A mini project report on

TRAFFIC DENSITY ANALYZER CUM SIGNALLING FOR METRO CITIES

Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in

ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

by

G.Surya Chandra Naidu

(09A81A0475)

Under the esteemed guidance of Sri T.Sreenivas Assoc. Professor

SRI VASAVI ENGINEERING COLLEGE

(Affiliated to Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada, Kakinada)

TADEPALLIGUDEM-534101
(2009 -2013)

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS & COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that this project work entitled TRAFFIC DENSITY ANALYZER CUM SIGNALLING FOR METRO CITIES, submitted by G. Surya Chandra Naidu(Regd.No: 09A81A0475) in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of B.Tech in Electronics & Communication Engineering from Sri Vasavi Engineering College, Tadepalligudem, affiliated to the Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University Kakinada (JNTUK), Kakinada is a record of bonafide work carried out by him under my guidance and supervision.

PROJECT GUIDE

HEAD OF THE DEPARTMENT

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to thank to my guide Sri T.Sreenivas for his guidance, timely suggestions, encouragement and help throughout the development of this project work and for making it successful. I would like to thank Sri K.N.H.Srinivas, Head of the Department of Electronics& Communication Engineering for his assistance and valuable suggestions during the project I would like to thank Dr. J Sri Hari Rao, Principal for his support and providing a hassle-free environment without which this project would not have seen the light of the day. I would like to express my gratitude to all the teaching and non-teaching staff members of Department of ECE who have been directly or indirectly a part of this journey. Finally, I am pleased to acknowledge our indebtedness to all those who devoted themselves directly or indirectly to make this project a success.

G. SuryaChandraNaidu (09A81A0475)

CONTENTS
Page No. List of Figures List of Tables Abstract Chapter 1
1.1 1.2 i ii iii 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 8 10 11 11 12 Half-wave rectifier Full wave rectifier Bridge rectifier 13 13 14 15 Capacitor filter 15 16 17

Introduction
General Introduction Organization of project

Chapter 2
2.1 2.2

Hardware Components Description

General Theory Micro controller 2.2.1 2.2.2 2.2.3 2.2.4 2.2.5 2.2.6 2.2.7 2.3 2.4 2.5 Introduction 89C51 Microcontroller Block Diagram Description Pin diagram Pin description Special function registers Memory Organization

Power Supply Description Transformer Rectifier 2.5.1 2.5.2 2.5.3

2.6

Filter 2.6.1

2.7

Regulator 2.7.1 LM78XX Description

2.8 2.9

Oscillator Characteristics Light Emitting Diode 2.9.1 2.9.2 Led Description Infra-Red Led

17 18 19 20 21 23 23 24 25 25 25 27 28 29 32 33

2.10 Photo diode

Chapter 3
3.1 3.2

Hardware Implementation
Schematic diagram Schematic description

Chapter 4
4.1

Software Implementation
Software Tools 4.1.1 About software 4.2 Keil software 4.2.1 4.2.2 Building an application in u vision Building projects and creating HEX files

Chapter 5 Chapter 6

Results Conclusion and Future scope Appendix References

LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No.
2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 3.1 5.1

Figure Name
Block Diagram of AT89C51 micro controller Micro controller Pin Diagram AT89C51 Micro controller Special function register A register B register R register Components of a typical power supply An Electrical Transformer Centre tap full wave rectifier ridge Rectifier Bridge Rectifier Bridge Rectifier Positive Half Cycle Bridge Rectifier Negative Half Cycle A Three Terminal Voltage Regulator Oscillator Connections External Clock Drive Configuration

Page No.
3 4 5 9 9 10 10 11 12 13 14 14 15 16 17 18 18 19 20 23 32

Light Emitting Diode

Circuit Symbol of LED IR LED and Schematic Schematic diagram Snapshot of the Circuit

LIST OF TABLES
Table No. Table Name
2.1 2.2 Port3 alternate functions Materials commonly used to produce photodiodes include

Page No.
7 22

ABSTRACT
This project deals with analyzing the traffic density. In this project IR communication is used to analyze traffic density. IR signals from IR receiver are given to microcontroller and microcontroller gives appropriate result according to traffic. For better result some bunch of IR transmitters and IR receivers are used in all directions. When there is a more traffic in one side more no. of IR receivers will not get the signals and result will compare with all other directions and microcontroller gives green signals for more amount of time at one side where more no of IR receivers will not get the signals. IR transmitter and IR receiver is used for IR communication. Here IR LED will acts as a transmitter. As we know microcontroller having inbuilt I/O ports and we are interfacing IR receivers to those I/O ports. For controlling of traffic red, green and yellow color LEDs are used. These LEDs are connected to different I/O ports of microcontroller. When there is a more traffic microcontroller gives signal to green LED and it will glow for more amount of time. So by using this project we can control the traffic automatically like a human being.