1.

Induced EMF of a coil cutting through a magnetic field Faraday's Law Any change in the magnetic environment of a coil of wire will cause a voltage (emf) to be "induced" in the coil. No matter how the change is produced, the voltage will be generated. The change could be produced by changing the magnetic field strength, moving a magnet toward or away from the coil, moving the coil into or out of the magnetic field, rotating the coil relative to the magnet, etc.

Faraday's law is a fundamental relationship which comes from Maxwell's equations. It serves as a succinct summary of the ways a voltage (or emf) may be generated by a changing magnetic environment. The induced emf in a coil is equal to the negative of the rate of change of magnetic flux times the number of turns in the coil. It involves the interaction of charge with magnetic field.

2. DC Generators EMF Generated E.M.F Equation: Let = flux/pole in weber Z = total number of armture conductors = No.of slots x No.of conductors/slot P = No.of generator poles A = No.of parallel paths in armature N = armature rotation in revolutions per minute (r.p.m) E = e.m.f induced in any parallel path in armature Generated e.m.f, Eg = e.m.f generated in any one of the parallel paths i.e E. Average e.m.f generated /conductor = d/dt volt (n=1) Now, flux cut/conductor in one revolution d = P Wb No. of revolutions/second = N/60 Time for one revolution, dt = 60/N second Hence, according to Faraday's Laws of Electromagnetic Induction, E.M.F generated/conductor is

For a simplex wave-wound generator No.of parallel paths = 2 No.of conductors (in series) in one path = Z/2

E.M.F. generated/path is

For a simplex lap-wound generator No. of parallel paths = P No. of conductors (in series) in one path = Z/P E.M.F. generated/path:

In general generated e.m.f

where A = 2 - for simplex wave-winding = P - for simplex lap-winding 3. DC Motors Net Mechanical Power The power and torque of a dc motor are two of its most important properties. We now derive two simple equations that enable us to calculate them. According to Eq. 4.1 the cemf induced in a lap-wound armature is given by Eo = ZnF/60 (4.1) Referring to Fig. 5.2, the electrical power Pa supplied to the armature is equal to the supply voltage Es multiplied by the armature current I: Pa = EsI (5.2) However, Es is equal to the sum of Eo plus the IR drop in the armature: Es = Eo + IR (5.3) It follows that: Pa = EsI = (Eo + IR)I

= EoI + I2R (5.4) The I2R term represents heat dissipated in the armature, but the very important term E oI is the electrical power that is converted into mechanical power. The mechanical power of the motor is therefore exactly equal to the product of the cemf multiplied by the armature current P = EoI (5.5) where: P = mechanical power developed by the motor [W] Eo = induced voltage in the armature (cemf) [V] / = total current supplied to the armature [A]

Efficiency: Various power stages in the case of a DC generator

4. DC Generators Mechanical Efficiency:

5. DC Motors Electrical Efficiency:

Overall Efficiency:

It is obvious that overall efficiency is the product of mechanical and electrical efficiencies. For good generators, its value may be as high as 95%.

Condition for Maximum Efficiency: In general generator efficiency = Output / (Output + losses) The condition for maximum efficiency of generator is given by