jackson killed it 2. He did it because it only benefits the wealthy and is a monopoly 3. He does it by removing federal funds in 1832

-Bank is dead by 1833 and banking only exists at private and state levels, leads to many economic problems Current Functions of Federal Reserve: Currently run by Ben Bernanke 1. Addresses banking crises 2. Regulate private banks 3. Manage U.S. money supply 4. Promote U.S. standing in the global economy 5. Regulate interest notes Monopoly- total control of an industry by one person or company Trust System- a combination of firms or corporations formed by a legal agreement, especially to reduce competition Rebate System- pay full price for item and have part of the payment returned to you Carnegie- Monopolizes steel industry and does it by vertical integration which is to own points along the production/distribution chain -> reduces expenditures thus promoting revenue Rockefeller- he made his fortune by establishing; pools, trust system, rebate system, and horizontal integration which is when parent company owns multiple businesses in one industry -> buyouts/mergers promote this system Causes of Industrial Revolution: 1. Abundant natural resources 2. Cheep immigration labor force 3. High tariffs reduce the import of foreign goods 4. National transportation and communication networks Geography: Five themes of Geography: 1. Human-Environment Interactions- how people impact the environment and how it impacts decision making 2. Location- position of something on earths surface and theres two examples -Absolute -> coordinates -Relative -> the location of something is relative to something

3. Region- area that is defined by a certain characteristic and theres three examples -Formal, perceptual, and functional 4. Movement- the flow of services, people, goods, and ideas 5. Place- a feature on the earths surface Study the maps we made in class Self-made Man: After reading this study guide you should be able to identify American dream and founding principles/values of United States