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Ion Exchange
Robert Kunin
Ind. Eng. Chem., 1949, 41 (1), 55-59 • DOI: 10.1021/ie50469a016
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January 1949 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
water vapor and the consequent effect on conductivity were not
discussed. The utility of an apparatus using hydraulic analog
was described by Leopold (30) for problems relating t o spacc
cooling.
A review of dimensionless groups and the relations between
them for momentum, heat, and mass transfer was presented by
Xlinkenberg and Mooy (2%) and the analogies between these
three unit operations were pointed out.
LITERATURE CITED
(1) Beatty, K. O., and Katz, D. L., Chzrn. Eng. Progrese, 44, 55
(1948).
(2) Bonilla, C. F., IND. ENG.CHEM.,40, 1098 (1948).
(3) Bonilla, C. F., and Eisenberg, A. A., Ibid., p. 1113.
(4) Bradley, C. B., and Stone, J. F., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 723
(1948).
(5) Brinn, M. S., Friedman, S. J., Gluckert, F. A,, and Pigford,
R. L., IND. ENG.CHEM.,40, 1050 (1948).
( 6 ) Butterworth, A. V., Chem. Eng. Progress, 43, 597 (1947).
(7) Carslaw, H. S., and Jaeger, J. C., “Conduction of Heat in
Solids,” London and New York, Oxford Univ. Press, 1947.
(8) Cholette, A., Chcm. Eng, Progress, 44, 81 (1948).
(9) Cichelli, M. T., IND.ENG.CHEM.,40, 1032 (1948).
(10) Comings, E. W., Clapp, J. T., and Taylor, J. F., Ibid., p. 1076.
(11) Davis, D. S., Chem. Inds., 63, No. 8, 286 (1948).
(12) Deitz, V. R., and Robinson, H. E., IND. ENG.CHEM.,40, 1070
(1948).
(13) Dunn, W. E., Jr., and Bonilla, C. F., Ibid., p. 1101.
(14) Eckert, E. R. G., Dept. of Commerce, OTS, PB 19899.
(15) Edson, K. C., and Powell, J. S., Oil Gas J., 47, No. 5, 71 (1948).
(16) Edwards, D. A., Bonilla, C. F., and Cichelli, M. T., IND.ENG.
CHEM.,40, 1105 (1948).
(17) Farber, E. A., and Scorah, R. L., Trans. Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs.,
70,369 (1948).
(18) Gunderson, L. O., and Denman, W. L., IND. ENG.CHEM.,40,
1363 (1948).
(19) Hall, T. A., and Tsao, P. H., PTOC. Roy. Soc. (London) A191, 6
( 1947).
(20) Hawkins, G. A., and Warner, C. F., IND. ENG.CHEM.,40, 517
(1948).
(21) Huebler, Jack, Ibid., p. 1094.
(22) Ingersoll, L. R., and Pless, H.J., Heating, Piping, A i r Condition-
ing, 20, No. 7, 119 (1948).
(23) Ingersoll, L. R., Zobel, 0. J., and Ingersoll, A. C., “Heat Con-
duction with Engineering and Geological Applications,”
New York, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1948.
(24) Jaooby, A. L., and Bischmann, L. C., IND.
ENQ.CHEM.,40, 1360
(1948).
(25) Jakob, M., Trans. Am. SOC.Mech. Engrs., 70, 25 (1948).
(26) Johnson, H. A., Heating, Piping, A i r Conditioning, 20, No. 5 ,
121 (1948).
@$ ROBERT Kl”, RESINOUS PRODUCTS DIVISION,
R O H M AND H A A S C O M P A N Y , PHILADELPHIA, P A .
T
HE advances made in the field of ion exchange during the
past year have been considerable and have widened the scope
of this unit operation. However, the increased importance of
this operation is due not, solely to recent technological advances
but t o the increased effort of many states and the Federal Govern-
ment t o reduce stream and river pollution by legal means and t o a
large extent to the dwindling supply of important resources at a
critical period of increased production. The technological ad-
vances in ion exchange during 1948 centered chiefly about three
major points: (1) advances in the synthesis of new exchangers,
(2) newer approaches in the engineering principles involved, and
(3) large scale studies of processes involving ion exchange equi-
libria. However, although these advances may be the major ones,
significant advances have also heen realized along theoretical
lines and new applications.
55
(27) Kayan, C. F., IND. ENQ.CHEM.,40, 1044 (1948).
(28) Klinkenberg, A., and H. H. Mooy, Chem. Eng. Progrers, 44, 17
(1948).
(29) Leigh, R. S., and Vanderweil, R. G., Heating, Piping, A i r Con-
ditioning, 20, No. 2, 107 (1948).
(30) Leopold, C. S., Ibid., No. 7, 105 (1948).
(31) Leva, M., and Grummer, M., IND.ENG.CHEM.,40, 415 (1948).
(32) Leva, M., Weintraub, M., Grummer, M., and Clark, E. L., Ibid.,
p. 747.
(33) Lof, G. 0. G., and Hawley, R. W., Ibid., p. 1061.
(34) Lund, G., and Dodge, B. F., Ibid., 40, 1019 (1948).
(35) McAdams, W. H., Addoms, J. N., Rinaldo, P. M., and Day,
* R. S., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 639 (1948).
(36) Mclntire, 0. R., and Kennedy, R. N., Ibid., 44, 727 (1948).
(37) Martinelli, R. C., Trans. Am. Soe., Mech. Engrs., 69, 947 (1947).
(38) Martinelli, R. C., and Nelson, D. B., Ibid., 70, 695 (1948).
(39) Palmer, B. M., and Taylor, R. B., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 652
(1948).
(40) Palmer, G., IND.ENG.CHEM.,40, 89 (1948).
(41) Parmelee, G. V., and Aubele, W. W., Heating, Piping, A i r Con-
ditioning, 20, No. 6, 116 (1948).
(42) Parmelee, G. V., Aubele, W. W., and Huebscher, R. G., Ibid.,
20, No. 1, 158 (1948).
(43) Paschkis, V., “Industrial Electric Furnaces and Appliances,”
Vol. 2, New York, Interscience Pub. Co., 1948.
(44) Pratt, N. H., Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London), advance
copy, Dee. 9, 1947.
(45) Rosenthal, D., and Cameron, R. H., Trans. Am. SOC.Mech.
Engrs., 69, 961 (1947).
(46) Rumford, F., J . Soc. Chem. I n d . (London),66, 309 (1947).
(47) Rushton, J. H., Lichtmann, R. S., and Mahony, L. H., IND.
ENG.CHEM.,40, 1082 (1948).
(48) Sanders, V., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 804 (1948).
(49) Sinnott, M. J., and Siebert, C. A., IND.ENG.CHEM.,40, 1039
(1948).
(50) Stewart, J. P., Heating, Piping, A i r Conditioning, 20, No. 8, 121
(1948).
(51) Touloukian, Y. S., Hawkins, G. A., and Jakob, M., Trans, Am.
SOC.Mech. Engrs., 70, 13 (1948).
(52) Van Buskirk, E. C., and Surland, C. C., Chem. Eng. Prograss, 44,
803 (1948).
(53) Watzinger, A., and Lorentzen, G., Ing. Vetenskaps Akad.,
Handl. No. 166, 3-22 (1942).
(54) White, J. F., Chem. Eng. Progrem, 44, 647 (1948).
(55) White, R. E., Refrig. Engr., 55, 375 (1948).
(56) Wilhelm, R. H., Johnson, W. C., Wynkoop, R.. and Collier,
D. W., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 105 (1948).
(57) Winding, C. C., and Cheney, A. J., Jr., IND,EXG.CHEM.,40,
1087 (1948).
(58) Witzig, W. F.’, Penney, G. W., and Cyphers, J. A., Refrig. Eng.,
56, 153 (1948).
RECEIVED
October IS, 1948.
ION EXCHANGE
Several leading chemical journals (21-23, 45) have reviewed
the uses of ion exchange substances and have presented reviews
including both theory and application. Hopkins (6‘4) reviewed
the use of ion exchange resins for water softening and Baroni ( 5 ) ,
Davies (Sd), and Winters (128) reviewed the more general uses
for these ion exchange resins, including possible large scale uses.
A recent review covered the history, terminology, properties, and
applications of several ion exchange resins (104).
THEORY OF ION E X C H A N G E
During 1948, several contributions were made to the theory of
ion exchange occurring in both organic and inorganic exchange
substances. Glueckauf (48)presented a mathematical treatment
relating the concentration history (C/Co) with the Freundlich and
56 I N D U S T R I A L A N D E N G I N E E R I N G CHEMISTRY
Typical Ion Exhange Water Softening Units
Langmuir isotherms for the column adsorptions of cupric ions and
the separation of copper and manganese on a sulfonic acid ex-
changer. Gregor (83,54) derived thermodynamically the swelling
and contraction of cation exchangers upon exchanging one cation
for another. The adsorpt'ion of methylene blue by clay surfaces
was described by Plesch and Robertson (100) as being composcd
of two processes, the first an irreversible exchange adsorption and
the second a reversible Freundlich adsorption. Along similar
lines, Mongar and Wasserman (87) and Ingersoll and Johnson
(66)attributed t o some extent the contraction and elongation of
alginate fibers to the exchange of ions at the various ionic groups.
The equilibria and column behavior of the weakly acidic carbox-
ylic exchanger and a strong base anion exchanger were reported by
Kunin and Barry (67) and Kunin and McGarvey (68).
Tendeloo ( f 9 0 ) and Marshall and his students (79-82) have
continued their electrochemical studies of ion exchange systems.
The membrane electrodes of Marshall should be of interest in a
study of systems other than those involving clay.
The ion exchange behavior of cotton and oxycellulose has been
studied extensively by Davidson (BT-WS), Davidson and Neve11
(50, 31), and Church (24). The exchange properties of the suc-
cinate, glutaric, and phthalic acid esters of cotton have been
studied by McIntire and Scherick (76).
Extending his ion exchange studies to the soil-plant system,
Mattson (83) found the Donnan equilibrium to apply to the ex-
change of ions between the ionic components of both the soil and
the plant.
The ion exchange studies on clays and soils st,ill occupy a major
portion of the total contributions. Mitra (86) concludes that if
the exchange capacity of kaolinite is due to brolten ionic bonds a t
the crystal surface, an increase in the cation exchange capacity on
grinding should be accompanied by an increase in anion exchange
capacity. The exchange properties of various clays and clay
minerals have been examined by Rost (106), Vend1 (124),
Teichner (fl9), Dittler (S6), and Sieling (111). Gorbunov and
Tsyurupa (50)have investigated the influence of pressure (1 to 200
kg. per sq. em.) on the ion exchange equilibria in clays and soils.
Mukherjee and Nandi (92) have compared the various methods
Vol. 41, No. 1
for determining the exchange capacity
of soils. Although these methods
have been used for siliceous mate-
rials, the findings of these investiga-
tors are of interest in the investiga-
tions of other exchangers. The effects
of the exchangeable ions on thp
ceramic properties of clays have been
btudied by Francis (45).
The exchange equilibria involving
the acidic groups of fatty acid crys-
tals and humic acid has been de-
scribed by Trapesnikov and Lipets
(123) and Barbier and Trocm6 (4).
The anion exchanger properties of
dumina have been studied by Graham
~ n FIorning
d (59).
WATER SOFTENING
Hlight ( I d ) , Harding arid Trclbler
p%), bIiedendorp (&), Spaulding
i f I B ) , Morris and Carritt (88),~ i n d
lIamer (57) have compared the v u i -
ous methods for softening water fox
industrial purposes, citing the cir-
cunitances where the ion exchang~
method may be employed advanta-
grously. T h t use aid operation of
home u ater softening units have been
reviewed by Olson (Ob),Maffitt (77),
cDuff (75). A study of the use of organic exchangers for
\of iening R aters that have hcen chlorinated has rrsulted in tlic
conclusion that nuclear sulfonlc acld cation escliaugers are
much mort stable than the phenol sulfonic acid exchangers ( 2 6 )
Cruiclrshank and Braithxaite (B6) have studied the use of variouk
sterilizing agents for use with phenol-formaldehyde exchangcw
The softening propel ties of several synthetic gel zeolites have
been compared by Kagai and Xurakami (94)and a m&od fox
ascertaining their efficiency has been described by lckerman ( I )
The various aspects of the microbial fouling of zeolite watei
softeners have been revieii pd by Williams (127). Breitcnsteiri
and Rergei ( 1 7 ) suggest the USB of certain cation exchangers foi
deoiling boiler feed water. Webb and Yoder (185) recommend
the use of a hydrogen zeolite effluent for dissolving boiler scale.
DEIONIZATION
Thc tieiouization operation has been extended to systems that
arc sensitive t o pH changes by virtue of the availability of a
strong base anion exchange resin (83). The strong base anion ex-
change regin permits one to operate in a manlier that excludes the
intermediate acid formation encountered in the conventional
methods. This is achieved either by passing the erectrolyte
through the strong base anion exchanger and then through the
sulfonic or carboxylic acid cation exchanger or by means of a
mixed bed operation in which the mixture of the strong base
anion exchanger and strong acid cation exchanger is employed in
a batchnise operation. HydrauIic separation of the two ex-
changer phases for regeneration purposes has been demonstrated
(39).
Riley and Day (105) have reviewed the engineering aspects of
deionization of solutions by ion exchange resins. The importance
of using water of a deionized quality in porcelain enamel has been
emphasized by Pavlisch (98).
The use of fluorides for the conversion of silicic acid to the strong
acid, fluosilicic acid, for silica removal purposes has been reviewed
and studied by Bauman, Eichorn, and Wirth (8),MeBrian (74),
and C a k e and Lane (19). Calise and Lane prefer the use of a
January 1949 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
basic anion exchanger rather than the fluoride method. Gilwood
(47) has reviewed the five methods for removing silica, two of
which involve the principles of ion exchange.
Thompson and McGarvey (121) have studied the variables for
both the anion and cation exchange resins t h a t affect the quality
of the deionized water produced by the passage of the raw water
through a series of both beds. Such factors as flow rates, re-
generation level, regenerants, and water composition were in-
cluded.
Cristy and Lembcke (25) have made a thorough study on both
a laboratory and plant scale of a unit for the deionization of
formalin. Even though some degradation was apparent in the
anion resin, the loss did not indicate the operation to be eco-
nomically unsound. However, Lampitt, Money, and Judge (69)
found the deionization of pectin by ion exchange t o be unsatis-
factory. The removal of Raney nickel in sorbitol has been
achieved with ion exchangers by Porter (102). Treatment of
organic nitriles with ion exchange resins is suggested in a patent of
Blann (13). Heavy metal salts of silicate exchangers have been
used by Nachod (93) for the desulfuration of hydrocarbons.
Ham and Barnes (56) apply a unique method for removing bac-
teria from water, consisting of impressing a high voltage (100 to
2000 volts) across an anion exchange resin bed.
The use of the deionization operation for the treatment of sugar
juices, sirups, and wastes has been tried on both pilot plant and
plant units with varying degrees of success and conclusions.
Mindler (86) and Bloch and Ritchie (15) have reported on pilot
plant and plant scale runs on the deionization of cane sirups,
molasses, and juices. Although considerable success was achieved
during the study, such factors as water requirements, sucrose in-
version, and resin deterioration diminished the attractiveness of
the process. Porter (101), Ellison and Porter (41), and Dickinson
(33, 34) have described plant runs on the deionization of beet
juices at several western beet sugar refineries. Although con-
siderable enthusiasm has been expressed, the economics has not
proved as attractive as was originally expected; i t is still of con-
siderable interest. In a recent review of new developments in
sugar techniques, Wilcox (126) concludes t h a t although ion ex-
change is of interest in the beet sugar industry, it is impractical in
the field of cane sugar because of marketing conditions. Morrison
(89) and Mandry (78) have reported successful ion exchange
operations for beet sugar, the latter claiming ion exchange will re-
place the Steffens house.
Other contributions t o the application of ion exchange to sugar
solutions have been made by Handelman and Rogge (68),Gustaf-
son (66),Smirnov and Goncharenko (lid), and MacAdam (78).
Of considerable interest is the report of Felton (44) on the plant
ion exchange operation in Hawaii for treating wastes containing
sugar and recovering these sugars as a n edible packing sirup.
Challinor, Kieser, and Pollard (20)have found that the removal
of nutrients (calcium, magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, and nitrogen)
from apple juice by ion exchange markedly improves the stability
of the juice towards microbiological spoilage. The application
of ion exchange t o the sugar industries still is open t o con-
siderable question, although technically the operation has
achieved the goal. The failings of the ion exchange operation
for sugar applications have been purely economic: increasing
costs of regenerant solutions and a variable price for molasses.
Should the cost of regenerants and the price of molasses drop t o
prcwar levels, the ion exchange method for treating sugar solu-
tions would be much more attractive.
SEPARATIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS
The usefulness of ion exchange principles for the separation of
various ionic species and the recovery of these constituents in a
purer and more concentrated form have been further emphasized
by several studies during the past year. Winters and Kunin (129)
have explored the use of ion exchangers, the carboxylic type of ion
57
exchanger in particular, for the recovery and purification of com-
plex bases of pharmaceutical importance. The separation of
amino acids and the adsorption and recovery of alkaloids and
vitamins were investigated. The chief advantage of a carboxylic
exchanger is that it readily adsorbs the complex organic nitrogen
bases on the salt form of the exchanger and readily permits the
elution of these bases with a stoichiometric quantity of dilute
acid. I n comparison with the extreme difficulty with which
nitrogen bases are removed from sulfonic exchangers, carboxylic
exchangers represent an advance in the recovery of these bases.
Hems, Page, and Waller (62) have studied the use of sulfonic and
carboxylic cation exchange resins for separating basic amino
acids. Elmore (42) and Harris and Thomas (60) have separated
cytidine from uridine with the aid of a sulfonic acid exchanger.
Using the same exchange resin, Bendall, Partridge, and Westall
(10) have used the Tiselius displacement technique for separating
amino acids. Use has been made of siliceous exchangers for the
concentration and purification of the paralytic poison present in
certain shellfish (115). Alderton and Fevold (2) have suggested
the use of clays for the isolation of the enzyme lysoaime, present in
eggwhite. Kingsbury, Mindler, and Gilwood (66) have recovered
nicotine in cigaret tobrtcco dryer gases, using a sulfonic acid cation
exchanger. Gore (61)and Mottern and Buck (90) adsorb and
recover organic acids in fruit juices using a n anion exchange
resin.
A problem that is becoming of increasing importance is the re-
covery of metal wastes that are polluting streams. Distelhorst
(36) and Wise (130) are investigating the use of ion exchange for
the recovery of wastes containing zinc, chromium, and copper.
The use of ion exchange has been suggested as a means for over-
coming the problem of disposing large volumes of radioactive
wastes (88). Hiester, McCarthy, and Benson (65) propose the use
of cation exchange resins in the separation of lignosulfonic acids
from sulfite waste liquors.
The separation of radium from barium using a cation ex-
changer in a cascade arrangement has been investigated by Reid
(103). Spedding and his group (117) have proposed a change in
their ion exchange method for the separation of rare earths.
L A B O R A T O R Y APPLICATIONS
The usefulness of ion exchange substances in the laboratory has
progressed t o a stage where exchange substances are becoming
common laboratory reagents for analytical and preparative pur-
poses. Applezwieg ($) has presented a comprehensive review of
the use of ion exchange adsorbents as laboratory tools. Lur’e
(71)and Lur’e and Filippova (72)have reviewed the use of organic
exchangers in analytical chemistry. Ernsberger and France (43)
have utilized sulfonic acid cation exchangers for converting ligno-
sulfonates t o the free acid. Schubert (107) and Schubert and
Richter (108)describe a method for determining equilibrium con-
stants of complexes, utilizing a sulfonic acid exchanger. Papa-
george and Lamar (97) utilize a n exchanger in the analysis of
thiamine. Duglish (39) suggests the adsorption of aneurine on a
siliceous exchanger prior t o its estimation. Serfass, Theis, Thor-
stensen, and Aganval (110) have continued the study of the com-
position of chromium complexes utilizing ion exchange resins.
Drake (38) has devised a microapparatus for automatically re-
cording the chromatographic separation of amino acids on an
anion exchange resin. Eidinoff (40) has suggested a method for
studying the ion exchange separations of isotopes.
CATALYSIS
The utilization of the ion exchange complex as a catalyst offers
many interesting possibilities. Levesque and Craig (70) have
studied the esterification of oleic acid and butanol using a sulfonic
acid exchanger. Haskell (61) has studied the fundamental as-
pects of this catalytic action and has found the mechanism t o be
analogous t o the homogeneous reaction. The relationship be-
58 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY
tween the cracking activity of a silicate catalyst and its base ex-
change properties has been extensively studied by Bitepazh (1%).
BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS
Bersin (11) has critically reviewed the significance of ion ex-
change for various biological and biochemical processes. The use
of ion exchange resins for the removal of sodium from the in-
testinal tract in the treatment of heart ailments is under investiga-
tion ($7, 109). The use of anion exchange units as an artificial
kidney for a dog has also received considerable attention (91).
NEW EXCHANGERS
The availability of carboxylic cation exchange resins fi hose
cation exchange activity is associated with carboxylic groups and
high capacity nuclear sulfonic acid cation exchangers has been
announced (7, 8, 9, 18, I i , $3). A bead type of phenol sul-
fonic acid cation exchanger and a strong base anion exchanger
havealso been announced ($8). Several patents (49,96, 99,214,
118, ‘199)have been issued revealing new ion exchange resin
compositions.
Synthetic crystals having the gas adsorptive and ion exchange
properties of the natural zeolite, chabazite, have been prepared
by Barrer (6, 6) by autoclaving natural and synthetic hydrous
silicates with barium and potassium chlorides. Smith and Page
(113) describe the use of insoluble, liquid amines as liquid anion
exchangers. Tertiary amines such as methyldioctylamine,
methyldinonylamine, and trioctylamine were found to be efficient.
Although significant advances have been achieved in the realm
of this new unit operation, from a chemical engineering viewpoint,
much remains to be done. The treatment of equilibria and rate
data for design purposes (in particular, column operation) is in-
complete and demands further study. Economic studies of
various ion exchange applications are practically nonexistent out-
side of the applications of water softening and deionization and in
these cases the information is incomplete. As the usefulness of
the ion exchange unit operation increases, the above studies be-
come of increased importance.
LITERATURE CITED
(1) Ackerman, A., Bull. soc. c h i n . France, 1947, 619.
(2) Alderton, G., and Fevold, H. L., U. 6 . Patent 2,443,452 (June 1,
1948).
(3) Applezwieg, N., Ann. N . Y . Acad. Sci., 49, 295 (1948).
(4) Barbier, G., and Trocm6, S., Compt. rend., 224, 1582 (1947).
(6) Baroni, A., Materie plastiche, 14, 16 (1948).
(6) Barrer, R. M., J . Chem. SOC.,1948, 127.
(7) Barrer, R. M., and Riley, D. W., Ibid., 1948, 133.
(8) Bauman, W. C., Eichorn, J.. and Wirth, L. F., IND. ENG.
CHEM.,39, 1453 (1947).
(9) Bauman, W. L., Skidmore, J. R., and Camum, R. H., Ibid.. 40,
1350 (1948).
(10)Bendall, J. R., Partridge. S. M., and Westall, R. G., Nature,
160. 374 (1947).
(11) Bersin, T., Naturwissennschaftc, 33, 108 (1946).
(12) Bitepazh, Yu. A., J . Gen. Chem. (U.S.S.R.), 17, 199 (1947).
(13) Blann, W. A., U. S. Patent 2,444,589 (July 6 , 1948).
(14) Blight, F. C., Mech. World, 122, 179 (1947).
(15) Bloch, E., and Ritchie, R. J., IND. ENQ.CHZM., 39, 1581 (1948).
(16) Braithwaite, D. C., D’Amico, J. S., and Thompson, M. T.,
Division of Water, Sewage, and Sanitation Chemistry,
114th Meeting, AM. CHEM.Soo.. September 1948.
(17) Breitenstein, G. von, and Berger, H., Bull. Brit. Coal Utiliza-
tion Research Assoc., 9, 349 (1943).
(18) Brown, W. E., Chem. Eng. News, 26, 1480 (1948).
(19) Cslise, V. J., and Lane, M., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44, 269
(1948).
(20) Challinor, S. W., Kieser, M. E., and Pollard, A,, Nature, 161,
1023 (1948).
(21) Chem. Eng., 55,119 (1948).
(22) Chem. Brig., 55, 164 (1948) I
(23) Chent. Eng. Progress, 44, 18 (1948).
(24) Church, H. F., J . SOC.Chem. Ind.. 66, 223 (1V47).
(26) Cristy, G. A,, and Lembcke, R. E., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44,
417 (1948).
Vol. 41, No. 1
(26) Cruickshank, G. A., and Braithwaite, D. G., Division of Water,
Sewage, and Sanitation Chemistry, 114th Meeting, AM.
CHEM.SOC., September 1948.
(27) Davidson, C. F., J . Teztile Inst., 39, T59 (1948).
(28) Ibid., 39, T66 (1948).
(29) Ibid.. 39. T87 (1948).
(30j Davidson, C. F., an‘d NeveIl, T. P., I b g . , 39, T93 (1948).
(31) Ibid., 39, T102 (1948).
(32) Davies, c. W., Chemistry & Industry, 51 (1948).
(33) Dickinson, B. N., Chem. Eng., 55, 114 (1948).
(34) Dickinson, B. N., Eighth Annual Conf. Food Technol., June
1948.
(35) Distelhorst, 5. D., Southern Power and Ind., 66, 58 (1948).
(36) Dittler. K.. Ceram. Abstracts. 24. 80 (1946).
(37) Deck, W., Trans. Assoc. Am. P h y s i c & ? ,59, 282 (1946).
(38) Drake, B., Nature, 160 (1947).
(39) DugIish, C., Q w T ~ .J . Pharm. Pharmacal., 20, 257 (1947).
(40) Eidinoff, M. L., J . Chem. Phys., 15, 527 (1947).
(41) Ellison, H. E., and Porter, L. D., Sugar, 43, 30 (March 1948).
(42) Elmore, D. T., Nature, 161, 931 (1948).
(43) Ernsberger, F. M., and France, W. G., J . Phys. Colloid Chem.,
52,267 (1948).
(44) Felton, G., Eighbh Annual Conf. Food Technol., June 1948.
(45) Forecast, 10,243 (1948).
(46) Francis, M., Chimie & Industrie, 58, 163 (1947).
(47) Gilwood, M. E., Power, 91, 86 (1947).
(48) Glueckhauf, E., J . Chem. SOC.,1947, 1302.
(49) Goetz, A., U. S. Patent 2,445,669 (July 20, 1948).
(60) Gorbunov, N. I., and Tsyurupa, Pedoiogy (U.S.S.R.), 1947,
No. 3,167.
(51) Gore, H. C., Fruit Products J . , 27, 75 (1947).
(52) Graham, R. P., and Homing, A. E., J . Am. Chem. Soc., 69,1214
(1947).
(53) Gregor, H. P., Ibid., 70, 1293 (1948).
(64) Gregor, H. P., and Bregman, J. I., Ibid., 70, 2370 (1948).
(55) Gustafson, H. B., and Faley, L. 9., U. S. Patent 2,402,960
(July 2, 1948).
(56) Ham, G. P., and Barnes, It. B., Ibid., 2,428,329 (8ept. 30,
1947).
(57) Hamer, P., Ind. Chemist, 24, 362 (June 1948).
(58) Handelman, M., and Rogge, R. H., Chem. Eng. Progress, 44,683
( 1948).
(59) Harding, H. G., and Trebler, H. h., Food Technol., 1, 478
(1947).
(60) Harris, R. J. C., and Thomas, J. F., Nature, 161, 931 (1948)
(61) Haskell, V. C., Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University,
1948.
(62) Hems, B. A., Page, J. E., and Waller, J. C., J . SOC.Chem. Ind.,
67, 77 (1948).
(63) Hiester, N. K., McCarthy, J. L., and Benson, H. K., Paper
Trade J . , 126, 58 (1948).
(64) Hopkins, S. J., Affg. Chemist, 17, 285 (1946).
(65) Ingersoll, H. G., and Johnson, A. A., Nature, 162, 225 (1948).
(66) Kingsbury, A. D., Mindler, A. B., and Gilwood, M. B,., Chem.
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(67) Kunin, R., and Barry, R. E., Division of Industrial & Engineer-
ing Chemistry, 114th Meeting, AM. CHEWSOC.,September
1948.
(68) Kunin, R., and McGarvey, F. X., Ibid., Sopteinber 1948.
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SOC.Chem. Ind., 66, 121 (1947).
(70) Levesque, C. L., arid Craig, A. M.,IND.END.CIIEM.,40, 96
(1948).
(71) Lur’e, Yu. Yu., Zuuodslcuva Lah., 13, 332 (1947).
(72) Lur’o, Yu. Yu., itnd Filippovn, N . A., Ibid., 13, 589 (1947).
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(77) Maffitt, D. L., J . Am. Water W o r k s Assoc., 40, 293 (1948).
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A880C., 62, la(l948)
January 1949 INDUSTRIAL AND ENGINEERING CHEMISTaY
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(1948).
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MATERIALS HANDLING
&!!! ROBERT E. WRIGHT, MONSANTO
CHEMICAL COMPANY, ST. LOUIS 4, MO.
NLIKE some other unit operations, very few articles on
materials handling appear in the literature. However,
this does not indicate a lack of progress, because the ad-
vances in this field are reflected in new equipment. This review
describes recent developments in materials handling equipment
and covers some of the items believed to be of most interest.
LIQUID AND GAS HANDLING
Pumps. A proportioning pump, called the Constametric ( I d ) ,
is based on a new principle which permits a constant controllable
rate of flow without pulsation. Pulsation is eliminated by driving
the plungers through cams which are so arranged that as one
plunger nears the end of its stroke, its speed is slowed a rate equal
to the starting forward speed of the second plunger. The capacity
of the pump is fully adjustable by manual or automatic methods
while the pump is in operation. There is no variation in capacity
delivered, owing t o change of discharge pressure. Models are
available with capacities from a minimum of 75 ml. per hour to
a maximum of 35 gallons per hour. This pump is available in a
variety of construction materials. Another new proportioning
pump known as Airometric (1.9)can be operated on compressed
air or natural gas where electricity is not available.
I n a new vertical booster and transfer pump (19) the suction
and discharge nozzles are of the same size and on the same center
lines, so that the pump can be used in a pipe line like a fitting.
This pump would be especially useful for the acceleration of the
flow of liquids in existing pipe lines. It is available in capacities
from 400 to 1400 gallons per minute.
Although such huge pumps are not of probable use in the
chemical process industriea, i t is nevertheless interesting to
note the giant irrigation pumps (720,000 gallons per minute)
now under construction. These pumps are being built for the
Grand Coulee area and are a t least eight times larger than
$9
(109) Science Navs Letter, 28 (May 1948).
(110) Serfaas, R. J., Theis, E. R., Thorstenaen, T. C., and Aganval,
R. E., J . Am. Leather Chem. Assoc., 43,132 (1948).
(111) Siding, D. H., Soil Sei. SOC.Am. Proc., 11, 161 (1946).
(112) Smirnov, V. A., and Goncharenko, 8. E., J . Applied Chem.
(U.S.S.R.), 20, 449 (1947).
(113) Smith, E.L.,and Page, J. E., J . SOC.Chem. Ind., 67,48 (1948).
(114) Smith, G.W., U. 8.Patent, 2,433,167(1948).
(115) Sommer, H., et al., J . A m . Chem. SOC.,70, 1016 (1948).
(116)Spaulding, C. H.,PubEic Works. 77, 27, (1946).
(117) Spedding, I?. H.,et al., J . Ant. Chem. SOC.,70, 1671 (1948).
(118) Sussman, S.,U. 9. Patent 2,442,989(June 8, 1948).
(119) Teichner, S.,Compt. rend., 225, 1337 (1947).
(120) Tendeloo, H.J. C., Diecussion8 Faraday Society, 1, 293 (1947).
(121) Thompson, J., and McGarvey, E”. X., Chem. Ind., 62, 55
(1948).
(122) Thurston, J. T.,U. S. Patent 2,440,669(April 27,1948).
(123) Trapeznikov, A. A., and Lipets, M. E., J . Phys. Chem. (U.S.-
S.R.),21,109 (1947).
(124) Vend, M., Roy. Hung. Palatina-Joseph Univ., Tech. Econ. Sci.
Pubs. Dept. Mining Met., 15,344 (1943).
(125) Webb, T. L.B., and Yoder, J. D.,Power, 92,99 (1948).
(126) Wilcox, 0 . W., Sugar, 43,21 (August 1948).
(127) Williams, W. L.,J . Am. Water Works, Assoc., 39, 779 (1947).
(128) Winters, J. C., C h m . Ind., 62, 764 (1948).
(129) Winters, J. C.,and Kunin, R., IND.ENG.CHEM.,in press.
(130) Wise, W. S.,Sewage Works J . , 20, 96 (1498).
R E C ~ I V EOctober
D 16, 1948.
any comparable pump in the world. Each pump will operate
against a normal head of 270 feet and will be driven by a 65,000-
h.p. synchronous motor. The initial installation of six pumps
will be completed before the end of 1949; by 1951 six more will
be installed (1-4).
A new portable pump (14) can fill a 100-pound butane or pro-
pane cylinder in 6 minutes. The pump has a rated capacity of 4
gallons per minute at 3500 r.p.m. and develops differential pres-
sures up to 40 pounds per square inch.
A new line of self-priming pumps for corrosive services is being
introduced ( 9 ) . These pumps are considered to be a marked ad-
vance because of their much larger air pumping capacity, and their
ability to prime rapidly against higher heads (up to 15 feet),
and because they are available in a complete range of corrosion-
resisting alloys.
A handy pump weighing only 11 pounds has been introduced
for unloading acid carboys (6). The pumping unit consists of a
small electric centrifugal air compressor mounted on a self-sealing
connection which is slipped into the carboy neck. When the
pump is operating, air pressure builds up in the carboy and forces
the acid out through a tube which extends from the bottom of the
carboy through the sealing connection.
Compressors. Last year’s review mentioned the motor-driven
centrifugal compressors being installed on Tennessee Gas Trans-
mission Company’s 24-inch line. Three of these cornpressors are
now in service at a station at Moorehead, Ky., and their per-
formance is being carefully studied to determine operating chsr-
acteristics and economics (B).
Six centrifugal compressor stations are now operating on the
Big Inch and the Little Big Inch natural gas lines of Texas
Eastern Transmission Corporation. Eventually there will
be sixteen of these centrifugal compressor stations on these lines,
requiring 177,500 h.p. The discussion leading to the decision to