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Solutions to Homework #8
7-24 Air is compressed steadily by a compressor. The air temperature is maintained constant by heat rejection to the surroundings. The rate of entropy change of air is to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 Kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 3 Air is an ideal gas. 4 The process involves no internal irreversibilities such as friction, and thus it is an isothermal, internally reversible process. Properties Noting that h = h(T) for ideal gases, we have h1 = h2 since T1 = T2 = 25C. Analysis We take the compressor as the system. Noting that the enthalpy of air remains constant, the energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
& & Ein Eout 1 24 4 3 = & Esystem 0 (steady) 1442443 =0

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

P2 Q AIR T = const. 12 kW

& & Ein = Eout & & Win = Qout

Therefore,
& & Qout = Win = 12 kW

Noting that the process is assumed to be an isothermal and internally reversible process, the rate of entropy change of air is determined to be
& Sair = & Qout,air Tsys = 12 kW = 0.0403 kW/K 298 K

P1

7-39 An insulated rigid tank contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at a specified pressure. An electric heater inside is turned on and kept on until all the liquid vaporized. The entropy change of the water during this process is to be determined. Analysis From the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6)
P = 100 kPa v1 = v f + x1v fg = 0.001 + (0.25)(1.6941 0.001) = 0.4243 m3/kg 1 x1 = 0.25 s1 = s f + x1s fg = 1.3028 + (0.25)(6.0562) = 2.8168 kJ/kg K

H2O 2 kg 100 kPa We

v 2 = v1

s2 = 6.8649 kJ/kg K sat. vapor

Then the entropy change of the steam becomes

S = m(s 2 s1 ) = (2 kg )(6.8649 2.8168) kJ/kg K = 8.10 kJ/K

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

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7-44 An insulated cylinder is initially filled with saturated R-134a vapor at a specified pressure. The refrigerant expands in a reversible manner until the pressure drops to a specified value. The final temperature in the cylinder and the work done by the refrigerant are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible. 2 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The process is stated to be reversible. Analysis (a) This is a reversible adiabatic (i.e., isentropic) process, and thus s2 = s1. From the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11 through A-13),

v1 = v g @ 0.8 MPa = 0.025621 m3/kg P = 0.8 MPa 1 u1 = u g @ 0.8 MPa = 246.79 kJ/kg sat. vapor s = s 1 g @ 0.8 MPa = 0.91835 kJ/kg K
Also,
m= 0.05 m 3 V = = 1.952 kg v 1 0.025621 m 3 /kg

and
s2 s f 0.91835 0.24761 P2 = 0.4 MPa x 2 = = = 0.9874 s fg 0.67929 s 2 = s1 u = u + x u = 63.62 + (0.9874 )(171.45) = 232.91 kJ/kg 2 f 2 fg T2 = Tsat @ 0.4 MPa = 8.91C

R-134a 0.8 MPa 0.05 m3

(b) We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this adiabatic closed system can be expressed as
Ein Eout 1 24 4 3 = Esystem 123 4 4

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Wb,out = U Wb,out = m(u1 u2 )

Substituting, the work done during this isentropic process is determined to be

Wb, out = m(u1 u2 ) = (1.952 kg )(246.79 232.91) kJ/kg = 27.09 kJ

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

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7-67 A hot copper block is dropped into water in an insulated tank. The final equilibrium temperature of the tank and the total entropy change are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Both the water and the copper block are incompressible substances with constant specific heats at room temperature. 2 The system is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energies are negligible. 3 The tank is well-insulated and thus there is no heat transfer. Properties The density and specific heat of water at 25C are = 997 kg/m3 and cp = 4.18 kJ/kg.C. The specific heat of copper at 27C is cp = 0.386 kJ/kg.C (Table A-3). Analysis We take the entire contents of the tank, water + copper block, as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as
Ein Eout 1 24 4 3 = 0 = U Esystem 123 4 4

Net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

Change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

WATER Copper 50 kg 120 L

or,
U Cu + U water = 0 [mc(T2 T1 )]Cu + [mc(T2 T1 )]water = 0

where
mwater = V = (997 kg/m3 )(0.120 m3 ) = 119.6 kg

Using specific heat values for copper and liquid water at room temperature and substituting,
(50 kg)(0.386 kJ/kg C)(T2 80)C + (119.6 kg)(4.18 kJ/kg C)(T2 25)C = 0

T2 = 27.0C The entropy generated during this process is determined from

T 300.0 K Scopper = mcavg ln 2 = (50 kg )(0.386 kJ/kg K ) ln 353 K = 3.140 kJ/K T 1 T 300.0 K S water = mcavg ln 2 = (119.6 kg )(4.18 kJ/kg K ) ln 298 K = 3.344 kJ/K T 1

Thus,
S total = Scopper + S water = 3.140 + 3.344 = 0.204 kJ/K

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

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7-95 An insulated rigid tank contains argon gas at a specified pressure and temperature. A valve is opened, and argon escapes until the pressure drops to a specified value. The final mass in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, argon can be treated as an ideal gas. 2 The process is given to be reversible and adiabatic, and thus isentropic. Therefore, isentropic relations of ideal gases apply. Properties The specific heat ratio of argon is k = 1.667 (Table A-2). Analysis From the ideal gas isentropic relations,
P T2 = T1 2 P 1
(k 1) k

200 kPa = (303 K ) 450 kPa

0.667 1.667

= 219.0 K

The final mass in the tank is determined from the ideal gas relation,
P1V m RT PT (200 kPa )(303 K ) (4 kg ) = 2.46 kg = 1 1 m 2 = 2 1 m1 = (450 kPa )(219 K ) P2V m 2 RT2 P1T2

ARGON 4 kg 450 kPa 30C

7-99 Nitrogen is compressed in an adiabatic compressor. The minimum work input is to be determined. Assumptions 1 This is a steady-flow process since there is no change with time. 2 The process is adiabatic, and thus there is no heat transfer. 3 Nitrogen is an ideal gas with constant specific heats. Properties The properties of nitrogen at an anticipated average temperature of 400 K are cp = 1.044 kJ/kgK and k = 1.397 (Table A-2b).
& & & Analysis There is only one inlet and one exit, and thus m1 = m2 = m . We take the compressor as the system, which is a control volume since mass crosses the boundary. The energy balance for this steadyflow system can be expressed in the rate form as

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

& & E in E out 1 24 4 3

Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

& E system 0 (steady) 1442443 4

=0

600 kPa Nitrogen compressor 120 kPa 30C T 600 kPa 2

& & E in = E out & & & mh1 + Win = mh2 & & Win = m(h2 h1 )

For the minimum work input to the compressor, the process must be reversible as well as adiabatic (i.e., isentropic). This being the case, the exit temperature will be
P T2 = T1 2 P 1
( k 1) / k

600 kPa = (303 K) 120 kPa

0.397 / 1.397

= 479 K

120 kPa

1 s

Substituting into the energy balance equation gives

win = h2 h1 = c p (T2 T1 ) = (1.044 kJ/kg K)(479 303)K = 184 kJ/kg

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.

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7-148 Cold water is heated by hot water in a heat exchanger. The rate of heat transfer and the rate of entropy generation within the heat exchanger are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The heat exchanger is well-insulated so that heat loss to the surroundings is negligible and thus heat transfer from the hot fluid is equal to the heat transfer to the cold fluid. 3 Changes in the kinetic and potential energies of fluid streams are negligible. 4 Fluid properties are constant. Properties The specific heats of cold and hot water are given to be 4.18 and 4.19 kJ/kg.C, respectively. Analysis We take the cold water tubes as the system, which is a control volume. The energy balance for this steady-flow system can be expressed in the rate form as
& & Ein Eout 1 24 4 3 = & Esystem 0 (steady) 1442443 =0

Cold water 15C 0.25 kg/s

Rate of net energy transfer by heat, work, and mass

Rate of change in internal, kinetic, potential, etc. energies

Hot water 100C 3 kg/s 45C

& & Ein = Eout & & & Qin + mh1 = mh2 (since ke pe 0) & = mc (T T ) Qin & p 2 1

Then the rate of heat transfer to the cold water in this heat exchanger becomes
& & Qin = [mc p (Tout Tin )]cold water = (0.25 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.C)(45C 15C) = 31.35 kW

Noting that heat gain by the cold water is equal to the heat loss by the hot water, the outlet temperature of the hot water is determined to be
& Q 31.35 kW & & Q = [mc p (Tin Tout )]hot water Tout = Tin = 100C = 97.5C & cp m (3 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.C)

(b) The rate of entropy generation within the heat exchanger is determined by applying the rate form of the entropy balance on the entire heat exchanger:
& & Sin Sout 1 24 4 3 + & Sgen { & = Ssystem 0 (steady) 144 44 2 3
Rate of change of entropy

Rate of net entropy transfer by heat and mass

Rate of entropy generation

& & & & & m1s1 + m3s3 m2 s2 m3s4 + Sgen = 0 (since Q = 0) & & & & & mcold s1 + mhot s3 mcold s2 mhot s4 + Sgen = 0 & & & Sgen = mcold ( s2 s1 ) + mhot ( s4 s3 )

Noting that both fluid streams are liquids (incompressible substances), the rate of entropy generation is determined to be
T T & & & Sgen = mcold c p ln 2 + mhot c p ln 4 T1 T3 = (0.25 kg/s)(4.18 kJ/kg.K)ln = 0.0190 kW/K 97.5 + 273 45 + 273 + (3 kg/s)(4.19 kJ/kg.K)ln 100 + 273 15 + 273

PROPRIETARY MATERIAL. 2008 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Limited distribution permitted only to teachers and educators for course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.