GeneFlowandInbreeding Gene Flo and Inbreeding Todaysquestions: y q I.Howdoesgeneflowcausechangesinallele g g frequencies? g II.Howdoinbreedingandotherformsofnon randommatingcausechangesingenotype frequencies? III.Howdoinbreedingandthe4evolutionaryforces affectendangeredspecies?

I.

Howdoesgeneflowchangeallelefrequencies?

A.Theory:Theoneislandmodel A Th Th il d d l Onewaymovementofindividuals(andtheiralleles)fromalarge populationonacontinenttoasmallpopulationonanisland population on a continent to a small population on an island SupposethatalleleA1 isat frequency1.0ontheisland andthatthereare400 g breedingindividuals SupposethatalleleA2 isat frequency1.0onthe f 10 th continent(verylarge population)

If100individualsmovefromthecontinenttothe islandandbegintobreed,thefrequenciesofalleles intheislandpopulationarenow:

fr(A1)=.8 fr(A2)=.2

ThePunchline:

Allele frequency changes just like that.

Different Species: Speciations.

Population 1. Inbreeding goes up. Drift goes up. Genetic variation goes down. Usually lowers fitness.

Population 2. Same.

B.Whataretheevolutionaryconsequencesofgeneflow? 1.Genetically,doesitmakepopulationsmorealike, 1 Genetically does it make populations more alike moredissimilar,ornoimpact? It makes them more alike, it homogenizes them. 2.Intherecipientpopulation,doesitincreasefitness, decreasefitness,ornoimpact? don't know the situation), f It is random with respect to fitness (if we
though usually, it'll lower fitness because populations receiving gene flow is well adapted to environment in most cases. Opposite scenario can also apply, where if the receiving population is not well adapted to their environment.

3.Howisgeneflowaffectinghumanpopulations? We're creating new genotypes through interracial marriage between different
populations. Massive gene flow with immigration and emigration. Allele frequencies are becoming more alike globally.

II.Howdoinbreedingandotherformsofnonrandom matingcausechangesingenotypefrequencies? g g g yp q Considerselfinganextremeformofinbreeding A1A1 A1A2 A2A2

1.Howdoesinbreedingaffectallelefrequencies?
It keeps it the same.

2.Howdoesinbreedingaffectgenotypefrequencies?
It vastly affects it, homozygotes increase, heterozygotes decrease.

3.Whydoesinbreedingdepressionoccur? Observed in humans, many other animals, many plants. Deleteriousrecessivesareusuallyatlowfrequency,so mostarefoundin Heterozygotes.

BUT,inbreedingincreasestheproportionof homozygousrecessiveindividuals,so
More individuals are lower in fitness.

4.Inbreedingdoesnotchangeallelefrequenciesbyitself, butitmakesselection(againstdeleteriousrecessives) moreefficientmeaningthatallelefrequencieschange faster. Explainwhatthisstatementmeans,andwhyitiscorrect.

It allows for recessive allele to be vulnerable to selection because the deleterious trait is now expressed and can be acted upon by natural selection.

III.Howdoinbreedingandthe4evolutionaryforcesaffect endangeredspecies?

1. Amurleopards:a distinctsubspecies (largebodied,light colorinwinter,heavy coat) )

HuntingandhabitatdestructionhavereducedAmur leopardsto~20individualsinthewild.Mutation,drift,and inbreedingmaybereducingaveragefitness. Genetically,captivepopulationsinJapanandelsewhere y, p p p p areamlangeofdifferentsourcepopulations/subspecies. yp y, p p p Phenotypically,thecaptivepopulationsaredistinct fromtheAmurpopulation(smaller,lessdensefur). Climatechangemaybeimpactingthecurrentrangeof Climate change may be impacting the current range of Amurleopards. Should offspring from captive populations be re Shouldoffspringfromcaptivepopulationsbere introducedtothewild,toaugmenttheAmurpopulation?

Pros:

Cons:

2.PrairiechickensinIllinois Insmall,isolatedpopulations,documentsteadyfitness declinesovertime. In1992,biologists , g released individuals broughtinfrom SouthDakota.

Interpretthisgraph

%eggs shatche ed

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