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Density is mass per unit volume Density = mass / volume Force = rate of change of momentum Power is rate of work done Power = work / time Unit of power is watt Potential energy (P) PE = m.g.h m = mass g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m/s2) h = height Acceleration due to gravity at a depth 'd' from earth surface is : velocity = displacement / time Momentum = mass . velocity Kinetic energy (P) P = (1/2).m.v2 m = mass v = velocity

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d gd = g(1R )

EEE O CE A A

Gravity (Force due to gravity) Fg : Force of attraction G : Gravitational constant M1 : Mass of first object M2 : Mass of second object

G M1 M2 Fg = r2
Escape velocity Escape velocity from a body of mass M and radius r is

Acceleration due to gravity at height 'h' from earth surface is : h is very much smaller than R

2h gh = g(1R )
For example if you want to calculate the escape verlocity of sa object from earth then, M is dmass of earth r is radius of earth

OPTICS Index of refraction n = c/v n - index of refraction c - velocity of light in a vacuum v - velocity of light in the given material

Under constant acceleration linear motion v = final velocity u = intitial velocity a = acceleration t = time taken to reach velocity v from u s = displacement v = u + a t s = ut + (1/2)a t 2 s = vt - (1/2)a t 2

v2 = u2 + 2 a s Friction force (kinetic friction) When the object is moving then Friction is defined as : Ff = Fn where Ff = Friction force, = cofficient of friction Fn = Normal force Linear Momentum Momentum = mass x velocity

Simple Capillary action motion The height to which the liquid can be lifted is given Simple by: motion by: d2x/dt2 2cos

harmonic harmonic is defined = - k x

h= gr

: liquid-air surface tension(T)(T=energy/area) : contact angle : density of liquid g: acceleration due to gravity r: is radius of tube Time period of pendulum Waves

1 f= T 2 = T
v = f . where

 = Angular frequency, T=Time period, v = Speed of wave, =wavelength

Doppler effect Relationship between observed frequency f and emitted frequency f0:

Resonance of a strin g

nv v f = f0( v + vs
where, v=velocity of wave vs=velocity of source. It is positive if source of wave is moving away from observer. It is negative if source of wave is moving towards observer. Resonance of a open tube of air( appr oxim ate) where, L: length of the string n = 1, 2, 3...

frequency = f = ) 2L

Resonance of a open tube of air(accurate)

nv frequency = f = 2(L+0.8D)

nv Approximate frequency = f = 2L
where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound

where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube Resonance of a closed tube of air(accurate)

frequency = f =

nv

Resonance of a closed tube of air(approximate)

4(L+0.8D)

nv Approximate frequency = f = 4L
where, L: length of the cylinder n = 1, 2, 3... v = speed of sound where, L: length of the cylinder n: 1, 2, 3... v: speed of sound d:diameter of the resonance tube Bragg's law n = 2d sin where n = integer (based upon order) = wavelength d = distance between the planes = angle between the surface and the ray

int ens Sound Power ity intensity of sound = of area sou nd

I intensity of sound in decibel= 10log10 I0

I dB = 10log10 I0
where I=intensity of interest in Wm-2 I0=intensity of interest in 10-12Wm-2 Relation between energy and frequency

de Broglie equation

h = p

h mv

E = h where E = Energy h = Planck's constant = frequency

where p = momentum = wavelength h = Planck's constant v = velocity Davisson and Germer experiment Centripetal Force (F)

h F=

m v2 = m 2 r r

where e = charge of electron m = mass of electron V = potential difference between the plates thru which the electron pass = wavelength Circular motion formula v = r Torque (it measures how the force acting on the object can rotate the object) Torque is cross product of radius and Force Torque = (Force) X (Moment arm) X sin T = F L sin whete = angle between force and moment arm Stefan-Boltzmann Law The energy radiated by a blackbody

v2 Centripetal acceleration (a) = r

Forces of gravitation F = G (m1.m2)/r2 where G is constant. G = 6.67E - 11 N m2 / kg2

radiator per second = P P = AT4 where, = StefanBoltzmann constant = 5.6703 108 watt/m2K4 Efficiency of Carnot cycle Ideal gas law P V = n R T P = Pressure (Pa i.e. Pascal) V = Volume (m3) n = number of of gas (in moles) R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K1 mol-1] ) T = Temperatue ( in Kelvin [K]) Charles law (for ideal gas)

= 1-

Tc Th

Boyles law (for ideal gas) P1 V1 = P2V2 T (temperature is constant)

V1 V2 = T1 T2

P (pressure is constant) Translational kinetic energy K per gas molecule (average molecular kinetic energy:) Internal energy of monoatomic gas

3 3 K= kT 2
n = number of of gas (in moles) R = gas constant ( 8.314472 .m3.Pa.K1 mol-1] )

K= nRT 2

k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant

Root mean square speed of gas

Ratio of specific heat ()

3kT V
2 rms

Cp = Cv

= m

k = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K Boltzmanns constant m = mass of gas

Cp = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant pressure process Cv = specific heat capacity of the gas in a constant volume process

Internal entergy of ideal gas In Adiabatic process no heat is Internal entergy of ideal gas gained or lost by the system. (U) = cv nRT Under adiabetic condition PV = Constant TV-1 = Constant where is ratio of specific heat.

Cp = Cv
Boltzmann constant (k) Speed of the sound in gas

R k= Na
R = gas constant(8.314 J/mol K) T = the absolute temperature M = the molecular weight of the gas (kg/mol)

R = gas constant Na = Avogadro's number.

 = adiabatic constant = cp/cv Capillary action Resistance of a wire The height to which the liquid can be lifted is given L by R= h=height of the liquid A lifted T=surface tension r=radius of capillary tube

2T h= rg

= rsistivity L = length of the wire A = cross-sectional area of the wire

Ohm's law V = I . R V = voltage applied R = Resistance I = current

Resistor combination If resistors are in series then equivalent resistance will be Electric power (P) = (voltage Req = R1 + R2 + R3 + applied) x (current) . . . . . . + Rn If resistors are in P = V . I = I2 . R parallel then V = voltage applied equivalent R = Resistance resistance will be I = current 1/Req = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3 + . . . . . . + 1/Rn In AC circuit average power is : Pavg = VrmsIrms cos where, Pavg = Average Power Vrms = rms value of voltage Irms = rms value of current In AC circuit Instantaneous power is : PInstantaneous = VmIm sint sin(t) where, PInstantaneous = Instantaneous Power Vm = Instantaneous voltage Im = Instantaneous current Total capacitance (Ceq) for PARALLEL Capacitor

Capacitors Q = C.V where

Q = charge on the capacitor C = capacitance of the capacitor V = voltage applied to the capacitor

Combinations: Ceq = C1 + C2 + C3 + . . . . . . + Cn Total capacitance (Ceq) for SERIES Capacitor Combinations: 1/Ceq = 1/C1 + 1/C2 + 1/C3 + . . . . . . + 1/Cn Cylindrical Capacitor

Parallel Plate Capacitor

A C = 0 d
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant A = Area of plate d = distance between the plate 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12C2/N m2)

L C = 2 0 ln (b/a)
where C = [Farad (F)] = dielectric constant L = length of cylinder [m] a = outer radius of conductor [m] b = inner radius of conductor [m] 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2)

Spherical Capacitor

Magnetic force acting on a charge q moving with ab velocity v C = 4 0 F = q v B sin where b-a F = force acting on charge q (Newton) where q = charge (C) C = [Farad (F)] v = velocity = dielectric constant (m/sec2) a = outer radius of conductor B = magnetic field [m] = angle between V b = inner radius of conductor (velocity) and B [m] (magnetic field) 0 = permittivity of free space (8.85 X 10-12C2/N m2)

Force on a wire in magnetic field (B) F = B I l sin

where F = force acting on wire (Newton) I = Current (Ampere) l = length of wire (m) B = magnetic field = angle between I (current) and B (magnetic field)
In an RL circuit (Resistorinductor ), the time constant (in seconds) is: = L/R R = Resistance in C = Inductance in henries

In an RC circuit (ResistorCapacitor), the time constant (in seconds) is: = RC R = Resistance in C = Capacitance in in farads.

Self inductance of a solenoid = L = n2LA n = number of turns per unit length L = length of the solenoid.

Mutual inductance of two Energy stored in solenoid two long thin capacitor solenoids, one wound on top of the other 1 M = 0N1N2LA E= CV2 N1 = total number of turns per unit length for first 2 solenoid N2 = number of turns per unit length for second solenoid A = cross-sectional area L = length of the solenoid. Coulomb's Law Like charges repel, unlike charges attract. F = k (q1 . q2)/r2 where k is constant. k = 1/(4 0) 9 x 109N.m2/C2 q1 = charge on one body q2 = charge on the other body r = distance between them
Calculator based upon Coulomb's Law

Ohm's law V = IR where V = voltage I = current R = Resistence

Electric Field around a point charge (q) E = k ( q/r2 ) where k is constant. k = 1/(4 0) 9 x 109N.m2/C2 q = point charge r = distance from point charge (q)

Electric field due to thin infinite sheet

E= 2 0
where E = Electric field (N/C) = charge per unit area C/m2 0 = 8.85 X 1012 C2/N m2

Electric field due to thick infinite sheet

E= 0

Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is greater than the radius of the wire.

0 I B= 2r

where E = Electric field (N/C) = charge per unit area C/m2 0 = 8.85 X 10-12 C2/N m2

where I = current r = distance from wire and r Radius of the wire Magnetic Field At the center of an arc

Magnetic Field around a wire (B) when r is less than the radius of the wire.

0 I r B= 2 R2 B=

0 I 4r

where I = current R = radius of wire

where I = current r = radius from the

r = distance from wire and r Radius of the wire (R) Bohr's model

center of the wire

nh L= 2

Emitting Photons(Rydberg Formula)

1 Ephoton = E0( -

1 )

n12 n22

where L = angular momentum n = principal quantum number = 1,2,3,...n h = Planck's constant. Half life of radioactive element

where n1 < n2 E0 = 13.6 eV Average life of radioactive element

ln(2) t1/2 =

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In an x-y Cartesian coordinate system, equation of the circle is: (x-a)2 + (y-b)2 = r2 cos 0 = 1 sin 30 = 1/2 tan 30 = 1/(3) cos 45 = 1/(2) sin 60 = (3)/2 tan 60 = 3 cos 90 = 0 sin = 1/cosec tan = 1/cot sin2 + cos2 = 1 1 + cot2 = cosec2 sin 0 = 0

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tan 0 = 0 cos 30 = (3)/2 sin 45 = 1/(2) tan 45 = 1 cos 60 = 1/2 sin 90 = 1 tan 90 = cos = 1/sec sin/cos = tan 1 + tan2 = sec2 sin( 90 - ) = cos

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cos( 90 - ) = sin sin( 90 + ) = cos tan( 90 + ) = - cot cos( 180 - ) = - cos sin( 180 + ) = - sin tan( 180 + ) = tan

tan( 90 - ) = cot cos( 90 + ) = - sin sin( 180 - ) = sin tan( 180 - ) = tan cos( 180 + ) = cos Pythagorean Theorem: The square of the length of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the legs a 2 = b2 + c 2 a,b - two sides of the triangle connected by the right angle c - hypotenuse of the triangle Area of Triangle Area of Triangle = (1/2) . b . h where, h = height of triangle b = the length of the base of triangle Area of circle Area of circle = . r 2 where, = PI = 22/7 r = radius of circle Area of Ellipse Area of Ellipse = . r 1 . r2 where, r1 = major radius r2 = minor radius Area of Cone (surface area) Area of Cone (surface area) = . r . l where, r = radius of cone l = length of side of the cone

circumference of a circle circumference of a circle = 2 . . r where, = PI = 22/7 r = radius of circle Area of rectangle Area of rectangle = l . b where, l = length of rectangle b = width of rectangle Area of trapezoid Area of trapezoid = (1/2) . (height). (base one + base two)

Area of Cylinder (surface area) Area of Cylinder (surface area) = 2 . . r . h where, r = radius of cylinder h = length of cylinder

Volume of cylinder Volume of cylinder = . r 2 . h where, = PI = 22/7 r = radius of cylinder h = length of cylinder Volume of Cone Volume of Cone = (1/3) . . r 2 . h where, = PI = 22/7 r = radius of Cone h = height of cone cosec(-x) = -cosec(x) sec(-x) = sec(x) cot(-x) = -cot(x) sin( - ) = sin cos cos sin cos( - ) = cos cos + sin sin

Volume of sphere Volume of sphere = (4/3) . . r 3 where, = PI = 22/7 r = radius of sphere sin(-x) = -sin(x)

cos(-x) = cos(x) tan(-x) = -tan(x) sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin cos( + ) = cos cos - sin sin

(tan + tan) tan( + ) = (1 - tan tan) sin2 = 2 sin cos

(tan - tan) tan( - ) = (1 + tan tan) cos2 = cos2 - sin2 = 2cos2 - 1 = 1 - 2sin2 tan2 = (1 - tan2) sin3 = 3sin - 4sin3 For any triangle ABC with side lengths a,b,c Law of Cosines c2 = a2 + b2 - 2 a b cos C b2 = c2 + a2 - 2 c a cos B a2 = b2 + c2 - 2 b c cos A Law of Sines sinA/a = sinB/b = sinC/c cos3 = 4cos3 - 3cos

(2 tan)

cos( - ) + cos( + ) cos cos = 2

cos( - ) - cos( + ) sin sin = 2 sin cos =

sin( + ) + sin( - )

3sin - sin 3 sin = 4

3

3cos + cos 3 cos = 4

3

3sin 2 - sin 6 sin . cos = 32

3 3

3 - 4 cos 2 + cos 4 sin = 8

4

3 + 4 cos 2 + cos 4 cos = 8

4

3 - 4 cos 4 + cos 8 sin . cos = 128

4 4

10 sin - 5 sin 3 + sin 5 sin = 16

5

10 cos + 5 cos 3 + cos 5 cos = 16

5

Quadratic Equation For the equation: 10 sin 2 - 5 sin 6 + sin 10 a x 2 + b x + c = 0 sin5 . cos5 = 512 the value of x will be - b (b2 - 4 a c) x= 2a (a + b)2 = a2 + 2 a b + b2 (a - b)2 = a2 - 2 a b + b2

(a + b) . (a - b) = (a2 - b2)

Arithmetic progression: Arithmetic progression is a sequence of numbers such that the difference of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant. For example: Suppose a1, a2, a3, a4, ...... , an-1, an are in sequence of arithmetic progression Then the first term of an arithmetic series is a1 and assume that the common difference of successive members is d, then the nth term of the sequence is: an = a1 + (n - 1).d The sum of all the components of an arithmetic series is: S n = a1 + a 2 + a3 + ....... + an-1 + an i.e. Sn = (n).(a1 + an)/2 Logarithms: logb 1 = 0 logb b = 1 logb(X . Y) = logbX + logbY logb(X / Y) = logbX logbY logb(Xn) = n . logbX logmn . lognm = 1

Geometric progression: geometric progression OR geometric series is a sequence of numbers such that the quotient of any two successive members of the sequence is a constant. The ratio of two successive number is called common ratio. The constant ratio must not be equal to 0. Example of geometric series : ar1, ar2, ar3, . ....... ., arn-1, arn The nth term of the geometric series can be defined as: an = a r(n - 1) r is called common ratio and n must be greater than 0:

dC =0 dx

d(Cu)

du =C

dx

dx

d(u + v) du dv = dx + dx dx

d(u . v) =u dx

dv +v dx

du

dx

d u

v (du/dx) - u (dv/dx)

d ( u )= n u
n n-1

du

( )= dx v v2

dx

dx

d ( x )= n x dx
n n-1

d ( C )= C ln(C) dx
u u

du

dx

d ( e )= e dx
u u

du

d( ln(u)) 1du =

dx

dx

udx

d( sin(u)) = cos(u) dx

du

d( cos(u)) = - sin(u)

du

dx

dx

dx

d( tan(u)) = sec2(u) dx

du

d( cosec(u)) = - cosec(u) . cot(u)

du

dx

dx

dx

d( sec(u)) = sec(u) . tan(u) dx

du

d( cot(u)) = - cosec2(u)

du

dx

dx

dx

d(sin-1u) = dx

du

d(cos-1u) =

-1

du

dx

dx

dx

d(tan-1u) = dx

1 du

d(cot-1u) =

- 1 du

1 + u2dx

dx

1 + u2dx

d(sec-1u) = dx |u|

du

d(cosec-1u) =

-1

du

dx

dx

|u|

dx

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Chemistry formulas
Ideal Gas law PV = nRT n = number of moles R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K Boyle's law P1V1 = P2V2 Combined Gas law

ligibility P1V1 = T1 T2
Charles law

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V1 = T1
Gay-Lussac law

V2 T2

P1 = T1

P2 T2

Diffusion: Rate at which two gases mix Graham's law of diffusion The rate of diffusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of their density or the molar mass of the gas.

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Effusion: Rate at which a gas escapes thru pin hole Graham's law of effusion The rate of effusion of a gas is inversely proportional to the square root of either the density or the molar mass of the gas.

Solution: Solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances. Solute is a substance that is dissolved in the solution. Solvent is the substance that dissolves the solute. Solvent is present in greater amount.

Concentration is the ratio of solute and solvent. Concentration can be measured using molarity, molality and mole fraction.

Unit of Molarity (M) : mol/L : moles per litre Unit of Molality (M) : mol/kg : moles per kg

moles of solute Molarity (M) = liters of solution

moles of solute Molality (m) = kg of solution

Mole fraction: Mole fraction of a component in solution is the number of moles of that component divided by the total number of moles of all components in the solution.
molesa Mole-fraction (Xa)= molesa + molesb ....

Dilution: Siluting a solution means adding more solvent in solution without the addition of more solute. MiVi = MfVf Mi: Molarity of solution before diluting. Vi: Volume of solution before diluting. Mf: Molarity of solution after diluting. Vf: Volume of solution after

diluting.

Mole: Mole is the amount of substance that contains same number of particles as there are atoms in Carbon-12. One mole of substance is Avogadro's number (i.e. 6.023 x 1023). Relation between moles and grams 1 mole = molecular weight of substance in grams.

One mole of gas has volume of 22.4 liter at STP.

Ionization Enthalpy: It is the energy needed to remove an electron from an atom or molecule (i.e from low state to n=). It is always endothermic (i.e. positive). OR Ionization energy: energy needed to remove an electron from an atom

Henderson-Hasselbalch teacherone.com equation :

[A-]

pH = pKa + log10 [HA]

where [A-]: Concentration of conjugate base [HA]: concentration of the acid OR

[Conjugate Base] pH = pKa + log10 [Acid]

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