Women Entrepreneurship

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International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol.1 Issue 5, September 2011, ISSN 2231 5780
WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA-PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

MEENU GOYAL*; JAI PARKASH**
*Assistant Professor in Commerce, Sri Aurobindo College of Commerce and Management, Ludhiana 142021, Punjab, India. **Assistant Professor in Commerce, Sri Aurobindo College of Commerce and Management, Ludhiana 142021, Punjab.
ABSTRACT The educated Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Despite all the social hurdles, Indian women stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. The present paper endeavors to study the concept of women entrepreneurReasons women become entrepreneurs -Reasons for slow progress of women entrepreneurs in India - suggestions for the growth of women entrepreneurs-Schemes for promotion & development of women entrepreneurship in India-Case study of a women entrepreneur of Ludhiana. KEYWORDS: Entrepreneurship, Women, Business, Gender.
INTRODUCTION The educated women do not want to limit their lives in the four walls of the house. They demand equal respect from their partners. However, Indian women have to go a long way to achieve equal rights and position because traditions are deep rooted in Indian society where the sociological set up has been a male dominated one. Women are considered as weaker sex and always made to depend on men folk in their family and outside, throughout their life. The Indian culture made them only subordinates and executors of the decisions made by other male members, in the basic family structure. While at least half the brainpower on earth belongs to women, women remain perhaps the worlds most underutilized resource. Despite all the social hurdles, India is brimming with the success stories of women. They stand tall from the rest of the crowd and are applauded for their achievements in their respective field. The transformation of
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social fabric of the Indian society, in terms of increased educational status of women and varied aspirations for better living, necessitated a change in the life style of Indian women. She has competed with man and successfully stood up with him in every walk of life and business is no exception for this. These women leaders are assertive, persuasive and willing to take risks. They managed to survive and succeed in this cut throat competition with their hard work, diligence and perseverance. Ability to learn quickly from her abilities, her persuasiveness, open style of problem solving, willingness to take risks and chances, ability to motivate people, knowing how to win and lose gracefully are the strengths of the Indian women entrepreneurs. CONCEPT OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Women Entrepreneurs may be defined as the women or a group of women who initiate, organize and operate a business enterprise. The Government of India has defined women entrepreneurs as an enterprise owned and controlled by women having a minimum financial interest of 51 per cent of the capital and giving at least 51 per cent of the employment generated in the enterprise to women. Women entrepreneurs engaged in business due to push and pull factors which encourage women to have an independent occupation and stands on their on legs. A sense towards independent decision-making on their life and career is the motivational factor behind this urge. Saddled with household chores and domestic responsibilities women want to get independence. Under the influence of these factors the women entrepreneurs choose a profession as a challenge and as an urge to do some thing new. Such a situation is described as pull factors. While in push factors women engaged in business activities due to family compulsion and the responsibility is thrust upon them. OBJECTIVES AND RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY The study is based on secondary data which is collected from the published reports of RBI, NABARD, Census Surveys, SSI Reports, newspapers, journals, websites, etc. The study was planned with the following objectives: To evaluate the factors responsible for encouraging women to become entrepreneurs To study the impact of assistance by the government on women's entrepreneurship. To study the policies, programmes, institutional networks and the involvement of support agencies in promoting women's entrepreneurship. To critically examine the problems faced by women entrepreneurs. REASONS FOR WOMEN BECOMING ENTREPRENEURS The glass ceilings are shattered and women are found indulged in every line of business. The entry of women into business in India is traced out as an extension of their kitchen activities, mainly 3Ps, Pickle, Powder and Pappad. But with the spread of education and passage of time women started shifting from 3Ps to modern 3Es i.e., Energy, Electronics and Engineering. Skill, knowledge and adaptability in business are the main reasons for women to emerge into
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business ventures. Women Entrepreneur is a person who accepts challenging role to meet her personal needs and become economically independent. A strong desire to do something positive is an inbuilt quality of entrepreneurial women, who is capable of contributing values in both family and social life. With the advent of media, women are aware of their own traits, rights and also the work situations. The challenges and opportunities provided to the women of digital era are growing rapidly that the job seekers are turning into job creators. Many women start a business due to some traumatic event, such as divorce, discrimination due to pregnancy or the corporate glass ceiling, the health of a family member, or economic reasons such as a layoff. But a new talent pool of women entrepreneurs is forming today, as more women opt to leave corporate world to chart their own destinies. They are flourishing as designers, interior decorators, exporters, publishers, garment manufacturers and still exploring new avenues of economic participation. The following flow chart shows the reasons for women becoming entrepreneurs
self identity and social status Innovative thinking Education and qualification
New challenges and opportunities for self fulfillment
support of family members
Employment generation
REASONS WOMEN BECOME ENTREPRENEURS
Role model to others
Freedom to take own decision and be independent
Success stories of friends and relatives
Government policies and procedures Family occupation Need for additional income
Bright future of their wards
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REASONS FOR SLOW PROGRESS OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS IN INDIA The problems and constraints experienced by women entrepreneurs have resulted in restricting the expansion of women entrepreneurship. The major barriers encountered by women entrepreneurs are: The greatest deterrent to women entrepreneurs is that they are women. A kind of patriarchal- male dominant social order is the building block to them in their way towards business success. Male members think it a big risk financing the ventures run by women Male chauvinism is still prevalent in many parts of the country yet. Women are looked upon as abla i.e. weak in all respects. In a male dominated society, women are not treated equal to men that act as a barrier to womans entry into business. Women entrepreneurs have to face a stiff competition with the men entrepreneurs who easily involve in the promotion and development area and carry out easy marketing of their products with both the organized sector and their male counterparts. Such a competition ultimately results in the liquidation of women entrepreneurs. Lack of self-confidence, will-power, strong mental outlook and optimistic attitude amongst women creates a fear from committing mistakes while doing their piece of work. The family members and the society are reluctant to stand beside their entrepreneurial growth. Women in India lead a protected life. They are even less educated, economically not stable nor self-dependent which reduce their ability to bear risks and uncertainties involved in a business unit, The old and outdated social outlook to stop women from entering in the field of entrepreneurship is one of the reasons for their failure. They are under a social pressure which restrains them to prosper and achieve success in the field of entrepreneurship Unlike men, women mobility in India is highly limited due to many reasons. A single women asking for room is still looked with suspicion. Cumbersome exercise involved in starting with an enterprise coupled with officials humiliating attitude towards women compels them to give up their spirit of surviving in enterprise altogether. Women's family obligations also bar them from becoming successful entrepreneurs in both developed and developing nations. The financial institutions discourage women entrepreneurs on the belief that they can at any time leave their business and become housewives again. Indian women give more emphasis to family ties and relationships. Married women have to make a fine balance between business and family. The business success also depends on the support the family members extended to women in the business process and management.
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Womens family and personal obligations are sometimes a great barrier for succeeding in business career. Only few women are able to manage both home and business efficiently, devoting enough time to perform all their responsibilities in priority. The educational level and family background of husbands also influences women participation in the field of enterprise. Absence of proper support, cooperation and back-up for women by their own family members and the outside world people force them to drop the idea of excelling in the enterprise field. They are always making many pessimistic feelings to be aroused in their minds and making them feel that family and not business is a place meant for them. Many women take the training by attending the Entrepreneurial Development programme without an entrepreneurial bent of mind. Women who are imparted training by various institutes must be verified on account of aptitude through the tests, interviews, etc. High production cost of some business operations adversely affects the development of women entrepreneurs. The installations of new machineries during expansion of the productive capacity and like similar factors discourage the women entrepreneurs from venturing into new areas. Women controlled business are often small and it is not always easy for women to access the information they need regarding technology, training, innovative schemes, concessions, alternative markets, etc. Just a small percentage of women entrepreneurs avail the assistance of technology and they too remain confined to word processing software in the computer. They hardly make use of advanced software available like statistical software SAP, Accounting Package like TALLY, Animation software 3D MAX, internet, etc Lack of awareness about the financial assistance in the form of incentives, loans, schemes etc. by the institutions in the financial sector. So the sincere efforts taken towards women entrepreneurs may not reach the entrepreneurs in rural and backward areas. Achievement motivation of the women folk found less compared to male members. The low level of education and confidence leads to low level achievement and advancement motivation among women folk to engage in business operations and running a business concern. Apart from the above discussed problems there may occur other series of serious problems faced by women entrepreneurs as improper infrastructural facilities, high cost of production, attitude of people of society towards the women modern business outlook, low needs of enterprise. Women also tend to start business about ten years later than men, on average. Motherhood, lack of management experience, and traditional socialization has all been cited as reasons for delayed entry into entrepreneurial careers.
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SUGGESTIONS FOR THE GROWTH OF WOMEN ENTREPRENEURS Right efforts from all areas are required in the development of women entrepreneurs and their greater participation in the entrepreneurial activities. Entrepreneurship basically implies being in control of ones life and activities and women entrepreneurs need to be given confidence, independence, and mobility to come out of their paradoxes. The following measures are suggested to empower the women to seize various opportunities and face challenges in business. There should be a continuous attempt to inspire, encourage, motivate and cooperate women entrepreneurs. An Awareness programme should be conducted on a mass scale with the intention of creating awareness among women about the various areas to conduct business. Attempts should be there to enhance the standards of education of women in general as well making effective provisions for their training, practical experience and personality development programmes, to improvise their over-all personality standards. Organize training programmes to develop professional competencies in managerial, leadership, marketing, financial, production process, profit planning, maintaining books of accounts and other skills. This will encourage women to undertake business. Vocational training to be extended to women community that enables them to understand the production process and production management. Skill development to be done in women's polytechnics and industrial training institutes. Skills are put to work in training-cum-production workshops. Educational institutes should tie up with various government and non-government agencies to assist in entrepreneurship development mainly to plan business projects. International, National, Local trade fairs, Industrial exhibitions, seminars and conferences should be organized to help women to facilitate interaction with other women entrepreneurs. Women in business should be offered soft loans & subsides for encouraging them into industrial activities. The financial institutions should provide more working capital assistance both for small scale venture and large scale ventures. Making provision of micro credit system and enterprise credit system to the women entrepreneurs at local level.
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The weaker section could raise funds through various schemes and incentives provided by the government to develop entrepreneurs in the state. E.g. the Prime ministers Rozgar Yojana, The Khadi and Rural village industries scheme, etc. In the initial stages women entrepreneurs may face problems but they must persevere, believe in themselves and not give up mid way. Attempts by various NGOs and government organizations to spread information about policies, plans and strategies on the development of women in the field of industry, trade and commerce. Women entrepreneurs should utilize the various schemes provided by the Government. Women should try to upgrade themselves in the changing times by adapting the latest technology benefits. Women must be educated and trained constantly to acquire the skills and knowledge in all the functional areas of business management. This can facilitate women to excel in decision making process and develop a good business network Self help groups of women entrepreneurs to mobilize resources and pooling capital funds, in order to help the women in the field of industry, trade and commerce can also play a positive role to solve this problem. Womens entrepreneurship must be examined both at the individual level (i.e. the choice of becoming self-employed) and at the firm level (the performance of women owned and managed firms) in order to fully understand the differences between mens and womens entrepreneurship. To establish all India forums to discuss the problems, grievances, issues, and filing complaints against constraints or shortcomings towards the economic progress path of women entrepreneurs and giving suitable decisions in the favor of women entrepreneurs and taking strict stand against the policies or strategies that obstruct the path of economic development of such group of women entrepreneurs. Thus by adopting the following aforesaid measures in letter and spirit the problems associated with women can be solved. Entrepreneurship is not a bed of roses to women. Women participation in many kinds of economic activities to complement to their family income, their participation in no way reduces their family duties. The task of women has become more tedious and full of challenges. Let us all make efforts to help women rediscover her. STEPS TAKEN BY THE GOVERNMENT Development of women has been a policy objective of the government since independence.Until the 70s the concept of womens development was mainly welfare oriented. In 1970s, there was a shift from welfare approach to development approach that recognised the mutually reinforcing nature of the process of development. The 80s adopted a multi-disciplinary approach with an
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emphasis on three core areas of health, education and employment. Women were given priorities in all the sectors including SSI sector. Government and non government bodies have paid increasing attention to womens economic contribution through self employment and industrial ventures. The First Five-Year Plan (1951-56) envisaged a number of welfare measures for women. Establishment of the Central Social Welfare Board, organization of Mahila Mandals and the Community Development Programmes were a few steps in this direction. In the second Five-Year Plan (1956-61), the empowerment of women was closely linked with the overall approach of intensive agricultural development programmes. The Third and Fourth Five-Year Plans (1961-66 and 1969-74) supported female education as a major welfare measure. The Fifth Five-Year Plan (1974-79) emphasized training of women, who were in need of income and protection. This plan coincided with International Womens Decade and the submission of Report of the Committee on the Status of Women in India. In1976, Womens welfare and Development Bureau was set up under the Ministry of Social Welfare. The Sixth Five-Year Plan (1980-85) saw a definite shift from welfare to development. It recognized womens lack of access to resources as a critical factor impending their growth. The Seventh Five-Year Plan (1985-90) emphasized the need for gender equality and empowerment. For the first time, emphasis was placed upon qualitative aspects such as inculcation of confidence, generation of awareness with regards to rights and training in skills for better employment. The Eight Five-Year Plan (1992-97) focused on empowering women, especially at the Gross Roots Level, through Panchayati Raj Institutions. The Ninth Five-Year Plan (1997-2002) adopted a strategy of Womens Component Plan, under which not less than 30 percent of funds/ benefits were earmarked for women related sectors. The Tenth Five-Year Plan (2002-07) aims at empowering women through translating the recently adopted National Policy for Empowerment of Women (2001) into action and ensuring Survival, Protection and Development of women and children through rights based approach. At present, the Government of India has over 27 schemes for women operated by different departments and ministries. Some of these are: Integrated Rural Development Programme (IRDP) Khadi And Village Industries Commission (KVIC) Training of Rural Youth for Self-Employment (TRYSEM)
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Prime Ministers Rojgar Yojana (PMRY) Entrepreneurial Development programme (EDPs) Management Development progammes Womens Development Corporations (WDCs) Marketing of Non-Farm Products of Rural Women (MAHIMA) Assistance to Rural Women in Non-Farm Development (ARWIND) schemes Trade Related Entrepreneurship Assistance and Development (TREAD) Working Womens Forum Indira Mahila Yojana Indira Mahila Kendra Mahila Samiti Yojana Mahila Vikas Nidhi Micro Credit Scheme Rashtriya Mahila Kosh SIDBIs Mahila Udyam Nidhi Mahila Vikas Nidhi SBIs Stree Shakti Scheme NGOs Credit Schemes Micro & Small Enterprises Cluster Development Programmes (MSE-CDP). National Banks for Agriculture and Rural Developments Schemes Rajiv Gandhi Mahila Vikas Pariyojana (RGMVP) Priyadarshini Project- A programme for Rural Women Empowerment and Livelihood in Mid Gangetic Plains NABARD- KfW-SEWA Bank project
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Exhibitions for women, under promotional package for Micro & Small enterprises approved by CCEA under marketing support The efforts of government and its different agencies are ably supplemented by NGOs that are playing an equally important role in facilitating women empowerment. Despite concerted efforts of governments and NGOs there are certain gaps. Of course we have come a long way in empowering women yet the future journey is difficult and demanding. RAJNI BECTOR: A CASE STUDY OF SUCCESSFUL WOMEN ENTERPRENEUR Cremica is one of the largest food processing companies of India with an annual growth rate of 30%. The quality, the taste and the penchant for perfection is what has given the required thrust to sales. From a single plant at Phillaur, today Cremica has a number of plants situated at various locations all over India. Cremicas presence in the market is visible on account of its vast range of products, which include: Biscuits, Sauces, Jams and Ketchups, Indian Snacks, Ready to Eat Food, Condiments, Frozen Products and Bakery Products. A homegrown business, Cremica was founded by Mrs. Rajni Bector, who started making ice creams in her garage. Though she had no formal training or background, her recipes were a runaway success in Punjab. Rajni Bector is one of the first women entrepreneurs in Ludhiana. While she insists on being a woman entrepreneurship comes to her easily; its been a long journey to success, nevertheless. Rajni Bector was just a housewife before she started selling her kitchen-made ice creams at Diwali Melas in the late 1970s. Today, Cremica group does sales of Rs.200 crore (Rs.2 billion) and is an important link in the supply chain to the fast food industry with an inventory of buns, breads, sauces, ketchups and ice creams toppings to the likes of McDonalds and syrups and mayonnaise to Barista.. Below are the steps of success in which Mrs. Bector made growth in her business to be the successful women entrepreneur. 1980- Mrs. Rajni Bector an arts graduate, founder of the MRS. BECTORS CREMICA started her new career from a housewife to an entrepreneur with a meager investment of Rs. 20000/- for the manufacturing of Ice Creams & Bakery items from the backyard of her residence. 1982-Mr. Ajay Bector her eldest son joined her to help her with the increased business volumes. 1986 : She started another unit at Ludhiana for the manufacturing of Bread and bakery biscuits with an investment of Rs. 1.00 Lac. 1989 ::Mrs. Bectors younger sons Akshay Bector & Anoop Bector after completing their education joined the business in and a unit for manufacture of bread was established at Phillaur near Ludhiana for the manufacture of 50000 loaves of bread per day.
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1991: Mrs. Bector started another fully automated unit for the manufacture of Biscuits at Phillaur with a capacity of 7200 M.T. of Biscuits per annum with an investment of Rs.75.00 Lacs. 1992:Mrs. Bectors Cremica established a manufacturing facility for confectionery items followed by a unit for the manufacture of Namkeens. 1997: By seeing the quality of the products being manufactured McDonalds approached Mrs. Bector for supplies of various products i.e. buns, liquid products and batters & breading. This was a golden opportunity for the Bector Family and the family entered into various Joint ventures so that international expertise could help them produce international level products compared to the best in the world. 2002: A modern Bun Manufacturing facility manufacturing over 150000 Buns per shift was established at greater Noida for supplies to McDonalds. This is one of the most modern units of its type in the country. 2003: A foray was made into Fresh Vegetable Processing and a modern facility for processing of fresh vegetables like lettuce, cut vegetables etc for supplies to McDonalds was made at an investment of Rs. 15.00 Million. 2004: Mrs. Bectors Cremica entering into an Agreement with ITC Ltd. for the manufacture of Biscuits on contract manufacturing basis at Tahliwal, Distt Una (H.P.). A state of the art facility was established for the manufacture of 60000 M.T. of biscuits at a cost of over Rs. 25.00 Crores producing biscuits valued at over Rs. 200 Crores P.A. This unit produces 30000 M.T. of biscuits for ITC under the SUNFEAST BRAND and 30000 M.T. under the Mrs. Bectors Cremica label. The Group also entered in to an agreement with Cadbury India Ltd. for supply of Cadbury Bytes with an investment of Rs. 3.00 Crores producing goods valued at Rs. 30.00 Crores annually. 2007 :The Group was offered an opportunity for Equity participation by Goldman Sachs. The liquid products & biscuit operations were valued by Goldman Sachs at Rs. 500.00 Crores. The group offered Goldman Sachs 15% equity for Rs. 75.00 Crores to help speed up its expansions with the equity infusion. McDonalds offered Mrs. Bector the bun business for West & South India and a new state of the art unit was established at Taloja, Navi Mumbai. Mrs. Bector acquired a unit at Karnal, Haryana for the manufacture of Indian Namkeens. The group has acquired new industrial sites at Ludhiana (Punjab), Kundli (Haryana), Raigad (Maharastra) & Pune in Maharastra for further expansions.
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Her mantra of success, Just remember that work is worship whatever you do, be it at home or outside, treat it respectfully. CONCLUSION It can be said that today we are in a better position wherein women participation in the field of entrepreneurship is increasing at a considerable rate. Efforts are being taken at the economy as brought promise of equality of opportunity in all spheres to the Indian women and laws guaranteed equal rights of participation in political process and equal opportunities and rights in education and employment were enacted. But unfortunately, the government sponsored development activities have benefited only a small section of women i.e. the urban middle class women. Women sector occupies nearly 45% of the Indian population. At this juncture, effective steps are needed to provide entrepreneurial awareness, orientation and skill development programs to women. The role of Women entrepreneur in economic development is also being recognized and steps are being taken to promote women entrepreneurship. Resurgence of entrepreneurship is the need of the hour emphasizing on educating women strata of population, spreading awareness and consciousness amongst women to outshine in the enterprise field, making them realize their strengths, and important position in the society and the great contribution they can make for their industry as well as the entire economy. Women entrepreneurship must be moulded properly with entrepreneurial traits and skills to meet the changes in trends, challenges global markets and also be competent enough to sustain and strive for excellence in the entrepreneurial arena. If every citizen works with such an attitude towards respecting the important position occupied by women in society and understanding their vital role in the modern business field too, then very soon we can pre-estimate our chances of out beating our own conservative and rigid thought process which is the biggest barrier in our countrys development process. We always viewed that a smart woman can pick up a job any day, but if she becomes an entrepreneur she can provide a livelihood to 10 more women at least..!! Highly educated, technically sound and professionally qualified women should be encouraged for managing their own business, rather than dependent on wage employment outlets. The unexplored talents of young women can be identified, trained and used for various types of industries to increase the productivity in the industrial sector. REFERENCES Arora, R.;and Sood, S.K.(2005), Fundamentals of Enterpreneurship and Small Business Baporikar, N. (2007) Entrepreneurship Development & Project Management- Himalaya Publication House. Brush, C. (1997). Taori ,Dr. Kamal - Entrepreneurship in the Decentralised Sector WomenOwned Businesses: Obstacles and Opportunities, Journal of Developmental Entrepreneurship. Desai, V: (1996) Dynamics of Entrepreneurial & Development & Management Himalaya publishing House Fourth Edition, Reprint.
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Dhameja S K (2002), Women Entrepreneurs: Opportunities, Performance and Problems, Deep Publisher (P) Ltd., New Delhi. Gordon E. & Natarajan K.: (2007) Entrepreneurship Development Himalaya Publication House, Second Revised edition. Hattangadi Dr. Vidya: (2007) Entrepreneurship Need of the hour, Himalaya Publication House, First edition.Schemes and Programmes of Ministry of Small Scale Industries and Ministry of Agro & Rural Industries, Govt. of India Kalyani Publishers. Kumar, A. (2004), "Financing Pattern of Enterprises Owned by Women Entrepreneurs", The Indian Journal of Commerce, Vol. 57, No. 2. Mahanty Sangram Keshari Fundamentals of Entrepreneurship Prentice Hall of India Raheem A (2006), "Role of SHGs", Yojana, Vol. 50, No. 12. Renuka V. (2001) Opportunities and challenges for women in business, India Together, Online Report, Civil Society Information Exchange Pvt. Ltd. WEBSITES info@ijrcm.org.in accessed on 19 April 2011 www. Smallindustryindia.com accessed on 4 April 2011 www.dcmsme.gov.in/schemes/Schemes for the development and promotion of women entrepreneurs. PDF accessed on 4 April 2011 www.ghallabhansali.com accessed on 4 April 2011 www.icfaijournals.com accessed on 4 April 2011 www.imer.com accessed on 7 April 2011 www.ludhianadistrict.com/articles/article1184678891.html accessed on 20 April 2011 www.ludhianadistrict.com/personality/rajni-bector.php accessed on 20 April 2011
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ZENITH

WOMEN ENTREPRENEURSHIP IN INDIA-PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS

New challenges and opportunities for self fulfillment

support of family members

REASONS WOMEN BECOME ENTREPRENEURS

Role model to others

Freedom to take own decision and be independent

Success stories of friends and relatives

Bright future of their wards

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