UNIT-II PART A 1. Enumerate the steps involved in software development.

(Apr/May 2008) The phases of software development steps a) Analyse Problem b) Task analysis c) Designing Phase d) Algorithm Testing e) Coding f) Test and Debug Program g) Documentation and Implementation 2. What is testing? Testing if the process of executing the proposed software with sample or test data and put into regular use. 3. What is system analysis? System Analysis is the process of understanding the system or task or situation etc. 4. What is maintenance? Maintenance is the process of monitoring the system and enhancing the system depending on the end-user requirements. 5. What are the different types of software? (Nov/Dec 2007) Software can be classified into two categories. They are: 1. 2. System Software and Application software.

System Software can be classified as into i. ii. iii. Operating systems Device drivers Language translators and

iv. System utilities. Application Software can be classified into: i. Word Processors 1

ii. Spreadsheets iii. Image Editors iv. Database Management Systems v. Presentation Applications. vi. Desktop Publishing Software

6. State the differences between hardware and software. S. No. SOFTWARE It is a collection of program to 1. bring the computer hardware system into operation It 2. consists of numbers, HARDWARE It is the physical component of the computer system.

alphabets, identifiers, keyboards etc. It is designed and developed by

It consists of electronic components like ICs, diodes, resistors etc.

3.

the programmers in a high level language which is readable by the human being. The software is categorized as

The hardware can understand only low-level language. language or machine

4.

operating

systems,

utilities,

The

hardware

consists

of

Input,

language processor, application software etc.

Output, Memory, ALU, Control Unit etc.

7. What is an operating system? Operating System is the first layer of software loaded into main memory when it starts up. It is a set of programs that controls and supervises the operations of computer system and provides the services to computer users. It acts as an interface between user and the hardware. Some of the functionalities of the operating system are: memory management, device management, CPU management etc.

8.

Write the difference between compiler and interpreter. 2

S.No. 1. 2. 3. 4. A Compiler

Compiler translates Source

Interpreter code An Interpreter translates the source code line-by-line into object code. Translation time is low Execution is slow Example: GWBASIC Interpreter

(Program) into Object code (binary form) Translation time is large Execution is fast Example: TC, TC++ Compiler

9.

What is meant by Application software? Give two examples. Application software is the most used software by the users. It is used to accomplish specific tasks. Application software consists of a single program (Ex. Notepad) or a collection of programs (Ex. Microsoft Office Suite). Some of the most commonly used application software are: i. Word Processors ii. Spreadsheets iii. Image Editors iv. Database Management Systems v. Presentation Applications. vi. Desktop Publishing Software

10.

What do you mean by system utilities? System utilities are programs that perform day-to-day tasks related to the maintenance of

the computer system. They are used to support, enhance and secure existing programs and data in the computer system. 11. What is Internet? The Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible network of interconnected computer networks that transmit data using the standard Internet Protocol. It is a network of networks. 12. What does URL mean? Each web page has a unique address, called a URL (Uniform Resource Locator) that identifies the location of that page on the internet. The format of the URL consists of six parts: protocol, WWW, domain name, domain type, path and file name. 3

Example:http://www.google.com 13. What is HTTP? HTTP stands for Hyper Text Transfer Protocol that links and provides access to the files, documents and other resources of the WWW.

14. What do you mean by Internet Service Provider? An Internet Service Provider is a company that provides access to the internet to individual or companies. The ISP provides the user software package, username, password and access phone number. Equipped with a modem, the user can then log on to the Internet and browse the web. Some Internet Service Providers are: BSNL, TATA Indicom etc. 15. What are the services offered by Internet? The internet has become the biggest domain of information. An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services such as e-mail, WWW etc. Some of the important Internet services are given below: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. E-mail. Telnet IRC, Chatting & Instant Messaging Mailing lists E-Commerce File transfer Protocol Internet Telephony & Video Conferencing Newsgroups

16. What are the different types of Internet Connection? There are six different types of Internet Connection available. They are: Dial-up ISDN Cable Modem Leased Line 4

DSL Broadband

17. What is Internet Protocol? Every machine on the Internet has a unique identifying number called an IP Address. IP stands for Internet Protocol, which is the protocol used for data communication over the Internet. Example for an IP address: 192.168.10.1 18. What do you mean by Client & Server? A Machine that provides services to other machines is called a Server. A Machine that gets the services from the server is called a Client. 19. What do you mean by upload and download? Upload refers to the activity of users moving or copying a document, program or other data from their computers to the Internet. Download refers to the activity of moving or copying a document, program or other data from the internet or other interconnected computers to ones own computers. 20. What is E-Mail? E-mail is one of the most popular services of the Internet. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent and the mailbox can be accessed from anywhere and at anytime. E-mail can also be used to send documents, images, audio, video etc. as an attachment along with the mail. 21. What is TELNET? TELNET is a network protocol used on the Internet or Local Area Network Connections. The word Telnet is derived from telecommunications and network. Once connected, the users computer emulates the remote computer. 22. Define Software. Software is basically the set of program, which make the computer to function in the desired way. 23 Define Hardware. 5

Hardware referred as the physical components of the computer system. 24.Define Operating System. Give example. An operating system is a set of programs, which are used to control and co ordinate the computer system. Example: Windows XP, UNIX, LINUX etc 25.What is Compiler, Assembler and Interpreter? Compiler is a program which is used to convert the high level language into machine language. Assembler is a program which is used to convert the assembly level language into machine language Interpreter is a program that analyses and executes the source code in line by line manner, without looking the entire program. In other words, an interpreter translates a statement in a program and executes the statement immediately, before translating the next source language statement. 26.What are the types of software? There are two categories of software 1. System software 2. Application software. 27.Define System Software. System software is a generic term for referring to any computer program whose purpose is to help the user to run the computer system. It is directly responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system. 28.Define Application software. The most often used software by a user is the application software. It is used to accomplish specific task rather than managing a computer system. For a user computer system has no specific use without application software. Application software may consist of single program, such as Microsofts Notepad. It also consists of collection of programs, often called software package such as database management software. 29.What are the requirements need to connect the internet? The basic requirements for getting online are A TCP / IP enabled computer with a web browser. An account with an ISP. A telephone line plugged to a suitable socket. A modem to connect the computer to telephone line. 30.Differentiate Application software and System software.

 Application software is dependent on system software. System software acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware, while application software performs specific tasks. Application software is controlled by system software. Without system software computer will not run. Without application software, the computer, no matter how powerful, will not be helpful in meeting user requirements. 31. Name any two internet applications. Electronic mail Chatting and Instant messaging Internet telephony Video conferencing 32. What is a web browser? Give example. A browser (short for web browser) is computer program that access web pages and display them on the computer screen. It is the basic software that is needed to find, retrieve, view and send information over the internet. In fact, to access the World Wide Web, the user requires a web browser. Example: Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator.

PART-B Q1. Explain the various applications of Internet or ROLE of internet technology?. APPLICATIONS OF INTERNET (OR) ROLE OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGY Information Technology is a combination of telecommunications and computing to obtain process, store, transmit and output information in the form of voice, picture or text. This includes the following: Software applications and operating systems. Web-based information and applications such as distance learning. Telephones and means of telecommunications. Video equipments and multimedia products. World Wide Web. Electronic devices such as photocopiers. 1. Information technology in Business :

Information technology plays an important role in business environment as every organization adopts it in some or the other to perform the tasks in effective manner. Electronic Commerce or E-Commerce refers to the electronic means to conduct commerce between business communications and transactions over the internet.

E-Commerce includes buying and selling over the internet, electronic fund transfers, smart cards, digital cash and all other ways of doing business over digital networks. E-Commerce affected business in the following ways: Competitiveness Security Cost Benefits Marketing 2. Information technology in Manufacturing :

Simulation systems have been developed, which enable manufacturers to virtually prepare plant layouts and to optimize raw material usage. Researchers are developing natural language interfaces to simulate human tasks in a manufacturing operations environment. 3. Information technology in Mobile Computing :

Mobile Computing is a technology of wireless networking which enables people to access network services anytime and anywhere. Mobile Computing is done by integrating the cellular telephone technology with the portable computers having cabled network. Mobile voice communication has been established throughout the world and has seen an increase in the number of subscribers to the various cellular networks. One of the latest technology in mobile computing is general packet radio service (GPRS). GPRS is a packet-based data transfer technology that provides increased capacity and higher data rates for access to the mobile internet. GPRS provides full mobility and wide area coverage as information is sent and received across a mobile network.

4. Information technology in Public Sector : Public sector is making automated services for booking of railway tickets and payment of electricity bills. 5. Information technology in Defense Services: Military operators are restricted to access information. IT have provided smart information devices for military operators to access information. Example of such device is pilot-less warplanes which is developed for use at the time of war. Pilot-less warplanes are used to gather information. After gathering information, military operators perform military operations in the battlefield. 6. Information technology in Media : 8

Computers are used to analyze and process information. Media can be divided into two : 1) Print media. 2) Electronic media. 1) Print media : It is the most widely adopted portable, flexible and economical media. Eg., Newspaper, books. 2) Electronic media: It is used to deliver information through radio and television. 7. Information technology in Education : Information technology has helped learners to develop problemsolving, analytical and research skills. Electronic Learning. Virtual Classrooms. Electronic Learning : E-Learning is nothing but learning through computer technology. It provides learning tools for students to provide good and standardized education. It is easily accessible by means of online or through special software. E-Learning includes 1) Computer-based training (CBT). 2) 9Web-based training (WBT). 1) Computer-based training (CBT) : It is the training where computer program motivates students in place of a live instructor through CD-ROM and LAN or internet. 2) Web-based training (WBT) : It delivers educational content through web browsers over the public internet. Virtual Classrooms : It allows students to understand, learn and interact effectively online. With the help of virtual learning, students can: Search the databases for their views and of other students. Listen to pre-recorded audio comments to enhance knowledge. Converse about the subjects or related matters with the teacher and students through e-mail and discussion groups. Use appropriate resources to seek, access and apply knowledge. 8. Information technology in Publication : This includes e-texts and e-books. 9

other

E-texts play an increasing role in education and research, as they offer unique benefits for both students and teachers. E-texts are topic oriented. A new format of digital books is called e-books. E-Books are special kind of files which can be viewed using some specific software such as Microsoft Reader, Adobe E-book Reader, and Mobi Pocket (designed for PDAs). Q2. Discuss about Evolution of Internet EVOLUTION OF INTERNET 1960s: The Internet traces its origin back to 1960s, when it grew out of an experiment conducted by US Department of Defense. They wanted to create a computer network that could continue to function in the event of a disaster, such as a nuclear war. Even if a part of the network was damaged or destroyed, the rest of the system could continue to work. That network was known as ARPANET (Advanced Research Projects Agency Network), which linked US scientific and academic researchers. 1970s: 1980s: 1990s: Internet really became popular in the 1990s after the development of World Wide Web (WWW). In 1993, there were only 130 websites but now there are millions. In 1991, CERN( Counseil Europen Pour la Recherche Nuclaire) released world wide web also known as the web. 10 By 1970s, ARPA (Advanced Research Projects Agency) helped in the development of a new protocol known as TCP/IP(Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) for transferring the data between the networks. The TCP/IP is the core of the Internet.

The National Science Foundation (NSF) used ARPANET to link its five regional super computer centers at major universities so that the users can share their work. Later on, NSF created NSFNET (National Science Foundation Network), a series of networks for research and education communication.. Usenet Newsgroups and Electronic Mail(e-mail) came into existence. To keep track of the information on the Internet, indices such as Archie and Wide Area Information Server (WAIS) were also created. To provide a user-interface, the University of Minnesota introduced Gopher, a simple menu driven system for accessing files.

The CERN team developed the protocol based on hypertext (HTTP) that makes it possible to connect content on the web with hyperlinks. Early, the Internet was largely a text-based system. However, the WWW permitted access to information using a Graphical User Interface (GUI) and the use of hypertext links to access information across the network. The websites are able to provide the users with a range of experiences such as pictures, multimedia (sound, video), and interactivity. With the growth of Internet, the quality, quantity, and variety of information also grew. Q3. Explain the types of software in detail TYPES OF SOFTWARE (or) CATEGORIES OF SOFTWARE Software can be categorized as System Software and Application Software. SYSTEM SOFTWARE: System software is a generic term for referring to any computer program whose purpose is to help the user to run the computer system. It is directly responsible for controlling, integrating and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system. You must have noticed that a new computer system is always accomplished by some software, either stored in a floppy or CD, which is supplied by the manufacturer. This software manages and supports the computer system and its information processing activities. Computer User System Software Application Software Computer User

This software provides a programming environment in which programmers can create applications to accommodate their needs. This environment provides functions that are not available at the hardware level and performs the tasks related to the execution of an application program. Hence System software acts as an interface between the hardware of the computer and the software application. In simple terms, system software makes the computer functional. They provide basic functionality like file management, visual display and keyboard input and are used by application software to accomplish these functions. Some examples of system software are Operating System, Device Driver, Language Translator and System Utilities.

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Operating System: Operating system is the first layer of software loaded into computer memory when it starts up. As the 1st layer, all the other software that gets loaded after it depends on it for various common core services. The common core services include disk access, memory management, task scheduling and user interface. In addition, the OS ensures that different programs executing at the same time do not interface with each other. In simple words, the operating system organizes and controls the hardware. Example: Windows XP, UNIX and LINUX. Device Drivers: Printer D R V E R S

Monitor

LAN Card, Web Cam , Scanner

Device drivers are system programs, which are responsible for proper functioning of devices. Every device, whether it is a printer, monitor, mouse or keyboard, has a driver associated with it for its proper functioning. Whenever new device is added to the computer system, a new device driver must be installed before the device is used. In modern OS, most hardware driver such as the keyboard driver comes with the OS. A driver acts like a translator between the device and program (typically an OS) that uses device. For example: when a user prints a document, the processor issues a set of generic commands to the printer driver and driver translates those commands into specialized instructions that the printer understands. A device driver is not an independent program it assists and assisted by the operating system for the proper functioning of the device. LANGUAGE TRANSLATORS: Computer only understand a language consists of 0s and 1s called machine language. To ease the burden of programming entirely in 0s and 1s, special programming languages called high level programming languages were developed that resemble natural languages like English. Therefore a tool was required which could translate a program written in high level language i.e., programming language to machine language. Along with every programming language developed, a language translator was also developed. To be precise, they convert programming statements into 0s and 1s that the computer is able to process. Depending on the programming language used, language translators are divided into three major categories: Compiler Interpreter 12

Assembler

Compiler The programs written in any high level language are converted into machine language using a compiler. Source code COMPILER 11001000010 10010101010 Linker

Memory

Loader

Executable program

Interpreter: An interpreter analyses and executes the source code in line by line manner, without looking at the entire program. In other words, an interpreter translates a statement in a program and executes the statement immediately, before translating the next source language statement. The advantage of interpreters is that they can execute a program spontaneously. Compiler requires some time before an executable program is formed because it looks at the whole source code. Assembler: Compared to all the types of programming languages, assembly language is closest to the machine code. Assembly language is fundamentally a symbolic representation of machine code. The assembly language program must be translated into machine code by a separate program called an assembler. The assembler program recognizes the character strings that make up the symbolic names of various machine operations, and substitutes the required machine code for each instruction. In short, an assembler converts the assembly codes into machine codes, making the assembly program ready for execution. SYSTEM UTILITY: System utility programs perform day to day tasks related to the maintenance of the computer system. They are generally small programs, having specific tasks to perform. Some utility programs are usually provided along with the operating system, some are free while some need to be purchased from the third party commercial vendors.

APPLICATION SOFTWARE: The most often used software by a user is the application software. It is used to accomplish specific tasks rather than just managing a computer system.

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Application software may consists of a single program, such as Microsofts Notepad. It may also consists of collection of programs, often called a software package, which work together to accomplish a task, such as Database Management software. Application Input Output software System Software Hardware

1. Application software is dependent on system software. 2. System software acts as an interface between the user and the computer hardware, while application software performs specific tasks. 3. Application software is controlled by system software. 4. Without system software computer will not run. 5. Without application software, the computer, no matter how powerful, will not be helpful in meeting user requirements. Some of the most commonly used application software are discussed below. Word processors: A word processor is software used to compose, format, edit and print documents. It involves not only typing, but also checking the spelling and grammar of the text and arranging it correctly on a page. It is possible to include pictures, graphs, charts and many other things within the text of the document. It also allows the changes in margins, fonts and color. Now a days, all computers equipped with a word processing program, which as the same function as a typewriter for writing letters, reports or other documents and printing. Example: Microsoft Word Spread Sheet: One of the 1st commercial uses of computer was in processing payroll and other financial records. So the programs were designed to generate reports in the standard Spread Sheet format used by accountants. A Spread Sheet application is a rectangular grid, which allows text, numbers and complex functions to be entered into matrix of thousands of individual cells. The Spread Sheet provides sheets containing cells each of which may contain text/numbers. Cells may also contain equations that calculate results from the data placed in other cells or series of cells. Example: Microsoft Excel, Lotus123. Image Editors:

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Image editor programs are designed specifically for capturing, creating, editing and manipulating images. These graphics program provide a variety of special features for creating and altering images. In addition to offering a host of filters and image transformation algorithms, some image editors also enable the user to create and superimpose layers. With image editing software, one can darken (or) lighten an image, rotate it, adjust its contrast, crop out extraneous detail and much more. Example: Adobe Photoshop, Adobe illustrator and Corel draw. DBMS: (Database Management System) DBM software is a collection of computer programs that allow storage modification and extraction of information from a database in efficient manner. It supports the structuring of the database in a standard format and provides tools for data input, verification, storage, retrieval, query and manipulation. When such software is used, information can be changed more easily. New categories of data can be added to the database without disturbing the existing system. It is also controls the security and integrity of database from unauthorized access. Example: FOXPRO and ORACLE. Presentation Application: A presentation is a means of assessment, which requires presentation providers to present their work orally in the presence of an audience. It combines both visual and verbal elements. Presentation software allows the user to create presentations by producing slides or hand outs for presentation of projects. Microsoft power point is one of the most famous presentation applications. Desktop Publishing Software: The term desktop publishing is usually used to describe the creation of printed documents using a desktop computer. It is a technique of using a personal computer to design images and pages and assemble type and graphics, then using laser printer or image setter to output the assembled pages into paper, film or printing plates. These softwares are used for creating magazines, books, newsletters and so on. Ex: Quark Express and Adobe page maker

Q4. Explain in detail about the phases of program development life cycle. SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT STEPS. (Or) PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT LIFE CYCLE Before starting the process of writing a program(coding), the programmer has to determine the problem that needs to be solved. There are different approaches to problem solving. Most require breaking the problem into series of smaller steps, independent of the programming language.

15

One common development technique is to use the program development life cycle, with the number of steps that may vary according to the person who has formalized the development.

Development of a program includes the following phases. Analyse Problem Documentation and Implementation

Task Analysis

Program Development Life Cycle

Test and Debug Program

Designing Phase

Coding

Algorithm Testing Analyse / Define the Problem: The problem is analyzed precisely and completely. Based on understanding, the developer knows about the scope within which the problem needs to be analyzed. Task Analysis: After analyzing the problem, the developer needs to develop various solutions to solve the given problem. From these solutions, the optimum solution is chosen, which can solve the problem comfortably and economically. Designing Phase: After selecting the appropriate solution, algorithm is developed to depict the basic logic of the selected solution. An algorithm depicts the solution in logical steps (sequence of instructions). Further, algorithm is represented by flowcharts and pseudocodes. These tools make program logic clear and they eventually help in coding. Testing the Algorithm for Accuracy: Before converting the algorithm into actual code it should be checked for accuracy. The main purpose of checking algorithm is to identify major logical errors at an early stage, 16

because logical errors are often difficult to detect and should work for both normal as well as unusual data. Coding: After meeting all the design considerations, the actual coding of the program take place in the chosen programming language. Depending upon application domain and available resources, a program can be written by using computer languages of different levels such as machine, assembly or high level languages. Test and Debug the Program: It is common for initial program code to contain errors. A program compiler and programmer-designed test data machine tests the code for syntax errors. The results obtained are compared with results calculated manually from this test data. Depending upon the complexity of the program, several rounds of testing may be available. Documentation and Implementation: Once the program is free from all the errors, it is the duty of the program developers to ensure that the program is supported by suitable documentation. After documentation, the program is installed on the end users machine.

Q5. Describe briefly about Internet Terminology

Some of the important internet terminologies are given as follows Web Page: The World wide web consists of files, called pages or web pages, which contain information and links to resources throughout the internet. A web page is an document written in a computer language called HTML(Hyper Text Markup Language). These web pages are linked together through a system of connections which enable the user to jump from one web page to another by clicking on a link. Web Site: A website is a set of related web pages, published by an organization or individual. Normally a website contains a home page along with other additional pages. Each website is owned and updated by an individual, company or organization. It is an area on the web, which is accessed by its own address (known as URL Uniform Resource Locator) Home Page: When you browse the World Wide Web, you will often see the term Home Page. A home page is the starting point or a door way to the website. Like the table of contents of a book, the home page usually provides an overview of what could be found at the website. If there is not much information, the home page may be the only page of the website. However usually you will find at least a few other pages. Browser:

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A browser (short for web browser) is computer program that access web pages and display them on the computer screen. It is the basic software that is needed to find, retrieve, view and send information over the internet. In fact, to access the World Wide Web, the user requires a web browser. Example: Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator. Browsers are of two types. 1. Graphical browser allows retrieval of text, images, audio and video. Navigation is accomplished by pointing and clicking with a mouse on highlighted words and graphics. Both Netscape Navigator and Internet Explorer are graphical browser. 2. Text Browser provides access to the web in text only mode. Navigation is accomplished by highlighting emphasized words on the screen with the arrow up and down keys, and then pressing the enter key to follow the link. Lynx is an example of text based browser.

Uniform Resource Locator(URL) Each web page has an unique address, called a Uniform Resource Locator that identifies its location o internet. The format of URL consists of 6 parts Protocol: http World wide web: www Domain name: xyz Domain type: com Path: tutor/start File Name: main.htm Example: http://www.xyz.com/tutor/start/main.htm The 1st part of the address, the part before colon, is the access method. Most of the time when you see http (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) you are accessing a web page. Apart from http, you could also fine other protocols such as ftp (file transfer protocol, news (news server), mailto (mail server, used for accessing an email server) and telnet ( for accessing remote computers) The protocol separated by colon and slashes. After the slashes, the World Wide Web is indicated by www. Next comes the name of the domain where the information is located. After the domain name, the domain type is displayed such as com. A domain name is a unique and case sensitive human readable name. A domain type represents the type of organization or country to which the host belongs. These are referred to as two letter internet country codes, and have been standardized by the International Standard Organization (ISO) . For example, uk for United Kingdom, de for Germany, au for the Australia and in for India. The last part of the URL consists of path and file name. For instance in http://www.xyz.com//tutor/start/main.htm, the file main.htm is located in start, which is a sub directory of tutor. Hypertext:

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Hypertext refers to the text or image that connects to other documents. These text or images are known as hyperlink, hotlink or simply links. A hyper link is used to jump to another part of the same page or to load different page. Usually hyper text link appear in a different color (typically blue and underline) from the rest of the text. When a cursor is moved over a text link or over a graphic link, it will be change from an arrow to a hand. When the user returns to a page with a link he/ she had already visited, the hypertext words will often be in a different color(usually magenta), indicating that the link has already been used. However, the user can certainly use that link again. Internet Service Provider: (ISP) An ISP is a company that provides access to the internet to individuals or company. For monthly fee, the ISP provides the user software package, Username, Password and access phone numbers. Equipped with modem, the user can then log on to the Internet and browser the web. Web server: A web server is a computer program that answers request from users computers. It serves images and static content, such as web pages, to fill the clients (browser) requests. Web servers can run any hardware platform and operating system and store documents in Html. To view a website, the browser sends a request to the server. On receiving the request the server sends the appropriate web page to the clients machine. The clients machine (browser) receives the information in the form of HTML commands. Download and Upload: Download refers to the activity of moving or copying a document, program or other data from the internet or other interconnected computer to ones own computer. Upload is just the opposite of download. In case of uploading, the user moves or copies a document, program or other data from his/her computer to the internet. Upload refers to the act of moving data from one computer to another, usually to a server or remote computer. Online and Offline: The term online is commonly referred to as connected to the World Wide Web via Internet. When you connected to the internet, you are online or live. Offline is just the opposite of online and it refers to the action performed when the user is not connected, via telecommunications, to another computer or a network like the Internet. Hence offline means that the user no longer connected to a remote computer. If printer or other peripheral is not ready to receive data from the computer, it is also considered offline. Q6. What are the requirements for getting internet connections Getting Connected to Internet: The basic requirements for getting internet connections are: A TCP/IP enabled computer with a web browser. An account with ISP. A telephone line plugged to a suitable socket. A modem to connect the computer to the telephone line. TYPES OF INTERNET CONNECTION: 19

There are six different types of Internet Connection available. They are: Dial-up: A dial-up connection is the access method that uses telephone lines to connect to the Internet. It is the most common way that individuals who use home computers connect to the Internet. To connect to the Internet by using dialup, the user needs to specify a user name, a password and a telephone number. After the connection is established, the user can start browsing sites on the Internet. ISDN: It stands for Integrated Services Digital Network. It is used in business and commercial use. ISDN involves the digitization of telephone network so that voice, graphics, text and other data can be provided to users from a single terminal over existing telephone wiring. Cable Modem: A cable modem connects the user to the Internet through a cable television line. A cable modem will typically have two connections, one to the television outlet and the other to the computer. Cable modems not only provide a faster internet access but they also give added interactivity to the television. Leased Line: This facility provides reliable, high speed internet access. A leased line connection is an affordable way to line two or more sites for fixed monthly charges. Leased line facility can be provided via fibre optic or copper lines. It provides a consistent amount of bandwidth and is an excellent way to provide data, voice and video links between sites. DSL: Digital subscriber line is provided through existing phone line, but it works differently than regular analog modem dial up access. It operates over normal telephone lines and it can be used simultaneously with the telephone. Broadband: This type of access is good for remote locations, where ISDN, cable or DSL are not available. Satellite connection can be either a two-way service or a one-way service. In case of two-way satellite service, the data is transmitted via satellite to a dish antenna at the users house. In a one-way system, the user needs a conventional modem and telephone link to an ISP.

INTERNET SERVICES

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The internet has become the biggest domain of information. An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services such as e-mail, WWW etc. Some of the important Internet services are given below:

World Wide Web: The World Wide Web is one of the most popular services available on internet. It is a subset if the Internet and it presents text, images, animation, video, sound and other multimedia in a single interface. The web is a part of the internet and it refers to a system of Internet servers that supports hypertext using a specific internet protocol called HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) on a single interface.

Electronic Mail (E-Mail): E-Mail is a fast, easy and inexpensive way to communicate with other Internet users around the world. Each user of e-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent and the mailbox can be accessed from anywhere and at anytime. E-mail can also be used to send documents, images, audio, video etc. as an attachment along with the mail.

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IRC, Chatting & Internet Messaging Telnet E-Mail

Mailing List INTERNET

Internet Telephony & Video Conferencing

File Transfer Protocol

News Groups

E-Commerce

File Transfer Protocol (FTP): FTP or File Transfer Protocol is a set of rules that enables a user to log on to another computer and transfer information between it and his/her computer. FTP allows the users to get access to the files stored in the directory of a remote computer that is connected to the Internet. FTP sites can consist of hundred to thousands of files with information on books, music, software, images etc. Telnet: The word Telnet is derived from telecommunications and network and is a protocol that allows a user to long on to a remote computer. Once connected, the users computer emulates the remote computer. When the user types in commands, they are executed on the remote computer. The users computer, which initiates the connection, is referred to as the local computer or telnet client, and the machine being connected to, which accepts the connection is referred to as the remote computer or telnet server.

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Internet Relay Chat (IRC): IRC is a service on the internet that allows people to communicate in real-time and carry on conversations via the computer with one or more people. It provides the user with the facility to engage in simultaneous online conversations with other users from anywhere in the world. The user runs a program to connect to an IRC server. The server relays information to and from other servers on the same net. Chatting and Instant Messaging: Chat programs allow users on the Internet to communicate with each other by typing in real time. The Users log into chat rooms to exchange comments and information about the topics addressed on the site.

Internet Telephony: Internet telephony is the use of Internet rather than traditional telephone company infrastructure to exchange spoken or other telephonic information. It consists of hardware and software that enable people to use the Internet as a transmission medium for telephone calls.

Video Conferencing: Video conferencing enables face-to-face communication across networks. A Video conferencing system has two or more parties in different locations, which have the ability to communicate using a combination of video, audio and data. The following five elements are needed for video conferencing: i. Camera 23

ii. iii. iv. v.

Visual Display Audio System Compression of Data both audio and video User Interface and control system

Commerce through Internet: Today, business is taking place through electronic telecommunication media. Various organizations offer the facility of shopping online. This type of business model is known as electronic commerce or E-Commerce. E-Commerce refers to buying and selling goods and services online. It is end-to-end digital exchange of information needed to conduct business including Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) and Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT). Newsgroups (Usenet): Newsgroups are international discussion groups that focus on a particular topic and help in gathering information about that topic. The topics discussed here cover all the fields such as politics, computers, technology etc. The information or articles that make up the news are written by people interested in a specific topic. Newsgroups provide a source of information and a medium through which users can ask questions from the Internet community. Mailing Lists (List server): The Internet is home to a large community of individuals who carry out active discussions organized around topic-oriented forums that are distributed via e-mail. This method of internet communication is known as mailing list and it enables people with similar interests from all over the world to communicated and share information with each other.

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UNIT-III 1. What is meant by program? A program is a set of instruction written to carryout a particular task, so that computer can follow them. Computer Scientist Nicklaus stated that Program=Algorithms +Data. 2. Give the steps to solve the problem using computer? Problem must be analyzed thoroughly. Solution method is broken down into a sequence of small tasks Based on this analysis an algorithm must be prepared to solve the program The algorithm must be expressed in precise notation. In viewing algorithm, design a computer program in any high level language The program is fed into computer The instruction in the program, executes one after another and output the expected result

3. What is Algorithm? Algorithm means the logic of a program. It is a step-by-step description of how to arrive at a solution of a given problem. 4. How can you measure the quality of Algorithm? The primary factor that are often used to judge the quality of an algorithm are Time requirement. Memory requirement. Accuracy of solution. Generability.

5. Write the properties of Algorithm. 1. There must be no ambiguity in any instruction. 2. There should not be any uncertainty about which instruction is to be executed next. 3. The algorithm should conclude after a fine number of steps. An algorithm cannot be open ended. 4. The algorithm must be general enough to deal with any contingency. 6. Define Flowchart. A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm in which the steps are drawn in the form of different shapes of boxes and the logical flow is indicated by interconnecting arrows. The primary purpose of the flowchart is to help the programmer in understanding the logic of the program. 7. What is the need for flowcharts? A flowchart uses different shaped boxes to specify the several types of instructions. The program logic is made very easy through the flowchart that has standardized meaning. Thus 25

every programmer uses the same basic shapes, so theirs can easily read and interpret the logic of the program, when the program looks at a flowcharts, it can easily identified. 8. List out the Advantage of flowcharts. To understanding logic clearly Better communication Effective Analysis Effective synthesis Effective coding Proper program documentation Systematic debugging, Systematic Testing Efficient program maintenance

9.Name Any Four Application Software Package. Word Processing (MS Word) Spread Sheet Package (MS Excel) Presentation Package (MS PowerPoint) Database Management System (MS Access)

10. What is Pseudocode? Psseudocode is made up of two words Pseudo and code. Pseudo means imitation and code means instructions, written in a programming language. As the name suggests, Pseudocode is not real programming code, but it models and may look like programming code. For example: Pseudocode uses some keywords to denote programming processes. Some of them are: Input: READ, OBTAIN, GET, and PROMPT Output: PRINT, DISPLAY, and SHOW Compute: COMPUTE, CALCULATE, and DETERMINE Initialize: SET and INITIALIZE Add One: INCREMENT 11. List out the Rules for writing Pseudo code. Write one statement per line. Capitalize initial keywords Indent to show the hierarchy End multiline structure Keep statements language independent

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12. Draw a flowchart to find the maximum among 3 numbers.

Start

Read a, b, c

If a>b and a>c No If b>c No Print C is Big

Yes

Print a is Big Yes

Print b is Big

Stop 13. Give the Advantage of Pseudo code? 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. It can be done easily in any word processor It can be easily modified as compared to flowchart Its implementation is very useful in structured design elements. It can be written easily It can be read and understood easily Converting a pseudo code to programming language is very easy as compared with converting a flowchart to programming language.

14. Give the Disadvantage of Pseudo code? 27

1. It is not visual 2. We do not get a picture of the design 3. There is no standardized style or format, so one Pseudo code may be different from another. 4. For a Beginners, It is more difficult to follow the logic or write Pseudo code as compared to flowchart

15. Define Word Processing? Word processing software allows one computer to be used like an advanced typewriter. We can type and print any letter or report, and then easily change words or more blocks of text around. All these tasks are possible through WordStar, WordPerfect, Microsoft word, start writer. 16. Define Spreadsheet? An Electronic spreadsheet or spreadsheet is a table of rows and columns into which data is entered. Spreadsheet software makes it possible to enter data into a task format, manipulate, store, print, create reports and graphics using them. 17. What are the parts of a Spreadsheet? Columns: Columns are vertical lines of Cells. They are named from A to Z, BA to BZ and so on up to IA to IV. There are 256 columns in a Spreadsheet Rows: Rows are horizontal lines of Cells. A number identifies each row; there are 65536 rows are there. 18.Mention the characteristics necessary for a sequence of instructions to qualify as an algorithm? (i).Time (ii).Memory (iii).Accuracy (iv).Sequence (v).Generality 19.What are the basic logic structures used in writing structured programs? Sequence Control Structures: Information flows in a straight line. Selection Control Structures: Decisions are made according to predefined conditions. Repetition Control Structures: Sequence of steps is repeated in a loop until the desired output. 20.What are the steps involved in program development cycle? 1. Analyze/Define the Problem: 28

2. Task Analysis: 3. Designing Phase: 4. Testing the Algorithm for Accuracy: 5. Coding: 6. Test and debug the program: 7. Documentation and Implementation.

21.Draw any five 5 flow chart symbols Symbol Symbol Name Flow Lines Description Used to connect symbols Used to represent start, pause or halt in the program logic. Represents the information Input/Output entering system. or leaving the

Terminal

Processing

Represents

arithmetic

and

logical instructions.

Decision

Represents a decision to be made.

Connector

Used to join different flow lines.

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22.Draw the flow chart for finding the area and circumference of a circle. Start

Read radius

area = 3.14 * radius * radius circum= 2*3.14*radius Print area,circum

Stop

23.Write the algorithm to generate the Fibonacci series 1. Start. 2. SET f=0,f1=0,f2=1 3. Read N 4. Compare F Less than N Go to step 5 f=f1+f2 f1=f2; f2=f; Display f 5. Stop. 24. Mention some advantages and disadvantages of flow chart. i. Makes Logic Clear.

ii. Communication. iii. Effective Analysis. iv. Useful in coding. v. Proper testing and debugging. 30

vi. Appropriate documentation 25.Mention some application packages 1. MS-WORD 2. MS-EXCEL 3. MS-ACCESS 4. MS-POWERPOINT PART B Q1. Explain problem solving technique. PROBLEM SOLVING TECHNIQUES: Problem solving technique is a set of techniques and graphical tools that helps in providing logic for solving a problem. These tools are used to express the logic of the problem by specifying the correct sequence of all instructions to be carried out There are three important problem solving tools used for program development. They are:

i. ii. iii.

Algorithms Flowcharts Pseudo codes.

I.

Algorithms: Algorithms are one the most basic tools that are used to develop the problem solving logic. An algorithm is defined as a finite sequence of explicit instruction that when provided with a set of input values process an output and then terminates. Algorithms can have steps that repeat or require decisions until the task is completed. Example: To find out the largest number among three numbers A, B & C. Step 1: Start Step 2: Read three Numbers A, B & C. Step 3: Find the largest number between A & B and store it in Max_AB. Step 4: Find the larger number between MAX_AB and C and store it in MAX. 31

Step 5: Display MAX. Step 6: Stop. Properties:

1. There must be no ambiguity in any instruction. 2. There should not be any uncertainty about which instruction is to be executed next. 3. The algorithm should conclude after a finite number of steps. 4. The algorithm must be general enough to deal with any contingency. II. Flowchart: A flowchart is a pictorial representation of an algorithm in which the steps are drawn in the form of different shapes of boxes and the logical flow is indicated by interconnecting arrows. The boxes represent operations and the arrows represent the sequence in which the operations are implemented.

Flowchart Symbols:

Symbol

Symbol Name Flow Lines

Description Used to connect symbols Used to represent start, pause or halt in the program logic. Represents the information

Terminal

Input/Output

entering system.

or

leaving

the

32

Processing

Represents

arithmetic

and

logical instructions.

Decision

Represents a decision to be made.

Connector

Used to join different flow lines.

Guidelines for preparing flowcharts:

1. The flowchart should be clear, neat and easy to follow. 2. The flowchart must have a logical start and finish. 3. Only one flow line should come out from a process symbol.

4. Only one flow line should enter a decision symbol. However, two or three flow lines may leave the decision symbol.

5. Only one flow line is used with a terminal symbol.

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6. Within standard symbols, write briefly and precisely 7. Within standard symbols, write briefly and precisely. 8. Intersection of flow lines should be avoided. 9. It is useful to test the validity of the flowchart with normal/unusual test data. Benefits of Flow charts: A flowchart helps to clarify how things are currently working and how they could be improved. It also assists in finding the key elements of a process by drawing clear lines between the end of one process and the start of next one. Reasons for using flowcharts as a problem solving tool are given below: vii. viii. ix. x. xi. xii. Makes Logic Clear. Communication. Effective Analysis. Useful in coding. Proper testing and debugging. Appropriate documentation.

Limitations of Flowcharts: The limitations of flowcharts are: i. ii. iii. iv. III. Complex. Costly. Difficult to modify. No update. Pseudo code: Pseudo code is made up of two words: Pseudo and code. It means imitation and code refers to instructions, written in a programming language. Pseudo code is an outline of a program. It uses plain English statements rather than symbols. It is also knows as PDL (Program Design Language).

Example: Pseudo code to calculate the area of a rectangle PROMPT the user to enter the height of the rectangle. 34

PROMPT the user to enter the width of the rectangle. COMPUTE the area by multiplying the height with width. DISPLAY the area. STOP. Some of the keywords used in pseudo code are given below: Input: READ, OBTAIN, GET and PROMPT. Output: PRINT, DISPLAY and SHOW. Compute: COMPUTE, CALCULATE and DETERMINE. Initialise: SET and INITIALISE Add ONE: INCREMENT.

Benefits of Pseudo code: Since it is independent of any language, it can be used by most programmers. It is easy to develop a program from pseudo code than with a flowchart. It is easy to translate pseudo code into a programming language. Pseudo code is compact and does not tend to run over many pages.

Limitations of Pseudo code: It does not provide visual representation of the programs logic. There are no accepted standards for writing pseudo codes.

Q2. Explain in detail about the control structures in C Program Control Structures; Program statements that affect the order in which statements are executed, or that affect whether statements are executed, are called control structures. They affect the flow of simulation code since a control structure evaluates statements and then executes code according to the result. There are 3 control structures. They are: Sequence Control Structures: Information flows in a straight line. Selection Control Structures: Decisions are made according to predefined conditions. Repetition Control Structures: Sequence of steps is repeated in a loop until the desired output. I. SEQUENCE CONTROL STRUCTURE

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In a sequence structure, the instructions to be computed follow one another in a logical progression. This structure is denoted by writing one action after another, each action on a line by itself. In addition, all actions aligned with the logical indent. Diagrammatic Representation:

Flow Chart

Pseudo code

Action 1

Action 1

Action 2

Action 2 Action 3

Action 3 . .

Action N

Action N

Example: Start

X=10, Y=20

Z=X+Y

Print Z

Stop 36

II. SELECTION CONTROL STRUCTURE: A selection structure allows the program to make a choice between two alternate paths, whether it is true or false. The first statement of a selection structure is a conditional statement. Once the sequence of steps in the selected path has been carried out, the paths are rejoined and then the next instruction is carried out. Thus, the selection structure has only a single entry and single exit. Diagrammatic Representation:

Flow Chart IF (Condition is True) then

Pseudo code

. No
Is Conditio n true?

Yes List of Actions ELSE List of Different Actions

Action 2

Action 1

ENDIF

Example: Start

Read A, B

No

Is A>B?

Yes

Display B

Display A

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Stop III. REPETITION CONTROL STRUCTURE: Repetition or loop pattern causes an interruption in the normal sequence of processing. It directs the system to loop back to a previous statement in the program, repeating the same sequence over and again, usually with new data. When a sequence of statements is repeated against a condition, it is said to be in a loop. The looping process can either be one time or multiple times until the desired output is obtained within a single program. Diagrammatic Representation: Flow Chart Repeated Task Pseudo code REPEAT Sequence 1 Sequence 2 . False Cond ition . Sequence N UNTIL condition is false True

Example: Start

Count = 0

Count=count+1 Display count 38

Is count<10 False Stop

yes

Q3. Discuss briefly about the application Software package. OFFICE AUTOMATION: Definition: Office Automation refers to the use of integrated computers and communication system to support administrative procedures in an office environment. Commonly used office automations software are: MS-WORD MS-EXCEL MS-ACCESS MS-POWERPOINT

Application Software Packages: Application software is a set of programs that used to perform some specific task, such as word processing, drawing figures, maintaining data base etc. 1. Word Processing Programs: Word Processing software allows our computer to be used like an advanced typewriter. We can type and print any letter or report, and then easily change words or move blocks of text around. Example: MS-WORD, Star Writer 2. Spreadsheet Programs: A spreadsheet is made up of cells which can number in thousands and arranged in a grid. Mostly spreadsheet programs also include charting features with tools that allow you to plot the values stored in rows and columns as a graph or chart. Example: MS-EXCEL.

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3. Database Programs: Database programs are useful for storing, sorting and retrieving data. Database software lets us enter new data, search through the data. Example: Oracle, MS-ACCESS

4. Graphics Programs The graphics programs allow us to sketch any objects. It can be used for scientific drawing. 5. Personal Assistance Package: Personal Assistance package is to use personal computers for storing and retrieving their personal information. It is commonly used to support business people to know the current states of the company. WORD PROCESSOR Word processor is used to produce documents for business or personal use such as newsletter, reports, letters and essays. Features of Word Processor: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Fast Editing Features Permanent Storage Formatting features Graphics Object Linking & Embedding (OLE) Spell Check Tables Revise without retyping Mail merge

Introduction to MS-WORD: Ms-Word is a Word Processing Program that lets us to create documents such as Letters, Reports, Manuals and Newsletters. Word provides many features that make it easy for creating professional looking documents. The various options provided by Ms-Word are given below: 40

1. Entering & Editing Text 2. Viewing Documents 3. Formatting Text 4. Formatting Documents 5. Tables 6. Graphics 7. Mail Merge & Labeling 8. Printing

Working with Documents The various operations are: 1. Entering Text into the Document 2. Saving a Document 3. Previewing a Document 4. Opening a Document 5. Closing a Document Moving & Copying Text Moving the text is the process of cutting the text from one place and pasting it in the desired location. Copying the text is the process of making the duplication of the existing text in the document. Finding & Replacing Text Finding is the process of locating or searching the required text in the document. Replacing is the process of locating the required text and replaces the located text with specified text. Formatting Documents: Formatting documents means changing the appearance of the document by choosing the difference font types, sizes, colours, alignments etc. Applying Superscript and subscript formats:

41

The superscript format places text slightly above a line of normal printed text. The subscript format places text slightly below a line of normal printed text. We can apply superscript and subscript formats to the selected text, by clicking superscript and subscript check boxes in the effect frames of the font dialog box. Changing the case: The case of a text can be changed by first selecting the text which we want to change, then choosing change case option on the format menu. Changing line spacing: For better presentation of the document, we can give space between the lines in a document. To set line space, we can type the key combinations or choose Paragraph option from the format menu. A Paragraph dialog box is displayed. From that choose Line space drop down list, in which there are six line space formats are available. Choose required one and click ok.

Headers & Footers: Headers & Footers allow text, page numbers or section titles, to appear on every page of a document above or below the text area. Headers appear at the top of each page. Footers appear at the bottom of each page. Bullets & Numbering: We can automatically add numbers or bullets to the selected text, by using bullets and numbering option from the format menu, or by clicking the bullets and numbering buttons on the formatting tool bar. Inserting Symbols: We can easily insert special symbols in the document using either the Autocorrect feature or the Symbol option from the Insert Menu. Adding page numbers: We can insert page numbers by using insert-> page numbers options from the menu bar.

SPREADSHEET

42

An electronic spreadsheet or spreadsheet is a table of rows and columns into which data is entered. It makes it possible to enter data into a task format, manipulate, stores, print, and create reports and graphics using them. Features of Spreadsheet: 1. Several mathematical, financial and statistical functions are built-in. All complicated calculations can be performed very easily using these functions, facilitating rapid operation. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. The results of a calculation can be accurate. The worksheet can be quite big in size and any part of it can be viewed or edited. Data can also be viewed in the form of graphs. The information entered in a worksheet can be sorted in desired format. We can easily produce reports using the spreadsheet.

Introduction to MS-EXCEL Microsoft Excel is the most widely used and versatile spreadsheet package and lets us to organize our data into lists and then summarizes, compare and present our data graphically. Excel allows us 1. to enter and edit data in a worksheet 2. to use functions and formulas to calculate and analyze data 3. to create colorful charts and graphs 4. to save time by combining a series of commands into a single command by using Macros Parts of a Spreadsheet: Columns: Columns are vertical lines of cells. They are named from A to Z afterwards AA to AZ and so on. There are 256 columns in a spreadsheet. Rows: Rows are horizontal lines of cells. A number identifies each row. There are 65536 rows. Cells: A cell is a point where the row and the column intersect. The width of cell space can be altered to suit the application. Cell Pointer: It is a highlighted cell boundary that specifies which cell is active at the moment. Working with worksheets: 1. Saving the worksheet 2. Closing the worksheet 3. Editing data in cells 43

4. Formatting text with Bold, italic and underline 5. Adding lines and colours 6. Inserting rows and columns 7. Adding headers and footers in the worksheet 8. Displaying page breaks in a worksheet 9. Working with multiple worksheets 10. Inserting & deleting worksheets 11. Renaming the worksheets 12. Hiding & displaying worksheets 13. Entering formulae in cells

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