M 012081092

The International Journal of Engineering
And Science (IJES)

||Volume|| 1 ||Issue|| 2 ||Pages|| 81-92 ||2012||
ISSN: 2319 1813 ISBN: 2319 1805
www.theijes.com The IJES Page 81

Effect of Depth and Location of Minima of a Double-Well
Potential on Vibrational Resonance in a Quintic Oscillator

1,
L. Ravisankar,
2,
S. Guruparan,
3,
S. Jeyakumari,
4,
V. Chinnathambi

1,3,4,
Department of Physics, Sri K.G.S. Arts College, Srivaikuntam 628 619, Tamilnadu, India

2,
Depart ment of Chemistry, Sri K.G.S. Arts College, Srivaikuntam 628 619, Tamilnadu, India

--------------------------------------------------------Abstract-----------------------------------------------------------------
We analyze the effect of depth and location of minima of a double-well potential on vibrational resonance in a
linearly damped quintic oscillator driven by both low-frequency force t f e sin and high-frequency force
sin t O f with e >> O
.
The response consists of a slow motion with frequency and a fast motion with
frequency O. We obtain an analytical expression for the response amplitude Q at the low-frequency . From
the analytical expression Q , we determine the values of and g (denoted as
VR
e and
VR
g ) at which
vibrational resonance occurs. The depth and the location of the minima of the potential well have distinct effect
on vibrational resonance. We show that the number of resonances can be altered by varying the depth and the
location of the minima of the potential wells. Also we show that the dependence of
VR
e and
VR
g by varying
the above two quantities. The theoretical predictions are found to be in good agreement with the numerical
result.

Keywords - Vibrational resonance; Quintic oscillator; Double-well potential; Biperiodic force.
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Date of Submission: 28, November, 2012 Date of Publication: 15, December 2012
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1. Introduction
In the last three decades the influence of noise on the dynamics of nonlinear and the chaotic systems
was extensively investigated. A particular interesting example of the effects of the noise within the frame work
of signal processing by nonlinear systems is stochastic resonance (SR) ie., the amplification of a weak input
signal by the concerted actions of noise and the nonlinearity of the system. Recently, a great deal of interest has
been shown in research on nonlinear systems that are subjected to both low- and high-frequency periodic signals
and the associated resonance is termed as vibrational resonance (VR) [1, 2]. It is important to mention that two-
frequency signals are widely applied in many fields such as brain dynamics [3, 4], laser physics [5], acoustics
[6], telecomm-unications [7], physics of the ionosphere [8] etc. The study of occurrence of VR due to a
biharmonical external force with two different frequencies e and O with O >> e has received much interest.
For example, Landa and McClintock [1] have shown the occurrence of resonant behavior with respect to a low-
frequency force caused by the high-frequency force in a bistable system. Analytical treat ment for this
resonance phenomenon is proposed by Gitterman [2]. In a double-well Duffing oscillator, Blekhman and Landa
[9] found single and double resonances when the amplitude or frequency of the high-frequency modulation is
varied. So far this phenomenon has been studied in a monostable system [10], a multistable system [11],
coupled oscillators [12, 13], spatially periodic potential system [14, 15], t ime-delayed systems [16, 17], noise
induced structure [18], the Fit zHugh-Nagumo equation [19], asymmetric Duffing oscillator [20], biological
nonlinear maps [21] and so on.

In this paper we investigate the effect of depth of the potential wells and the distance between the
location of a minimum and a local maximum of the symmet ric double-well potential in a linearly damped
quintic oscillator on vibrational resonance.

Effect Of Depth And Location Of Minima Of A Double-Well Potential

The equation of motion of the linearly damped quintic oscillator driven by two periodic forces is
2 3 5
0
cos cos , (1) A B C d t g t + + e + | + = e + O f x x x x x

where e >> O and the potential of the system in the absence of damping and external force is

2 2 4 6
0
1 1 1
( ) (2)
2 4 6
A B C V x = e + | + x x x

For
2
0
1, , , , , 0 A B C e < | > the potential ) (x V is of a symmetric double-well form. When
2
0
1, 1, 1 e = | = = and 1 A B C = = = there are equilibrium points at (0,0) and
5 1
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .
. At (0,0),
1 = , so this point is a saddle. At
5 1
, 0
2
| |
|
\ .
, i 935 . 0 ~ , so these points are centres. Recently,
Jeyakumari et al [10, 11] analysed the occurrence of VR in the quintic oscillator with single-well, double-well
and triple well forms of potential. When
1
A=B=C = o

potential has a local maximum at 0
*
0
= x and two
minima at
2 2
0 *
4
2
| | e
=
x . The depths of the left-and right-wells denoted by D

L

and D
R

respectively are same and equal to 12 / ] 2 3 6 [
3 2 2
0 1
p p p + | + e o

where
2 2
0
4
2
p
| | e
=
. By varying the
parameter
1
o the depths of the two wells can be varied keeping the values of
*
x

unaltered. We call the damped
system with
1
A=B=C = o as DS1. We call the damped system with
2 4 6
2 2 2
1 1 1
, , A B C = = =
o o o
as DS2 in which
case 0
*
0
= x where as
2 2
0 *
2
4
2
| | e
= o
x and D D
L R
= = 12 / ] 2 3 6 [
3 2 2
0
p p p + | + e

is independent of
2
o . Thus, by varying
2
o the depth of the wells of ) (x V can be kept constant while the distance between the
local maximum and the minima can be changed. Figures (1a) and (1b) illustrate the effect of
1
o and
2
o
.

Fig.1: Shape of the double-well potential ( ) V x for
2
0
1, 1 e = | = and 1 = (a)
1
A B C = = = o
and (b)
1 1 1
, ,
2 4 6
2 2 2
A B C = = =
o o o
. In the sub plots, the values of
1
o (a) and
2
o (b) for
continuous line, dashed line and painted circles are 0.5, 1 and 1.5 respectively.
2
0
1
0. (4)
2
d
t
= t =
t
}
2 2 4
( 3 5 )
0
2 3 5
( 10 )
3
cos , (5)
5
A B C
B C C
B C
X
X d X X
X
t
+ + e + | +
+ |+ +
+ | + = e

f
2 2 2 2
3 ( ) 3 ( )
0
3 3 4 3 2 2
( ) 5 ( ) 10 ( )
2 3 3 4 4
10 ( ) 5 ( )
5 5 2 3
( ) 10 cos . (6)
A B B
B C C
C C
C C
d X X
X X
X X
X g t
+ + e + | + |
+ | + +
+ +
+ + = O

In a very recent work, Rajasekar et al [22] analysed the role of depth of the wells and the distance of a
minimum and local maximum of the symmetric double-well potential in both underdamped and overdamped
Duffing oscillators on vibrational resonance. They obtained the theoretical expression for the response
amplitude and the occurrence of resonances is shown by varying the control parameters
, , g e o
and O
.
In the
present work, we consider the system (1) with
1
o and
2
o arbitrary, obtain an analytical expression for the
values of g at which resonance occurs and analyze the effect of depth of the wells and the distance between the
location of a minimum and local maximum of the potential ) (x V on resonance.

The outline of the paper is as follows, for e >> O the solution of the system (1) consists of a slow
motion ) (t X and a fast motion ) , ( t t O with frequencies e and O respectively. We obtain the equation of
motion for the slow mot ion and an approximate analytical expression for theresponse amplitude Q of the
low-frequency ) (e output oscillation in section II. From the theoretical expression of Q we obtain the
theoretical expressions for the values of g and e at which resonance occurs and analyse the effect of depth of
the potential wells in section III and the distance between the location of a minimum and a local maximum of
the symmetric double-well potential in section IV. We show that the number of resonances can be changed by
varying the above two quantities such as
1
o and
2
o . Finally section V contains conclusion.

2. Theoretical Description Of Vibrational Resonance
An approximate solution of Eq. (1) for e >> O can be obtained by the method of separation where
solution is written as a sum of slow motion ) (t X and fast motion ( , ) t t O :

We assume that is a periodic function with period
2t O
or t 2 -periodic function of fast time
t O = t and its mean value with respect to the time is given by

Substituting the solution Eq. (3) in Eq. (1) and using Eq. (4), we obtain the following equations of motion for
X and :

Because is a fast motion we assume that
2 3 4 5
, , , , , >>
and neglect all the terms in the
left-hand-side of Eq. (6) except the term
. This approximation called inertial approximation leads to the
equation cos g t = O the solution of which is given by

( ) ( ) ( , ) (3) t X t t t = + O x
2
cos . (7)
g
t = O
O
3 5
1 2
cos , (9 ) C C C X d X X X X t a + + + + = e

f
2 4 2
2
0 2
4 8 4
3 15 5
, .(9 )
2 8
1
B C C
C A C B
g g g
b
|
= e + + = |+
O O O
2 4 6
1 1 1
( ) . (10)
2 4 6
1 2
C C C
eff
V X X X X = + +
1/ 2
2
4
2 2 * *
0, ,
2, 3
2 1
1/ 2
2
4
2 1 *
(11)
4, 5
2
C C CC
1
C
-C C CC
2
C
X X
X
(
+
(
= =
(
(

(

(
=
(
(

2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4
cos , (12 )
Y dY Y Y Y Y C Y
t a
+ +q +q +q +q +
= e

f
*2 *4
1 1 2
3 5 , (12 ) C C X C X b q = + +

For the given by Eq. (7) we find

Then Eq. (5) for the slow mot ion becomes

where

The effective potential corresponding to the slow motion of the system described by the Eq. (9) is

The equilibrium points about which slow oscillat ions take place can be calculated from Eq. (9). The equilibrium
points of Eq. (9) are given by

The shape, the number of local maxima and minima and their location of the potential ) (x V (Eq. (2)) depend on
the parameters
2
0
, e |

and . For the effective potential ) (
eff
V these depend also on the parameters g and O.
Consequently, by varying g or O new equilibrium states can be created or the number of equilibrium states
can be reduced.

We obtain the equation for the deviation of the slow motion X from an equilibrium point
*
X . Introducing the
change of variable
*
X X Y = in Eq. (9a) we get

where

For 1 << f and in the limit t we assume that 1 << Y and neglect the nonlinear terms in Eq. (12). Then,
the solution of linear version of Eq. (12a) in the limit t is cos( )
L
A t e where
* *3
2 2
3 10 , (12 ) C X C X c q = +
*2 *
3 2 4
10 , 5 . (12 ) C C X C X d q = + q =
2 4
2 3 4 5
4 4
3
, 0, , 0. (8)
2 8
g g
= = = =
O O
2
1 1
2 2 2 2 2 1 2
, tan ( ) (13)
[( ) ]
L
r
A
d d

e q
= =
e e e + e
f
2 2 2 2 2 1 2
1
. (14)
[( ) ]
L
r
A
Q
f
d
= =
e e + e
2 2 2 2 2
( ) (15) S
r
d = e e + e
2 2
2 2
, . (16)
2 2
VR r r
d d
e = e e >

and the resonant frequency is
1
q = e
r
. When the slow motion takes place around the equilibrium point
0
*
= X , then .
1
C
r
= e

The response amplitude Q is

3. Effect Of Depth Of The Potential Wells On Vibrational Resonance
In this section we analyze the effect of depth of the potential wells on vibrational resonance in the
system DS1. From the theoretical expression of Q we can determine the values of a control parameter at which
the vibrational resonance occurs. We can rewrite Eq. (14) as 1 Q S = where

and
r
e is the natural frequency of the linear version of equation of slow motion (Eq. (9)) in the absence of the
external force cos f t e . It is called resonant frequency (of the low-frequency oscillat ion). Moreover,
r
e is
independent of , f e and d and depends on the parameters
2
0
, , , , g e | O

and
1
o . When the control
parameter g or O or
1
o is varied, the occurrence of vibrational resonance is determined by the value of
r
e .
Specifically, as the control parameter g or e or O

or
1
o varies, the value of
r
e also varies and a resonance
occurs if the value of
r
e is such that the function S

is a minimum. Thus a local minimum of S represents a
resonance. By finding the minima of S , the value of
VR
g or
VR
e or
VR
O at which resonance occurs can be
determined. For example

For fixed values of the parameters, as e varies from zero, the response amplitude Q becomes maximum at
VR
e=e given by Eq. (16). Resonance does not occur for the parametric choices for which
2 2
2
r
d e < .
When e is varied from zero,
r
e remains constant because it is independent of e. In figure (2),
VR
e versus
g is plotted for three values of d

with
1
0.75 o = and 2.0. The values of the other parameters are
2
0
1, 1 e = |= = and 10 O= .
VR
e

is single valued. Above a certain critical value of d and for certain
range of fixed values of g resonance cannot occur when e is varied. For example, for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 d = and
75 . 0
1
= o

the resonance will not occur if [64.03, 70.49],[56.87, 79.81] g e and [42.54, 91.28] respectively.
For 0 . 2
1
= o and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 d = the resonance will not occur if [65.11, 67.26], [62.96, 72.28] g e

and

0
2
( )sin , (17 )
nT
S
Q t t dt a
nT
= e
}
x
0
2
( ) cos , (17 )
nT
C
Q t t dt b
nT
= e
}
x
2 2
(17 )
S C
Q Q
Q c
+
=
f

[57.95, 78.02] respectively. Analytical expression for the width of such nonresonance regime is difficult to
obtain because
1
2
q = e
r
is a complicated function of g . In fig. (2), we notice that the nonresonance interval of
g increases with increase of d but it decreases with increase of
1
o . We fix the parameters as
2
0
1, 1, 0.05, 55 f g e = | = = = =

and . 10 = O

Figures (3a) and (3b) show Q versus e for 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 d =
with 75 . 0
1
= o and 0 . 2 . Continuous curves represent theoretical result obtained from Eq. (14). Painted circles
represent numerically calculated Q . We have calculated numerically the sine and cosine components
S
Q and
C
Q respectively, from the equations

where
2 T = t e
and n is taken as 500
.

Then

numerically computed Q is in good agreement with the theoretical approximat ion. In fig. (3a), for
1
0.75 o =

and 55 g = resonsnce occurs for 0.5 d = and 1 while for 1.5 d = the value of Q decreases continuously
when e is varied. For 75 . 0
1
= o and 55 g = resonance occurs for 0.5 d = and the response amplitude Q is
found to be maximum at 1.02 e= and 0.75. For
1
2.0 o = and 55 g =

resonance occurs for

Fig.2: Plot of
VR
e

versus g

for three different values of d with (a)
1
0.75 o = and
(b)
2
2.0 o = .The value of the other parameters are 1 , 1
2
0
= = | = e and 10 = O
.


0.5, 1.0, 1.5 d = .The response amplitude Q is maximum at 1.62, 1.5 e= and 1.35. Both
VR
e and Q at
the resonance decreases with increase in d . The above resonance phenomenon is termed as Vibrational
Resonance as it is due to the presence of the high-frequency external periodic force.

Now we compare the change in the slow motion ) (t X described by the Eq. (9) and the actual motion ) (t x of
the system (1). The effect ive potential can change into other forms by varying either g or O . Figure 4 depicts
eff
V for three values of g with
1
0.75 o = (fig.4a) and 2.0 (fig.4b). The other parameters are
2
0
1, 1 e = |= = and 10 O= .
eff
V is a double-well potential for 55 g = while it becomes a single-wel l
potential for 70 g = and 90 g = . For
1
0.75, 0.5 d o = = and 55 g =

the value of 0.765
VR
e = and for
1
2.0, 0.5 d o = = and 55 g = ,
VR
e is 1.25. The system (1) has two co-existing orbits and the associated

(a) (b)

slow motion takes place around the two equilibrium points
*
2,3
X . This is shown in fig. (5a) for 0.5, 1.0 e= and
25 . 1
.
The corresponding actual motions of the system (Eq.(1)) are shown in figs. (5(b)-5(d)). For a wide range

Fig.3: Response amplitude Q versus efor three values of d with (a)
1
0.75 o = and
(b)
2
2.0 o = .Continuous curves represent the theoretically calculated Q from Eq. (14)
with
1
C
r
e = , while painted circles represent numerically computed Q from Eq.
(17). The values of the other parameters are 05 . 0 , 1 , 1
2
0
= = = | = e f

, g = 55 and
. 10 = O
eff
V for

2
0
1, 1 e = | = =
and 10 O= with (a)
1
0.75 o = and (b)
1
2 o = for three values
of g .

Fig.6: Phase portraits of (a) slow motion
and (b-d) actual motion of the system (1)
for few values of e

with 90 g = and
0.5. d =
Fig.4: Shape of effective potential
eff
V for

2
0
1, 1 e = | = = and 10 O= with (a)
1
0.75 o = and (b)
1
2 o = for three values of g .
1 2
2 2 2
0
2
2 2
0
10 ( ) / 3
,
5 / 2
(18)
VR
B B C A
C
g
A
(
|+ | + e e
(
= O
(
(

e > e

Fig.5: Phase portraits of (a) slow mot ion and (b-d) actual mot ion of the system (1) for few values
of ewith 55 g = and d = 0.5.

Fig.6: Phase portraits of (a) slow motion and (b-d) actual motion of the system (1) for few
values of ewith g = 90 and d = 0.5.

of values of e including the values of , ( )
VR
t e x is not a cross-well motion, that is not crossing both the
equilibria
). 0 , 7521 . 0 ))( ( , (
* * *
= x y x
When 90 g = ,
eff
V is a single-well potential and 9925 . 0 = e
VR
for
1
0.75 o = and for
1
2.0 o = ,
VR
e is 1.72. The slow oscillation takes place around 0
*
1
= X [fig.(6a)] and
) (t x encloses with the minimum
*
( 0.7521) = x and the local maxima ) 0 ( = x of the potential for all valuesof
e[figs. (6b)-6(d)]. Next , we determine
VR
g which are the roots of
2 2
4( ) 0
g r r rg
dS
S
dg
= = e e e e =
with
0
VR
gg
g g
S
=
> where
r
VR
d
dg
e
e =
. The variation in
r
e with g for four values of
1
o

is shown in fig.(7). For
each fixed value of
1
o as g increases from zero, the resonant frequency
r
e decreases upto 65.69
0
g = g = .
The value of ( )
0
g = g at which
eff
V

undergoes bifurcation from a double-well to a single-well is independent
of
1
o . For
0
g g > ,
eff
V becomes a single-well potential and
r
e
.
increases with increase in g . Resonance will
take place whenever e = e
r
.
Further, for
0
g > g ,
eff
V is a single-well potential and
2
1
C
r
e = . In this case an
analytical expression for
VR
g can be easily obtained from e = = e
1
C
r
and is given by

0.5. d =


For <
0
g g the resonance frequency is
1
q . The value of =
0
g g at which
eff
V undergoes bifurcation fro m
a double-well to a single-well is independent of
1
o . The analytical determination of the roots of 0 S
g
= and
VR
g is difficult because
1
C and
2
C and
*
3 , 2
X are function of g and
1
2
q = e
r
is a complicated function of g .

Therefore we determine the roots of 0 S
g
= and
VR
g numerically. We analyze the cases 0 ) (
2 2
= e e
r
and
0 = e
rg
. In fig. 8(a),
VR
g computed numerically for a range of
1
o is plotted. For
c 1 1
o > o there are two
resonances - one at value of ( 65.69) <
0
g g = and another at a value of
0
g > g . In fig. (7) for
4059 . 0 25 . 0
1 1
= o < = o
c
the
r
e curve intersects the 1 = e dashed lineat only one value of
0
> g g and so we
get only one resonance for
c
o < o
1
. Figure (8b) shows Q versus g for
1
0.25, 0.75 o =

and 2 .Continuous
curve represents theoretical results obtained from Eq. (18). Painted circles represents numerically calculated Q
Fig.7: Plot of g versus
r
e for few values of
1
0.25, 0.75, 2 o = and 3 . The values of
the other parameters are
2
0
1, 1, 1, 0.05 e = | = = = f and 10 O=
.

Fig.8: (a) Plot of theoretical
VR
g versus
1
o
for the system (1) and (b) theoretical and numerical
response amplitude
Q
versus
g
for a few values of
1
0.25, 0.75 o = and 2 with 0.5 d = .
Continuous curves are theoretical result and painted circles are numerical values of Q .


from Eq. (17). For large values of
1
o , the two
VR
g values are close to
0
65.69 g = . As
1
o decreases the values
of
VR
g move away from
0
g . For 25 . 0
1
= o we notice only one resonance. In the double resonance cases the
two resonances are almost at equidistance from
0
g and the values of Q at these resonances are the same.
However, the response curve is not symmetrical about
0
g .

4. Effect Of Location Of Minima Of The Potential On Vibrational Resonance
For DS2 as
2
o increases the location of the two minima of ) (x V move away from the origin in
opposite direction, ie., the distance between a minimum and local maximum 0
*
0
= x of the potential increases
with increase in
2
o . When the slow oscillation occurs about 0
*
= x then
1
2
q = e
r
and analytical determination
of
VR
g is difficult because
1
q is a complicated function of g . In this case numerically we can determine the
value of
VR
g . Figure (9) shows the plot of
VR
g versus
2
o For
c 2 2
o < o there are two resonances while for
c 2 2
o > o only resonance. The above prediction is confirmed by numerical simulation. Figure (9b) shows the
variation of
r
e with g for three values of
2
o . The bifurcation point
0
g increases linearly with
2
o . That is, at
2
0.75, 1.2 o = and 6 . 1
, the values of 0
g are 48.54, 78.66 and 105.44 respectively. Sample response curves for
three fixed values of
2
o are shown in fig. (9c). The difference in the effect of the distance of
*
x from origin
over the depth of the potential wells can be seen by comparing the figs. (9a) and (8a). In DS1 t wo resonances
occur above certain critical depth
c 1
o of the wells. In contrast to this in DS2 two resonances occur only for
c 2 2
o < o . In fig. (9a) we infer that as
2
o increases from a small value (ie., as
*
x moves away from

origin)
1
VR
g increases and reaches a maximum value 96.5 at 15 . 1
2
= o . Then with further increase in
2
o ,

it decreases and 0 as
c 2 2
o o . Similarly
2
VR
g increases and reach a maximum value 98.5 at
35 . 1
2
= o .Then with further increase in
2
o , it decreases and 0 at 7015 . 1
2
= o . We note that
1
VR
g and
2
VR
g of DS1 continuously decreases with increase of
1
o . But in DS2,
2
o

increases from a s mall value,
1
VR
g and
2
VR
g increase and reaches a maximum value. Then with further increase in
2
o , it decreases and 0 .

Fig.9: (a) Plot of theoretical
VR
g versus
2
o for the system (1). (b) Theoretical and numerical
r
e versus g for a few values of
2
0.75, 1.2 o = and 1.6 with

2
0
1, 1, 1, 0.05 e = | = = = f and
10 O= . The horizontal dashed line represents 1
r
e = e=

(c) Theoretical and numerical response
amplitude Q versus g

for a few values of
2
0.75, 1.2 o = and 1.6 with 0.5 d = . Continuous curves
are theoretical result and painted circles are numerical values of . Q


In double resonance case the separation between the two resonances increas es with increase in
2
o . The
converse effect is noticed in DS1. Next we consider the dependence of
VR
e on g .
VR
e is given by Eq. (16).
Figure (10) shows plot of
VR
versus g for three different values of d with 75 . 0
2
= o and 2 . 1 . For
0.5, 1, 1.5 d = and 75 . 0
2
= o the nonresonance intervals occur at [48.98, 51.14], [46.84, 54.72] g g e e
and [43.25,59.02] g e and for
2
1.2, o = the nonresonance intervals occur at [75.92,84.12], g e
[66.82,95.95] g e

and [49.50, 111.43] g e . That is the nonresonance intervals of g increases with increase
in
1
o . But in DS1, nonresonance intervals of g decreases with increase in
1
o . Figures (2) and (10) can be
compared.

5. Conclusion
We have analysed the effect of depth of the wells and the distance of a minimum and the local
maximum of the symmet ric double-well potential in a linearly damped quintic oscillator on vibrational
resonance. The effective potential of the system allowed us to obtain an approximate theoretical expression for
the response amplitude Q at the low-frequency e. From the analytical expression of Q , we determined the
values of e and g

at which vibrational resonance occurs. In the system (1) there is always one resonance at
a value of g ,
0
> g g , while another resonance occurs below
0
g for a range of values of e. The two quantities
1
o and
2
o have distinct effects. The dependence of
VR
g and
VR
e on these quantities are explicit ly
determined. The number of resonance and the value of
VR
g and
VR
e can be controlled by varying the
parameters
1
o and
2
o .
max
Q is independent of
1
o and
2
o in the system (1).

VR
g of DS1 is independent of
1
o while in DS2 it depends on
2
o
.

References
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Fig.10: Plot of
VR
e versus g for three different of d with (a)
2
0.75 o = and (b)
2
1.2 o = . The values of other parameters are
2
0
1, 1, 1 e = | = = and 10 O=
.


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Two Coupled Overdamped Anharmonic Oscillators, Phys. Lett. A, 360, 279, (2006).
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x . The depths of the left-and right-wells denoted by D

x moves away from

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