Part of Speech

Active/ Passive

Definition/ use
the opposite of a passive sentence. In an active sentence, the subject performs the action of the verb. Example: The dog ate all the biscuits. The passive is used 1. If the action is more important than the agent. -A demonstration has been held. This theatre was built in 1868. (The important thing is what happened, not who did it). 2. If the agent is not known. -He was offered a job. (someone offered him the job) They are supposed to be good students. (some teachers suppose that)

Examples
Examples of passive: Present: The car is repaired Present continuous: The car is being repaired Past simple: The car was repaired Past continuous: The car was being repaired Present Perfect: The car has been repaired Past perfect: The car had been repaired Future simple: The car will be repaired

GrammarAn active sentence is Appendix

Superlative Adjectives

A superlative adjective compares three or more nouns. This takes the comparison of nouns to the highest degree. An example would be: My mothers cooking is the best. The rules for making superlative adjectives are almost identical to the rules for making comparative adjectives. They are:

Example: She was the nicest person there. Example: Pavarotti was the most famous singer of the 20th century. Example: You have the curliest hair I have ever seen

One syllable words - add est to the word. Remember that it is sometimes necessary to double the final consonant. Examples are: strong to strongest and big to biggest. One syllable

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Frequently used Phrasal Verbs

Break
break down fail to function

have a physical or mental collapse

break in

interrupt a discussion

Burgle

soften with use (shoes)

break off

discontinue (therapy, relationship)

break out

escape from prison, begin suddenly

break up

end a relationship

Bring
bring about cause to happen

bring forth

give birth to

bring forward

draw attention to something

bring on

cause to happen or appear

bring round

Persuade

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Bring
cause to recover consciousness

bring up

rear, educate a child

Mention

Vomit

call
call back return a phone call

call for require

call in

communicate by phone

consult a specialist

call off

Cancel

call out read names aloud

order workers to strike

call on

request somebody to do something

call up

reach by phone

summon for military services

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Carry
carry away Remove

inspire, affect emotionally

carry off

take away (by force)

Win

remove, degrade (earth)

carry on

Continue

carry out

accomplish, make

carry through

Complete

bring out of difficulties

Come
come about happen, to be achieved

come across

find/meet by chance

come after

Follow

come at

Attack

reach, discover

come back

Return

come by

pass, go past, visit

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Come

buy, get

come down

fall (price)

come down to

mean, signify

come down with

fall sick with

come in

enter, be received

prove to be

come in for

receive, be object of (criticism)

come off

become detached

come out

become known, be published

be removed (stain)

come over

come from a distance

come round

visit somebody

recover consciousness

come to

amount to

arrive/reach a place

come up

be mentioned/discussed

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Come

(problem) arise

come up against

be faced with (problems)

come upon

find/meet by chance

come up to

match (a standard)

come up with

produce an idea

do
do away with abolish

kill

do up

dress up

fasten, secure (clothing)

do with

need

do without

not require

fall
fall apart fall into pieces

fall behind

fail to keep up pace

fall for

be in love with

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fall

be deceived by

fall in with

meet by chance

coincide with

fall off

decrease

drop from

fall out

quarrel

fall out with

quarrel with

fall through

fail, miscarry

fall to

start an activity eagerly

get
get across communicate (an idea)

get along

be in good terms with somebody

get away

escape

get away with

escape (punishment)

get by

manage, cope

get down to

turn one's attention to sth

Grammar Appendix
get

get in

enter (car, taxi)

get off

disembark (bus, train etc.)

get on

enter (bus, train etc.)

get out

disembark (car, taxi)

get over

recover (illness, upset)

get through

pass (an exam)

be connected on the phone

get to

reach

get up

rise from bed after sleeping

go
go against be contrary to (principles, rules)

go along with

take the same view

go away

depart

go down

become less

decrease in price

sink (ship)

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go

set (sun)

go for

pick up, go and get

go off

explode

deteriorate (food)

begin to sound (alarm)

go on

continue

go out

leave the house

strike

go over

inspect the details of something

go past

Pass

go round

visit informally

go through

deal with

discuss in detail

experience sth (usually bad)

go up

increase in price

Explode

Grammar Appendix
go

go with

Match

keep
keep away prevent from / avoid being near

keep back

withhold

keep down

not to increase

keep off

avoid (a topic)

stay away

keep on

not stopping doing sth

keep up

continue, carry on

keep up with

not to fall behind sb

look
look after take care of

look down on

regard with a feeling of superiority

look for

Seek

look forward to

anticipate with pleasure

look into

investigate (a crime)

Grammar Appendix
look

look on

be a spectator

Regard

look out

be careful

look over

inspect hastily

look through

pretend not to see

examine the contents of something

look up

consult a reference book

look up to

Respect

make
make for have/produce a particular effect

make off

run away

make out

recognise, distinguish

make up

constitute, form

invent a lie

put together, prepare

apply cosmetics

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make

make up for

compensate

regain (time)

put
put across express in an understandable way

put back

put something to its proper place

lay money aside for the future

move back the hands of a clock

put by

save for later use

put down

repress

write down

store (food)

put down to

give as a reason, attribute to

put forward

move forward the hands of a clock

suggest, propose

put in for

be a candidate for an election

put on

dress oneself with

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put

tease

gain (weight)

put off

postpone

put out

extinguish (a fire, light)

put through

connect somebody by phone

put up

build

raise (hand)

provide accommodation for

offer for sale

put up with

tolerate, accept

run
run after chase

run away

escape, flee

run down

knock down, collide with

feel weak due to overwork

run in

imprison

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run

run into

meet by chance

run off

escape, flee

run out

run outside

become used up

run out of

exhaust one's stock

run over

overflow

study quickly

pass over, knock down

run up against

meet with difficulties

set
set aside reserve for later use

set back

hinder, slow down a progress

set down

write down

set off

cause to explode

start a journey

set up

start business

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set

take
take after follow somebody as an example

resemble in appearance

take down

write down

take in

understand (meaning)

deceive

take off

undress

begin flight (plane)

take to

develop a habit

take up

continue, proceed

become interested in

take up with

begin to associate with

turn
turn down diminish the intensity

reject

turn in

hand in

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turn

turn off

switch off

turn on

switch on

turn out

switch off

turn over

bring the reverse side up

turn up

increase the intensity

make an appearance

Grammar Appendix
(Practice Exercises) Active/ Passive Letters by the postman at 8 every day. (deliver) This bag in the bus yesterday. (find)

The dress in hot water. (cannot wash)

your motorbike yet? (repair)

The message tomorrow. (send)

These offices now. (clean)

This report in time if you didn't help me. (not finish)

Why the TV ? (turn on)

This building since the 1930's. (not reconstruct)

Bags in the cloakroom. (must leave)

The engine just when the manager saw it. (test)

The last umbrellas in the morning. (sell)

You to arrive so late if you worked for me. (not allow)

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The plan in two days. (announce)

All the halls at the moment. (paint)

What were we doing at 11 o'clock? We . (interview)

After the window pane someone smashed the window again. (replace)

Superlative Adjectives
1. Peter is (intelligent) pupil of the school. 2. The Grand Canyon is (long) canyon in the world. 3. But (deep) is Hell's Canyon. 4. John Wayne was (famous) cowboy in Hollywood. 5. Marie is (tall) in the town. 6. I am (good) pupil in the class. 7. He is (bad) pupil in the school. 8. He is (fast) boy in the world. 9. This dog is (nice) in the country. 10. You are (funny) boy in the world.

Phrases and Clauses

Directions: circle the predicates; underline the subject; double underline the phrases. Example: Waking up late for school, Mr. Morton raced to the shower. Circle the predicate (raced). Underline the subject (Mr. Morton). Double underline all phrases (Waking up late for school). 1. In between the old hills of Garfield Park, a tiny green leprechaun dances on March 17th 2. Wary of travelers, the tiny green leprechaun hides in trees, or under bridges, or in garbage cans. 3. While taking his homework out of his car, Mr. Morton heard a strange laugh coming from the park.

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4. Mr. Morton put his stuff in the car and walked toward the park, feeling a little frightened by the fog. 5. A green fog, as thick as a Shamrock Shake, gathered over the baseball field. 6. From out of nowhere, the leprechaun appeared to Mr. Morton, giggling and doing an Irish dance. 7. Having never seen a leprechaun before, Mr. Morton was puzzled. 8. Mr. Morton and the leprechaun stared at each other and walked slowly in a circle. 9. Having always wanted gold teeth, Mr. Morton tried to catch the leprechaun. 10. The leprechaun, used to being chased, disappeared and then reappeared in a tree. 11. Shaking the tree violently, Morton imagined having a big gold helmet, with gold horns on the side. 12. Gold coins rained down to the earth like tears from the heavens.

Adverb Clauses

1. Betty looks something is wrong. A- only if B- even if C- as if D- so that. 2. The people danced the music played. A- like B- as C- unless D- in case. 3. David goes swimming his illness. A even if B- in spite of Cthough D- whereas. 4. I looked, I found fingerprints. A- until B- whereas C- because D- wherever. 5. This region is called land of apple it yields a lot of apples. A- Because B- although C- until D- only if 6. ploughing the field, the farmer uncovered a dinosaur bone. A- as though B- while C- until D- since. 7. Lucy cant attend the meeting she finds a baby-sitter. AUnless B- even if C- only if D- if. 8. the fire started blazing, the skewers were tilted toward the flames. A- so that B- as if C- such as D- as soon as. 9. pandas mostly eat bamboo, they are also carnivorous. A- not only B- until C- although D- as soon as.

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10. Seat belts were introduced traffic fatalities would be reduced. A- as if B- then C- so that D- only if. 11. his parents disapprove, he said he wont go to university. A- Even though B- until C- as if D- despite. 12. running, grizzly bears are capable of attaining a speed of 35 miles an hour. A- So that B- when they are C- so D- though

Reported Speech
Complete the sentences. Example: "I admire you." - She said she admired me.

"It is too late." - I said . "I have replied." - He claimed that .

"I met you yesterday." - Sam told me .

"I cannot come." - Mary explained that .

"I could fall down." - He was afraid .

"I will pay tomorrow." - He said .

"The Himalayas are the highest." - He knew that .

"I may lend you some money." - Bill promised .

"I have been watching a film." - He replied that .

"Claire must rest." - The doctor said .

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"I have not done it today." - I explained that .

"If I was younger, I would accept it." - He thought that .

"I was with him last week." - Jill admitted that .

"You needn't change your shoes in our house." - She reminded me that .

"I am calling my mum." - She said .

"I will finish this picture tomorrow." - Diana supposed that .

"I would buy it." - She said .

"Greg used to be my friend." - He told us .

Conditionals
Complete the Conditional Sentences with the correct form (Type I, II or III).

If I stronger, I'd help you carry the piano. If we'd seen you, we . If we him tomorrow, we'll say hello. He would have repaired the car himself if he the tools. If you drop the vase, it. If I hadn't studied, I the exam. I wouldn't go to school by bus if I a driving license. If she him every day, she'd be lovesick. I to London if I don't get a cheap flight. We'd be stupid if we him about our secret.

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Phrasal Verbs
Complete the sentences. Use each phrasal verb only once. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. I cannot his writing. Please, the page. We cannot play football here. The sign says, the grass. She and cried. The boy was by a nanny. I can hardly concentrate. I could really a holiday. The Titanic collided with an iceberg and . Why don't you singing? You have such a beautiful voice. The strike was by military units. Would you like to business in the United States?

Possessive Apostrophe
1. The food delivered for all of the oxen was destroyed for fear of contamination. The ________________ food was destroyed for fear of contamination. 2. The spinach belonging to Popeye was stolen by Bluto. _________________ spinach was stolen by Bluto. 3. The promises made by the politician were quickly forgotten after the campaign The ______________________ promises were quickly forgotten after the campaign. 4. The owner of the green Ford also owns a pink Cadillac. The green _______________ owner also owns a pink Cadillac. 5. The texture of the mashed potatoes was lumpy. The mashed __________________ texture was lumpy. 6. The answer of the second contestant did not satisfy the judges.

Grammar Appendix
The second _____________________ answer did not satisfy the judges. 7. The team forfeited the game because of the bad behavior of several players. The team forfeited the game because of several _______________ bad behaviors. 8. After three days, the decision of the jury was handed to the judge. After three days, the _______________ decision was handed to the judge. 9. How much snow we will get is the guess of anybody. How much snow we will get is _________________ guess. 10. The long speech given by the senator put us to sleep. The __________________ long speech put us to sleep.