Welcome to Physics 461: Optics

Instructor: Dr. Yongchen Sun Office: Akeley 117C Ph#: 605- 677-5063 Yongchen.Sun@usd.edu Office hours: MW 1-3 PM TTh 3:30-5pm You are welcome to drop in or call outside my office hours but I may not always be available. Lectures: Old Main, Room 204, TTh 2:00 - 3:15pm CT, attendance is strongly encouraged. If you miss a class, you are responsible to obtain handouts and homework assignments

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Fundamentals of Optics, 4th edition by Jenkins and White Equipment: OSA optics discovery kit $17.95/kit http://www.edmundoptics.com/optics/opticallenses/lens-kits/optics-discovery-kit/1865 Old text last updated in 1976. Can get cheaper used books. Please make an effort to read the relevant text chapter before you come to class. There are also other useful texts. Please also review your introductory physics text like Halliday and Resnick
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Other useful texts

Born Fowles Hecht Jenkins Klein Meyer- Arendt Meyers Miloni Moore O'Shea O'Shea Optical Soc. of America Ray Ray Ray Siegman Siegman Silfvast Strong Vaughan Waynant Yeh BYU Optics Online Principles of Optics Introduction to Modern Optics Optics, 4th edition Fundamentals of Optics Optics Introduction to Classical & Modern Optics Encyclopedia of Lasers and Optical Technology Lasers Building Scientific Apparatus An Introduction to Lasers and their Applications Elements of Modern Optical Design Handbook of Optics The Photographic Lens Photographic Optics Photographic Lenses and Optics Lasers An Introduction to Lasers and Masers Laser fundamentals Concepts of Classical Optics The Fabry-Perot Interferometer Electro-Optics Handbook Handbook of Fiber Optics

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Lecture homework
Doing problems is a necessary part of learning. Look over as many problems as you can from the text and check your answers in the back of the book. Increased proficiency accompanied by increased speed is also important, both to your growth as a student and in the competitive work environment one faces today. Typically one homework set per week with an explicit due date Please staple sheets together, otherwise please write your name in the upper right corner of every sheet you turn in Solutions will be posted on the web NO LATE HOMEWORK WILL BE ACCEPTED after solutions have been posted Your homework will be graded by me
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Homework grading
The homework will not be graded in detail, but checked for completeness. 0 - minimal effort 1 - reasonable effort, but serious mistake in physical reasoning 2 - physics ok, but serious math error 3 - completely correct, perhaps minor math error Cooperation with your classmates is strongly encouraged. Discussing and explaining physical concepts will give you a higher level of understanding. However, everything you turn in must be your own work.

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Exams
2 midterm exams: 44 % (22 % each) final exam (comprehensive): 33 % all exams in class the final exam carries extra weight and replaces the midterms if the score is higher than your average midterm exam score. you can bring your own equation sheet (single sided letter size)

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Explain your reasoning

Please show your work to receive full credit. Empty pages earn you zero mercy points.
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Grading
2 Midterm exams Final exam Homework 44 % 33 % 23 %

A 90% B 80 - 89 % C 70 - 79 % D 60 - 69 % F < 60 %
These are guaranteed. However, depending on the overall class performance, curving can move these boundaries substantially. The class average will typically be B.

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Class web page!

The website will point to the D2L site for the class: Use the BOR username and password to login. There, you can find 1. Posted (pdf format): Syllabus, homework solutions 2. Posted (pdf format): Lectures, (please dont print them out!) 3. Class Announcements Get into the habit of checking this Web page often!

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Math pre-requisites
I will only have limited class time available to teach you mathematics or cover the basic physical concepts. Here is a list of what you might want to review: Freshman-Sophomore Physics sequence (Physics 211/Physics 213) Math - differential equations; calculus of derivatives and integrals (225) complex plane, standard manipulations of complex numbers, and Euler's relation: ei = cos + i sin Geometry and trigonometry Basic Fourier series/Fourier analysis/Fourier integral concepts will be introduced in the course.

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Where to go for help??

See the syllabus, which covers this! See Me!!! Room UAK 117C. Preferably during office hours. Or call me on the phone. Or email me! I respond to email! My door is open for you, but you must make an effort to come in.

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To succeed in this course

READ the book, which cost you many $$$! WORK the assigned homework problems WORK extra problems

COME TO CLASS

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Geometrical Optics Classical Properties of Light

Rectilinear Propagation-Light rays travel straight

A Pinhole Camera Image

Speed of Light-Fizzeau
Fizzeau c=312,000 km/s

Present c=299,792,458 m/s

Speed of light in matter

Think of time sequence Foucault 1850 Wire across slit as ref. E from M1 E1 from M2 E2 from M2 with water in T v = 225000 km/s in water (Michelson, 1907 Nobel) v=299706 km/s in air

Index (indices) of refraction

Ratio between the speeds in vacuum and in matter

n=

c v

n Glass water air 1.52-1.72 (1.47 quartz) 1.333 (4/3) 1.000 (1.000292 in the violet)

Optical density (high for larger index in this book) Not universal (Other def for absorption)

Optical Path or Optical Path Length (OPL)

d = vt

nd = nvt = ct
Define OPL

= nd

Total OPL

= nd + n ' d '+ n '' d ''+

A direct measurement of total travel time

Reflection and Refraction

All angles def. rel. N Law of reflection Angle of reflection equals to Angle of incidence and is in the same plane Snells Law of refraction
sin n' v = const = = sin ' n v'

n for first medium and n for second medium Relative index n sometimes used. Note the notation. Of course, it doesnt matter if n=1.

Small angle approximation

For small angles sin=
n' = ' n

Symmetrical Snells law

n sin = n 'sin '

Graphical Construction-refraction
Accurate Two arcs-radii prop. n,n Extend incident ray to meet n arc at R Draw ray parallel to N to meet n arc at P Draw AP (or OP) for refracted ray
Proof of accuracy
OR OP = sin ' sin( )

Since OR/OP=n/n and sin()=sin, so

n n' = sin ' sin

Principle of Reversibility
If the ray goes backwards, the law of reflection and refraction still holds. But deal with the main ray only.

Fermats Principle
1st proposed
From point A to point B, light takes the shortest path (OPL smallest), because nature is economical

Modified
The path the light takes an extreme path (max, min, inflection) First variation (like the first derivative) is zero Paths around the real one equal to the real one to first approximation

Fermats principle-plane reflection

Fermats principle-elliptic reflector

Fermats principle-plane refraction

= nd + n ' d ' d 2 = h 2 + ( p x)2 d '2 = h '2 + x 2 = n[h 2 + ( p x) 2 ]1/ 2 + n '[h '2 + x 2 ]1/2

want d / dt = 0 n n' (2 p + 2 x) + 2x = 0 2 2 1/2 2 2 1/2 2[h + ( p x) ] 2[h ' + x ] n n' (2 p + 2 x) + 2x = 0 2d 2d ' ( p x) x n = n' d d' n sin = n 'sin ' Snell's law

Color (chromatic) dispersion

Different color of light experience different indices of refraction Fraunhofer lines traditionally used for labeling More modern labelling may use round numbers in wavelength Special materials may be labeled at specific wavelengths Look up Sellmeier equation and Sellmeier coefficients

Dispersive power and index

Crown glass as an example nF = 1.52933 nD = 1.52300 nC = 1.52042 At small angles

F ' C ' nF nC = 0.00891 D ' nD 1 = 0.52300

Dispersive power

nF nc V= nD 1
Dispersive index

nD 1 v= nF nc

Homework for chapter 1

1, 5, 10, 13, 18 Bonus problem 3 and rewrite 3rd paragraph of section 1.3 Due next Tuesday before class