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it whichenables to thoughtof asthat propertyof something ;;;;il*fe What energyl is thatit is we energy' suggest possesses dowork.Whenwe saythat something capableihsomewayofexerting'fo""oosomethingelseandperforming has on the otherhand,energy workon it. whenwort i, aon. ln something, theiame unitsasthoseof work' the to beenadded it. nn.,gT i' *t'su"d in foot-poundand the joule' Energy occurs severar in forms.A familiarexampre theenergy is a moving
canexert forceandcause second a the obiect ,r,in;;; ;;H"" It is not . necessary the that object actua'yio work;it;;;i;.; on movins, ToTng or frictionmayslowly o,rilr ,o , ,,of. s", *iii.l,;;;;, it hasthe l, capacibr doing for wo.1!. is thisspecific It property defines that energy, sin.. energy means ability dowork, so,ir,nouing the to and th;il;;. energy by virttre theirmotion. of This hin;i;;;;g, -m: oi.n..gy is called 3 Thestatement energy th. .rp".ity that i, something to doworkis not has restricted kinetic.energy is perfectry to but s."..ri. i,i*y;;"possess energy because theirposition. of consider pile driver, simpre a a machine that a tifts
pile' therebydrivinethe pile into the srouna.Whenthe hammerhas been lifted to the top, it hasonryto be rerJsed to fa1 .nd do ;;;k on the pile. The capacity doing*ork i, present for in thehammer soonasit has as been Iifted, simplybecause its pfsition of r.".or r.., ,u*. a. [ound. The actualwork on the p'e is done at the expense kinetic .i.rgy gained of duringthe hammer'r,frt, but p. .rp;ry for workingis present beforethe fall starts. Energy thisro*, a.p.niing L.r.ty on of thl p"riri"" "r.n object, is calledpotential energy.
Potential energy
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power plants' all the significant of to the development nuclear4 Prior s'vrbJ -;;# to contributions the mecnanr!;ar as feen developed yet for ha' methods However,economical amountof source. The hrge scale' i* *"tk;;; '";;";;;;"" direatyconverting
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difficulryof .ontt"Jffitf" on this difficultvis 'ignificant """th f"' a source t";;;;ii;;;;;: useof it as of on tr"-retatedproblen'r the .,'a p'ogrt-" h;;;ttn 'n"at to underway, t"lar radiationis being used energl ai"ttfv "' il solar J;;-t-t*n1t' operations for metallurgical high tt*pt"*"s heat homes,to p'odute evaporation' by solutions aqueous and (solarfurnaces), to concenffate of air hasbeenusedto due to the massmouement (windmills)' 5 The kinetic energy t:
to energy work Converting
d ate ;Ej;::,X,il'tr'1":i-"#f1,,. e. or e ould concentr "i1t i.rsy tidsc b beenmadein , : have scale -Ho*tutt' in this directionon"^l^rg{and utilized.Attempts the total power exffeme' the worli where tides are par$ of in comparison is untikelyto be highlysignificant i" nroduction thi';;;;;r for with world demands energl'"
fuel cells
By far the mostimportantsources powerarethe of chemicar (morecurar) energy fuels,nuclear of and the potentialenergy waterfalls. of The -energy, useof waterpowerinvolves transformation mec-hanical the of energyfrom oneform to anotheq hence, percent r00 efficiency trr.or.ti..nypossible. i, on the other hand, all present-day methodsfor the irg;r*h use of molecular nuclear and energy based the evorution are on ofln.rgy asheat, and subsequent conversion part of the heat into useful of work. Accordingly, efficiency all suchprocesses destined the of is to be row(values greaterthan 30 percent are uncommon),despite i*proo.o,.nts in the design equipment, of This is, of course, direct.onr.qu.n.. "r,rr. second a Iawof thermodynamics whichstates heatcannot converted work that be into unless someof the heatis transferred from a higherto a lower,.*p.rr,ur.. 8 If somemeans courdbe devised convertth. .n.rgy in fuelsinto to work withoutthe intermediate generation heat,conversion of efficiency couldbe considerably improved. The usualdevicefor the direct use of chemical energy the electrollticcell,in whichthe conversion is is to electrical energy. Progress beenmadein developing whichoperate has cens on rrfarog.n ,rra on carbonaceous fuels.such naturar or coal.such/z erceri arealready as gas in-,use supplymodest to powerrequirements special for purposes. The efficiency ofthesecellsranges from 65 to g0 percent,,u"utt*i.e thevalue obtained the conventional by process first converting.the of chemicar energy into heat.
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powerplantthefissionorfusionprocess.releasestheenergyofthenucleus into work' tht' heat.ispartiallyconverted of th. ,to* " r"*,"'J;;; and enclosed tr,. *ortitg fluid is completely In onefor* ori,..i;;*; 10 acclmpfishedby vaporizationand Heatengines goes through a cyclical process' fluid from anotherpart of the to Hr;;';;;i;"t fe condensatior. plant power withsteam
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a s t h e w o r k i n g t t u i a i s a n e x a m p l e . H e r e , The c o m b u s t i o n g a s e s a r e walls.t h e intemal-combustion the boiler-tube rro* rrr.li.;;t separated by characterized the directevolution i"r* "rr,.r, engine, is engine another of Examples this tvpe are the device. heat within il;;-e;;ducilg of
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Thermodynamics, 48&489. pp Snith & Van Ness, Introductionto Chanical Engineering 1975. McGraw-Hill,
3. r Cive example something possesses kinetic or demonstrates energy one and one of which potential energy. which example something demonstrates of 'On o Summarise ideas given Paragraph thelinebeginning: theother 7 from the in h a n d.. r What of energy a conventional in the difference isthere between production molecular plant? power power plant compared a nuclear with
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4. Cive NOUN the forms thefollowine: of from 2. Nowdothesame paragraph 4: o o o o before changing collected in progress
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phrasesdescribe ability something Wecanuse several different forms special verb or to the of tasks. attheexample Look to do certain below:
a a a a
A hammer drive pileintdtheground. can a It has ability do thework. the to It has capacity do thework. fo the A moving is object capable exertingforce. of a
ways expressing andcapacity make of Use of these one ability to from sentences the below: examples r o o o . o I o
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lift heavy loads. A crane produce power. A windmill . . . . . . heat A c o m b u s teo n i n e . . . . . . . . : . . . . . . . . . .convert intomechanical i ng energy. power plants generate Modern thousands watts electric of of power. A strong support bear considerable loads. withstand high alloys extremely temperatures. Certain car travel over mph. A Formula I racing at 220 fly long distances Modern aircraft without refuelling.
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