Bio103 (5) Mid1 suggestion What does life means? Give some characteristics of living organism.

. Life means something alive. The unit of life is cell. Life is made up of 4 characters/bases: 1. Adenine 2. Thymine 3. Guanine 4. Cytosine Some characteristics of life are: 1. Extract energy from nutrient. 2. Perform various functions. 3. response to changes 4. ability to grow 5. ability to differentiate 6. most importantly ability to reproduce 7. Metabolism 8. Interactions 9. Homeostasis

Draw the structure of a eukaryotic cell and show the major organelles.

Briefly

describe the basic cell features which are common to all cells.

Ribosome: Protein synthesis occurs at tiny organelles called ribosome. Ribosomes are composed of a large subunit and a small subunit. Ribosome can be found alone in the cytoplasm, in groups called

polyribosome, or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum. Which DNA is strictly maternal? Function of nucleus and mitochondria. The nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is the largest organelle in the cell

Mitochondria: Functions of Mitochondria Site of aerobic respiration Responsible for the production of energy rich ATP molecules The numbers of mitochondria reflect the metabolic activity of the cell so large numbers are found in muscle and liver cells Where you can find the DNA in prokaryotic cells? DNA in the prokaryotic cells is found in the cytoplasmic region called the nucleoid. Write the cell theory.

 Which organelle is known as power house of cell and why? Mitochondria are called the powerhouse of a cell. Mitochondria provide the
energy a cell needs to move, divide, produce secretory products, contract etc. The inner membrane is highly convoluted, forming folds (cristae). It is on these cristae that food (sugar) is combined with oxygen to produce ATP - the primary energy source for the cell.

Give some characteristics of Prokaryotes. Most numerous and widespread organism on earth. They ate estimated to represent half of earths biomass. Rapid reproductive rate. Sizes between 1-10 mM Invariably unicellular: although they may form filaments and colonies of independent cells. Escherichia coli (E. Coli) is the most well-characterized organism on earth Write a short note on E.Coli Escherichia coli (E. Coli) is the most well-characterized organism on earth. 2 mM long with rod like shape and 1 mM in diameter. Cellular weight ~2 X 10-12 gm. DNA molecular weight ~2.5 X 10-9 Daltons, encodes of 4300 proteins, of which 60-70% has been identified. Altogether an E. coli cell contains 3000-6000 different types of molecules including proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, polysaccharides, and various other small molecules and ions. Define photosynthesis and complete the following reaction. Photosynthesis is the conversion of light energy into chemical energy by living organisms. The raw materials are carbon dioxide and water; the energy source is sunlight; and the end-products are oxygen and (energy rich) carbohydrates, for example sucrose and starch Sunlight Carbon dioxide + Water Chlorophyll Glucose + Oxygen

Define transcription and translation. Transcription Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is transferred to a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is facilitated by RNA polymerase and transcription factors. Transcription occurs in the nucleus. Translation Translation is the process where ribosome synthesizes proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during transcription.

Translation occurs in the cytoplasm.

Discuss on central dogma.

The central dogma of molecular biology deals with the detailed residueby-residue transfer of sequential information. It states that information cannot be transferred back from protein to either protein or nucleic acid Transcription Transcription is the process by which the information contained in a section of DNA is transferred to a newly assembled piece of messenger RNA (mRNA). It is facilitated by RNA polymerase and transcription factors. Transcription occurs in the nucleus. Translation Translation is the process where ribosomes synthesize proteins using the mature mRNA transcript produced during transcription. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm. What is DNA, RNA. Difference between DNA and RNA Deoxyribonucleic acid, or DNA, is a nucleic acid molecule that contains the genetic Cn aDg a f Ml c l rBo g et l omo o u r e a il y o

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instructions used in the development and functioning of all known living organisms. The main role of DNA is the long-term storage of information and it is often compared to a set of blueprints, since DNA contains the instructions needed to construct other components of cells, such as proteins and RNA molecules. The DNA segments that carry this genetic information are called genes, What is RNA? RNA is a nucleic acid. RNA is one of two nucleic acids that are found in human cells. The other is DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid). RNA acts as a messenger carrying instructions from the DNA to the ribosomes. The three main functionally distinct varieties of RNA molecules are: (1) messenger RNA (mRNA) which is involved in the transmission of DNA information, (2) ribosomal RNA (rRNA) which makes up the physical machinery of the synthetic process, and (3) transfer RNA (tRNA) which also constitutes another functional part of the machinery of protein synthesis. Difference: RNA contains the sugar ribose; DNA contains deoxyribose. RNA contains the base uracil; DNA contains thymine instead. RNA is usually single stranded; DNA is usually double stranded. RNA is short: one gene long at most; DNA is long, containing many genes. Discuss on the types of RNA Messenger RNA (mRNA) Messenger RNA contains genetic information. It is a copy of a portion of the DNA. It carries genetic information from the gene (DNA) out of the nucleus, into the cytoplasm of the cell where it is translated to produce protein. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) This type of RNA is a structural component of the ribosomes. It does not contain a genetic message. Transfer RNA (tRNA) Transfer RNA functions to transport amino acids to the ribosomes during protein synthesis. Name the bases found in DNA and RNA. Adenine Thymine Guanine Cytosine Define protein and discuss on their function

Proteins are macromolecules composed of one or more polypeptide chains, each with a characteristic sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of adjacent amino acid residues. The first protein to be sequenced was insulin. Protein's main function is to build, maintain and repair all our body tissues, such as muscles, organs, skin and hair. Protein can also be used as energy source by body, but this usually only happens when carbohydrate and fat stores are in short supply. Protein acts as storage material of food and energy. Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, and are vital to metabolism. Proteins are molecular instrument through which genetic information is expressed. They act as antibodies to prevent disease. The milk proteins help the growth of infant mammals. Certain antibiotics that cure microbial diseases are also protein. Proteins serve as the carrier and transporters of essential substances in the organism. They serve as building block unit: for sub-cellular, cellular, and organic structures. Proteins act as blood clotting factors and immunoglobulin. Proteins provide fuel for brain during fasting. They also help water binding in Hemoglobin. Proteins are important in cell signaling, immune responses, cell adhesion, and the cell cycle What could be the possible use of light and carbon dioxide? All life forms need energy to survive. Living things use energy to grow, to defend themselves, and to move around this energy is provided by the Sun the primary source of energy. Plants use sunlight and carbon dioxide from the air to create their own food by photosynthesis. Many animals then eat the plants, taking this energy into their own bodies. Other animals then eat these plant eaters, passing the Sun's energy from one organism to another. The food organisms take in provides them with energy, and also provides them with the resources, and raw materials they need to build up their bodies, grow, and repair damage. Explain the three state of water. Define melting and boiling points. Water has three states. Below freezing water is a solid (ice or snowflakes), between freezing and boiling water is a liquid, and above its boiling point water is a gas. Water changing from solid to liquid is said to be melting. When it changes from liquid to gas it is evaporating. Water changing from gas to liquid is called condensation (An example is the 'dew' that forms on the outside of a glass of cold soda). Frost formation is when water changes from gas directly to solid form. When water changes directly from solid to gas the process is called sublimation. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which that liquid is converted to a gaseous state. Boiling point is formally defined as the

temperature at which the vapor pressure of the liquid becomes equal to the pressure at the surface of the liquid. The boiling point of a liquid can change if the pressure at the liquid's surface changes. The melting point is the temperature at which a solid is converted to liquid. This is an important property of solids. The melting point of solids, like the boiling point of liquids, is often used for the identification of substances. Classify water according to phase.

Write the major properties of water. The water molecule has a bent geometry with an O H bond; distance of 0.958 A and an H O H bond angle of 104.50 MOLECULAR FORMULA H2O MELTING POINT BOILING POINT 0 C (273.15 K) (32 F) 100 C (373.15 K) (212 F)

Why water is consider as a universal solvent? Water is a very strong solvent, referred to as the universal solvent, dissolving many types of substances. Substances that will mix well and dissolve in water, e.g. salts, sugars, acids, alkalis, and some gases: especially oxygen, carbon dioxide (carbonation), are known as "hydrophilic" (water-loving) substances, while those that do not mix well with water (e.g. fats and oils), are known as "hydrophobic" (water-fearing) substances. All the major components in cells (proteins, DNA and polysaccharides) are also dissolved in water.

How DNA carry the genetic information?

Body is split into 3 solution-filled compartments. What are they? Intracellular (inside cells) = ~ 34 liters Interstitial (outside cells) = ~ 13 liters Blood plasma = ~3 liters

Give the distribution of water for a 70 kg man in the main compartments. Body 60-80% water by weight 70 kg man has ~ 49 kg water = ~49 L 3 Main compartments: Intracellular (inside cells) = ~ 34 liters Interstitial (outside cells) = ~ 13 liters Blood plasma = ~3 liters Define pH? What does p and H stands for? pH is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution. The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of hydrogen ions in the solution. p stands for power and H stands for the hydrogen ion concerntration. Define acid, base, buffer, acidic buffer solution and basic buffer solution. Acids: substance capable of donating protons Example: HCl, H2SO4 Bases: substance that can accept protons NaOH, KOH etc Buffers: solution which resists changes in pH when small quantities of an acid or an alkali added to it. Example: Tris-acetate buffer (Tris acetate plus EDTA), Tris-phosphate buffer (Tris phosphate plus EDTA) etc. Acidic buffer solutions An acidic buffer solution is simply one which has a pH less than 7. Acidic buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak acid and one of its salts - often a sodium salt. Alkaline buffer solutions An alkaline buffer solution has a pH greater than 7. Alkaline buffer solutions are commonly made from a weak base and one of its salts Suppose the pH changes from 4 to 8, what is the change in H+ concentration? 40 What is cell division? Name different types of cell division.

 Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or

more daughter cells. Types of cell division: There are three types of cell division. They are 1. Binary fission 2. Mitosis 3. Meiosis

Briefly discuss on binary fission with diagram. Binary fission, or prokaryotic fission, is the form of asexual reproduction and cell division used by all prokaryotic and some single-celled eukaryotic organisms. This process results in the reproduction of a living prokaryotic cell by division into two parts which each have the potential to grow to the size of the original cell. Binary fission begins when the DNA of the cell is replicated. Each circular strand of DNA then attaches to the plasma membrane. The cell elongates, causing the two chromosomes to separate. The plasma membrane then invaginates (grows inward) and splits the cell into two daughter cells through a process called cytokinesis. Discuss on mitosis and meiosis. In mitosis, two daughter cells are typically produced from an original parent cell and the two daughter cells have the same number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Chromosomes contain the DNA that makes up the genetic material of a cell. Mitosis occurs in most of the cells of your body for growth, repair and replacement of damaged cells. The chromosome number of the daughter cells is the same as for the parent cell. In animals the organism's cells are typically diploid and daughter cells produced by mitosis will be diploid. In addition the daughter cells will be genetically identical to the parent cell. In meiosis, four haploid daughter cells are typically produced. The daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the original parent cell. Also in meiosis,

the cells produced by meiosis become what in animals are called sex cells or gametes. The male gamete is the sperm, the female gamete the ovum or egg. When the two gametes get together the resulting cell is called a zygote. Meiosis occurs, not in the cells of your body as a whole, but in specialized cells in your reproductive organs. Name the steps involve in mitosis. The steps are: interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase, cytokinesis Define oogenesis and spermatogenesis.

Diff between mitosis and meiosis Mitosis Meiosis Asexual Produces somatic cells Maintains Chromosome number One donor Clones (identical) Sexual Produces sex cells Reduces Chromosome Number Two donors Variability