01 WCDMA RAN Fudamental

WCDMA RAN Fundamental
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Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission
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Objectives
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Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

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Describe feature of wireless propagation Outline the advantage of CDMA principle Characterize code sequence Outline the fundamentals of RAN
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Contents
1. CDMA Principle 2. WCDMA Fundamental
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Contents
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Wireless Propagation
Transmitted Signal
Amplitude
Transmission Loss: Path Loss + Multi-path Fading
Received Signal
Time
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A mobile communication channel is a multi-path fading channel and any transmitted signal reaches a receive end by means of multiple transmission paths, such as direct transmission, reflection, scatter, etc.
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Propagation of Radio Signal

20 15 10 5 dBm 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 0 -5 -10 -15 -20 -25 -30 -35 -40 dB
Signal at Transmitter
Signal at Receiver
Fading
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Fading Categories
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Fading Categories
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Slow Fading Fast Fading
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Furthermore, with the moving of a mobile station, the signal amplitude, delay and phase on various transmission paths vary with time and place. Therefore, the levels of received signals are fluctuating and unstable and these multi-path signals, if overlaid, will lead to fading. The mid-value field strength of Rayleigh fading has relatively gentle change and is called Slow fading. And it conforms to lognormal distribution.
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Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

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Multiple Access Technology

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Frequency division multiple access (FDMA) Time division multiple access (TDMA) Code division multiple access (CDMA)
Duplex Technology
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Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)
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In third generation mobile communication systems, TD-SCDMA adopts time division duplex (TDD); WCDMA and cdma2000 adopt frequency division duplex (FDD). WCDMA FDD mode has been consolidated with TD-SCDMA.
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Multiple Access Technology

FDMA TDMA
power
cy en qu fre
power
tim e
CDMA
tim
qu fr e
en
cy
power
time
cy frequen
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Frequency Division Multiple Access means dividing the whole available spectrum into many single radio channels (transmit/receive carrier pair). Each channel can transmit one-way voice or control information. Analog cellular system is a typical example of FDMA structure.
Time Division Multiple Access means that the wireless carrier of one bandwidth is divided into multiple time division channels in terms of time (or called timeslot). Each user occupies a timeslot and receives/transmits signals within this specified timeslot. Therefore, it is called time division multiple access. This multiple access mode is adopted in both digital cellular system and GSM.
CDMA is a multiple access mode implemented by Spreading Modulation. Unlike FDMA and TDMA, both of which separate the user information in terms of time and frequency, CDMA can transmit the information of multiple users on a channel at the same time. The key is that every information before transmission should be modulated by different Spreading Code to broadband signal, then all the signals should be mixed and send. The mixed signal would be demodulated by different Spreading Code at the different receiver. Because all the Spreading Code is orthogonal, only the information that was be demodulated by same Spreading Code can be reverted in mixed signal.
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Duplex Technology
Power Time
USER 2
FDD
UL
USER 1
DL
Frequency
Power
Time
DL UL USER 2 USER 1 DL DL UL
Frequency
TDD
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Contents
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Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Transmitter
Service Signal Source Coding Channel Coding Spreading Modulation Transmission
bit
symbol
chip
modulated signal
Radio Channel
Service Signal
Source Decoding
Channel Decoding
Despreading
Demodulation
Reception
Receiver
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Source coding can increase the transmitting efficiency. Channel coding can make the transmission more reliably. Spreading can increase the capability of overcoming interference. Scrambling can make transmission in security. Through the modulation, the signals will transfer to radio signals from digital signals.
Bit, Symbol, Chip

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Bit : data after source coding Symbol: data after channel coding and interleaving Chip: data after spreading
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Process Gain
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Process Gain
Pr ocess Gain = 10 log(
chip rate ) bit rate
Process gain differs for each service. If the service bit rate is greater, the process gain is smaller, UE needs more power for this service, then the coverage of this service will be smaller, vice versa.
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For common services, the bit rate of voice call is 12.2kbps, the bit rate of video phone is 64kbps, and the highest packet service bit rate is 384kbps(R99). After the spreading, the chip rate of different service all become 3.84Mcps.
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WCDMA Source Coding

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AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

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A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates.
CODEC AMR_12.20 AMR_10.20 AMR_7.95 AMR_7.40 AMR_6.70
Bit Rate (kbps) 12.2 (GSM EFR) 10.2 7.95 7.4 (TDMA EFR) 6.7 (PDC EFR) 5.9 5.15 4.75
The AMR bit rates can be controlled by the RAN depending on the system load and quality of the speech connections.
Video Phone Service

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AMR_5.90 AMR_5.15 AMR_4.75
H.324 is used for VP Service in CS domain. Includes: video codec, speech codec, data protocols, multiplexing and etc.
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AMR is compatible with current mobile communication system (GSM, IS-95, PDC and so on), thus, it will make multi-mode terminal design easier. The AMR codec offers the possibility to adapt the coding scheme to the radio channel conditions. The most robust codec mode is selected in bad propagation conditions. The codec mode providing the highest source rate is selected in good propagation conditions.
During an AMR communication, the receiver measures the radio link quality and must return to the transmitter either the quality measurements or the actual codec mode the transmitter should use during the next frame. That exchange has to be done as fast as possible in order to better follow the evolution of the channels quality.
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WCDMA Channel Coding

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Effect
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Enhance the correlation among symbols so as to recover the signal when interference occurs
Provides better error correction at receiver, but brings increment of the delay
Types
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No Coding Convolutional Coding (1/2, 1/3) Turbo Coding (1/3)

No Coding 1/2 Convolutional Coding Code Block of N Bits 1/3 Convolutional Coding 1/3 Turbo Coding Uncoded N bits Coded 2N+16 bits Coded 3N+24 bits Coded 3N+12 bits
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During the transmission, there are many interferences and fading. To guarantee reliable transmission, system should overcome these influence through the channel coding which includes convolution and interleaving. The first is convolution that is used for anti-interference. Through the technology, many redundant bits will be inserted in original information. When error code is caused by interference, the redundant bits can be used to recover the original information. In WCDMA network, both Convolution code and Turbo code are used. Convolution code applies to voice service while Turbo code applies to high rate data service.
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WCDMA Interleaving
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Effect
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Interleaving is used to reduce the probability of consecutive bits error Longer interleaving periods have better data protection with more delay
Input bits 0010000 ... 10111
0 0 ... ... 0 0 0 ... ... 0
1 0 0 ... ... ... ... ... ... 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 ... ... 1 0 0 ... ... 1 0 ... ... 1 1
Interleaving periods: 10, 20, 40, or 80 ms
000101001011
Output bits
Inter-column permutation
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In channel coding , there is another technology named interleaving. Communications over radio channel are characterized by fast fading that can cause large numbers of consecutive errors. Most coding schemes perform better on random data errors than on blocks of errors. By interleaving the data, no two adjacent bits are transmitted near to each other, and the data errors are randomized.
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Correlation (1)
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Correlation measures similarity between any two arbitrary signals. Identical and Orthogonal signals:
+1
C1
-1
C2
+1 -1 +1
-1 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1
Correlation = 1 Identical signals
C1 C2
+1 -1 +1 +1 -1
-1 1 -1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1
Correlation = 0 Orthogonal signals
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Correlation is used to measure similarity of any two arbitrary signals. It is computed by multiplying the two signals and then summing (integrating) the result over a defined time windows. The two signals of figure (a) are identical and therefore their correlation is 1 or 100 percent. In figure (b) , however, the two signals are uncorrelated, and therefore knowing one of them does not provide any information on the other.
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Coding

UE1: UE1: UE2: UE2:
1 1
1 1
1 1
1 1
C1 :: C1 C22:: C UE1c1 UE1c1 UE2c2 UE2c2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
UE1c1 UE2c2 UE1c1 UE2c2
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
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By spreading, each symbol is multiplied with all the chips in the orthogonal sequence assigned to the user. The resulting sequence is processed and is then transmitted over the physical channel along with other spread symbols. In this figure, 4-digit codes are used. The product of the user symbols and the spreading code is a sequence of digits that must be transmitted at 4 times the rate of the original encoded binary signal.
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Orthogonal Code Usage - Decoding

UE1C11UE2C22: UE1C UE2C :
2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0
UE1 Dispreading by c1: UE1 Dispreading by c1: Dispreading result: Dispreading result: Integral judgment: Integral judgment:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 4 (means1) 4 (means1) 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
UE2 Dispreading by c2: UE2 Dispreading by c2: Dispreading result: Dispreading result: Integral judgment: Integral judgment:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 4 (means1) 4 (means1) 4 (means1) 4 (means1)
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The receiver dispreads the chips by using the same code used in the transmitter. Notice that under no-noise conditions, the symbols or digits are completely recovered without any error. In reality, the channel is not noise-free, but CDMA system employ Forward Error Correction techniques to combat the effects of noise and enhance the performance of the system.
When the wrong code is used for dispreading, the resulting correlation yields an average of zero. This is a clear demonstration of the advantage of the orthogonal property of the codes. Whether the wrong code is mistakenly used by the target user or other users attempting to decode the received signal, the resulting correlation is always zero because of the orthogonal property of codes.
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WCDMA Channelization Code

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OVSF Code (Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor) SF = chip rate / symbol rate
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High data rates low SF code Low data rates high SF code
Cch,4,0 = (1,1,1,1) Cch,2,0 = (1,1) Cch,4,1 = (1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,0 = (1,1,1,1,1,1,1,1) Cch,8,1 = (1,1,1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1) Cch,8,2 = (1,1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1) Cch,8,3 = (1,1,-1,-1,-1,-1,1,1) Cch,4,2 = (1,-1,1,-1) Cch,2,1 = (1, -1) Cch,4,3 = (1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,4 = (1,-1,1,-1,1,-1,1,-1) Cch,8,5 = (1,-1,1,-1,-1,1,-1,1) Cch,8,6 = (1,-1,-1,1,1,-1,-1,1) Cch,8,7 = (1,-1,-1,1,-1,1,1,-1)
Cch,1,0 = (1)
SF = 1
SF = 2
SF = 4
SF = 8
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Orthogonal codes are easily generated by starting with a seed of 1, repeating the 1 horizontally and vertically, and then complementing the -1 diagonally. This process is to be continued with the newly generated block until the desired codes with the proper length are generated. Sequences created in this way are referred as Walsh code.
Spreading code uses OVSF code, for keeping the orthogonality of different subscriber physical channels. OVSF can be defined as the code tree illustrated in the following diagram.
Spreading code is defined as Cch SF, k,, where, SF is the spreading factor of the code, and k is the sequence of code, 0kSF-1. Each level definition length of code tree is SF spreading code, and the left most value of each spreading code character is corresponding to the chip which is transmitted earliest.
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Purpose of Channelization Code

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For uplink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different physical channels of one connection
For downlink, Channelization code ( OVSF code ) is used to separate different connections in a cell
Radio bearer** Speech 4.75 UL Speech 12.2 UL Data 64 kbps UL Data 128 kbps UL Data 144 kbps UL Data 384 kbps UL Data 2048 kbps UL Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps UL ** With 3.4 kbps Signaling SF 128 64 16 8 8 4 4 16 Radio bearer** Speech 4.75 DL Speech 12.2 DL Data 64 kbps DL Data 128 kbps DL Data 144 kbps DL Data 384 kbps DL Data 2048 kbps DL Speech 12.2 + Data 64 kbps DL SF 256 128 32 16 16 8 8 32
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For voice service (AMR), downlink SF is 128, it means there are 128 voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier; For Video Phone (64k packet data) service, downlink SF is 32, it means there are 32 voice services maximum can be supported in one WCDMA carrier.
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Correlation (2)
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Cross Correlation: related to the multi-user interference characteristic

S1(t) S2(t)
Auto Correlation: related to the multi-path interference characteristic
S1(t)
Time Delay
S1(t+t)
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WCDMA Scrambling Code Gold Sequence

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Scrambling codes Properties

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38 400 chip long sequences Repeated every 10 ms Coming from Pseudo Noise sequences
For uplink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different connection For downlink, Scrambling code (Gold sequence) is used to separate different cell
clong,1,n
MSB LSB
clong,2,n
scrambling sequence generator
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page22
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Gold sequence is made by two m sequence. m sequence is generate by a series of shift-registers, and the period is 2n-1, here n is the length of the shift-registers.
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Code Multiplexing
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Downlink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code Channelization code 1 User 1 signal Channelization code 2 User 2 signal Channelization code 3 User 3 signal
NodeB
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Code Multiplexing
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Uplink Transmission on a Cell Level

Scrambling code 1 Channelization code User 1 signal Scrambling code 2 Channelization code User 2 signal
NodeB
Scrambling code 3 Channelization code User 3 signal
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Spreading and Despreading

Correlation at a CDMA receiver
Symbol
Data Chip Spreading code Spreading signal =Datacode
1 -1 Spreading 1 -1 1 -1

Despreading Known code at receiver Data =Spreadingcode 1 -1 1 -1
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Suppose bit sequence modulated with BPSK is adopted for the subscriber data, with a rate of R, then 1 value is adopted for the bit of subscriber data. The spreading here means to multiply each subscriber data bit with the spreading code chip including N bits..Assume N=8,then data rate after spreading will be 8R, with same random attribute as the spreading code.We name its spreading factor as 8. And the broad band signal obtained after spreading will be sent to the receiving end via the radio channel.
As the product of signal rate and factor 8 equals to the bandwidth spreading of subscriber data signal,CDMA system is also called the spreading system.
During dispreading, the spread subscriber data will be multiplied, bit duration by bit duration, with the same 8 code chips that are used during the spreading of these bits.If only excellent synchronization can be realized between the spread subscriber signal and the despreading code, can the subscriber bit sequence be retrieved.The despreading operation restores the signal bandwidth to the original value R.
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Spreading and Despreading

Desired spreading signal Spreading code Data after despreading Data after integration Desired signal 1 -1 1 -1 1 -1 8 -8 Other users signal
Correlation with incorrect code

Other spreading signal Other signal after despreading Other signal after integration
1 -1 8 -8
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During the process of receiving the expected correct signal that belongs to the subscriber, complete synchronous despreading codes are adopted for the despreading operation. After obtaining the despreading data, the correlation receiver integrates the resulting products, then get the integration data.
Signals of other subscribers using different spreading codes are actually the interference signals to the first subscriber. In this case, multiply the signals and the despreading code of the first subscriber to get the despreading signal, and then perform integration. Finally, an interference signal with a signal value fluctuating along with 0 will be got. It can be viewed that the signal amplitude of the subscriber increases by 8 times than that of the other interference systems in average. That is to say, the correlation detection increases the expected subscriber signal by the multiple of spreading factor value within the interference of CDMA system. This effect is called Processing Gain, and it is the basic characteristic of the spreading system. Elementarily, this kind of correlation receivers are adopted for the BTS and UE in the WCDMA system. Because the existence of multi-path propagation and multi receiving antennas, multiple correlation receivers are necessary for retrieving the signal energy from all the paths or antennas. And the collection of these correlation receivers forms the CDMA RAKE receiver.
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Modulation Overview
Data to be transmitted: Digital Input
0
time
Basic steady radio wave: carrier = A.cos(2Ft+) Amplitude Shift Keying:
A.cos(2Ft+)
Frequency Shift Keying: A.cos(2 Ft+) Phase Shift Keying: A.cos(2Ft+)
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Modulation Overview
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Digital Modulation - BPSK

1
1 0 1
1
Digital Input
10
Information signal
t
NRZ coding
t
-1
High Frequency Carrier
Carrier
fo
10
BPSK Waveform
=0 = =0
Modulated BPSK signal BPSK
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Modulation Review
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Digital Modulation - QPSK

1 NRZ Input I di-Bit Stream Q di-Bit Stream 1 1 1 2 1 3 -1 -1 1 4 1 5 -1 -1 1 6 1 7 1 1 -1 8 -1 9 -1 -1 -1 10 -1
I Component
Q Component
QPSK Waveform 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
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10
QPSK: Quadrature Phase Shift Keying . Phase shift keying in which four different phase angles are used.
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Modulation Review
A NRZ coding Acos( ot) I(t)
fo QPSK
90o
NRZ coding A
Q(t) Acos( ot + /2)
QPSK
1 1 -1 -1
: A 2 cos( o + )
1 -1 1 -1 /4 7/4 3/4 5/4
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Demodulation
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QPSK Constellation Diagram

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
QPSK Waveform
1,1
-1,1
-1,1 1,-1 -1,-1
NRZ Output
-1
-1
-1
-1
-1
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Principle of RAKE Receiver

Correlator 1 Correlator 2 Receive set Correlator 3 Searcher correlator s(t) s(t) Calculate the time delay and signal strength Combiner The combined signal
RAKE receiver help to overcome on the multi-path fading and enhance the receive performance of the system
Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved. Page32
The RAKE receiver is a technique which uses several baseband correlators to individually process multipath signal components. The outputs from the different correlators are combined to achieve improved reliability and performance. When WCDMA systems were designed for cellular systems, the inherent widebandwidth signals with their orthogonal Walsh functions were natural for implementing a RAKE receiver. In WCDMA system, the bandwidth is wider than the coherence bandwidth of the cellular. Thus, when the multi-path components are resolved in the receiver, the signals from each tap on the delay line are uncorrelated with each other. The receiver can then combine them using any of the combining schemes. The WCDMA system then uses the multi-path characteristics of the channel to its advantage to improve the operation of the system.
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Principle of RAKE Receiver

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The RAKE receiver take advantage of multi-path diversity The RAKE receiver processes the received signal
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Identify the time delay positions at which significant energy arrives Allocate correlation receivers (RAKE fingers) to those peaks Within each Rake finger, track the fast-changing phase and amplitude values Adjust the phase, remove the values originating from fast-fading Combine the demodulated and phase-adjusted symbols across all active fingers
Present them to the decoder for further processing
This processing is called Maximal Ratio Combining
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Demodulation
Rake receiver
Frequency translation
Matched filter
Finger combination
Despreading
Symbol decision
-1,1 1,1
Delay (n) Delay (1) Fi Delay (0)
Estimated chips
-1,-1
1,-1 x
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01 WCDMA RAN Fudamental

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01 WCDMA RAN Fudamental

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WCDMA RAN Fundamental

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Transmission Loss: Path Loss + Multi-path Fading

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Propagation of Radio Signal

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Slow Fading Fast Fading

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Multiple Access and Duplex Technology

Multiple Access Technology

Time division duplex (TDD) Frequency division duplex (FDD)

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Multiple Access Technology

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Processing Procedure of WCDMA System

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bit, Symbol, Chip

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

Pr ocess Gain = 10 log(

chip rate ) bit rate

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

WCDMA Source Coding

AMR (Adaptive Multi-Rate) Speech

A integrated speech codec with 8 source rates.

CODEC AMR_12.20 AMR_10.20 AMR_7.95 AMR_7.40 AMR_6.70

Video Phone Service

AMR_5.90 AMR_5.15 AMR_4.75

Copyright 2006 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Confidential Information of Huawei. No Spreading Without Permission

WCDMA RAN Fundamental

WCDMA Channel Coding