Embedded Linux Optimizations

EmbeddedLinuxoptimizations
EmbeddedLinux optimizations
Size,RAM,speed, power,cost
MichaelOpdenacker ThomasPetazzoni FreeElectrons
Copyright20042009,FreeElectrons. CreativeCommonsBYSA3.0license Latestupdate:Dec20,2010, Documentsources,updatesandtranslations: http://freeelectrons.com/docs/optimizations Corrections,suggestions,contributionsandtranslationsarewelcome!
FreeElectrons.Kernel,driversandembeddedLinuxdevelopment,consulting,trainingandsupport.http//freeelectrons.com
Penguinweightwatchers
Makeyourpenguinslimmer,faster,andreduceitsconsumptionoffish! Before 2weeksafter
2
CELinuxForum
http://celinuxforum.org/ Nonprofitorganization,whosemembersareembeddedLinux companiesandConsumerElectronics(CE)devicesmakers. Mission:developtheuseofLinuxinCEdevices HostsmanyprojectstoimprovethesuitabilityofLinuxforCE devicesandembeddedsystems.Allpatchesaremeanttobe includedinthemainlineLinuxkernel. Mostoftheideasintroducedinthispresentationhavebeen gatheredorevenimplementedbyCELinuxForumprojects!
3
Contents
IdeasforoptimizingtheLinuxkernelandexecutables Increasingspeed Reducingsize:diskfootprintandRAM Reducingpowerconsumption Globalperspective:costandcombinedoptimizationeffects Theultimateoptimizationtool!
4
EmbeddedLinuxOptimizations
Increasingspeed
Reducingkernelboottime
5
Measuringkernelboottime
CONFIG_PRINTK_TIME ConfigureitintheKernelHackingsection. Addstiminginformationtokernelmessages.Simpleandrobust. Notaccurateenoughonsomeplatforms(1jiffy=10msonarm!) Seehttp://elinux.org/Printk_Times
... [42949372.970000]Memory:64MB=64MBtotal [42949372.970000]Memory:54784KBavailable(1404Kcode,296Kdata,72Kinit) [42949373.180000]Mountcachehashtableentries:512 [42949373.180000]CPU:Testingwritebuffercoherency:ok [42949373.180000]checkingifimageisinitramfs...itisn't(badgzipmagicnumb ers);lookslikeaninitrd [42949373.200000]Freeinginitrdmemory:8192K [42949373.210000]NET:Registeredprotocolfamily16 ...
6
Boottracer
CONFIG_BOOT_TRACERinkernelconfiguration IntroducedinLinux2.6.28 Basedontheftracetracinginfrastructure Allowstorecordthetimingsofinitcalls Bootwiththeinitcall_debugandprintk.time=1parameters, rundmesg>boot.logandonyourworkstation,run catboot.log|perlscripts/bootgraph.pl>boot.svg togenerateagraphicalrepresentation ExampleonaboardwithatAtmelAT91CPU:
5s
tty_init
pty_init
atmel_nand_init
ip_auto_config
Grabserial
FromTimBird http://elinux.org/Grabserial Asimplescripttoaddtimestampstomessagescomingfroma serialconsole. Keyadvantage:startscountingveryearly(bootloader), anddoesn'tjuststartwhenthekernelinitializes. Anotheradvantage:nooverheadonthetarget,becauserunon thehostmachine.
8
DisableIPautoconfig
StoppedinitializingtheIPaddressonthekernelcommandline (oldremainsfromNFSbooting,wasconvenientnottohardcode theIPaddressintherootfilesystem.) Instead,diditinthe/etc/init.d/rcSscript. Thissaved1.56sonourAT91board. Youwillsaveevenmoreifyouhadotherrelatedoptionsinyour kernel(DHCP,BOOP,RARP)
9
ReducingthenumberofPTYs
PTYsareneededforremoteterminals(throughSSH) Theyarenotneededinourdedicatedsystem! ThenumberofPTYscanbereducedthroughthe CONFIG_LEGACY_PTY_COUNTkernelparameter. Ifthisnumberissetto4,wesave0.63sonourAtmelboard. Aswe'renotusingPTYsatallinourproductionsystem, wedisabledthemwithcompletelywithCONFIG_LEGACY_PTYS. Wesaved0.64s. Notethatthiscanalsobeachievedwithoutrecompilingthe kernel,usingthepty.legacy_countkernelparameter.
10
Disableconsoleoutput
Theoutputofkernelbootupmessagestotheconsoletakes time!Evenworse:scrollingupinframebufferconsoles! Consoleoutputnotneededinproductionsystems. Consoleoutputcanbedisabledwiththequiet argumentintheLinuxkernelcommandline(bootloadersettings) Example: root=/dev/ram0rwinit=/startup.shquiet Benchmarks:canreduceboottimeby30oreven50%! Seehttp://elinux.org/Disable_Console
11
Presetloops_per_jiffy
Ateachboot,theLinuxkernelcalibratesadelayloop(forthe udelayfunction).Thismeasuresaloops_per_jiffy(lpj) value.Thistakesabout25jiffies(1jiffy=timebetween2timer interrupts). Inembeddedsystems,itcanbeabout250ms! Youjustneedtomeasurethisonce!Findthelpjvalueinkernel bootmessages(ifyoudon'tgetitintheconsole,bootLinuxwith theloglevel=8parameter).Example:
Calibratingusingtimerspecificroutine...187.59 BogoMIPS(lpj=937984)
Atthenextboots,startLinuxwiththebelowoption: lpj=<value>
12
LZOkerneldecompression
LZOisacompressionalgorithmthatismuchfasterthangzip, atthecostofaslightlydegradecompressionratio(+10%). Itwasalreadyinuseinthekernelcode(JFFS2,UBIFS...) AlbinTonnerrefromFreeElectronsaddedsupportforLZO compressedkernels.Hispatchesarewaitingforinclusionin mainstreamLinux.Getthemfromhttp://lwn.net/Articles/350985/
13
LZOdecompressionresults
Savesapproximately0.25sofboottime Seehttp://freeelectrons.com/blog/lzokernelcompression/ OurpatchalsoallowsLZOtobeusedforinitramfs decompression(CONFIG_INITRAMFS_COMPRESSION_LZO=y) Anothersolutionistouseanuncompressedkernel (anotherpatchwillbesent),inwhichcasekernelexecutionisjust marginallyfasterthanwithLZO,attheexpenseofadoublesize.
14
DirectlybootLinuxfrombootstrapcode
Idea:makeaslightchangetoat91bootstraptodirectlyloadand executetheLinuxkernelimageinsteadoftheUbootone. RatherstraightforwardwhenbootUbootandthekernelare loadedfromNANDflash. Requirestohardcodethekernelcommandlineinthekernel image(CONFIG_CMDLINE) RequiresmoredevelopmentworkwhenUbootisloadedfroma differenttypeofstorage(SPIdataflash,forexample). Inthiscase,youcankeepUboot,butremoveallthefeaturesnot neededinproduction(USB,Ethernet,tftp...) Timesavings:about2s Seehttp://freeelectrons.com/blog/at91bootstraplinux/
15
Reducethekernelsize
ThroughtheCONFIG_EMBEDDEDoption Removethingsthatarenotneededinyourdedicatedsystem (features,debuggingfacilitiesandmessages) Makesureyouhavenounusedkerneldrivers Disablesupportforloadablekernelmodulesandmakeallyour driversstatic(unlesstherearemultipledriversthancanbe loadedlater). Asmallerkernelisfastertoload Asimplerkernelexecutesfaster Atleast,compiledriversasmodulesfordevicesnotusedatboot time.Thisreducestimespentinitializingdrivers.
16
Fasterrebooting(1)
kexecsystemcall:executesanewkernelfromarunningone. Mustfasterrebooting:doesn'tgothroughbootstrap/bootloader code. Greatsolutionforrebootingaftersystem(firmware)upgrades. Usefulforautomaticrebootingafterkernelpanics. Seehttp://developer.osdl.org/andyp/kexec/whitepaper/kexec.pdf andDocumentation/kdump/kdump.txtinkernelsources.
17
Fasterrebooting(2)
Anotheroption:usereboot=softinthekernelcommandline Whenyoureboot,thefirmwarewillbeskipped. Drawback:unlikekexec,cannotbechosenfromuserspace. Supportedplatforms:i386,x86_64,arm,arm26(Aug.2006) SeeDocumentation/kernelparameters.txt inthekernelsourcesfordetails.Notsupportedonallplatforms.
18
Skipmemoryallocation
Idea:sparememoryatboottimeandmanageitbyyourself! Assumeyouhave32MBofRAM Bootyourkernelwithmem=30 Thekernelwilljustmanagethefirst30MBofRAM. Drivercodecannowreclaimthe2MBleft: buf=ioremap( 0x1e00000, /*Start:30MB*/ 0x200000 /*Size:2MB*/ );
Thissavestimeallocatingmemory. CriticaldriversarealsosuretoalwayshavetheRAMtheyneed.
19
KernelboottimeOtherideas
CopykernelandinitramfsfromflashtoRAMusingDMA (UsedbyMontaVistainDellLatitudeON) Fastboot,asynchronousinitcalls:http://lwn.net/Articles/314808/ Mainlined,butAPIstillusedbyveryfewdrivers. MostlyusefulwhenyourCPUhasidletimeinthebootprocess. Usedeferredinitcalls Seehttp://elinux.org/Deferred_Initcalls NAND:justcheckforbadblocksonce Atmel:seehttp://patchwork.ozlabs.org/patch/27652/ Seehttp://elinux.org/Boot_Timeformoreresources
20
Increasingspeed
Systemstartuptimeandapplicationspeed
21
Startingsystemservices
SysVinit: Startsservicessequentially.Waitsforthecurrentstartupscriptto becompletetostartthenextone!Whiledependenciesexist, sometaskscanberuninparallel! Initng:http://initng.org NewalternativetoSysVinit,whichcanstartservicesinparallel, assoonastheirpreconditionsaremet.
22
Initngvs.SysVinit:bootcharts
Initngwins! Systemutilizationismuch better. YoucanhuntsystemstartuptroublebyusingtheBootchartprogram (http://www.bootchart.org/). Bootchartisslow(Java)andnotveryaccurate. Seehttp://elinux.org/Bootchartforsolutionsforembeddedsystems.

23
Readingahead
LinuxkeepsthecontentsofallthefilesitreadsinRAM(inthe pagecache),aslongasitdoesn'tneedtheRAMpagesfor somethingelse. Idea:loadfiles(programsandlibrariesinparticular)inRAM cachebeforeusingthem.Bestdonewhenthesystemisnot doinganyI/O. Thankstothis,programsarenotstuckwaitingforI/O. UsedtheKnoppixdistributiontoachieveverynicebootspeed ups. AlsoplannedtobeusedbyInitng. NotveryusefulforsystemswithverylittleRAM: cachedpagesarerecycledbeforethefilesareaccessed.
24
Implementingreadahead
Youcanusethesys_readahead()systemcall inyourCprograms.Seemanreadaheadfordetails. Youcanalsousethereadaheadlistutility,whichreadsafile containingthelistoffilestoloadincache. Availableon:http://freshmeat.net/projects/readaheadlist/. InembeddedsystemsusingBusybox,youcanusethe readaheadcommand(implementedbyFreeElectrons).
25
Compilerspeedoptimizations
Bydefault,mosttoolsarecompiledwithcompileroptimizations. Makesureyouusethemforyourownprograms! O2isthemostcommonoptimizationswitchofgcc. Lotsofoptimizationtechniquesareavailable. Seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compiler_optimization O3canbealsobeusedforspeedcriticalexecutables. However,thereisdoneattheexpenseofcodesize(forexample inlining:replacingfunctioncallsbythefunctioncodeitself).
26
Usingprocessoraccelerationinstructions
liboilhttp://liboil.freedesktop.org/ Libraryoffunctionsoptimizedforspecialinstructions fromseveralprocessors(Altivec,MMX,SSE,etc.) Mainlyfunctionsimplementingloopsondataarrays: typeconversion,copying,simplearithmetics,directcosine transform,randomnumbergeneration... Transparent:keepsyourapplicationportable! Sofarmainlysupportsdesktopprocessors License:BSDtype
27
Prelinking(1)
Appliestoexecutablesusingsharedlibraries Toloadandstartanexecutable,thedynamiclinkerhasa significantamountofworktodo(mainlyaddressrelocation) Itcantakealotoftimeforexecutablesusingmanyshared libraries! Inmanysystemsinwhichexecutablesandsharedlibrariesnever change,thesamejobisdoneeverytimetheexecutableis started.
28
Prelinking(2)
prelink http://people.redhat.com/jakub/prelink/ prelinkmodifiesexecutablesandsharedlibrariestosimplify thedynamiclinkerrelocationwork. Thiscangreatlyreducestartuptimeforbigapplications(50% lessforKDE!).Thisalsosavesmemoryconsumedby relocations. CanbeusedtoreducethestartuptimeofaLinuxsystem. Justneedstoberunagainwhenlibrariesorexecutablesare updated. Detailsonhttp://elinux.org/Pre_Linking
29
UsesimplerUnixexecutables
Big,featurerichexecutablestaketimetoload. Particularlytrueforshellscriptscallingthebashshell! Idea:replacestandardUnix/GNUexecutablesbylightweight,simplified implementationsbybusybox(http://busybox.net). ImplementedbyUbuntu6.10toreduceboottime,replacingbash(649K) bydash(79K,seehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debian_Almquist_shell). Thisbrokevariousshellscriptswhichusedbashspecificfeatures (bashisms). InnonembeddedLinuxsystems wherefeaturerichexecutablesarestillneeded, shouldatleastusebusyboxashforsystemscripts.
30
Shells:reducingforking
fork/execsystemcallsareveryheavy. Becauseofthis,callstoexecutablesfromshellsareslow. Evenexecutingechoinbusyboxshellsresultsinaforksyscall! SelectShells>Standaloneshellinbusybox configurationtomakethebusyboxshellcallappletswhenever possible. Pipesandbackquotesarealsoimplementedbyfork/exec. Youcanreducetheirusageinscripts.Example: cat/proc/cpuinfo|grepmodel Replaceitwith:grepmodel/proc/cpuinfo Seehttp://elinux.org/Optimize_RC_Scripts
31
Usefasterfilesystems
Runfasterbyusingthemostappropriatefilesystems! Compressedreadonlyfilesystem(blockdevice): useSquashFS(http://squashfs.sourceforge.net) insteadofCramFS(muchslower,gettingobsolete). NANDflashstorage:youshouldtryUBIFS (http://www.linuxmtd.infradead.org/doc/ubifs.html),the successorofJFFS2.Itismuchfaster.Youcouldalsouse SquashFS.SeeourChoosingfilesystemspresentation (http://freeelectrons.com/docs/filesystems).
32
Usefasterfilesystems(2)
UseRAMfilesystemsfortemporary,speedcriticalfiles withnoneedforpermanentstorage.Detailsinthekernel sources:Documentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txt Benchmarkyoursystemandapplicationoncompeting filesystems!Reiser4ismoreinnovativeandbenchmarks founditfasterthanext3. GoodtobenchmarkyoursystemwithJFSorXFStoo. XFSisreportedtobethefastesttomount(goodfor startuptime),andJFStohavethelowestCPUutilization. Seehttp://www.debianadministration.org/articles/388
ext4isalsoreadytobeusednow.
33
Speedupapplicationswithtmpfs
WhenenoughRAMisavailable,theOSkeepsrecentlyaccessedfilesand applicationsinRAM(pagecache).Thissignificantlyspeedsupanynewusage. However,dependingonsystemactivity,thismaynotlastlong. Forprogramsthatneedfaststartupeveniftheyhaven'tbeenrunforalongtime: copythemtoatmpfsfilesystematsystemstartup!Thismakessuretheyare alwaysaccessedfromthefilecacheinRAM(providedyoudonothaveaswap partition). SeeDocumentation/filesystems/tmpfs.txtinkernelsourcesfordetailsabout tmpfs. Caution:don'tuseramdisksinstead! RamdisksduplicatefilesinRAMandunusedspacecannotbereclaimed. Caution:usewithcare.Mayimpactoverallperformance. Notneededifthere'senoughRAMtocacheallfilesandprograms.
34
Bootfromahibernateimage
Theultimatetechniqueforinstantboot! Indevelopment:startthesystem,requiredapplicationsandthe userinterface.Hibernatethesystemtodisk/flashinthisstate. Inproduction:bootthekernelandrestorethesystemstatefrom withthispredefinedhibernationimage. Thisway,youdon'thavetoinitializetheprogramsonebyone. Youjustgetthebacktoavalidstate. UsedinSonycamerastoachieveinstantpowerontime. UnlikeSuspendtoRAM,stillallowstoremovebatteries!
35
Useaprofiler
Usingaprofilercanhelptoidentifyunexpectedbehaviordegrading applicationperformance. Forexample,aprofilercantellyouinwhichfunctionsmostofthe timeisspent. Possibletostartwithstraceandltrace AdvancedprofilingwithValgrind:http://valgrind.org/
Compileyourapplicationforx86architecture YoucanthenprofileitwiththewholeValgrindtoolsuite: Cachegrind:sourcesofcachemissesandfunctionstatistics. Massif:sourcesofmemoryallocation.
SeeourSoftwareDevelopmentpresentationfordetails: http://freeelectrons.com/docs/swdev/
36
Reducingsize
KernelsizeandRAMusage
37
LinuxTiny
Goal:reducethediskfootprintandRAMsizeoftheLinuxkernel http://elinux.org/Linux_Tiny SetofpatchesagainstthemainstreamLinuxkernel. Mergeabilityinmainstreamisapriority. Manychangeshavealreadybeenmergedinrecentkernels. Allfeaturescanbeselectedinkernelconfiguration (CONFIG_EMBEDDED). Alsoshipsutilitiesorpatchesfortrackingsources ofmemoryusageorcodesize.
38
LinuxTinyideas(1)
Removekernelmessages(printk,BUG,panic...) Huntexcessinlining(speedvs.sizetradeoff) 2.6.26:canallowgcctouninlinefunctionsmarkedasinline: (CONFIG_OPTIMIZE_INLINING=y).Onlyusedbyx86sofar. Huntexcessmemoryallocations Memory(slobinsteadofslab)allocatormorespaceefficientfor smallsystems. Reducethesizeofkerneldatastructures(mayimpact performance) Simpleralternativeimplementationsofkernelfunctionalities withlessfeatures,ornotsupportingspecialcases.
39
LinuxTinyideas(2)
Removesomefeatureswhichmaynotbeneeded insomesystems. Compilingoptimizationsforsize. AsmallerkernelexecutablealsosavesRAM (unlessexecutedinplacefromstorage).
40
LinuxTiny:kernelconfigurationscreenshot
Manyfeatures configuredout
41
WithandwithoutCONFIG_EMBEDDED
TestsonLinux2.6.29,onaminimalisticbutworkingx86kernel
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
Raw Compressed
800
600
400
200
0 CONFIG_EMBEDDED=n CONFIG_EMBEDDED=y
Raw:272KB(17%),Compressed:136KB(20%)
42
Replaceinitrdbyinitramfs
Replaceinitramdisks(initrd)withinitramfs: muchlessoverheadandramwaste!
Access tofile VirtualFile System Filesystem driver Block driver Copy Blockstorage File cache
Regular blockdevice
Access tofile VirtualFile System Filesystem driver Block driver
Ramdisk blockdevice
Access tofile VirtualFile System
ramfs
File cache Copy Blockstorage RAM
File cache
RAM
RAM
43
ramfsadvantagesoverramdisks
Noblockandfilesystemoverhead. NoduplicationinRAM. Filescanberemoved(reclaimingRAM)afteruse. Initramfs:ramfsarchiveembeddedintheLinuxkernelfile.
44
Reducingsize
ApplicationsizeandRAMusage
45
Staticordynamiclinking?(1)
Staticlinking Allsharedlibrarycodeduplicatedintheexecutables AllowsnottocopytheClibraryinthefilesystem. Simplerandsmallerwhenveryfewexecutables(busybox) Librarycodeduplication:badforsystemswithmoreexecutables (codesizeandRAM) Bestforsmallsystems(<12MB)withfewexecutables!
46
Staticordynamiclinking?(2)
Dynamiclinking Sharedlibrarycodenotduplicatedintheexecutables Makesmuchsmallerexecutables SavesspaceinRAM(biggerexecutablestakemoreRAM) Requiresthelibrarytothecopiedtothefilesystem Bestformediumtobigsystems(>500KB1MB)
47
UsingalighterClibrary
glibc(GNUClibrary):http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/ FoundonmostcomputertypeGNU/Linuxmachines Sizeonarm:approx1.7MB uClibc:http://www.uclibc.org/ FoundinmoreandmoreembeddedLinuxsystems! Sizeonarm:approx400KB(yousave1.2MB!) Executablesareslightlysmallertoo:
Cprogram Plainhelloworld Busybox Compiledwithsharedlibraries glibc 4.6K 245K uClibc 4.4K 231K Compiledstatically glibc 475K 843K uClibc 25K 311K
48
HowtouseuClibc?
NeedtocompileallyourexecutableswithauClibctoolchain. Readytousetoolchainscanbefoundon http://freeelectrons.com/community/tools/uclibc Youcanveryeasilybuildyourownwithbuildroot: http://buildroot.uclibc.org/ YoualsohavetocopytheuClibcfilesfromthetoolchaintothe /libdirectoryinthetargetrootfilesystem. Readytousefilesystemscanalsobegeneratedbybuildroot. Youjustneedtoaddyourspecificstuffthen.
49
Needforstripping
Compiledexecutablesandlibrariescontainextrainformation whichcanbeusedtoinvestigateproblemsinadebugger. Thiswasusefulforthetooldeveloper,butnotforthefinaluser. Toremovedebugginginformation,usethestripcommand. Thiscansaveaverysignificantamountofspace! gccohellohello.c (outputsize:4635bytes) striphello (outputsize:2852bytes,38.5%) Don'tforgettostriplibrariestoo!
50
Aremyexecutablesstripped?
Youcanusethefilecommandtogettheanswer gccohellohello.c filehello hello:ELF32bitLSBexecutable,Intel80386,version1 (SYSV),forGNU/Linux2.2.5,dynamicallylinked(uses sharedlibs),notstripped striphello hello:ELF32bitLSBexecutable,Intel80386,version1 (SYSV),forGNU/Linux2.2.5,dynamicallylinked(uses sharedlibs),stripped Youcanusefindstrip(http://packages.debian.org/stable/source/perforate) tofindallexecutablesandlibrariesthatneedstrippinginyoursystem.
51
Howtostrip
Somelightweighttools,likebusybox,areautomaticallystripped whenyoubuildthem. Makefilesformanystandardtoolsofferaspecialcommand: makeinstallstrip Caution:strippingisarchitecturedependent. Usethestripcommandfromyourcrosscompilingtoolchain: armlinuxstrippotato
52
sstrip:superstrip
http://muppetlabs.com/~breadbox/software/elfkickers.html Goesbeyondstripandcanstripoutafewmorebitsthatare notusedbyLinuxtostartanexecutable. Canbeusedonlibrariestoo.Minorlimitation:processed librariescannolongerbeusedtocompilenewexecutables. CanalsobefoundintoolchainsmadebyBuildroot(optional)
Hello World Regular stripped sstripped 4691 B 2904 B (-38 %) 1392 B (-70 %)
Busybox 287783 B
Inkscape 11397 KB
230408 B (-19.9 %) 9467 KB (-16.9 %) 229701 B (-20.2 %) 9436 KB (-17.2 %)
Bestfortiny executables!
53
LibraryOptimizer
http://libraryopt.sourceforge.net/ ContributedbyMontaVista Examinesthecompletetargetfilesystem,resolvesallshared librarysymbolreferences,andrebuildsthesharedlibrarieswith onlytheobjectfilesrequiredtosatisfythesymbolreferences. Canalsotakecareofstrippingexecutablesandlibraries. However,requirestorebuildallthecomponentsfromsource. WouldbenicertoachievethisonlywithELFmanipulations.
54
Compilerspaceoptimizations
Regularcompileroptimizationssimplifyingcodealsoreducesize Youcanalsoreducethesizeofexecutablesbyaskinggccto optimizegeneratedcodesize: gccOsohusbandhusband.c OscorrespondstoO2optimizationsexcepttheonesincreasing size,plusextrasizespecificones. Osisalreadyusedbydefaulttobuildbusybox. Possibletofurtherreducethesizebycompilingandoptimizingall sourcesatonce,withthefwholeprogramcombinegcc options. Seehttp://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/OptimizeOptions.html forallgccoptimizationoptions.
55
Simplegccoptimizationbenchmark
Executable size
250000
200000
150000
None O2 (generic) O3 (speed) Os (size)
100000
50000
Busybox
Dropbear
56
Restartableapplications
WhenRAMisscarce,canbeusefultoabortapplicationsthatare notinuse(forexamplehiddengraphicalinterfaces). BettertodoitbeforetheLinuxKernelOOM (OutOfMemory)killercomesandmakesbaddecisions. YoucanusetheLinuxCheckpoint/Restartprojecttohavethe Linuxkernelsavethestateofarunningapplicationsothatitcan laterresumeitsexecutionfromthetimeatwhichitwas checkpointed. Seehttp://www.linuxcr.org/fordetails.
57
Compressingfilesystems
Cansignificantlyincreaseyourstoragecapacity MTD(flashorROM)storage:useUBIFS orJFFS2forsmallpartitions. Blockstorage:useSquashFS(http://squashfs.sourceforge.net) insteadofCramFSforreadonlypartitions.Itcompressesmuch betterandismuchfastertoo.
58
Mergingduplicatefiles
Softwarecompilingandinstallingoftencreateduplicatefiles... Checkthatyourrootfilesystemdoesntcontainany! dupmerge2:http://sourceforge.net/projects/dupmerge Replacesduplicatefilesbyhardlinks. clink:http://freeelectrons.com/community/tools/utils/clink Replacesduplicatefilesbysymboliclinks. Example:saves4%oftotalspaceinFedoraCore5. finddup:http://www.shelldorado.com/scripts/cmds/finddup Findsduplicatefiles.
59
Reducingpowerconsumption
60
Ticklesskernel
Kernelconfiguration:NO_HZsettinginProcessortypeandfeatures Toimplementmultitasking,theprocessorreceivesatimerinterrupt atagivenfrequency(every4msbydefaultonLinux2.6).Onidlesystems, thiswakesuptheprocessorallthetime,justtorealizethereisnothingtodo! Idea:whenallprocessorsareidle,disablethetimerinterrupt,andreenableit whensomethinghappens(arealinterrupt).Thissavespowerinlaptops,in embeddedsystemsandwithvirtualservers! 2.6.24:supportsx86,arm,mipsandpowerpc
61
PowerTOP
http://www.lesswatts.org/projects/powertop/ Withdynamicticks,allowstofixpartsofkernelcodeand applicationsthatwakeupthesystemtoooften. PowerTOPallowstotracktheworstoffenders NowavailableonARMcpusimplementingCPUidle Alsogivesyouusefulhints forreducingpower.
62
PowerTOPinaction
63
cpufreq
Configuration:CPU_FREQinPowermanagementoptions AllowstochangetheCPUfrequencyonthefly Supportedarchitectures(2.6.20): i386,sh,ia64,sparc64,x86_64,powerpc,arm(i.MXonly). Usuallycontrolledfromuserspacethrough/sysbyauser configurablegovernorprocess,accordingtoCPUload,heat,battery status...Themostcommoniscpuspeed: http://carlthompson.net/software/cpuspeed/ Savesasignificantamountofbatterylifeinnotebooks.
64
SuspendhiddenGUIs
Idea:suspendhiddenuserinterfacestosaveCPUandpower. Sendasuspend(stop)signal: killSIGTSTP<pid> Sendacontinuesignal: killSIGCONT<pid>
65
Softwaresuspend
http://www.suspend2.net/ Lotsofgreatfeaturesfornotebookusers,suchasRAMsuspend orhibernatetodisk. Unfortunately,restrictedonsomeIntelcompatibleprocessors andtargetingonlymachineswithAPMorACPI(rarelyfoundin nonPCembeddedsystems!). Notaddressingtherequirementsofembeddedsystems(support forotherCPUs,voltagereduction...).
66
Powermanagementresources
http://freeelectrons.com/docs/power/ OurpresentationonpowermanagementintheLinuxkernel WhatyouneedtoimplementinyourBSPanddevicedrivers. http://lesswatts.org IntelefforttryingtocreateaLinuxpowersavingcommunity. MainlytargetsIntelprocessors. Lotsofusefulresources. http://wiki.linaro.org/WorkingGroups/PowerManagement/ OngoingdevelopmentontheARMplatform. Tipsandideasforprolongingbatterylife: http://j.mp/fVdxKh
67
Globalperspective
Costandcombinedoptimizationeffects
68
Combinedbenefits
Speedincrease Morespeed LessRAM
Fasterallocations Lessswapping Sometimesless cacheflushing Fasterapplication loadingfromstorage andinRAM. Sometimes,simpler, fastercode. LessRAMusage
RAMreduction Powerreduction
CPUcanrunslowerorstaylonger inpowersavingmode Fewer/smallerRAMchips:less dynamicandstandbypower. CPUwithlesscache:lesspower Fewer/smallerstoragechips:less power
Costreduction
Slower,cheaper CPU Fewer/cheaper RAMchips CPUwithless cache:cheaper Fewer/cheaper storage
Lessspace
Lesspower
Cheaperbatteries orcheaperAC/DC converter
69
Theultimateoptimizationtool!
Wehaveseenmanywaystooptimize anexistingsystem. However,nothingreplacesagooddesign! So,firstcarefullydesignandimplement yoursystemandapplicationswiththeirrequirements inmind. Then,usetheoptimizationtechniquestofurtherimprove yoursystemandthepartsthatyoureused(kerneland applications).
70
Relateddocuments
Allourtechnicalpresentations onhttp://freeelectrons.com/docs Linuxkernel Devicedrivers Architecturespecifics EmbeddedLinuxsystemdevelopment

Howtohelp
Youcanhelpustoimproveandmaintainthisdocument... Bysendingcorrections,suggestions,contributionsand translations Byaskingyourorganizationtoorderdevelopment,consulting andtrainingservicesperformedbytheauthorsofthese documents(seehttp://freeelectrons.com/). Bysharingthisdocumentwithyourfriends,colleagues andwiththelocalFreeSoftwarecommunity. Byaddinglinksonyourwebsitetoouronlinematerials, toincreasetheirvisibilityinsearchengineresults.
Linuxkernel Linuxdevicedrivers Boardsupportcode Mainstreamingkernelcode Kerneldebugging EmbeddedLinuxTraining Allmaterialsreleasedwithafreelicense! UnixandGNU/Linuxbasics Linuxkernelanddriversdevelopment RealtimeLinux,uClinux Developmentandprofilingtools Lightweighttoolsforembeddedsystems Rootfilesystemcreation Audioandmultimedia Systemoptimization
FreeElectrons
Ourservices
CustomDevelopment Systemintegration EmbeddedLinuxdemosandprototypes Systemoptimization Applicationandinterfacedevelopment Consultingandtechnicalsupport Helpindecisionmaking Systemarchitecture Systemdesignandperformancereview Developmenttoolandapplicationsupport Investigatingissuesandfixingtoolbugs

Embedded Linux Optimizations

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Embedded Linux Optimizations

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

EmbeddedLinuxoptimizations

Initngwins! Systemutilizationismuch better. YoucanhuntsystemstartuptroublebyusingtheBootchartprogram (http://www.bootchart.org/). Bootchartisslow(Java)andnotveryaccurate. Seehttp://elinux.org/Bootchartforsolutionsforembeddedsystems.

Access tofile VirtualFile System Filesystem driver Block driver

Access tofile VirtualFile System

File cache Copy Blockstorage RAM

230408 B (-19.9 %) 9467 KB (-16.9 %) 229701 B (-20.2 %) 9436 KB (-17.2 %)

None O2 (generic) O3 (speed) Os (size)

Cheaperbatteries orcheaperAC/DC converter

Allourtechnicalpresentations onhttp://freeelectrons.com/docs Linuxkernel Devicedrivers Architecturespecifics EmbeddedLinuxsystemdevelopment

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi