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Optical Spectroscopy

on

Semiconductor Nanostructures

Outline
Background
Low dimensional nanostructures
From bulk to quantum dots

Optical spectroscopy techniques

Results
Optical spectroscopy on
Quantum wires Quantum dots

Low dimensional nanostructures


(a) 3D DOS 2D DOS (b)
tz

EG

EG

E1

E2

E3

Energy (c) 1D DOS


tz ty

Energy (d) 0D DOS


tz ty tx

EG

E11

E12

E13

EG

E111

E112

E113

Energy

Energy

Example: QWR
(a) (b) Return to selflimited profile z High bandgap

T(x)

Low bandgap x

Ga-rich VQW AlGaAs barrier GaAs QWR

cb Electron 1D subbands Hole 1D subbands

vb

20 nm

Example: QDs
S-K Growth Pyramidal QDs
QD

2 m

Optical spectroscopy techniques


Barrier continuum CB
Non radiative

Exciting light (a)


10-100m

(b)
~1m

Microscope objective

Sample

hin hout
(c)

SNOM tip
~100nm

(d)

Electron beam

VB

PL / PLE
JDOS
energy

PLE

det

PL det
PL: Spectroscopy of occupied levels PLE: Spectroscopy of unocuppied levels ( ~ absorption)

Photoluminescence setup
CCD
Cut-off Cutfilter

Spatial filter

Microscope objective

Single spectrometer JY HR 460


Temperature controller

Det

Laser He-flow cryostat

sample

Optical spectroscopy on QWRs

Photoluminescence on QWRs

Polarisation anisotropy in absorption spectrum Signature of 1D confinement

Black arrows: 6-band kp theoretical model

Carrier localisation in QWRs


DREAM
Fully delocalised 1D states

REALITY
Monolayer fluctuation of confinement potential along QWR axis

X localisation on a ~m length scale: Chain of QDs

Optical spectroscopy on QDs

Single QD spectroscopy
Inhomogeneous broadening in QD ensembles
Electronic fine structure only visible if single QDs are probed!
cb

1-5meV luminescence 30-80 meV

10-50meV

vb energy

SK QDs vs. Pyramidal QDs


Typical micro-photoluminescence experiment ~1m laser spot QD
Al shadow mask

1 m

energy

energy

Towards single QD spectroscopy


Exci tation power 0.1 mW T=4.2 K

PL intensity (arb. units)

Ensemble 5 310 QDs

WL

1 QD

= 130 eV

1.20

1.25

1.30

1.35

1.40

PL energy (eV)

QD electronic structure
2D Harmonic oscillator model

Quantum dot
Artificial atom Electronic properties can be tailored
A few meV emission X2 Xchange X 2X X

energy

Charged states in S-K QDs

Energy (meV)

Charged states in pyramidal QDs


600 nW

PLPL intensity intensity [a.u.]

2X
X 10

X X X2 X2

2.5 nW

30 pW
1.56 1.56 1.565 1.565 1.57 1.575 1.58 1.57 1.575 1.58 photon energy [eV] Energy (eV) 1.585 1.585

Summary
Optical spectroscopy techniques Optical properties of QWRs
Polarisation anisotropy Exciton localisation

Optical properties of QDs


Multi-charged excitons QDs as artificial atoms

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