CLCULO NUMRICO 6

1. RAZES DE EQUAES
Mtodo da Bisseco ou Dicotomia
Neste mtodo, temos que, a cada iterao i, localizar o intervalo em que est a raiz
respeitando o Teorema de Bolzano[1].
Teorema de Bolzano:
Se f(x) uma funo contnua num intervalo [a, b] e se f(a).f(b) < 0, ento existe, pelo menos,
um ponto x entre a e b que zero de f(x). Assim, denominaremos de:
i: nmero de clculos efetuados (iteraes).
a i : extremo esquerdo do intervalo [a, b] a cada iterao i.
b i : extremo direito do intervalo [a, b] a cada iterao i.
x i : clculo da raiz aproximada da funo.

x i

a i b i
2

Erro associado ao mtodo:

b a
i

Alm disso:
a i1 a i
se f(a i ) f(x i ) 0
b i1 x i
a i1 x i
se f(a i ) f(x i ) 0
b i1 b i

Exemplo 1A
Encontrar o valor da raiz quadrada de 5 com preciso de = 105.
Para encontrarmos 5 utilizamos a funo f(x) x2 5 , pois x 5 x2 5 0 . Notar que [a, b]
= [2, 3]. Tendo em vista que f(2) 0 e f(3) 0, ou seja, vale o Teorema de Bolzano.
Calculando em uma calculadora cientfica a 5, teremos 5 2,236067977 . Veja que o mtodo
dentro da preciso fornecida permite convergncia at a penltima casa decimal.

CLCULO NUMRICO 7

a i

b i

a b
x i i i
2

b a
i

f(a i ) f(x i )

2,00000000

3,00000000

2,50000000

0,50000000

1,250

2,00000000

2,50000000

2,25000000

0,25000000

0,0620

2,00000000

2,25000000

2,12500000

0,12500000

0,4843

2,12500000

2,25000000

2,18750000

0,06250000

0,1040

2,18750000

2,25000000

2,21875000

0,03125000

0,016

2,21875000

2,25000000

2,23437500

0,01562500

0,00058

2,23437500

2,25000000

2,24218750

0,00781250

0,0002

2,23437500

2,24218750

2,23828125

0,00390625

0,00007

2,23437500

2,23828125

2,23632813

0,00195313

0,000008

10

2,23437500

2,23632813

2,23535156

0,00097656

0,000024

11

2,23535156

2,23632813

2,23583984

0,00048828

0,000003

12

2,23583984

2,23632813

2,23608398

0,00024414

0,0000

13

2,23583984

2,23608398

2,23596191

0,00012207

0,00000

14

2,23596191

2,23608398

2,23602295

0,00006104

0,0000

15

2,23602295

2,23608398

2,23605347

0,00003052

0,000

16

2,23605347

2,23608398

2,23606873

0,00001526

0,000

17

2,23605347

2,23606873

2,23606110

0,00000763

0,0000

18

2,23606110

2,23606873

2,23606491

0,00000381

0,000

19

2,23606491

2,23606873

2,23606682

0,00000191

0,000

20

2,23606682

2,23606873

2,23606777

0,00000095

0,000

21

2,23606777

2,23606873

2,23606825

0,00000048

0,000

22

2,23606777

2,23606825

2,23606801

0,00000024

0,000

23

2,23606777

2,23606801

2,23606789

0,00000012

0,000

24

2,23606789

2,23606801

2,23606795

0,00000006

0,000

Portanto, a raiz valer x 2,23606795 0,00000006.

Exemplo 1B
Encontrar o valor da raiz cbica de 9 com preciso 107.
Sabemos que:
8 9 27 3 8 3 9 3 27 2 3 9 3

Utilizando a funo f(x) x 3 9, pois x 3 9 x3 9 0. Usaremos, ento, a1 2 e b1 3 pois

f(2) 0 e f(3) 0 valendo o Teorema de Bolzano. Utilizamos o programa Clculo e Anlise

Numrica, inserindo os dados como ilustra a figura seguinte:

CLCULO NUMRICO 8

Tela principal do programa Clculo e Anlise Numrica

Como resultado, teremos:

i

ai

bi

xi=(ai+bi)/2

f(xi).f(ai)

Ei=|biai|/2

xiEi

2,5

2,5

2,25

2,25

2,125

2,125

2,0625

2,0625

2,125

2,0625

2,078125

xi+Ei

0,5

0,25

2,5

0,125

2,25

0,0625

2,125

2,09375

0,03125

2,0625

2,125

2,09375

2,078125

0,015625

2,0625

2,09375

2,09375

2,0859375

0,0078125

2,078125

2,09375

2,078125

2,0859375

2,08203125

0,00390625

2,078125

2,0859375
2,08203125

2,078125

2,08203125

2,080078125

0,001953125

2,078125

10

2,080078125

2,08203125

2,0810546875

0,0009765625

2,080078125

2,08203125

11

2,080078125

2,0810546875

2,08056640625

0,00048828125

2,080078125

2,0810546875

12

2,080078125

2,08056640625

2,080322265625

0,000244140625

2,080078125

2,08056640625

13

2,080078125

2,080322265625

2,0802001953125

0,0001220703125

2,080078125

2,080322265625

14

2,080078125

2,0802001953125

2,08013916015625

6,103515625E5

2,080078125

2,0802001953125

15

2,080078125

2,08013916015625

2,08010864257813

3,0517578125E5

2,080078125

2,08013916015625

16

2,080078125

2,08010864257813

2,08009338378906

1,52587890625E5

2,080078125

2,08010864257813

17

2,080078125

2,08009338378906

2,08008575439453

7,62939453125E6

2,080078125

2,08009338378906

18

2,080078125

2,08008575439453

2,08008193969727

3,814697265625E6

2,080078125

2,08008575439453

19

2,08008193969727

2,08008575439453

2,0800838470459

1,9073486328125E6

2,08008193969727

2,08008575439453

20

2,08008193969727

2,0800838470459

2,08008289337158

9,5367431640625E7

2,08008193969727

2,0800838470459

21

2,08008289337158

2,0800838470459

2,08008337020874

4,76837158203125E7

2,08008289337158

2,0800838470459

22

2,08008337020874

2,0800838470459

2,08008360862732

2,38418579101563E7

2,08008337020874

2,0800838470459

23

2,08008360862732

2,0800838470459

2,08008372783661

1,19209289550781E7

2,08008360862732

2,0800838470459

24

2,08008372783661

2,0800838470459

2,08008378744125

5,96046447753906E8

2,08008372783661

2,0800838470459

25

2,08008378744125

2,0800838470459

2,08008381724358

2,98023223876953E8

2,08008378744125

2,0800838470459

CLCULO NUMRICO 9

Na calculadora cientfica,

9 2,080083823. Logo:

x 2,08008381724358 2,98023223876953E 8

Exemplo 1C
Encontrar, pelo mtodo da dicotomia, as razes do polinmio:
p(x) x5 6x 3 8x 1

Soluo: esboando o grfico do polinmio dado, observa-se que o mesmo tem 5 razes reais
no intervalo de [4, 4].
Grfico de f(x) gerado pelo programa Clculo e Anlise Numrica

Grf ico de p(x)

6
5
4
3

p(x)

2
1
0
-1
-2
-3
-4
-4

-3

-2

-1

Utilizando o programa Mathematica[2], podemos calcular as razes de um polinmio

com o auxlio do comando NSolve como ilustra abaixo:
NSolve[x^56x^3+8x+1 == 0,x]

Temos as solues: {{x>2.05411}, {x>1.2915}, {x>0.126515}, {x>1.55053},

{x>1.9216}}. Consideramos a preciso = 105. Vemos, atravs do grfico, que h uma raiz
em cada um dos intervalos [3, 2], [2, 1] e [1, 0] e duas no intervalo [1, 2]. Calculemos
uma delas neste ltimo intervalo e tambm a localizada em [2, 1]:

CLCULO NUMRICO 10

(a) [1, 2]
i

ai

bi

xi=(ai+bi)/2

f(xi).f(ai)

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,5

1,53125

1,546875

Ei=|biai|/2

xiEi

xi+Ei

1,5

1,75

0,5

0,25

1,5

1,75

1,625

0,125

1,5

1,75

1,625

1,5625

1,5625

1,53125

0,0625

1,5

1,625

0,03125

1,5

1,5625

1,5625

1,546875

1,5625

1,5546875

0,015625

1,53125

1,5625

0,0078125

1,546875

1,5625

1,546875

1,5546875

1,55078125

0,00390625

1,546875

1,5546875

1,546875

1,55078125

1,548828125

0,001953125

1,546875

1,55078125

10

1,548828125

1,55078125

1,5498046875

0,0009765625

1,548828125

1,55078125

11

1,5498046875

1,55078125

1,55029296875

0,00048828125

1,5498046875

1,55078125

12

1,55029296875

1,55078125

1,550537109375

0,000244140625

1,55029296875

1,55078125

13

1,55029296875

1,550537109375

1,5504150390625

0,0001220703125

1,55029296875

1,550537109375

14

1,5504150390625

1,550537109375

1,55047607421875

6,103515625E5

1,5504150390625

1,550537109375

15 1,55047607421875

1,550537109375

1,55050659179688

3,0517578125E5

1,55047607421875

1,550537109375

16 1,55050659179688

1,550537109375

1,55052185058594

1,52587890625E5

1,55050659179688

1,550537109375

17 1,55052185058594

1,550537109375

1,55052947998047

7,62939453125E6

1,55052185058594

1,550537109375

18 1,55052185058594

1,55052947998047

1,5505256652832

3,814697265625E6

1,55052185058594 1,55052947998047

x 1,5505256652832 3,814697265625E 6

(b) [2, 1]
i

ai

bi

xi=(ai+bi)/2

f(xi).f(ai)

Ei=|biai|/2

xiEi

xi+Ei

1,5

0,5

1,5

1,25

0,25

1,5

1,5

1,25

1,375

0,125

1,5

1,25

1,375

1,25

1,3125

0,0625

1,375

1,25

1,3125

1,25

1,28125

0,03125

1,3125

1,25

1,3125

1,28125

1,296875

0,015625

1,3125

1,28125

1,296875

1,28125

1,2890625

0,0078125

1,296875

1,28125

1,296875

1,2890625

1,29296875

0,00390625

1,296875

1,2890625

1,29296875

1,2890625

1,291015625

0,001953125

1,29296875

1,2890625

10

1,29296875

1,291015625

1,2919921875

0,0009765625

1,29296875

1,291015625

11

1,2919921875

1,291015625

1,29150390625

0,00048828125

1,291992187

1,291015625

12 1,29150390625

1,291015625

1,291259765625

0,000244140625

1,29150390625

1,291015625

13 1,29150390625

1,291259765625

1,29138183593

0,0001220703125 1,29150390625

14 1,29150390625 1,2913818359375 1,2914428710937

6,103515625E5

1,291259765625

15 1,29150390625 1,29144287109375 1,2914733886718

3,0517578125E5 1,29150390625 1,2914428710937

16 1,29150390625 1,2914733886718 1,2914886474609

1,52587890625E5 1,29150390625 1,2914733886718

17 1,29150390625 1,2914886474609 1,2914962768554

7,62939453125E6 1,29150390625 1,2914886474609

18 1,29150390625 1,2914962768554 1,2915000915527

3,81469726562E6 1,29150390625 1,2914962768554

1,29150390625 1,2913818359375

x 1,2915000915527 3,814697265625E 6