International Journal of JOURNAL OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING AND INTERNATIONAL Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print),

, ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME TECHNOLOGY (IJMET)

ISSN 0976 6340 (Print) ISSN 0976 6359 (Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), pp. 610-619 IAEME: www.iaeme.com/ijmet.html Journal Impact Factor (2012): 3.8071 (Calculated by GISI) www.jifactor.com

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THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON MAGNETORHEOLOGICAL FLUID DAMPER WITH DC INPUT

Mukund A. Patil1, Swapnil Sapkale2, Sagar Soni3, Vijay Sarvaiya4, Vishal Parekh5
1, 2,3,4,5

Department of Mechanical Engineering, G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Management, Jalgaon Email:
1 2 3 4

mech8383@gmail.com sapy1111@gmail.com

sagarsoni.soni@ymail.com

vijaysarvaiya17@gmail.com

ABSTRACT A magneto-rheological (MR) fluid brake is a device to transmit torque by the shear force of an MR fluid. Magnetorheological fluids (MRF) are smart materials consisting of silicon oil and very small soft-magnetic particles. In a magnetic field, the viscosity and the flow behaviour of the fluid are considerably changed. MRF damper is a device to give damping by the shear stress of MR fluids. A MRF damper has the property whose damping changes quickly in response to an external magnetic field strength. The design method of a new MR fluid damper is investigated theoretically and the structure is presented. The equation of the damping by MR fluids within damper is derived to provide the theoretical foundations in the design of the damper. Based on this equation, after mathematical manipulation, the calculations of the volume, thickness and width of the annular MR fluids within the MR fluids damper are yielded and discussed. INTRODUCTION Magneto-rheological fluids can be characterised as controllable fluids. They are manufactured by suspending ferromagnetic particles in a carrier fluid. The latter is typically some kind of oil. MR fluids exhibit a change in rheological properties when being exposed to a magnetic field (this is known as the on-state). Rheology is defined as the study of the deformation and flow of matter (typically materials such as rubber, molten plastics, magnetorheological fluids, blood, paint, etc) under the influence of an applied stress. The rheological
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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

properties of a liquid are the dominant features that can be quantified to characterise its behaviour. The properties that can be affected are elasticity, plasticity and viscosity. In the on-state, ferromagnetic particles are magnetically induced and aggregate to form chain-like or column-like structures parallel to the applied field. Due to this, MR fluids have the ability to reversibly change from viscous liquids to semi-solids in milliseconds when being exposed to a magnetic field. This feature enables a rapid response interface between electronic controls and mechanical systems, making MRF technologies attractive for many applications (e.g. dampers). In this paper, the fundamental design method of the MR damper is investigated theoretically. Bingham model is used to characterize the constitutive behavior of the MR fluids subject to an external magnetic field strength. The theoretical method is developed to analyze the shear stress by the MR fluid within the damper. An engineering expression for the shear stress is derived to provide the theoretical foundations in the design of the damper. Based on this equation, being algebraically manipulated, the volume and thickness of the annular MR fluid within the damper is yielded. OPERATIONAL PRINCIPLE MR fluid damper is a device to give damping by the shear stress of MR fluid. A MR damper has the property whose damping changes quickly in response to an external magnetic field strength. The MR fluid is filled in the working gap between the fixed outer cylinder and inner cylinder. The inner cylinder moves at a speed V. In the absence of an applied magnetic field, the suspended particles of the MR fluid cannot restrict the relative motion between the fixed outer cylinder and inner cylinder. However, in the course of operation, the magnetic flux path is formed when the electric current puts through the solenoidal coil. As a result, the particles are gathered to form the chain-like structures, with the direction of the magnetic flux path. These chain-like structures restrict the motion of the MR fluid, thereby increasing the shear stress of the fluid. The damper can be achieved by utilizing the shear force of MR fluid. The damping values can be adjusted continuously by changing the external magnetic field strength.

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO MR DAMPER DESIGN The key question in the design of MR fluid damper is to establish the relation between the damper and the parameters of the structure and magnetic field strength. As the magnetic field is applied, the damping F developed by MR fluid can be calculated by

F=

K L r 2 12 L r 2 v+ 0 B + f sgn(v) .................................... (1) 3 h Rh

Where v is the speed of piston; f is friction of piston and cylinder; K 0 is a coefficient (0.81.0); h is the thickness of the annular MR fluid between the piston and outer cylinder. The value of h can be given by

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

h = R r .... (2)
If it is assumed that the value of f is much smaller, Eqns. (1) and (2) can be mathematically manipulated to yield

F = 2 L B r 2 +

2 Lr 3v ..... (3) h

Eqn. (3) shows that the damping developed in the cylindrical MR fluid damper can be divided into a magnetic field dependent induced yield stress component FB and a viscous component F .

FB = 2 L B r 2 ........ (4)

F =

2 Lr 3v ... (5) h

The total damping F is the sum of FB and F . The active volume of annular MR fluid in the cylindrical MR damper can be obtained through the integration the radius of annular MR fluid as follows.

v = 2 L rdr ..................................................................................................................... (6)

r

Therefore,

v = 2 rLh . (7)
Eqns. (4) (7) can be manipulated to yield

v= 2 B

FB F

( FB ) v ....................................................................................................... (8)

Eqns. (4) and (5) can be algebraically manipulated to derive the thickness of annular MR fluid as follows.

h= B

FB F

rv .... (9)

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME Eqn. (9) gives the minimum active MR fluid volume that is necessary within the damper in order to achieve the desired control damping ratio damping FB . The length L of the effective length of the MR fluid can be obtained from Eqns. (7) and (9). The completed assembly of MR damper is as shown in figure 1.

FB at a given speed v and a specified controllable F

Figure 1 Catia Model of Magnetorheological Damper EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH TO MR DAMPER An MR damper is to be analyzed as a 2-D axisymmetric model in ANSYS software package. For a given current, we can determine the magnetic flux density at the Engine, MR Fluid and the damper housing.

Figure 2. 2-D Flux Lines around the Electrical Coil 613

International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME Figure 2 shows the flux lines around the electrical coil which is placed in the MR damper. It is concluded that, all the flux lines are passing through the annular part of the MR damper. This annular part consists of Magnetorheological fluid. Therefore, the required magnetic field in the annular part of the damper can be obtained. Figure 3 (a) and (b) shows the magnetic flux density and magnetic fields generated in the electrical coils. UTM (Universal testing machine) which was used in the testing of the damper was capable of both compressive and tensile testing of the sample. Figure 4 shows the experimental set up for testing of the MR damper. The compression test has been carried out for testing the force and current characteristics of the damper.

(a)

(b)

Figure 3. (a) Magnetic flux density and (b) magnetic fields generated in electrical coil.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

UTM Machine

MR Damper

Computer for UTM Software

DC Power Supply Figure 4. Experimental set up for testing of MR damper. Table 1.1 Magnetic induction for different current values Current (A) 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 Magnetic induction (T) 0.3108 0.5884 0.8511 1.0844 1.2596 1.4325 1.6047 1.7768 1.9488 2.1207

Table 1.1 shows the magnetic induction values for different current values. It has been concluded that, as the input DC current increases, the magnetic induction in the MR damper increased. Table 1.2 shows the force exerted by the MR damper for different DC current values. From the table 1.2, it has been seen that, as the current increases, the force exerted by the MR damper increased.

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME Table 1.2 MR damper exerted force for different current values Current (A) 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 Force (N) 26 28 29 32 42 60

Figure 5. Force versus displacement characteristics of MR damper for 0.0 A and v = 0.5 mm/min

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

Figure 6. Force versus displacement characteristics of MR damper for 0.2 A and v = 0.5 mm/min

Figure 7 Force versus displacement characteristics of MR damper for 0.4 A and v = 0.5 mm/min

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME

Figure 8 Force versus displacement characteristics of MR damper for 0.6 A and v = 0.5 mm/min

Figure 9 Force versus displacement characteristics of MR damper for 0.8 A and v = 0.5 mm/min

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International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Technology (IJMET), ISSN 0976 6340(Print), ISSN 0976 6359(Online) Volume 3, Issue 2, May-August (2012), IAEME CONCLUSION Magnetorheological (MR) fluid dampers have provided technology that has enabled effective semiactive control in a number of real world applications. Because of their simplicity, low input power, scalability and inherent robustness, such MR fluid dampers are quite promising for civil engineering applications. The geometric design method of a cylindrical MR fluid damper is investigated theoretically. The damping developed by MR fluid within the damper under different magnetic field strength conditions is analyzed and tested at the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay. The engineering design calculations of the volume, thickness and width of the annular MR fluid within the damper are derived. The parameters of the thickness and width of the fluid in the damper can be calculated from the equations obtained, when the required mechanical power level, the speed of the piston, and the desired control damping ratio are specified.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This work was financially supported by a G. H. Raisoni Institute of Engineering and Management, Jalgaon. I am very thankful to HOD of Mechanical engineering department of Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay for allowed to do experimental work. REFERENCES

1. J. D. Carlson, D. M. Catanizarite, K. A. Clair, "Commercial magneto-rheological fluid 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

device," Proc. 5th International Conference on ER Fluids, MR Suspensions and Associated Technology, Singapore, 2857-2865(1996). J. H. Koo, F. D. Goncalves, Mehdi Ahmadian. "Investigation of the response time of Magnetorheological fluid dampers," Proc. SPIE 5386, 63-71(2004). Satsua Soda, Haruhide Kusumoto, et al., "Semi-active seismic response control of baseisolated building with MR damper," Proc. SPIE 5052, 460-467(2003). Yang G. "Large-scale Magnetorheological fluid damper for vibration mitigation: modeling, testing and control," Notre Dame, Indiana. Ph.D. Dissertation University of Notre Dame, 2001. Unsal M. Semi-active vibration control of a parallel platform mechanism using Magnetorheological damping. Ph. D. Dissertation: University of Florida; 2006. Jolly M.R., Bender J.W., and Carlson J.D. Properties and applications of commercial Magnetorheological fluids. In: Proceedings of the SPIE fifth annual international symposium on smart structures and materials: San Diego, CA 1998. Yang G, Spencer Jr. BF, Carlson JD, Sain MK. Large-scale MR fluid Dampers: modeling, and dynamic performance considerations. Engineering Structures 2002; 24(3):30923.

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