the harsco infrastructure guide to

working at height

working at height

working at height

putting your safety first

harsco infrastructure is one of the worlds leading suppliers of access, formwork, shoring and maintenance services and products to the construction and industrial markets in over 39 countries. this major guide focusing on working at height has been compiled using our extensive knowledge to offer a greater understanding of best practice and the selection of safe equipment. many of the examples are based on european practices, as the work at height directive and eu standards are the leading models for excellence around the world. markets are converging at a greater rate than ever before and the industry is moving towards universal standards of safety. at harsco infrastructure we proactively share best practices from all of our global locations to enable us to work as safely as possible wherever we operate.

working at height

contents

the harsco infrastructure Guide to workinG at heiGht

Introduction Defining work at height factors The implications of the Temporary Work at Height Directive Planning and organisation The main requirements of the Work at Height Directive The EU Work at Height Directive 2001 vs. the UK Work at Height Regulations 2005 The Working at Height Hierarchy Selecting suitable work equipment

5 6 8 9 10

Differences between European markets Collective fall prevention Collective fall protection Collective and individual fall arrest equipment Selecting suitable equipment Principle design standards for work at height equipment Glossary Contact information

15 19 22 26 29 32 33 34

11 12 14

working at height

work at height means work in any place where, if precautions were not taken, a person could fall down and injure themselves (source:www.hse.gov.uk). in the construction industry people working at height is an every day occurrence and hence if precautions are not taken, such as assessing the risk, using safe work platforms, for example scaffolds, tower scaffolds, mobile elevating work platforms, scissor lifts, and the effective use of personal fall protection, potentially many people could fall from height. unfortunately, despite the increase in knowledge today of how to work safely at height, vastly improved scaffold designs including standards, new innovations, such as advanced guardrails, the work undertaken by national standards organisations such as bsi and osha and national and international trade associations, people do still fall from height with serious consequences. fortunately due to all the good work being done by many, the incidence of falls from height has dramatically reduced over the last decade. harsco infrastructure, as one of the leading global suppliers of access services, has a vested interest to prevent falls from height and we are committed to setting industry standards for safe work at height and leading the development of scaffolding and access systems, which will further enhance on site safety for ourselves and our customers. we prepared the first, and possibly industry leading, working at height guide in 2005. since that time, communication and training has improved, construction industry regulations are better understood, giving rise to improved construction industry standards and in light of these improvements we felt it appropriate we review and update our working at height guide. the harsco infrastructure guide to working at height 2011 has been given a wider international scope and focuses on three basic but essential principles, which are:

understanding the risks associated with working at height mitigating working at height risks by using appropriate safe working methods
and safe access products ensuring that anyone involved in working at height is appropriately trained to work at height safely. if everyone involved in the construction industry considers these basic principles before working at height, we believe it is possible to continue to drive down the incidence of falls from height. the preparation of this guide has only been possible with the advice, guidance, help and assistance of dedicated and experienced harsco infrastructure and construction industry colleagues. our gratitude and thanks is given to all who have contributed to this guide, which, if only one accident is prevented or one life is saved, will have been worth all the effort involved. we trust, in reading this guide, you will derive value and benefit and it will assist you in ensuring your work at height activities are undertaken safely and without incident.
harsco infrastructure Management team

working at height

defining work at height factors

The Temporary Work at Height Directive applies to any area of the workplace requiring personnel to work off the ground (or even below ground) whether for new buildings, renovation and maintenance, or civil engineering projects. Action should be taken whenever there is a potential risk of a fall, from any height, that is likely to cause personal injury. Even low fall heights have proved to be a major potential risk, so it is a question of considering the task to be undertaken, and assessing the potential for injury, regardless of the height involved. The greater the risk, the more extensive the measures that should be taken to remove or reduce that risk. Where there is a high risk, cost of preventative measures should not be a barrier. The expectation is that practicable measures will be taken, which means that one must consider whether safer actions are feasible, considering the actual circumstances. Employers involved in the planning and execution of work at height should take into account the following factors:

convergence
Increasingly, our major customers are working in several different geographical markets, and this publication may help to give them a broader view, as increasingly the standards and product types are becoming common to all markets. Harsco Infrastructure have recognised this trend and are already able to offer a wide range of access solutions, suited to local markets, but importantly, ranges of equipment that have broad acceptability in all the key markets. Greater focus than ever before is being placed on the safety implications of work at height. Across all industries work at height continues to be one of the most significant causes of both fatal and serious accidents. Despite improvements, there is no reason to be complacent in view of the continuing high number of accidents. The introduction of the EU Work at Height Directive has led to improved working practices, although, inevitably, the pace of change and emphasis has varied between EU countries. Keeping up-to-date with these changes has become more of a challenge.

Planning and design selection of safe work at height equipment competence and safety record of suppliers competence of own staff in equipment selection
and safe methods of work

Planning and organisation of the construction phase.

working at height

Practical use
Our guide is designed to be used practically by both clients and contractors staff at any level involved in work at height activities. It has been compiled to assist the reader, whether client, contractor or supplier to:

what is work at height?

There is no definition of height that appears in the Work at Height Directive. However, it can be interpreted as any situation where a worker is undertaking a task at height, and whatever the height, is it sufficient to cause any injury if they fall, even into excavations which can cause injury. People are injured or even killed at heights of less than two metres, so it should not be assumed that lower heights are necessarily lower risk. It depends on the location, the equipment to be used, the experience of the worker, and the degree of protection. Experienced work at height operatives appear to have a lower risk experience than other site trades, as they are more aware of the risks involved. Training and knowledge are therefore essential in creating awareness of the risks to all (source: UK Health and Safety Executive statistics and National Access and Scaffolding Confederation - UK).

understand the implications of the work

at height requirements

adopt the best installation/erection practices assist in the selection of the most appropriate
work at height equipment

Be aware of all of the choices now available Provide guidance on the safe use and issues
for each type of equipment. This guide should be of practical benefit to anyone involved in work at height and it draws on the extensive experience of the Harsco Infrastructure teams worldwide. We believe it to be the most up-to-date, comprehensive and authoritative guide of its kind.

working at height

the implications of the temporary work at height directive

Falls from working at height are amongst the most serious type of accident, and the Directive imposes strict duties on employers in order to reduce many of those risks. Each country can choose (as the UK has) to adopt tougher rules, but as a minimum Harsco Infrastructure would define those duties as:

adequate specific training of workers is required. the means of access to working areas shall be

the most appropriate considering the height and frequency of movement. do not assume that ladders should be the first choice. shall be carried out unless the scaffold is based on a recognised standard configuration. by workers who have received appropriate and specific training.

recognise that work at height may expose workers work at height shall be properly planned, risk
assessed and organised. considerations.

for scaffolding, strength and stability calculations

to severe risks, which account for a large proportion of all accidents.

scaffolding shall also be assembled and dismantled

More details are provided in the subsequent pages of this guide.

consider safety as more important than economic equipment selection shall give adequate protection
against the risk of falls. the most appropriate measures for minimising risk to workers shall be determined.

work at height shall be avoided if possible but if

it cannot, fall prevention shall be preferred to fall mitigation. of people) shall be preferred to personal protection (such as harnesses).

collective protection measures (protecting numbers

working at height

planning and organisation

Good planning is essential to ensure safe work at height. Time pressures impact on every project, and there is often insufficient time allowed to plan and organise, which can lead to problems such as the selection of inappropriate or unsafe equipment, untrained installers and inadequate or incomplete equipment levels. Therefore, right from the very beginning planning has to include everyone that plays a key role. The UK Work at Height Regulations specifically make organisation and planning a key duty to ensure work at height is properly planned, and appropriately supervised. The process will require that clients appoint competent suppliers for each stage of the project, but the Regulations refer to every employer ensuring proper planning for work at height, which implies that all those involved (e.g. clients, contractors, sub-contractors, consultants etc.) have duties, so the safety responsibilities cannot be passed onto others. typical roles involved with work at height: Designers Planners Estimators Purchasing/Procurement Contracts Directors Safety Supervisors Suppliers Project Managers Site Managers Specialist tradesmen.

It is therefore important to remember these factors:

Time is an essential component of good planning. Involvement of contractors, sub-contractors and site
personnel should be undertaken right from the start.

Good communication is an integral part of planning and

organisation.

Any person that is involved with, or can influence work at

height, should be part of this process; this includes workers. typical duties:

client

principal contractor

sub-contractor/ access provider

in-house design, planning, engineering, procurement

qs, buyers, contract managers, project managers, site managers/supervisors

estimators, contract managers, supervisors, site workers

planning and organisation by competent people of concept/design for safe work at height

organisation and supervision by competent people of all projects involving work at height and selection of work equipment

supervision and carrying out of specific work at height and selection of work equipment by competent people

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working at height

the main requirements of the work at height directive

The Directive outlines a number of specific requirements.

equipment related
scaffolding

General

Avoid temporary work at height where possible. Any temporary work at height be planned and executed by
competent people.

Scaffolding calculations shall be carried out unless the

scaffold is assembled in conformity with a generally recognised industry standard configuration.

Select equipment affording adequate protection. Prevent falls wherever possible by physical barriers over
the use of injury mitigation methods (such as nets, airbags, harnesses etc).

Wheeled scaffolding shall be prevented from moving

accidentally.

Scaffold decks shall be appropriate to the task in

dimensions form and layout. There shall be no dangerous gaps.

For both fall prevention and injury mitigation, use collective

measures rather than personal.

When scaffolds are not ready for use they shall be marked
with general warning signs.

Where collective safeguards are temporarily removed,

compensatory methods shall be taken.

Scaffolding may be assembled and dismantled (or

significantly altered) only under the supervision of a competent person, who has received training in a number of specific issues. Ladders

The selection of equipment shall be accompanied by specific

training.

Dimensions of work equipment shall be related to the nature

of the work.

It shall be of a suitable configuration and sufficient strength to

prevent or arrest falls.

Ladders depend on correct use, therefore adequate specific

training is required, and the manner in which they can most safely be used shall be specified.

Weather conditions shall not be allowed to jeopardise the

safety of workers.

Ladders are only to be used if other safer work equipment is

not justified. rope access

Rope access and positioning techniques shall comply with

a number of prescribed conditions (Paragraph 4.4 The Work at Height Directive).

Rope access and positioning shall only to be used where

it can be used safely or where the use of other, safer work equipment is not justified.

working at height

11

the eu work at height directive 2001 vs. the uk work at height regulations 2005

The Work at Height Directive was a key work at height mandatory requirement passed by the European Parliament in 2001. Whilst its requirements were farreaching, and produced substantial changes in working practices, the UK version went further. The Directive covered the aspects described on page 6, but the UK version included a number of other elements such as:

design
The Construction Design and Management Regulations have been implemented in the UK to ensure that designers avoid foreseeable risks when designing structures and buildings. This applies to all hazards, but is particularly relevant to avoiding work at height where possible by building in or out features which allow work at height to be avoided or carried out more safely. The European equivalent is not yet a specific design directive, but it is covered more generally within the Temporary and Mobile Worksites Directive, which identifies design as an issue: the project supervisor, or where more appropriate, the client, shall take account of the general principles of prevention concerning safety and health referred to in directive 89/391/eec* during the various stages of design and preparing the project, in particular when architectural, technical and/or organisational aspects are being decided. * EU Workplace Health and Safety Directive

A duty for organisation and planning A form of work at height hierarchy Specific, more prescriptive requirements for scaffolding,
personal fall arrest systems and work restraint systems

More specific avoidance and fall prevention requirements Inspection Falling objects Fragile surfaces Requirements for working platforms, guardrails etc. The Directive was believed to be limited to construction
activities, but the Work at Height Regulations apply to all work activities

The need to plan rescue procedures.

Other national regulations may cover these areas separately, but the Directive remains a more focused document compared to the UK Work at Height Regulations.

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working at height

the working at height hierarchy

The UK Work at Height Regulations go further than the Work at Height Directive in several areas, but they have in common the following requirement: every employer shall ensure that work is not carried out at height where it is reasonably practicable to carry out the work safely otherwise than at height. This means that the first duty of an employer is to avoid working at height. In order to follow the principles outlined in both the Work at Height Directive and the UK Work at Height Regulations, the following steps should be taken in sequence. Only when there is felt to be no satisfactory solution (for instance by exploring ways of avoiding working at height) should one move on to the next decision level. Each step should be carefully considered, particularly if it is not felt to be practicable to prevent falls.

1 avoid the risk

An assessment shall be made to determine if the task can be carried out without having to work at height.

2 Prevent falls
If it is necessary to work at height, and that work presents a risk of falling, suitable measures shall be taken to prevent falls. Usually this will take the form of guardrail protection or it might take the form of using other equipment such as powered access.

3 Mitigate the consequences of a fall

If it is not reasonably practicable to prevent falls, then steps shall be taken to arrest falls and minimise the distance and consequences of the fall. Alternatively it might be a form of fall restraint which prevents the worker reaching a position from which it is possible to fall. To protect all those who are at risk, collective measures should take precedence over individual personal protective measures, even when considering fall mitigation measures.

working at height

13

collective work equipment to Prevent falls

Collective measures mean methods that protect more than one person at the same time who is working at height and who may be at potential risk. These measures should take precedence over individual personal protection. An example of collective protection is the use of guardrails (whether steel, timber or aluminium) to protect a number of workers, rather than relying on safety harnesses to provide fall restraint and prevent an individual reaching a position from which they can fall. Safety nets and similar methods may also be considered to be collective measures but they arrest falls rather than prevent them. The principles of risk assessment mean that nets or similar should only be considered when the use of equipment to prevent falls is not possible in practice.

strength & stability calculations for scaffolding

It will be a requirement to demonstrate the scaffolding structure is based on a sound design. This can be done either by making design calculations available or by showing that the structure conforms to a recognised standard configuration. A standard configuration may be found in industry guidance documents or manufacturers information.

selecting suitable safe equipment

The process of selecting the right equipment should begin with an assessment of the risks of the project. Once this has been done, the alternative types of equipment should be considered, and selected on the basis they will offer a safe solution. Pure commercial issues (i.e. price) should not be the prime consideration. The choice of the most appropriate equipment can actually bring productivity benefits. Safe equipment needs to be chosen (see below) and can then be verified by a series of criteria:

fall prevention equipment

This is a general term which covers scaffolding, cradles, mobile towers, powered access, mast climbing work platforms, stagings and means of access and egress including gangways, gantries and stairways. The common feature of all of these is that when properly erected and used, they provide a safe work area of sufficient dimensions, which is properly protected (guardrailed) to prevent falls, i.e. they present a physical barrier to prevent falls. Many of these types of equipment are detailed in the following pages.

suitable safe solution for the application Meets eu directives or national regulations Meets eu and national standards where available sourced from a competent supplier accompanied by sufficient safe use information installed by competent trained persons.
The applicable work equipment should meet the appropriate European or local standards, where one exists, as this is best practice. A list is shown on page 32. If the equipment being used does not meet a known standard, it will be necessary to provide evidence it has been designed and manufactured to a safe level of performance. Newer innovations may require technical information or testing evidence from the supplier to provide reassurance. Best practice can be found in:

collective work equipment to arrest falls

As collective measures take priority over personal measures, it is important to ensure when the selection of suitable work equipment to prevent falls necessitates going to the next stage down of mitigating the effects of a fall, those measures should similarly protect a number of workers, not just one person, i.e. provide collective protection. This may mean that such equipment will include safety nets or soft landing bags, that will be used in preference to harnesses or Personal Protective Equipment (PPE). In some countries (e.g. France) the use of soft landing bags is not approved, or is not a common practice.

the guidance from the regulatory safety authority industry trade organisations for work at height en standard documents or national standards the activities of reputable and/or the best suppliers.
There is now a great deal of published guidance on many types of equipment in the form of Codes of Practice, Safety Guidance and Safety Authorities Guidance. Legislation and Directives are now only part of the picture and industry-based information is increasingly seen as best practice for safety policy development and is to be used in the event of a serious incident.

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working at height

selecting suitable work equipment

assessMent factors for seLection

Choosing the right equipment solution is an essential part of safe working, and in order to make the right decision, a number of key factors may be required to be determined. In order to produce a credible risk assessment and profile of the task, a number of the following factors will be considered to be relevant. However, each task is required to be individually risk assessed.

Load requirements - heavy loading requirements

may narrow the choice of equipment: most light access equipment and powered access (booms) have modest loading capabilities, compared to scaffolds and mast climbing work platforms. The loading capacity of structures shall be clearly stated on drawings, and, where appropriate, on the equipment itself.

Location - the actual location of a work at height project

may greatly affect the risks involved, (e.g. elevated or exposed coastal areas may have high wind factors). Tall structures may similarly present adverse risk factors.

height - height may increase the possibility of serious injury.

Some types of access equipment have height limitations (e.g. scissor lifts), but all access equipment has the potential to injure or worse.

secured or free standing - secured structures

should be better able to withstand the effects of wind forces. However, the fabric of the building may have limited capability to support a structure (e.g. tie loadings) or a fully-glazed faade may limit any fixings.

duration - continued exposure to the risk of falls could increase

the likelihood of unsafe incidents. The risk inherent in installing the equipment needs to be balanced against the protection it affords, i.e. installation of scaffolds for short duration jobs may be less appropriate than the erection of a tower scaffold. In terms of equipment, scaffolding may be more expensive to install due to higher labour costs, but have low material costs - unlike powered access installation which may in these circumstances carry greater work at height risks.

Mobile or static - moving access equipment may reduce their stability and careful inspection of the ground that equipment will be moved upon is essential. Techniques to be deployed for moving any access structure are an important part of any risk plan. site obstructions & limitations - the ability to
transport equipment into the area of the application may present limitations that may exclude some solutions. In addition, the existence of overhead or underground power cables can present major hazards when not identified in advance.

Ground conditions - mobile equipment will usually be

limited on poor and/or uneven ground, or more extensive versions (e.g. rough terrain) may be required. Base adjustment for static equipment may be neccessary*. It is essential ground conditions be considered at the planning stage as this will affect the choice of equipment and/or the preparation needed for its safe use.

availability of skilled installers - most access

equipment requires trained installers, and some equipment needs particular skills, which has to be available at the right time. Sometimes these are a limited resource and may limit particular solutions. These are just some of the issues that may need to be considered when selecting the right equipment. Competent, knowledgeable staff and suppliers will help to make the best decisions.

standard or special (non-standard) designs standard configurations are common, pre-designed arrangements, whereas special or non-standard applications will often require design, and should be more closely supervised on site, in view of increased risks.

* The load bearing capability of the ground may also be critical, including for example underground services.

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differences between european markets

As the impact of EU standardisation has led to increasing convergence, the differences between markets are becoming less marked. However, it would not be unreasonable to suggest that there can be an East- West and a North-South divide, with much tighter enforcement and more rigorous safety procedures in Northern Europe (Germany, Holland, Scandinavia, France, and the UK) compared to Greece, some parts of Eastern Europe and Spain and Portugal*. The standards bodies for some countries are as follows:

scaffold types
frame systems - the most typical type of scaffold in use on mainland Europe has been the frame system, with its limited number of components and fixed, narrower widths. Faster outputs are possible on the right projects, particularly with mechanical hoisting. modular systems - modular systems with individual pre-fabricated components, which are more versatile, have begun to grow in popularity, and the two most popular systems now worldwide appear to be modular systems, Harsco Infrastructure CUPLOK being one of those. tube and fittings - traditional tube and fittings have never been widely used outside of the UK, except for very complex applications, and in the UK is now in slow decline. They may be found at times in Germany, Italy and Scandinavia. Some aluminium scaffold systems may be found in the Netherlands. See page 19 - for scaffolds.

standards

Czech Republic France Germany Italy Netherlands Sweden UK

CSN (Czech Standards Institute) NF (Norm Francais) DIN (Deutsches Institut fr Normung) UNI (Ente Nazionale Italiano di Unificazione) NEN (Nederlands Normalisatie-Institute) SIS (Swedish Standards Institute) British Standards

Some countries have exceptions to EN (European Norm) Standards, known as National Annexes, but these local exceptions are gradually reducing. It is the objective, for instance, of the German Standardisation strategy to harmonise regional, national and international standards as far as possible. There are also local standards for unique local products. There are strong commercial and safety pressures for compliance with both DIN and NF.

* This proposition can be more complex as industrial sites do have a much tighter safety regime unlike town work sites.

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working at height

differences between european markets

scaffold working platforms

There are several different types of materials for working platforms, which reflect the preferences of different markets:

training
The training cycles in the UK and the majority of Europe have been very different. In the UK training would expect to take 2 to 4 years to produce a well-trained scaffolder, largely based on tube and fittings scaffolds. In mainland Europe, with its tradition of simpler, modular systems, weeks rather than years has generally been acceptable. This is not to suggest there is a lack of skilled scaffolders in Europe, as there are very complex scaffolds regularly built, applying systems in enterprising ways. For information regarding training services available from Harsco Infrastructure please contact your local representative or email: info@harsco-i.com

Timber scaffold boards (UK and Eastern Europe) Steel planks with claws Timber or steel battens (UK) Aluminium/plywood decks Transverse timber platforms
(Scandinavia and Eastern Europe)

Aluminium GRP platforms (Netherlands)

access towers/light access

The use of aluminium as a material for access towers is a reflection of the labour markets willingness to use and pay for the benefits of lightweight material. Therefore, steel mobile towers are more commonly used on mainland Europe, comprising partly standard scaffolding components, compared to the purpose-designed aluminium towers used in Sweden and the UK. In France, lightweight steel towers had dominated the market for many years, but they too have begun to actively move to aluminium. GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) towers have also begun to be used more in electrically-sensitive and spark-sensitive applications.

working at height

17

Low-level access platforms

The impact of the Work at Height Regulations has been strongly felt amongst stepladder users in the UK, where a major new product group emerged with low-level access platforms. Called podium platforms these all-aluminium, small working platforms are ideal for heights up to 3 metres, however such platforms are not currently used to the same extent elsewhere.

advanced guardrails
The concept of erectors never finding themselves in a position where they are not protected has yet to be achieved universally, but harnesses are far more widely used across most markets. However the acceptance of advanced guardrail product developments (where guardrails are installed from below prior to ascending the upper platform) have so far been mainly limited to France, Holland, parts of Germany and the UK.

stepladders
In some countries, the use of larger A-frame stepladder products has continued, up to 5 or 6 metres or even greater heights, which do not compare well with the safer alternative of fully-guardrailed mobile access towers.

safety compliance and enforcement

Throughout the EU we now have common regulatory measures in the form of Directives, and extensive common design standards on most work at height equipment (see page 32). It is in the area of enforcement that we see more divergence, and safety inspectors do need to be on the ground in order to police these measures. Major contractors have strong safety policies of their own, but the lack of an enforcement presence in rural areas can mean a wide difference in safety enforcement in different parts of the EU.

weight
Scandinavian countries place tighter limits than the conventional 25 kg that may be lifted at a time.

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working at height

differences between european markets

trade associations
Around the world the involvement in trade associations has begun to develop, but so far is not very common. The best trade associations produce excellent best practice guidance. The following are examples of some of the main trade organisations.

safe systems of work for scaffolders

A common safety development across Europe has been the move to provide greater protection to those who are at greatest risk of a fall whilst working at height. Whilst this is still emerging in different ways, one principle should apply to all scaffold erection and dismantling practices - the scaffolders should not stand unprotected on a platform. The UK NASC has produced guidelines for preventing falls of scaffolders, called SG4:10. suggested safety procedures for scaffolders:

scaffolding

The UEG (Union of European Scaffolding Companies) - members

include Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Poland and Switzerland.

Chamber of Scaffolding Companies in Czech Republic Syndicat Francais de LEchafaudage, du Coffrage et de

LEtaiement (France)

Scaffolders should be trained in:

- the specific system being erected - the advanced guardrailing equipment being deployed - rescue methods

VSB (Holland) Bundesinnung Frdas Gerustbauer Handwerk (Germany) The NASC (National Access and Scaffolding Confederation)
- the largest in Europe, based in the UK.

Powered access

IPAF (International Powered Access Federation) - promotes

the safe and effective use of powered accessed equipment worldwide and has members in every European country.

Full body harnesses should always be worn Advanced guardrailing methods should ideally be employed Clipping on positions should ideally be above head level Reliance on harnesses alone should be avoided or
minimised

IRATA (International Rope Access Trade Association) - this

organisation has members in several European countries, including France, Spain, Italy, Sweden, Germany, Holland and the UK.

Guardrail protection (1.0 m minimum high, 950 mm in UK)

should be in place, or the scaffolder should be clipped on to a suitable anchorage

Scaffolders should work on a platform at least 600 mm

wide

Mobile towers

PASMA - the only mobile tower organisation known is PASMA

(Prefabricated Access Suppliers and Manufacturers Association), based in the UK, where it is widely used for training by approximately 45,000 delegates a year.

Safe access for scaffolders should be a ladder access bay

or staircase, with suitable entry point protection, (e.g. gates or hatches). N.B. During erection, either one or two guardrails may be installed, dependent on the country location.

edge protection

The only edge protection trade organisation known is the Edge

Protection Federation, based in the UK.

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collective fall prevention

scaffolds
Scaffolding is a type of access or supporting structure that is usually built up from many individual parts. There are many configurations, and the types may be grouped into the following:

Traditional scaffolding (e.g. tube and fittings) Frame scaffold systems (e.g. Sprint or BOSTA 70) Modular scaffold systems (e.g. CUPLOK or MODEX).
traditional scaffolding
This is also known as tubular scaffolding, and it comprises individual lengths of tube and a variety of individual fittings. The labour erecting this type requires more skill, and on a number of projects may deliver a slower output. However, the nature of this structure enables it to be used on any application. The use of traditional scaffolding has reduced over time, as newer systems have been developed to provide specific application solutions, (e.g. edge protection and temporary roofs).

The platforms of system scaffolding can be constructed using a number of options, including timber boards, steel decking or plastic or aluminium GRP decks and alu-ply platforms. There are some common features of system scaffolds, as most have node point connections, are galvanised, and have regular vertical lift heights. Base adjustment is commonly required in order to level up the node points. Typical loading capacity: 2-6 kN per m

copy systems
Although they may look similar not all systems are the same. Some popular systems (including Harsco Infrastructure CUPLOK) are widely copied around the world, but can be of differing specifications with the tie patterns, faade and other bracing requirements varying from one system to the next*. To be sure, one should seek specific and detailed information from suppliers - reputable suppliers will have such information freely available. N.B. Do not use technical data from original systems for copy products. Equally one must not mix copy systems with original CUPLOK. * Copy system variations may include:

system scaffolding
Also known as modular or multi-directional scaffolds, system scaffolding is a prefabricated type of scaffold. Its prewelded connections make it simpler to build, with consistent and regular characteristics which come from modular arrangements. Bay lengths are fixed, but there are several sizes of both width and length.

Tube grades Wall thickness Joint stiffness

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working at height

collective fall prevention

frame scaffolding
The use of frame scaffolding has for a long time been more widely used on mainland Europe than in the UK. With a simpler structure, and generally a fixed, narrow scaffold width, this type of scaffolding often has a shorter training regime. Complex faades may seem to be a challenge for these types, but they can be adapted in a surprisingly versatile manner. Applications are typically for general maintenance and painting. Typical load capability: 2 kN per m

scaffolding stairway systems

Pre-assembled stairway units, which fold flat and can take up a number of angles. Various types of stairways are available for use on many types of scaffold and falsework. These systems, which should meet EN12811-1 (class A or B) are generally self-levelling with variable heights.

Light access equipment

There is a wide range of lightweight equipment other than scaffolding, which provides safe working platforms. Typically applications for this equipment are for shorter duration work and access to difficult areas. They have the capability of being moved frequently from place to place.

staircase systems
Staircases are now more regularly used for access to scaffolds in preference to ladder access. The staircase systems are mostly based on well-known scaffold systems, so they are modular, and tend to incorporate some additional staircase-related components. There are now a number of different types to suit the application: 4-leg staircases - for compact sites and greater economy 8-leg staircases - for general construction use and larger numbers of personnel 10-leg staircases - for greater load capacity and taller staircases public access - where members of the public will be using the structure, particularly where young children are present. These may also be used for fire escapes, as they have a greater loading capacity both vertically and horizontally.

Mobile access towers

Mobile access towers, available in aluminium, steel, and Glass Reinforced Plastic (GRP) are typically used in secondary trades (e.g. painting, decorating, electrical work suspended ceilings, etc). They can be built to heights up to 20 metres and beyond, subject to manufacturers recommendations. The use of steel towers in Europe has been more common than aluminium, but they have begun to change to aluminium in greater numbers. The use of GRP has been growing, though at a smaller volume, for electrical or explosion risk and clean environments.

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21

Building mobile towers

Mobile access towers provide a high degree of protection as long as the manufacturers recommendations on assembly, configuration and use of stabilisers are closely followed. Mobile access towers should only be built by competent people who have received specific training, preferably on a one-day course. The safe erection of mobile towers relies more heavily on safe assembly and dismantling methods than scaffolding because they are lighter weight and free-standing and therefore do not usually allow for the use of harness protection. There are now equipment designs that incorporate advanced guardrailing, so far safer methods that reduce the erection risks are now available. An alternative method is widely accepted and used in the UK, called Through the Trap or 3T. The objective with each method is to avoid any operative ever standing on a working platform without guardrail protection already being in place. Both methods have been fully evaluated by the UK HSE Laboratory and found to be equally satisfactory. Every tower that is sold or hired should be accompanied by a detailed user guide. For non-standard applications, (e.g. linking towers with staging platforms, or cantilevers, specific advice should be sought from the manufacturer).

Low-level access platforms

The reluctance to use steps for work at height tasks has led to the development of a number of alternative low-level access platforms. Steps have been the cause of many falls from height, and these other platforms include integral guardrails to improve safety. Low-level compact platforms are typically 600 mm square. Their use should be limited to a maximum platform height of 2.0 m, in view of stability issues, but platforms higher than 1.0 m usually have a wider base area. However, these platforms may be misused, as over-reaching can still take place and may have more serious consequences. Supervision is still very important, as well as ensuring that stabilisers are deployed if the platform in question is dependent on them. The trend is now toward wider base areas on such platforms in order to reduce the risk of overturning.

temporary roofing systems

It has been common practice for temporary roofs to be built using steel or aluminium scaffold beams and couplers plus plastic or steel sheeting. However, these methods can present a high risk of a fall. The preferred safe method of building temporary roofs is to use the roll-out method available with modern roofing systems in conjunction with a scaffold platform and the use of Keder type sheeting systems. The proposed CEN document Draft Encapsulations Constructions, similar to TG9:10 (Guide to the Design and Construction of Roofs and Buildings) in the UK, covers the key design requirements for temporary roofs, which will provide new guidelines for temporary roofs.

22

working at height

collective fall protection

Powered access Mobile elevating work Platforms (MewPs)

These platforms are widely used in most markets. There are a number of different types of powered access equipment, including scissor lifts, telescopic booms and mast climbing work platforms. Each offers advantages for specific types of work. Scissor lifts offer greater stability and working areas larger than telescopic booms in many medium height applications. Telescopic booms can safely reach into otherwise inaccessible locations. Similarly, with mast climbing work platforms their selection compared with scaffolding may be based on safer movement of building materials and incremental positioning of the working platform. The use of powered access may reduce the risks associated with installing other types of work equipment. Powered access has become widely used as an alternative to scaffolding for cladding and external fixing and sealing operations, particularly on commercial and retail developments. Powered access equipment should only be operated by trained persons such as IPAF (International Powered Access Federation) card holders. Powered access equipment, as with other mobile site plant, should be subject to a high level of inspection and continuous on site supervision.

telescopic or articulated booms

The principal benefit of boom lifts is the ability to access difficult or restricted areas, or substantial heights. They are particularly suitable for use on petrochemical sites, steel frame construction, and window or sign access where minimal material lifting is required. They should not be used where scissor lifts are feasible, as they have a smaller platform and lower load capacity. Telescopic booms should only be operated by trained persons such as IPAF card holders. Operators should always be secured to a designated anchor point by means of appropriate PPE. It is strongly recommended by IPAF that a full body harness with an adjustable lanyard (used to provide work restraint and adjusted to be as short as possible) is used. A best practice guide has been produced by IPAF to highlight the dangers of crushing injuries whilst operating boom type MEWPs, amongst overhead steelwork following a series of serious incidents.

scissor lifts
A scissor lift is classified as a mobile elevating work platform, and offers a wide platform area with heavy duty load capacity without having to traverse up and down an access structure. It is an alternative method of access for applications such as cladding, electrical or heating and ventilating work. Scissor lifts should only be operated by trained persons such as IPAF card holders.

working at height

23

Mast climbing work platforms/suspended access/transport platforms

The prime feature of mast climbing work platforms is their ability to vertically transport heavy materials such as cladding sheets or glazed panel sections. They are suitable for use on longer term, new or refurbishment of commercial or residential high rise buildings and cladding projects. They offer a work platform tailored to the exact location of the work, and controlled ascent and descent for access and egress. Like scaffolding, mast climbing work platforms depend critically on ties/anchors. Mast climbing work platforms should only be operated by certified personnel, i.e. similar to powered access certification, IPAF offers accredited training courses for mast climbing work platforms. Mast climbing work platforms should not be used to provide personnel access to different floors of a building unless interlocked landing gates are provided at each landing point. Suspended cradles are used mainly for the maintenance and cleaning of existing buildings. They provide a work platform with guardrails supported by primary and secondary wiring systems. The platforms require suitable and sufficient counterweighting on the roof. Installation should be carried out by trained specialists.

Push-around vertical platforms

A new generation of small powered access machines has emerged, called push-around verticals. They are largely a result of the critical appraisal of the use of ladders and steps, and the increased use of podium steps in the UK. These platforms are only powered in the vertical direction, as they need to be manually pushed into their location each time, but are then able to elevate, with ease, but only for relatively low heights. The platforms have become popular as an alternative type of low-level access platform. Requiring no adaptation in order to lift the user into narrow overhead applications, (e.g. air conditioning, trunking), they may offer a safer type of platform that reduces assembly and a number of misuse risks (e.g. climbing on guardrails). The level of training required is a question to be considered by users, but IPAF have a special training scheme for this type of platform.

24

working at height

collective fall protection

edge protection
Edge protection is a method of preventing falls by the installation of guardrail protection at exposed leading edges, (e.g. the edge of concrete slabs or roof surfaces). Edge protection is one of the most widely used methods of fall prevention. With a common Standard (EN13374) the methods being used will increasingly have the same performance requirement.

climbing screens
A particular safety development across Europe for high-rise applications, has been a new method of edge protection, called climbing screens. These are large-scale protective screens, which could cover 4 or 5 vertical floor levels to give protection to the concrete and formwork operatives - including weather protection. The heavy-duty screens are moved by hydraulic jacking components, and are anchored into floor levels for support.

edge protection systems

There are a number of edge protection systems now available, complying with EN13374. Many of them feature a steel mesh panel for protection rather than tubular or timber guardrails. Timber guardrails are commonly used throughout Europe, but not in the UK, where mesh panel systems have largely replaced tubular scaffolding edge protection. The fixings for concrete frame applications are mainly based on drilled or drop-in anchor systems and 1.0 m or higher posts. Slab clamps are also used, which do not require anchors, but these are less common. On a small number of major projects, contractor preference has been for full height edge protection, which may involve different designs of panels and special posts. This is to provide greater protection adjacent to public areas. For steel frame applications, components are usually bolted into the web of the steel beams at floor level. In a large number of cases the beams may be pre-drilled. In similarly large numbers the edge protection equipment may then be bolted on at ground level and then the steel beams and the edge protection craned into position, to avoid operatives working at height on the floor level. Telescopic boom lifts will assist this method of installation. There are different types of fixings dependent on the type of structure:

roof edge protection systems

Proprietary, purpose-designed roof edge protection systems have been developed for a wide range of flat roof and similar applications. These forms of edge protection are mainly secured using counterweights. On a number of applications, (e.g. high-rise and exposed locations), wind resistance calculations may be required, and additional counterweighing may be necessary. With such systems, it is important to ensure they are suitable for the surface in question. They will not be suitable on steeper slopes or on profiled roof surfaces where the base contact area is restricted. When toeboards are required, additional counterweighting will be needed to cater for the effect of wind pressure. Counterweighted roof edge protection systems provide protection on flat roofs of any height. The counterweights avoid any damage to the roof surface due to drilling and can be temporary or permanent applications. These systems are relatively quick to install and provide a safer form of roof edge protection than traditional scaffolding materials.

scaffolding equipment for roof edge protection

Harsco Infrastructure advise against the use of standard scaffolding equipment for flat roof applications unless it has been specifically calculated or designed.

Concrete - fixings cast or drilled into the concrete slab Steel - fixings bolted into the web of steel beams around
the perimeter.

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25

falsework and formwork

The need for fall prevention is not limited to access equipment. The erection and dismantling of falsework will be safer if suitable working platforms and edge protection are provided within the main structure. In the past, the complex nature of the concrete supporting grid had made it more difficult to provide guardrail protection, but more purposedesigned solutions are appearing in order to meet regulatory requirements. More consideration is required when work must be carried out between the runs of falsework or beyond the extremities of the assembled structure, such as for decking out the soffit formwork between towers or for large cantilevered primary beams. Access to these areas can be gained by progressively building in access as the structure proceeds, or alternatively using separate access tower units. Access to the top deck of the falsework for the follow on trades may be improved by using a staircase unit.

formwork systems
Wall formwork systems have very common features across the EU, as many of the most popular systems are designed and manufactured in mainland Europe, and widely distributed. The work at height issues are often based around the need to provide safe access while the form ties and fixings are installed and removed, and during concrete pouring operations. Each product will include components to construct safe working platforms integral to the system, and it is essential these are used, whenever work above ground level is required, to avoid unsafe acts, such as climbing up the wall panels.

Ladders
Within the Directive, ladders may be used for work at height only under circumstances in which the use of other, safer work equipment is not justified. The use of ladders for access and as working at height equipment has therefore been replaced in many cases by low-level access platforms, staircases and mobile access towers. The use of ladders should in any event be restricted to low risk tasks of short duration (no more than 30 minutes per task; shorter periods are preferable where practicable). A risk assessment is required to determine that there is low risk and that more suitable work equipment is not justified, due, for example, to restricted or limited space or duration of work. Ladders should be used in accordance with the manufacturers instructions. The ladder should be placed at the correct angle and be properly secured. Stretching and over-reaching should be avoided. If a ladder is the only practicable solution, it should be tied in wherever possible. Three points of contact are recommended to reduce the risk of over-reaching. Accessories are available to improve the stability of ladder products, but research shows that users should be careful that this does not lead them to take greater risks (e.g. over-reaching).

safe erection by design

Falsework (shoring) and formwork systems provide temporary access and support for moulding wet concrete into shape. The design of falsework (shoring) and formwork systems and schemes must take into account the requirement for safe erection and dismantling of all of the equipment. Any falsework and formwork layouts must be designed by suitably qualified personnel, and shall take into account the risks involved with their installation.

falsework systems
There are several different types of falsework systems:

Modular steel systems Steel frame systems Aluminium shoring systems Prop-based systems

26

working at height

collective and individual fall arrest equipment

coLLective safety netting

Nets are defined in the Work at Height Regulations as collective protection which arrest falls. Fall prevention methods such as guardrails and toeboards should be considered before fall arrest methods. Safety nets are designed and manufactured to be positioned below working places at height to act as fall arrest equipment. They have a limited application because they cannot be used where there are obstructions or where there is inadequate clearance below the net. Safety nets are most frequently used for new construction of commercial or large-span industrial buildings to provide a fall arrest system for roofing activities. Safety nets require strong and frequent anchor points. They should be installed by trained personnel only who themselves are using safe work methods and equipment, (e.g. telescopic booms). . If nets are to be attached to scaffolding or edge protection, design confirmation should be sought to establish that the forces involved are sustainable. Walk-on nets, or work positioning nets are a further type of special netting that can be used as a working platform. They are likely to carry a higher specification than standard EN 1263-1 safety nets, and in particular will have a higher energy rating and an independent safety backup system. Installations should be design engineered.

individuaL running lines

Running lines are taut lengths of cable or rope that span between secure fixed points on structures. Individuals attach the lanyards of their harnesses to the running line with a suitable connector. Harnesses clipped to the line may provide fall restraint or fall arrest, depending on the particular configuration. Running lines are normally used in circumstances where it is extremely difficult to provide suitable platforms such as scaffolding, (e.g. large industrial plant in confined spaces). Running lines should be installed by trained personnel only, and should be thoroughly tested prior to use. Designers need to give careful thought to installing running lines on new buildings as in doing so they are providing a reason to undertake temporary work at height when installing and testing the line but need to consider the issue of protection against falls during such operations.

working at height

27

individuaL Personal fall protection - harnesses

A strong emphasis is placed on the adoption of collective measures to prevent people from falling a distance liable to cause personal injury. The first consideration should be the prevention of falls by using guardrails or other barriers. If that is not possible, then collective fall arrest equipment (nets or soft landing systems) should be used. Personal protection is based on the use of harnesses by the individual. There are a variety of methods that can be used to connect the harnesses to a safe anchor point. These include scaffold hooks, anchored running lines, and mobile anchor systems. A risk assessment should be carried out before personal fall protection equipment is selected. The risk assessment shall demonstrate that the work can be performed safely using personal fall protection. It shall also explain why the use of other safer work equipment (collective measures) is not reasonably practicable. In addition, the users of personal fall protection equipment shall have received adequate training specific to the equipment being used and work being carried out. Finally the training shall include rescue arrangements. A personal fall protection system should be suitable and of sufficient strength for the purposes for which it is being used having regard to the work being carried out. It should fit the user properly, and be designed to minimise injury to the user and, be adjusted to prevent the user falling or slipping from it, should a fall occur. Operatives shall be trained in the use and inspection of their personal fall arrest equipment.

rescue
Rescue is an important issue, and is a legal requirement when fall arrest equipment is used. Scaffolders, or other workers may need to be rescued if they fall while erecting or dismantling, and are then in a suspended position. The risk is that they could soon start to suffer from physiological problems due to restricted blood circulation in the legs, leading to a variety of symptoms, even unconsciousness. Appropriate rescue methods shall always be available that can be rapidly and safely deployed by trained persons. There are a number of different methods available, including those that raise a fallen person from above or lower them to the ground, and methods that allow the victim to retrieve themselves. If the person who has been suspended is unconscious or semi-conscious, they should be examined by a competent first-aid trained person, who should ensure the emergency services are called immediately. They should receive any immediate medical attention that is essential, but avoid moving them (particularly avoid laying them flat) until the medical services arrive, as otherwise further injury could be caused.

28 working at height

collective and individual fall arrest equipment

rope access
Rope access and positioning involves the use of long rope cable lengths fixed at the top to which users connect their harnesses and then abseil to the work position. Rope access is normally used for inspection of high structures and for light duties, (e.g. emergency repairs). Rope access shall only be used by trained and competent personnel.

falls from vehicles

At this time protection against falls from vehicles is at an early stage, but a number of methods are available to prevent this type of fall resulting in injury:

Mobile anchor systems

A mobile anchor system comprises a number of individual weight blocks which are inter-connected and can be repositioned. They are placed on top of buildings and structures and are used as a dead weight connection point for the shock absorbing lanyards or inertia reel systems. Where guardrail protection systems are not feasible, a mobile anchor system can be used to provide a temporary anchor point for fall restraint from a retractable lanyard. It shall only be used by one person and be at least two metres from the nearest leading edge. It is recommended that the users harness is connected to a safety device, and there is concern to ensure that this horizontal line is both limited in length due to the pendulum effect and has the ability to resist severe abrasion in the event of a fall. Advice should be sought on this issue.

Guardrails (collective) Gantries (collective) Soft landing bags (collective) Gallows systems (individual) Fall arrest lines (individual)
Purpose-designed systems are available, but there are many different types of vehicle, so it is not practicable to adopt any one solution to cover all cases. It would be preferable for companies to consider methods that allow for loading and unloading without working at height, (e.g. palletisation).

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selecting suitable equipment

scheduLe of equiPMent to suit aPPLications

This schedule summarises the most suitable type of equipment for a variety of applications.

key
internal maintenance concrete frame building external maintenance house building internal fit-out rail and airport bridge construction industrial plant steel frame warehouse steel frame building
Most appropriate solution Less suitable solution Unsuitable solution

scaffold mobile tower scissor lift boom lift low-level access falsework ladders steps mast climbing work platform cradles edge protection climbing edge protection netting or soft landing bags fall arrest rope access

30

working at height

selecting suitable equipment

This schedule highlights some of the typical characteristics of various types of work at height equipment to assist selection of safe equipment.

Suitable for heights over 50 m

Copes with heavy loads

(over 200kg/m or 2kN/m)

Static copes with uneven ground

Duration of application

Mobility frequent movement

Scaffold Scissor lift Boom lift Mast climbing work platform Mobile access tower Edge protection Staircase Cradle Falsework Safety netting (fall arrest) Low-level access Ladders and steps

Limited over 20 m Limited over 60 m

x x
n/a

Rough terrain model

Medium to long-term Short-term Short-term Short to medium-term Short-term Short/medium long-term Medium to long-term Short to medium-term Short to medium-term Short to medium-term Short-term Very short-term

Less suitable Rough terrain model

Gantry Adjustable

Some models

Limited over 30 m

Limited Unsuitable Less suitable Controlled conditions only Less suitable

Climbing version

n/a

x
n/a
Steel scaffold versions Unsuitable

n/a

x
Unsuitable

x x

appointing suppliers
The most important task is to ensure actual or potential suppliers have been fully vetted to ensure they are competent, have sufficient experience, have a safety management system and have a good safety record. If equipment is being ordered, the procurement manager should have sufficient competence to understand that what they are ordering is suitable and safe. None of this absolves the client or contractor from responsibility if something goes wrong. The responsibility for safety cannot simply be passed on to a sub-contractor. All parties are involved with safe working, so any choices need to be fully considered.

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31

the hazards
The objective of the Work at Height Directive is to reduce working at height but if that is not practicable, then to prevent falls. There are a number of reasons why falls from height can occur and the table below identifies a number of these. It will be clear from the details below that the individual is the most important element of work at height planning.

operative-related over-reaching components removed excessive gaps unprotected edges poor assembly lack of training slipping from platform or ladder inadequate ties and anchors missing guardrails cluttered platform harness not secured overloading choosing wrong equipment lack of inspection

equipment-related defective platform boards/decking faulty equipment unsuitable equipment missing parts damaged components lack of secure harness anchor points

site-related high winds very uneven ground ground subsidence poor brickwork for tying overhead power lines buried services

Example of over-reaching hazard.

Example of hazardous scaffold.

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working at height

principal design standards for work at height equipment

steel scaffold tube

Bs en 39:2001 Loose steel tubes for tube and coupler scaffolds. Technical delivery conditions.

fall protection equipment

Bs en 353-1:2002 Bs en 353-2:2002 Bs en 354:2010 Bs en 355:2002 Couplers, spigot pins and base plates for use in falsework and scaffolds. Couplers for tubes. Requirements and test procedures. Couplers, spigot pins and base plates for use in falsework and scaffolds. Special couplers. Requirements and test procedures. Couplers, spigot pins and base plates for use in falsework and scaffolds. Plain base plates and spigot pins. Requirements and test procedures. Metal scaffolding. Couplers. Aluminium couplers and special couplers in steel. Requirements and test methods. Specification for timber scaffold boards. Specification for temporary access platforms. Performance and design requirements, and test methods. Faade scaffolds made of prefabricated components. Product specifications. Faade scaffolds made of prefabricated components. Particular methods of structural design. Bs en 358:2000 Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Guided type fall arresters including a rigid anchor line. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Guided type fall arresters including a flexible anchor line. Personal fall protection equipment. Lanyards. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Energy absorbers. Personal protective equipment for work positioning and prevention of falls from a height. Belts for work positioning and restraint and work positioning lanyards. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Retractable type fall arresters. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Full body harnesses. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Connectors. Personal fall protection equipment. Personal fall protection systems. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. Test methods. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. General requirements for instructions for use, maintenance, periodic examination, repair, marking and packaging. Code of practice for selection, use and maintenance of personal fall protection systems and equipment for use in the workplace. Code of practice for the delivery of training and education for work at height and rescue. Personal protective equipment against falls from a height. List of equivalent terms.

aluminium scaffold tube

Bs 1139-1.2:1990 Metal scaffolding. Tubes. Specification for aluminium tube.

scaffold fittings
Bs en 74-1:2005

Bs en 74-2:2008

Bs en 360:2002 Bs en 361:2002 Bs en 362:2004 Bs en 363:2008 Bs en 364:1993 Bs en 365:2004

Bs en 74-3:2007

Bs 1139-2.2:2009

timber scaffold boards, battens and decks

Bs 2482:2009 dd 7995:2003

faade scaffolds
Bs en 12810-1:2003 Bs en 12810-2:2003 Bs 8437:2005

Bs 8454:2006 Bs en 1868:1997

temporary works equipment - scaffolds

Bs en 12811-1:2003 Bs en 12811-2:2004 Bs en 12811-3:2002 Temporary works equipment. Scaffolds. Performance requirements and general design. Temporary works equipment. Information on materials. Temporary works equipment. Load testing.

falsework
Bs 5975:2008 Code of practice for temporary works procedures and the permissible stress design of falsework.

Mobile access towers

Bs en 1004:2004 Mobile access and working towers made of prefabricated elements. Materials, dimensions, design loads, safety and performance requirements. Metal scaffolding. Specification for prefabricated tower scaffolds outside the scope of BS EN 1004, but utilising components from such systems.

summary - best practice

A best practice shortlist of some of the main activities involved in carrying out safe work at height:

Bs 1139-6:2005

steps and ladders

Bs en 131-1:2007 Bs en 131-2:2010 Bs en 131-3:2007 Bs en 131-4:2007 Bs 2037:1994 Ladders. Terms, types, functional sizes. Ladders. Requirements, testing, marking. Ladders. User instructions. Ladders. Single or multiple hinge-joint ladders. Specification for portable aluminium ladders, steps, trestles and lightweight stagings.

avoid working at height if practicable take all steps to prevent falls Plan and organise your work at height only use proven competent suppliers select suitable safe work at height equipment ensure that all those who will install or work on
work at height

edge protection
Bs en 13374:2004 Temporary edge protection systems. Product specification, test methods.

work at height equipment have been fully trained

carry out risk assessments prior to undertaking Give priority to collective methods of fall protection only use fall arrest where fall prevention is not
possible

MewPs
Bs en 280:2001 +a2:2009 Bs iso 18878:2004 Mobile elevating work platforms. Design calculations. Stability criteria. Construction. Safety. Examinations & tests. Mobile elevating work platforms. Operator (driver) training.

anchor devices
Bs en 795:1997 Protection against falls from a height. Anchor devices. Requirements and testing.

do not use equipment or workplaces unless they

have been visually inspected before use

ensure the stabilisation of your work at height

equipment, and ideally secure it to a solid structure.

NB: The standards referenced above should be checked for being the most recent edition prior to specifying their use.

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glossary

advanced guardrailing Boom lift Bs climbing screens codes of practice collective measures competent supplier cradle din edge protection en ePf fall prevention falsework formwork frame system Gantries iPaf injury mitigation irata Light access equipment Low-level platforms Mast climbing work platform MewP Mitigate the consequences of a fall Mobile access tower netting nf PasMa PPe Push-around vertical platforms rope access running lines safe systems of work scissor lift soft landing bags telescopic or articulated booms temporary roofing systems temporary work at height directive tube and fittings walk-on nets working at height hierarchy

A method of providing safe guardrail protection before a scaffolder ascends/descends a working platform. A mobile working platform that can elevate in several different directions, including horizontal and vertical. British standards system. A type of edge protection that can climb the face of a tall structure, usually employing small hydraulic rams. Non-legislative but authoritative best practice guidance. Measures that provide protection to several persons rather than an individual. A supplier that has the knowledge, experience and capability to provide a safe reliable service. A suspended access platform which is supported from above, and may be capable of some horizontal movement as well as vertical. German standards system. A type of edge protection independent of a scaffold that prevents falls from leading edges. European Norm/European standards. Code of practice for the delivery of training and education for work at height and rescue. Edge Protection Federation. A key part of the work at height hierarchy, principally providing guardrail protection. Vertical heavy duty support medium. Equipment for forming and safely supporting wet concrete until it cures. Scaffold system based on welded frame with fixed dimensions rather than individual verticals and horizontals. Heavy duty designed framework for supporting heavy imposed loads from scaffolds or mast climbers etc. International Powered Access Federation. Methods to limit the effect of a person falling from a height. Industrial Rope Access Trade Association. Aluminium or GRP working platforms for light trade applications. Alternative small working platforms to replace stepladders. A heavy duty work platform that is supported on one or more mast sections and climbs vertically. Mobile Elevating Work Platforms, e.g. scissor lifts. Minimise the injury impact on a body following a fall from height. A manually erected and moved light access platform. Safety netting to catch falling persons without injury. French standards system. Prefabricated Access Suppliers and Manufacturers Association. Personal Protection Equipment. Small vertically elevating platforms that move horizontally by manual effort. A form of work positioning based on skilled suspended rope access technicians. Fall restraint or fall arrest horizontal wire system for harness/ lanyard connection. Safe methods of erection for scaffolders. A mobile working platform powered by batteries, diesel or direct power that can elevate vertically. Purpose-designed bags full of polystyrene beading or air that can give a soft, uninjured landing in the event of a fall. Different types of boom lifts that use hydraulics to move platforms into different positions. Purpose-designed systems that generally comprise lightweight beams that are erected in a safer way than scaffolding components. EU legal framework for work at height. Traditional type of scaffolding employing loose tubes and couplers. Special safety nets that can be used as a working platform for certain defined applications. The order of priorities, expressed in the UK as a hierarchy.

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working at height

contact information
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Malaysia t: 00 603 42965455 or 00 603 42965034 info@harsco-i.sg www.harsco-i.sg Mexico t: 0052 55 2614 1410 info@harsco-i.us www.harsco-i.us

russia t: 007 495 661 6494 info@harsco-i.ru www.harsco-i.ru

usa t: 001 201 261 5600 info@harsco-i.us www.harsco-i.us

denmark t: 0045 7013 3100 info@harsco-i.dk www.harsco-i.dk

saudi arabia t: 00 966 2 619 2000 vporter@harsco.com www.harsco-i.com

this guide is issued by harsco infrastructure services limited. this publication is for general guidance and should not be seen as a source of or a substitution for taking legal advice. it remains the responsibility of the user to review and comply with all applicable laws, regulations and codes of conduct. further, the importance of assessing and applying appropriate measures in particular circumstances cannot be overstated. save to the extent that there are statutory rights to the contrary, no liability is accepted in relation to any use or reliance made of any information in this publication. caution the information in this publication is based on the position in england and wales and it will become out of date over time. all information in this guide is correct at the time of going to press. harsco infrastructure services limited reserves the right to change products or withdraw products at any time. 2011. this guide and its contents are the copyright of harsco infrastructure services limited. all rights reserved. no part of this guide may be copied, reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means (electronic or otherwise) without the express written permission of harsco infrastructure services limited.

 2011 Harsco Infrastructure Services Ltd, Harsco House, Regent Park, 299 Kingston Road, Leatherhead, Surrey, KT22 7SG 0811/ BBC / 5K / H342

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