Recent Researches in Environmental and Geological Sciences

MIRCHEVSKI SLOBODAN1, ARSOV LJUPCHO1, ILJAZI ILJAZ2, RAFAJLOVSKI GORAN1 1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technologies, Departments of Electric Drives, Electrical Measurements and Electric Machines, University Ss. Cyril and Methodius Karposh 2 bb. PO Box 574, 1000 Skopje 2. Faculty for Contemporary Sciences and Technologies, South East European University, Ilindenska nn, 1200 Tetovo MACEDONIA mirceslo@feit.ukim.edu.mk; ljarsov@feit.ukim.edu.mk; i.iljazi@seeu.edu.mk; goran@feit.ukim.edu.mk

The Influence of Reactive Power on Energy Efficiency in Household Applications

Abstract: - In this paper a look at reactive power on energy efficiency of air conditioning and electric lighting in household applications is taken. Usualy in energy efficiency only efficiency as sign of active power consumption is treated. Through examples with airconditioner of inverter type and electric energy saving lighting non neglecting consumption of reactive (nonactive) power is presented. The measurements are realized by virtual instrument for power quality monitoring based on NI LabVIEW platform. It generally means that exept benefets of power electronics using for adjustable speed drives and energy saving lighting, new problems are generating in the producing, transfering, distributing and using of electric energy. Key-Words: - Energy Efficiency, Inverter Type Airconditioner, Energy Saving Electric Lighting, Measurement, Reactive Power, Efficiency (), Power Factor ().

1 Introduction
Energy efficiency is the basis of technical systems working. It is powerful way for environment protection by reducing energy consumption. It is well known that generating of 1 kWh in fossil thermo plants produce 0,435 kg CO2 [1], [2], [3], [4], [5], [6]. The production of green house gases CO2, SO2, N2O is the main reason for environment pollution with cataclysm consequences. Therefore, energy efficiency is in fact conditio sine qua non. Modern life with more and more smart electronic devices is in close relations with greater energy consumption. Today, even in non high development countries using of home electronics, computers, HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, Air Conditioning) systems and other household applications has very fast spread. What energy efficiency practice for? The answer is simple - because of getting high quality and cheaper products, better life, lower production costs and reducing of global pollution. The order of listing could be opposite. How to realize energy efficiency? The right way is by equal treating of efficiency as measure of active power consumption and power factor as measure for reactive power consumption. Power

electronics is a powerful tool for realising these goals. However, wide application of power electronics in household applications as inverter type airconditioners and energy saving electric lighting is a great reason for generating new problems. As a nonlinear load, due to commutation process of switches, the current delays behind voltage. So power electronics needs reactive power [12], [18], [19]. The compensation of reactive power is not a unique problem. Harmonics produce a disturbance (distortion) power [15], [16], [17] and initiate the power quality problem. As a consequence reactive and disturbance power often is not registered either paid. EMC problems are also evident and need expensive solutions.

2 Power Needs
The industry is the greatest electricity user, especially in high development countries [1], [2], [3], [4], [18], [19]. In the industry electric drives are the greatest consumers of electric energy, more than 60% in high development countries. AC motors, induction and synchronous, transformers and power converters for their supplying need active and

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reactive power in the greatest percentage, as it is presented in Table 1 [18]. It is necessary to mention that reference [18] is from 1987 and that data are for the industry of former Soviet Union. Table 1 Consumers of active power P [kW] and reactive power Q [kVAr] in industry, [18] Consumer Induction motors Synchronous motors Power electronics converters Electric heating devices Lighting and other services Self needs of the power plant Losses in electric network P (%) 30 23 18 12 7 5 5 Q (%) 33 0 10 8 5 2 42

(3) P = U I cos 1 where 1 is the delay/forward angle between voltage and current. It means that only for ideal sinusoidal supply power factor is equal to cos 1.

= P/UI = cos 1

(4)

In the case of nonsinusoidal supply the state is presented in Fig. 1, where P50, Q50 and S50 are active, reactive and apparent power for the basic harmonic with network frequency f = 50 Hz, D is disturbance power, Q is total reactive power and S is total apparent power with influence of harmonics.

Normally, today in high development countries the percentages for P [kW] and Q [kVAr] of AC motors and converters are increased and relatively changed. Second, the losses Q (%) in electric network have to be comment. In fact, the main part of these losses is not paid reactive power. The consumption of electric energy in household applications is estimated approximately 30% of total produced electric energy. It must be commented that smart electronic devices have spread use and are sources for non active energy consumption. It has happened with greater increase than in industry, even in non high development countries. But that consumption is not registered and paid.

Fig. 1 Power presentation according DIN 40110, [15]

The disturbance power D [kVAr] could be expressed on two ways, with eq. (5) and eq. (6)

3 Measurement of Electric Power

The measurement of electric power is based on current and voltage measurement. The active power P [kW] is the arithmetic mean value of the known function (5)

(1)

(6) It is clear that eq. (6) results from Fig. 1. Only active power is useful, working power and therefore P=P50. Now the power factor is

The apparent power S [kVA] is the peak value of the power function eq. (1) and presents product of effective voltage and current values S=UI (2)

(7) where 1 is the angle between P50 and S50 and is the angle P50 and S.

Assuming ideal sinusoidal form of voltage and current curves

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Concerning the measurement of the power in non-sinusoidal conditions, there are number of different approaches and definitions of reactive power. New definitions of powers have been discussed almost 50 years among the engineering community. Budeanu [21] introduced reactive power Q, and a quantity named distortion power, D. The distortion power mainly consists of cross-products of voltage and current harmonics. The reactive power definition proposed by S. Fryze [22] is based on a time domain analysis. Different definitions of reactive power were proposed by N. L. Kusters and W. J. M. Moore [23], by W. Shepherd and P. Zakikhani [24], by Sharon [25], by L. S. Czarnecki [26], by IEEE working group on harmonics [17] and IEC [20]. There is not yet available a generalized power theory that can provide a simultaneous common base for energy billing, evaluation of electric energy quality, detection of the major sources of waveform distortion, theoretical calculations for the design of mitigation equipment such as active filters or dynamic compensators . The IEEE working group on nonsinusoidal situations has suggested practical definitions for powers, [17]. The main difference between this definition and other definitions is that it separates the fundamental quantities P1 and Q1 from the rest of the apparent power components. Focus is also rather put on revenue metering than on compensation. The new definitions were developed to give guidance with respect to the quantities that should be measured for revenue purposes, engineering economic decisions, and determination of major harmonic polluters. The overall deviation of a distorted wave from its fundamental is estimated with the help of the total harmonic distortion. The total harmonic distortion of the voltage is defined with:
V V THDv = H = 1 V1 V1
2

1 V= kT 1 kT

+ kT

v 2 dt

and

2 V 2 = V12 + VH (10)

+ kT

I=
where

i 2dt

and

2 I 2 = I12 + I H (11)

2 VH = V02 + Vh2 = V 2 V12

(12) (13)

h >1

2 2 I H = I 02 + I h = I 2 I12

h >1

are the squares of the rms values of voltage vH and current iH , respectively.
Before practical use of the virtual instrument for monitoring of power characteristics, it was calibrated using the multifunctional calibrator Fluke 5500A. The virtual instrument using computer enables accurate, and versatile metering of electrical quantities defined by means of advanced mathematical models. Measurements presented in the paper are according to IEEE Std 1459/2010, IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of Electric Power Quantities Under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced, or Unbalanced Conditions [17].

4 Energy Efficiency in Household Applications

Two examples are presented as a proof for non neglecting reactive power in household applications. The measurements are realized by virtual instrument for power quality monitoring based on NI LabVIEW platform. 4.1 Air Conditioning with Inverter Type The generation of harmonics from an inverter wall split air conditioner with cooling / heating regime, 3,2/4,5 kW, energy efficient class A, was measured and studied. The current distortion and the harmonic spectrum are shown in the Fig. 2 and Fig. 3.

(8)

The total harmonic distortion of the current is as follows:

I I THDi = H = 1 I1 I1

(9)

The corresponding rms values squared are as follows:

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Table 2 Power factor and distortion of air conditioner in different operation modes
Air conditioner operation mode Power factor PF (%) Total harmonic distortion of the voltage THDV (%) Total harmonic distortion of the current THDI (%) 66.964 68.510 45.446

Cooling Irms=1.016A Irms=1.612A Irms=2.003A

0.827 0.815 0.912

1.039 1.019 1.006

Fig. 2 Current waveform graph of inverter air conditioner, Operation mode: Cooling, Line voltage RMS: 235.14V, Load current RMS: 1.817A, THDI: 49.868%

Heating Irms=1.601A Irms=3.487A Irms=4.525A

0.813 0.945 0.954

1.063 1.008 1.019

68.035 34.368 31.308

The inverter air conditioner with cooling / heating is an important source of harmonic distortion in the households. The power factor and the harmonic distortion vary depending of the working point, but they should be considered in the analyses of the energy efficiency and use of energy in the households. The importance of this problem is widely discussed [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [13], [14]. 4.2 Electric Lighting The generation of harmonics from a particular light bulb may be illustrated by the distortion of the current sinusoidal form, and by the harmonic spectrum. On Figures 4-6 the measured currents of different light bulbs are presented.

Fig. 3 Current waveform graph of inverter air conditioner, Operation mode: Heating, Line voltage RMS: 233.16V, Load current RMS: 3.487A, THDI: 34.368% Power characteristics of the inverter air conditioner with cooling / heating for different working points are shown in the Table 2.

Fig.4 Current waveform graph of Fluorescent light with inductive ballast, THDI=11.42%

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Fig. 5 Current waveform graph of ECO Energy saving light, THDI=113.12%

fluorescent light with inductive ballast and of the ECO Energy saving light is rather low. The energy conversion efficiency should be considered together with the complete power characteristics of the lighting technologies. In [15] an example with power consumption of energy save lamp of 12 W is shown. Power measurements give the following results: P=13 [W], Q=66 [VAr], D=56 [VAr], S=67. 3 [VA]. The price of active electric energy is 5 eurocent/kWh and approximately 30 % of that price for reactive electric energy, or 1.5 eurocent/kVAr [4]. The total sum of paid electric energy should be equivalent to P=49.6 [W], what is comparable with classic heating thread lamp. It means that energy save lamp is in fact money save lamp, due to nonpaid reactive power. Important remark in this case is that the load is nonlinear, but constant, what is different than in HVAC usages.

5 Conclusion
Energy efficiency is the powerful way for reducing the global pollution problem. Electric drives dominate in household applications and therefore have great saving potential. It is based on improving efficiency (with decreasing losses by use of power converters and increasing dimensions of electric machines) and power factor (by using compensation and filtering methods). Modern electric lighting is also significant consumer which generates problems as nonlinear load. However, the consumed total (for all harmonics) power must be paid. It is the best way to provide solid conditions for producing, transferring, distributing and using electricity. Reactive power [kVAr] including disturbance power [kVAr] must be registered and paid. Better tariff models are always possible. It is time to use better measuring apparatus for electric power in industry and domestic applications. Consumption of reactive power is not negligible even for domestic use, due to increased use of smart electronics devices.

Fig. 6 Current waveform graph of LED light, THDI=15.03% Comparison of the power characteristics of different light technologies is shown in the Table 3. Table 3 Power factor and distortion of different light technologies
Light technology Power factor PF (%) Total harmonic distortion of the voltage THDV (%) 1.52 Total harmonic distortion of the current THDI (%) 11.42

Fluorescent light with inductive ballast ECO Energy saving light LED light

0.485

0.587 0.922

1.57 1.36

113.12 15.03

It is obvious that the power factor and the harmonic distortion vary very match depending on the light bulb technology. The power factor of the

References: [1] Anibal de Almeida, Paolo Bertoldi, Werner Leonhard (Editors), Energy Efficiency Improvements in Electric Motors and Drives, Springer-Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, 1997. [2] Energy Efficiency, ABB Review, 2/2007.

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[3]http://energyefficiency.jrc.cec.eu.int/eurodeem/in dex.htm [4]http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/energyefficiency/motorc hallenge/index.htm [5] http://www.gefweb.org [6]http://www.cda.org.uk/megab2/elecapps/casestud /index.htm [7] S. Mircevski, G. Arsov, D. Manov, M. Sarevski, Z. Andonov, G Rafajlovski, D. Andonov, Rational use of electric energy in AC drives, (invited paper), 8-th Ee'95 (pp. 45-53), Novi Sad, Yugoslavia, September 27-29, 1995. [8] S. Mircevski, Z. Kostic, Energy saving possibilities with pump's AC adjustable speed drives, Proceedings of the IASTED international conference High technology in the power industry, Banff, Canada, 6-8 June, 1996 (pp. 164-167). [9] The European Motor Challenge Programme, Fan Systems Module, Brussels, 2003. [10] The European Motor Challenge Programme, Compressed Air Systems Module, Brussels, 2003. [11] The European Motor Challenge Programme, Active Systems for Refrigeration and Cooling Module, Brussels, 2003. [12] S. Mirchevski, Energy Efficiency in Electric Drives, (invited paper P-4.1), 16th International Symposium on Power Electronics Ee 2011, Novi Sad, Republic of Serbia, October 26th - 28th, 2011. [13] E. B. Agamloh, Induction Motor Efficiency, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, November/December 2011, Vol. 17, No. 6, ISSN 1077-2618 (pp. 20-28). [14] M. J. Melfi, Quantifying the Energy Efficiency of Motors on Inverters, IEEE Industry Applications Magazine, November/December 2011, Vol. 17, No. 6, ISSN 1077-2618 (pp. 37-43). [15] J. Blum, Abschied von der Glhlampe bringt hhere Netzbelastung, Elektropraktiker, Berlin 63 (2009) 6 (pp. 476-478). [16] W. Hofmann, J. Schlabbach, W. Just, Reactive Power Compensation: A Practical Guide, First Edition (in preparation), Published 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [17] IEEE Std 1459TM - 2010, IEEE Standard Definitions for the Measurement of the Electric Power Quantities under Sinusoidal, Nonsinusoidal, Balanced or Nonbalanced Conditions, 19 March 2010. [18] V. S. Ivanov, V. I. Sokolov, Duty Cycles of Supplying and Power Quality in Industrial Enterprises, Energoatomizdat, Moscow, 1987 (in Russian). [19] Craig B. Smith (Editor), Efficient Electricity Use, Pergamon Press, Inc. 1978.

[20] IEC 61000 - 4 -7 ed. 2.1 Consol. with am1 (2009 - 10). : Testing and measurement techniques general guide on harmonics and interharmonics measurements for power supply systems and equipments connected thereto. [21] C. Budeanu, Reactive and fictitious powers, Rumanian National Institute, No. 2, 1927. [22]Fryze, Wirk - Blind - ind Scheinleistung in elektrischen Stromkreisen mit nichtsinusfrmigem Verlauf von Strom und Spannung, Electrotechnische Zeitschrift, 1932, No. 25, (pp 596 - 599, 625 - 627, 700 - 702). [23] N. L. Kusters and W. J. M. Moore, On the definition of reactive power under nonsinusoidal conditions, IEEE Transaction on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS - 99, No. 5, Sept/Oct. 1980 (pp. 1845 - 1854). [24] W. Sheperd and P. Zakikhani, Suggested definition of reactive power for nonsinusoidal systems, PROC. IEE, Vol. 119, No. 9, Sept. 1972 (pp. 1361 - 1362). [25] D. Sharon, Reactive power definition and power factor improvement in non-linear systems, PROC. IEE, Vol. 120, No. 6, July 1973 (pp 704 706). [26] L. S. Czarnecki, Considerations on the reactive power in nonsinusoidal situations, IEEE Trans. on Inst. and Meas, Vol. 34, No. 3, Sept. 1985 (pp 399 404).

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