More Example Using Loops

C Programming Loops and Repetitive Computations For
More Example Using Loops

Example 35 (contd)
print the first day printing of first row printing of remaining rows of calendar i= i+1 no exit no i < =n? yes j=1 no i = i+7 m=i+j j = j+1
i < 7? yes printf("%6d", i)
m <= n? yes yes printf("%6d", i) no j <= 7?
printf("\n")
R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur)
C Programming
January 27, 2011
4 / 10

Example 35 (contd)
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { int i = 0; i n t n , m, day , j , w ; p r i n t f ( E n t e r number o f d a y s i n t h e month : ) ; s c a n f ( %d , &n ) ; p r i n t f ( E n t e r day : ) ; s c a n f ( %d , &day ) ; printf ( Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun \n\n ) ;
/ P r i n t f i r s t row o f t h e c a l e n d a r , and s u b s e q u e n t r o w s o f t h e c a l e n d a r / }
C Programming
January 27, 2011
4 / 10

Example 36 (contd)
// P r i n t t h e f i r s t row o f t h e c a l e n d a r s w i t c h ( day ) { c a s e 1 : w = 6 ; p r i n t f ( %d , w , ++i ) ; w h i l e ( i < 7 ) p r i n t f ( %6d , ++i c a s e 2 : w = 1 2 ; p r i n t f ( %d , w , ++i ) ; w h i l e ( i < 6 ) p r i n t f ( %6d , ++i c a s e 3 : w = 1 8 ; p r i n t f ( %d , w , ++i ) ; w h i l e ( i < 5 ) p r i n t f ( %6d , ++i c a s e 4 : w = 2 4 ; p r i n t f ( %d , w , ++i ) ; w h i l e ( i < 4 ) p r i n t f ( %6d , ++i c a s e 5 : w = 3 0 ; p r i n t f ( %d , w , ++i ) ; w h i l e ( i < 3 ) p r i n t f ( %6d , ++i c a s e 6 : w = 3 6 ; p r i n t f ( %d , w , ++i ) ; w h i l e ( i < 2 ) p r i n t f ( %6d , ++i c a s e 7 : w = 4 2 ; p r i n t f ( %d , w , ++i ) ; default : }
R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming January 27, 2011 4 / 10
) ; break ; ) ; break ; ) ; break ; ) ; break ; ) ; break ; ) ; break ; break ;
p r i n t f ( I n v a l i d day \n ) ;
r e t u r n 1;

Example 36 (contd)
// F i n i s h t h e p r i n t i n g o f t h e p r i n t f ( \n ) ; f i r s t row .
// P r i n t r e s t o f t h e o t h e r r o w s o f t h e c a l e n d a r f o r ( ; i <=n ; i=i +7) { f o r ( j = 1 ; j <= 7 ; j ++) { m =i+j ; i f (m <= n ) p r i n t f ( %6d ,m) ; e l s e break ; } p r i n t f ( \n ) ; }
C Programming
January 27, 2011
4 / 10
C Programming Characters
Programming with Character Types

Scanf Format specication %c in scanf allows to read character. Similarly %c in printf allow character printing. scanf does nt skip white spaces. To skip white spaces, scanf(" %c", &ch); should be used. End of line can be detected by checking if character read is \n
do { s c a n f ( %c , &ch ) ; } w h i l e ( ch != \n ) ; // d e t e c t i n g end o f l i n e
C Programming
January 30, 2011
1/1

Using getcar and putchar C provides functions for single character read/write. getchar() and putchar(). ch = getchar(); reads one character. getchar() returns an int, so can be stored in an int variable. These functions are simpler and ecient (scanf and printf are generic).
do { ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ; } w h i l e ( ch != \n ) ; // d e t e c t i n g end o f l i n e u s i n g g e t c h a r ( ) w h i l e ( ( ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ) != \n ) ; // s i m p l e r v e r s i o n w h i l e ( ( ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ) == ) ; // s k i p p i n g s p a c e s
C Programming
January 30, 2011
1/1

Using getcar and putchar Mixing getchar() and scanf is not advisable. It could create problems as follows:
p r i n t f ( E n t e r an i n t e g e r : ) ; / S c a n f would r e a d i b u t p e e k n e x t c h a r a c t e r ( n o t consumed ) / s c a n f ( %d , & i ) ; p r i n t f ( E n t e r a command : ) ; // R e t u r n s new l i n e o r l e f t o v e r command = g e t c h a r ( ) ; character
C Programming
January 30, 2011
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Example: Length of a Line
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { c h a r ch ; int length = 0; p r i n t f ( Enter a message : ) ; w h i l e ( ( ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ) != \n ) l e n g t h ++; p r i n t f ( L e n g t h o f t h e m e s s a g e : %d\n , l e n g t h ) ; }
C Programming
January 30, 2011
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Example (contd)
#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { c h a r ch , nV = 0 , nO = 0 ; p r i n t f ( Enter a message : ) ; w h i l e ( ( ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ) != \n ) { s w i t c h ( ch ) { case a : case e : case i : case o : c a s e u : nV++; b r e a k ; default : nO++; } } p r i n t f ( V o w e l s = %d and l e n g t h = %d\n , nV , nV + nO ) ; }
R. K. Ghosh (IIT-Kanpur) C Programming January 30, 2011 1/1

Ctype.h Denes number of functions on characters. isascii(), isdigit(), isalpha(), isalnum(), isupper, islower(), isxdigit(), ispunct(), toupper(), tolower(), etc.
C Programming
January 30, 2011
1/1

Example
#i n c l u d e <c t y p e . h> #i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { c h a r ch ; p r i n t f ( \ n V a l i d u p p e r c a s e c h a r a c t e r s : \n ) ; f o r ( ch = 0 ; i s a s c i i ( ch ) ; ch++) i f ( i s u p p e r ( ch ) ) p r i n t f ( %c , t o l o w e r ( ch ) ) : p r i n t f ( \n ) ; p r i n t f ( \ n V a l i d l o w e r c a s e c h a r a c t e r s : \n ) ; f o r ( ch = 0 ; i s a s c i i ( ch ) ; ch++) i f ( i s l o w e r ( ch ) ) p r i n t f ( %c , t o u p p e r ( ch ) ) ; p r i n t f ( \n ) ; }
C Programming
January 30, 2011
1/1

Atoi Given an input consisting of digits read as characters. The program converts the input string to a number. The string may additionally include a negative sign for negative numbers.
C Programming
January 30, 2011
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#i n c l u d e < s t d i o . h> i n t main ( ) { c h a r ch ; int n = 0 , sign = 1; p r i n t f ( Enter a s t r i n g ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ; // i f ( ch == ) { s i g n = 1; // ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ; // } of d i g i t s : ) ; Read f i r s t c h a r a c t e r Handle n e g a t i v e s i g n Read n e x t c h a r a c t e r
do { n = n 10 + ch 4 8 ; // C o v e r s i o n f o r m u l a } w h i l e ( ( ch = g e t c h a r ( ) ) != \n ) p r i n t f ( n = %d \n , n s i g n ) ; }
C Programming
January 30, 2011
1/1

Counting Words Given a input text nd the number of words in it. A word is separated from another word by at least one white space. Any number of white spaces may precede a word. End of the text is signalled by EOF character. EOF character is generated by CTRL-d.
C Programming
January 30, 2011
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More Example Using Loops

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C Programming Loops and Repetitive Computations For