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Figure 1. A conventional machine's slide is moved by an

operator turning the handwheel. Accurate positioning is
accomplished by the operator counting the number of
revolutions made on the handwheel, plus the graduations on
the dial.

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Figure 2. A CNC machine takes the commanded position

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corresponding amount, which in turn drives the ballscrew,
causing linear motion of the axis. A feedback device confirms
that the proper amount of ballscrew revolutions have
occurred.

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coordinates needed for the program can be taken directly
from the print.

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command given in the absolute mode. In the incremental mode, it can be
very difficult to determine the tool's current position for a given motion
command.

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Figure 1. Offset tables in CNCs allow users to compensate for unpredictable

conditions related to tooling. The table at right provides an offset position for both tool
length and diameter. With a simpler table (middle) that only allows one entry per
offset, the programmer must make it quite clear as to the function of each entry. On a
popular turning center control, four values can be entered for each offset (at left).

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Figure 2. With tool length

compensation, the tool's length
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Knowing a CNC's buttons and switches

unlocks the mystery of its operation. Photo
courtesy of Cincinnati Milacron.

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