BUEStyleandReferencingGuide ThisguideisdesignedtohelpstudentsoftheBUEmeettherequirementsofacademic writing.Thereismorethanoneacademicconventioninreferencing.Thepreferred referencingstylefortheBUEistheAPA(AmericanPsychologicalAssociation)system. Readcarefullyandapplyconsistentlyduringproofreadingandfinalrevisions. 1.Spelling UseBritishspelling.

SomeofthecommondifferencesbetweenBritishandAmerican spellinginclude: American or er se ize og British our re ce ise ogue Example colournotcolor centrenotcenter defencenotdefense criticisenotcriticize cataloguenotcatalog nottravel/traveler

BritishEnglishdoublestheconsonant: Traveltraveller BritishEnglishretainsthesilente: Ageageing

notage/aging

TohelpyouensureconsistentspellingsetMicrosoftOfficetoEnglish(UK)asthedefault languageandusespellcheck. 2.Formalstyle Belowareseveralspecificsuggestionsthat,whenincorporatedintoyourwriting,will helpyouachieveanacademicwritingstyle: 2.1Avoidinformalorconversationalexpressionssuchaskindofandsortof: Original:Theexamwaskindofdifficult. Revision:Theexamwasratherdifficult. 2.2Avoidcontractionsandabbreviations: Original:Applicantswhodonthavestrongcomputerskillswontbeas

competitiveasthosewhodo. Revision:Applicantswhodonothavestrongcomputerskillswillnotbeas competitiveasthosewhodo. 2.3Avoidreferringtoyourselforaddressingthereaderdirectlyasyou: Original:Ifyoureceivelessthan6.5ontheIELTS,youmaynotberecruited. Revision:Applicantswho receive lessthan6.5ontheIELTSmaynotberecruited.

2.4AvoidstartingyoursentenceswithIthink: Original:Ithinkthisisaneffectiveplan. Revision:Thiscouldbeaneffectiveplan. Theauthorbelievesthat.. 2.5Avoidtheuseofetcandandsoforthbecausethesetermsarevague: Original:Inmyfreetime,Ienjoysports,etc. Revision:Inmyfreetime,Ienjoysports,andotheractivitiessuchasreading. 2.6Usepassivevoicewhenappropriate: Original:Youputthechemicalsinthetesttube. Revision:Thechemicals areput inthetesttube. 2.7Usesinglewordverbsasmuchaspossibleratherthanphrasalverbs,assingleword verbsaregenerallymoreformalandconcise: Original:Thepresidentbroughtupsomequestions. Revision:Thepresidentraisedsomequestions.

2.8Usegenderneutrallanguage: Original:AstudentplanningtograduatethisSpringshouldseehisadvisoratonce. Revision:StudentsplanningtograduatethisSpringshouldseetheiradvisorsatonce. Revision:AstudentplanningtograduatethisSpringshouldseeher/hisadvisoratonce. 3.Paperformat Extendedessaysandresearchpapersshouldbepresentedinthefollowingformat: Margins:1[2.5cm]marginsallaround. Font:TimesNewRoman12. Space:doublespacebothwithinandbetweenparagraphs. 2

Paragraphs:eachparagraphshouldbeindented5spaces. Pagination:pagesmustbenumberedconsecutively. Title:thetitleoftheessayshouldhavenoquotationmarks,italicsorunderlining. 4.Citationandreferencing Allideastakenfromothersourceswhetherbydirectquotation,summarisingor paraphrasing,mustbeacknowledgedviaintextcitationandaworkscitedpage.This meansreferringtothemtwice: withinthetext(intextcitation) attheendofyourpaper(bibliographyorworkscited). Everyparentheticalreferenceisapromisetothereaderthatfullinformationaboutthis sourcewillbefoundinyourlistofworkscited.Failingtoacknowledgeyoursourcesis consideredtobeplagiarism. 4.1Formatforintextcitation: Thisguidefollowstheparentheticalreferencemethodwhereyouindicateeachreference yourefertoinparenthesesasfollows: Example1 Ifyourefertotheauthorinthesentenceincludeonlytheyearandthe : pagenumber(s)inparentheses.Separatetheyearandthepagenumber(s)witha colon: Inhisconclusion,Rajaratnam(2001,p.49)pointstothepossibleeconomicandsocial costsincurredbyanation,whenindividualswork24hoursaday. Example2 Ifyoudonotnametheauthorbeforethequotation,includethe : authorssurname,theyearandthepagenumber(s)inparenthesesattheendofthe sentence.Directquotationsthatareshorterthan40wordsshouldbeplacedinside doublequotationmarks: Leadershipisdefinedasaninfluencerelationshipamongleadersandfollowers(Daft, 2008,p.27). Example3:Ifyouciteseveraldifferentworksbydifferentauthorsatonetime, organiseinformationalphabeticallybyauthorslastnames,andseparateeachwith asemicolon(;).Putallnamesinsideonesetofparenthesis(): Severalstudiesindicatethatfemaleinmateswithmentalillnesseslackedadequate mentalhealthservicesinU.S.prisonsandjails(Adams,1996;Goldstein,1994;Keahi, 1998;Lovell,1999).

Example4:Ifyourefertoaworkcitedinanothersource(citationfroma secondarysource),nametheauthoroftheworkinwhichyoufindthereference, precededby'ascitedin'toindicatethatyouarereferringtoacitationinthatwork. Listthesecondarysourceinyourlistofreference: Parallelgeneanalysiswithmicroarraysprovidesarapidandefficientmethodforlarge scalehumangenediscovery(BrownascitedinSmith,1995). Note:inthereferencelistprovidethedetailsof'Smith' Example5:Ifyouarequotingfromanarticlewithoutanauthorsname,your parentheticalreferenceshouldincludethetitle(shortened)orthenameofthe organisation,theyearandpagenumber(s)ifavailable: (Hospitalcosts,2004,p.14). (UKGovernment,2003). Example6:Directquotationsoflessthanfourtypewrittenlinesareintegratedinthe text(seeexample2);directquotationsofmorethanfourtypewrittenlines(ormore than40words)areindentedontheleftsideandsinglespacedwithoutquotation marks.Intextcitationisplacedimmediatelyafterit: As Soysal has observed, tensions between these two sets of factors are increasingly evident:
Theincorporationofpostwarmigrantsisshapedbothbythehistorically encoded membership systems of European host polities and by global changesintheconceptandorganizationofindividualrights.Inthepostwar era,worldlevelpressurestowardmoreexpandedindividualrightshaveled to the increasing incorporation of foreigners into existing membership schemes.(1994,p.29)

4.2Formatforreferencepage(bibliographyorworkscited): Listyourreferencesattheendofyourpaperinalphabeticalorderbyauthorslast namesorbythefirstsignificantwordinthetitleifnoauthorislisted. Givefulldetailsofauthors,titlesandpublicationinformationasshownbelow. Listmorethanoneworkbythesameauthor,chronologically(bydateof publication)undertheauthorsname. Usethefollowingformatfortitles: Forbookandarticletitles,capitaliseonlythefirstwordofthetitle,andthefirst wordofthesubtitleifthereisone. Italicisethetitleofbooks,magazines,newspapers,periodicalsorjournal. 4.3Exampleofreferencepage(bibliographyorworkscited):notethatthesecondlineof eachindividualreferenceisindented: 4

Adams,W.M.(1999).SustainabilityinCloke,P.etal(Eds.).Introducinghuman geographies.London:Arnold. Elliot,C.,Hollis,F.&Katerdunk,S.(1990).Earlywaterexperience.NewYork:Howard Press. Harris,P.(1998).Theyounggeneration.Seattle:CostalUniversity.Retrieved fromhttp://coastaluniversity.edu/younggen Kirby,D.A.(2007).LeadershipandtheMBA:theneedforanewparadigm?Business LeadershipReview.IV,11. Lobo,J.(1995).LatinAmericanconstructionataglance.ConstructionReview.41,ivvi. RetrievedfromExpandedAcademicASAPdatabase. Morris,J.&Winn,M.(1990).Housingandsocialinequality.London:Longman. ODwyer,C.(1994).Homelessness:whatstheproblem?London:Longman.

4.3Examplesofreferencing Typeofmaterial Books Intextreference Referencelist Format Authorfamilyname,initials.(Year).Title. (Edition).Placeofpublication:Publisher. Stokes,D.(2002).Marketing.(3rded.). London:Thomson. Howard,K.&Lowis,J.(1973). Tomorrow,today.NewYork:Wiley. Notes

Oneauthor

Stokes(2002)believes thatviralmarketing HowardandLowis(1973) predictedtheriseofor Inthe1970sitwas predictedthatthe developmentofpersonal computerswouldbe limitedbytheirsize (Howard&Lowis,1973). Clarke,Murphyand Davidson(1998) suggestedthat Thefirsttimeyoumust citealltheauthors,then useetalwhichroughly meansandtheothers. Forexample, Clarkeetal(1998)found that...

Twoauthors

Donotincludetheedition ifitisthefirstedition. Thedateistheyearof publication,notreprinting. Onlyusetheampersand (&)inbracketsandinthe referencelist.Usethe wordandwhennotin brackets.

Threetosixauthors

Clarke,M.,Murphy,K.&Davidson,S. (1998).Therebirthofhistory.Paris:Liberty Press.

Writeoutthenamesofall theauthorsthefirsttime theyarereferredtoinyour text.Afterthat,usethe firstauthor,thenetal.

Typeofmaterial Corporateauthor

Intextreference ethicalissuestodo withtreatingchildren (BritishMedical Association,2001,p. xxiii).

Editor Noauthor Essay/chapterinabook

Notes Usethiswhenyoucannot findanamedauthor. Ifthepublisheristhesame asthecorporateauthor, youcanwriteAuthor afterplaceofpublication. AsdefinedbyMark Mark,L.(Ed.).(1988).Dictionaryof Add(Ed.)or(Eds.)tothe (1988) accounting.London:Faber&Faber. reference. Inapilotproject(Women Womenatwork.(1985).Berlin:WTT Usethetitleinyourtext atwork,1985) Publishing. andreferencelistinplace oftheauthorname. Forasinglepage,usep. Format Authorofchapterfamilyname,initials.(Year). Formultiplepages,use pp. Titleofchapter.InEditorsinitial,family name,(Ed.),Title.(pagenumbers).Placeof publication:Publisher. Thoughitwouldseem Andrews,K.(1988).Globalizationuncovered. Whencitingintext,use obvious,Andrews,(1988) InP.Tyke&X.Joop(Eds.),Newworld theauthorofthechapter. 7

Referencelist BritishMedicalAssociation.(2001).Consent, rightsandchoicesinhealthcareforchildren andyoungpeople.London:BMJBooks.

 Governmentpublication Inarecentreport(2006) governmentstatistics show Typeofmaterial Entryfroman encyclopaedia Intextreference

evolution.(pp.2558).Seattle:IndigoPress. Format GovernmentDepartment.(Year).Titleof document.Placeofpublication:Publisher. DepartmentofIndustry.(2006).Industrial relationsintransit.London:Author. Referencelist Format Authorofentry.(Year).Titleofentry.In Editorsinitial,Familyname,(Ed.),Titleof encyclopaedia.(ed.,Volumenumber,page numbers).Placeofpublication:Publisher. ForestofDean.(2007).InThenew encyclopaediaBritannica.(15thed.,Vol.4,p. 880).Chicago:EncyclopaediaBritannica.

Inthereferencelist,put thepagenumbersofthe chapter.

TheForestofDean (2007)isoneofthemost ancientwoodlandsin England.

Whentheauthoristhe sameasthepublisher,you writeAuthorafterthe placeofpublication. Notes Youwillnotalwaysfind anauthorsnameattached toanencyclopaediaentry. Inthatcase,startwiththe titleoftheentry. Secondarysourcesare thoseyouhavenotread buthavebeenreferenced inbooksthatyouhave read.Thebookyouhave readappearsinthe referencelist.

Secondarysource

Customisedaccounting systemsarethepreferred optionofmostsenior managers(Tenby,2004, ascitedinMacMillan, 2005,p.5).

MacMillan,K.(2005).Accountingtechnology. Amsterdam:L&RCommunications.

Printjournals

Format Authorfamilyname,Initials.(Year).Titleof article.Journalname,Volumenumber(issue orpartnumberifknown),pagenumbers. Therewerereportsof protestsatCairo InternationalAirport (Leila,2009) Intextreference Leila,R.(2009,August2026).Airport protests.AlAhramWeekly.p.3.

Notethatthereisnoneed tousepp.todenotethe pagenumbersforajournal article. Ifnoauthorcanbefound, beginwiththetitleofthe article. Usep.orpp.todenote pagenumbers. Notes Notethatinthelatest (6th)editionoftheAPA guide,itisnolonger necessarytoputthe retrieveddateinthe referencelist. Manyjournalarticleshave auniqueidentifying numbercalledaDOI (DigitalObjectIdentifier). Ifthisisprovideditwill usuallybelocatedonthe 1stpageofthejournal article. Formatisthesameasfora

Newspaperarticle

Typeofmaterial Electronicsources

Referencelist

Journalarticlewitha DOI IfaDOIisprovided,putit inthereferencelist withoutusingthedatabase nameorURL.The documentcanbeidentified bygoingtowww.doi.org/ AsWilson(2003) Journalarticlefroman

Sapp,D.A.&Zhang,Q.(2009).Trendsin industrysupervisorsfeedbackonbusiness communicationinternships.Business CommunicationsQuarterly,72,(3),274288. doi:10.1177/1080569909336450

Wilson,D.(2003).Exploringthelifeofa

onlinedatabase

stated

femalepolitician.WomeninManagement Review,18(8),389397.Retrievedfrom EmeraldLibrarydatabase.

ElectronicBook

Inherdiscussionof Depledge,J.(2005).Theorganizationof climatechange,Depledge globalnegotiations:Constructingtheclimate changeregime.London:Earthscan.Retrieved (2005)assertsthat fromEbrarydatabase. Theworseningsituation inDarfur(Rice,2009) Rice,X.(2009,March24).Warningas humanitariancrisisdeepensinDarfur.The Guardian.Retrievedfrom http://www.guardian.co.uk Referencelist Format Author.(Familyname,Initial.)(Year).Titleof webpage.RetrievedfromURL. Hawking,S.(2000).ProfessorStephen Hawkingswebsite.Retrievedfrom http://www.hawking.org.uk/home/hindex.html London2012Olympics.(n.d.)Retrievedfrom http://www.london2012.com/ Fireworks.(2003).Retrievedfrom http://www.freeimages.com/photos/showphoto. php?photo=1394&password=&sort=1&cat

printjournalwiththe additionofthenameofthe databaseitwasretrieved from. Theformatisthesameas foraprintedbookwiththe additionoftheelectronic source. Youonlyneedtoputthe addressofthehomepage ofthepublicationnotthe fullURLofthearticle. Notes Ifyoucannotfindadate forthewebpageuse(n.d.) Inplaceoftheyear.This standsfornodate.

Onlinenewspaperarticle

Typeofmaterial Generalwwwpages

Intextreference

Websitewithauthor Websitewithnoauthor

AsProfessorStephen Hawking(2000)states

Ifyoucannotfindan author,startyour referencewiththetitleof thewebpage.

Imagefromtheweb

Asshownintheimage (Fireworks,2003)

10

YouTubevideo

Asshowninthevideo clip(Yangster391991, 2007) Inhisblog,Bartlett (2007)states... Inresponsetoaquery aboutAPAreferencing (S.Dodd,personal communication,April27, 2009).

=512&page=2 Yangster391991.(2007).Kunfumixwit breakdance!!!Retrievedfrom http://youtube.com/watch?v+qMZoZsRZxKY Bartlett,A.(2007).TheBartlettdiaries. Retrievedfrom http://www.andrewbartlett.com/blog Notincludedinreferencelistastheycannotbe tracedbythereader.

Thepersonpostingthe videohasusedascreen nameornicknamewhich isusedastheauthor.

Blog Personal communication,e mailanddiscussion listswithno webarchive

FurtherHelp

Ifyouneedinformationonreferencingothertypesofpublication,notcoveredinthisguide,copies ofthefollowingbookswhichdetailAPAstyleareavailableintheLibrary: AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.(2010).ConciserulesofAPAstyle.(6thed.).Washington,DC:Author. AmericanPsychologicalAssociation.(2010).PublicationmanualoftheAmericanPsychological Association.(6thed.).Washington,DC:Author. Thefollowinglinkmayalsobeuseful: 11

TheUniversityofWaikato.(2009).APAstyleguide. Retrievedfromhttp://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml

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