Speciation Todaysquestions: T d ti I. I Howdobiologistsrecognizespecies? H d bi l i i i ?

II. Howdoesspeciationoccur? Mechanismsofisolation Mechanismsofdivergence

I. Howdobiologistsrecognizespecies? Aspeciesisapopulationorgroupofpopulationsin whichevolutionaryforcesareactingindependently. Speciationisasplittingevent: Newspeciesarecreatedby: 1.Geneticisolation(lackofgeneflow) i i l i (l k f fl ) 2.Geneticdivergence(duetomutation,selection,anddrift) Wh d Whydoesgeneticisolationcreateevolutionarily ti i l ti t l ti il independentunits?

No gene flow to have them become similar. Selection, mutation and drift can now occur independently.

Whydoesgeneticdivergencecreatesynapomorphies?
Because it leads to different traits that can be used as synamophies.

Useofspeciesconcepts
CriteriontoidspeciesAdvantagesDisadvantages

Biologicalspeciesconcept

Morphospecies concept

Phylogenetic species concept speciesconcept

Monophyleticgroup(aka lineage,clade):anancestor lineage clade): an ancestor andALLofitsdescendants

Paraphyletic group:an h l i ancestorandsome,butnotall, ofitsdescendants of its descendants

Polyphyleticgroup:sharea traitthatdidntexistinthe commonancestor.

Echinoderms Lancelets Tunicates Hagfish Lampreys Sharks, rays, skates Ray-finned fishes Lobe-finned fish Lungfish Frogs & toads Salamanders Mammals Lizards and snakes Turtles Crocodiles (Dinosaurs &) Birds

Anexampleofthephylogenetic speciesconcept Asianelephants

Africanelephants p

II.Howdoesspeciationoccur? A.Allopatric (differentland)speciation Ifpopulationsareseparatedgeographically,then If populations are separated geographically then evolutionaryforceswillactonthemindependently. 1.Dispersal(recallthat foundereventstrigger geneticdrift) ti d ift)

N.parvulus
(westernislands) ( t i l d ) Genovesa

N.trifasciatus
(Floreana)

N.melanotis
(SanCristobal) Westernislands

N.parvulus
(Genovesa)

N.macdonaldi
SanCristobal (Espaola) ( ) Caribbean mockingbird Floreana Espaola

B.Sympatric(sameland)speciation Cangeneflowstop,orbereducedenoughtostart speciation,ifpopulationsareinthesamegeographicarea? e.g.Mimulus lewisii andM.cardinalis 1.Mechanismofisolation:

Different pollinator-->change in gene flow (down).

2.Mechanismofdivergence:
Different selection pressure affect different pollinator.

e.g.Rhagoletis pomonella (appleandhawthornflies) 1.Mechanismofisolation: 1 Mechanism of isolation:

Flies have a strong preference to scent of a fruit so they are more likely to mate on that tree. Since they mate in different habitats, there is reduced gene flow.

2.Mechanismofdivergence:
Different environments between the two trees, so they can now have independent evolutionary forces. Apple vs. Hawthorne: -Time of year. -Chemistry of fruit.

e.g.Tragopogon mirus

Tragopogon mirus 1.Mechanismofisolation:

Gametic barrier to reproductively isolate. Diploid and tetraploid would be triploid and they would be reproductively isolated. During Meiosis when homologs line up, the 3 chromosomes would line up one with another and one alone.

2.Mechanismofdivergence:

Punchline:itispossibletostudy