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Gigabit Ethernet Over Category 5 Fanny Mlinarsky

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Organization of IEEE 802.3 Standards

Data Link Layer LLC & MAC

Under development
1 Gb/s 1000 Base-X 1000 Base-T Category 5

1 Mb/s

10 Mb/s

100 Mb/s 100 Base-TX Category 5 100 Base-FX 1300 nm

10 Base-T Category 3

10 Base-F Fiber

10 Base 5 10 Base 2 Coaxial

10 Base-FP 10 Base-FB 10 Base-FL

100 Base-T4 Category 3 4 pairs

1000 Base-LX 1300 nm Laser MMF, SMF 1000 Base-SX 850 nm Laser MMF

1000 Base-CX Twinax Jumper

FOIRL

100 Base-T2 Category 3 2 pairs

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100 Base-T vs. 1000 Base-T

100 Base-TX RX

TX
NEXT FEXT

Need 4 of these

TX RX

+
1000 Base-T
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Noise at Each Receiver

Non-cancelable, subtracted from the SNR margin

Ambient noise, Impulse noise

TX
DSP-cancelable

Transmitter Echo

RX

3-disturber FEXT 3-disturber NEXT

DSP-cancelable Non-cancelable, subtracted from the SNR margin

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NEXT and FEXT Models Used In The Proposed 1000 Base-T Designs
20

Worst case NEXT models

30

TSB67 Channel NEXT Limit

40

dB
50

60

Worst case FEXT models

70

20

40

60

80

100

MHz

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ELFEXT as a Noise Source

Anticipated TIA limit: ELFEXT_TIA( f ) = 61 - 20Log( f / 0.772 )

20

dB

Draft ICEA* limit: ELFEXT_ICEA( f ) = 63 - 20Log( f / 0.772 )

40

Derived FEXT limit: FEXT( f ) = ELFEXT_TIA( f ) Cat 5 Channel Atten Worst case Power sum FEXT models

60

20

40

60

80

100

MHz
* ICEA = Insulated Cable Engineers Association
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Return Loss Models Used In The Proposed 1000 Base-T Designs

ISO 11801 Return Loss Limit
0

Anticipated TIA-568 Return Loss Limit

20

dB
40

Return loss models used in design simulations

60

20

40

60

80

100

MHz

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Insertion Loss Model Used In The Proposed 1000 Base-T Designs

0

10

dB
20 30 0

20

40

60

80

100

MHz

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Category 5 Environment
Two of the four sources of noise are unspecified in the cabling standards
Channel Return Loss Far End Crosstalk (FEXT)

Design simulations use empirical models of a worst case category 5 channel Minimally compliant category 5 may have little SNR margin
The design margin for the SNR performance can be consumed by FEXT and ambient noise

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Binary Line Coding

CLOCK

NRZ

Manchester

1 dB

NRZ 10 Mb/s

NRZ coding is baseband (DC energy present)

Manchester 10 Mb/s (10 Base-T)

Manchester coding is passband (no DC energy) 0 MHz DC

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10 MHz

20 MHz

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Bandwidth Efficient Multi-Level Coding

CLOCK

2-level code

1 0 11 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

4-level code

10 01 00

11

10 01 00 200 Mb/s 4-level code

dB

200 Mb/s 2-level code

100 MHz 200 MHz

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DC

100 MHz

200 MHz

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Bandwidth Efficient Two-phase Coding

CLOCK DATA 1 1 1 0 0 1 Q Quadrature 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

SPLITTER

In-phase
I

I+Q

dB 200 Mb/s 2-Phase code

200 MHz

400 MHz

200 Mb/s 1- Phase code

DC
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200 MHz

400 MHz

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One-dimensional Vs. Two-dimensional Bandwidth Efficient Coding

200 Mb/s

Multi-level Encoder In-Phase Shaping Quadrature Shaping

1-D coding 2-D coding

200 Mb/s

Bit-toSymbol Mapping

+
200 Mb/s 2-D, 4 level 4 bits/symbol

dB 200 Mb/s 1-D, 4 level 2 bits/symbol

0 MHz DC
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100 MHz

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Binary vs. Bandwidth Efficient Coding

Noise Immunity

Jitter Immunity

Eye pattern of Binary coded data

Eye pattern of the in-phase component of a QAM 25 signal

Eye pattern of a 9-level PR9 signal

2-level 2-phase signal

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Gigabit Ethernet Line Coding Schemes Under Evaluation by IEEE 802.3ab

IEEE 100Base-TX PR9 (ComCore) 3.2V p-p TX / T2 (Level One) 2V p-p CAP12 (Lucent) 2V p-p

-10

-20

QAM25 (Broadcom) 2V p-p

-30

dB
-40 -50

50

100

150

MHz
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Partial Response 9 (PR9) Coding Scheme Proposed by ComCore

0

20

dB
40

60 0 50 100 150 200

MHz

PR9 Eye pattern

One-dimensional 9 level coding 3 bits per symbol 83 Mbaud

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Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM25) Proposed by Broadcom

0 0

20 0 dB 40 0

60 0

50

100

150

200

MHz

Eye pattern of the in-phase component of a QAM 25 signal

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Two-dimensional 5 Level AM on two carriers in quadrature 4 bits per symbol 62.5 Mbaud

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Carrierless AM/PM (CAP12) Proposed by Lucent

0

20 dB

40 0

60 0

50

100

150

200

MHz

Two-dimensional CAP coding

4 levels on two different phases

3 bits per symbol

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83 Mbaud

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Enhanced TX/T2 Coding Proposed by Level One

dB 00 20 0 100 Base-TX MLT-3 spectrum

40 Enhanced TX/T2 spectrum 60

50

100

150

200

MHz

One-dimensional 5 level coding 2 bits per symbol 125 Mbaud Spectrum shaped to resemble that of 100 Base-T facilitates 100/1000 Base-T implementations

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Signal and FEXT Noise - 100 m Cat 5 Link TX/T2 Scheme

0
TX/T2 signal spectrum attenuated by worst case category 5 channel attenuation

dB
50
Noise due to FEXT at ICEA limit - power sum of 3 pair combinations - SNR due to FEXT is 32.5 dB - cannot be cancelled by DSP

100
Scope Communications Inc. Updated 6/97 Page 20

50

MHz

100

150