Review Questions

1. What do you understand by TV standards? Why are these standards different in different

countries? Television standards consists of a set of specification for transmission of TV Programs. Broadly speaking these specification pertain to the scanning process, colour encoding system, composite video signal, modulation methods, bandwidth, intercarrier frequency, channel width and radio frequency spectrum utilisation, etc. Because different of electric main frequency in each country, the historical development of the standard system tv, politics, etc.
2. Compare TV standards used in Indonesia, England, France and USA in respect to scanning

specification, video bandwidth, video modulation, audio modulation, intercarrier frequency, colour system, sub-carrier and chroma modulation.
Item CCIR-B 5 Mhz AMDSB (VSB) FM 5,5 Mhz CCIR-I 5,5 Mhz AMDSB (VSB) FM 6 Mhz CCIR-L 6 Mhz AMDSB (VSB) AM 6,5 Mhz CCIR-M 4,2 Mhz AMDSB (VSB) FM 4,5 Mhz

scanning specification video bandwidth

video modulation audio modulation intercarrier frequency colour system sub-carrier chroma modulation

AMSC (VSB)

AMSC (VSB)

AMSC (VSB)

AMSC (VSB)

3. Give detailed specification of CCIR-B standards in respect to scanning, blanking pulse, CVS

amplitudes, bandwidths and IFs. Video Scanning No. of scanning lines per frame Trace time per line Horizontal blanking period Total scanning time of one line No. of lines lost in vertical retrace Interlace ratio Aspect ratio 625 52 s 12s 64 s 20 per field 2:1 4:3

Horizontal blanking pulse Front porch H-sync pulse Back porch Colour burst signal Time of rise and fall of edges of pulses

1,5 s 4,7 s 5,8 s 10 cycles of subcarrier frequency, swinging between 45 about - (B-Y) signal 0,3 s

Vertical blanking pulses Total duration Front portion Back portion V-sync pulse Pre-equalising pulses during the front portion of V-sync pulse Pre-equalising pulses during the back portion of V-sync pulse Serration (slots) Width of each slot Width of each serrated pulse

1280 s 160 s 960 s 160 s 5 pulses each of 2,35 s width 5 pulses each of 2,35 s width 5 4,7 s 27,3 s

Amplitude of baseband components in terms of percentage of carrier amplitude Sync top 100% Blanking pedestal 75% Black level 72-75% White level 10% Frequency spectrum bandwidths and modulation Width of video baseband signal Location of video carrier Colour sub-carrier Chroma signal bandwidth (with respect to colour subcarrier) Video IF Audio IF Intercarrier frequency (SIF) Audio carrier Audio Modulation Frequency deviation for sound Video modulation

5 Mhz After 1,25 MHz of the start of the channel 4,43 Mhz -1,3 Mhz to +0,57 Mhz (for both colour-difference signals, U and V) 38,9 Mhz 33,4 Mhz 5,5 Mhz before 0,25 Mhz of the end of channel FM 50 kHz AMDSB (VSB)

Modulation for chroma Total channel width in VHF Total channel width in UHF

AMSC (VSB) 7 Mhz 8 Mhz (in CCIR G)

4.

What do you understand by NTSC, PAL and SECAM systems? Where were they developed? Name three other countries which use each of these systems.
NTSC, named for the National Television System Committee is the analog television

system that is used in most of North America, parts of South America (except Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and French Guiana), Myanmar, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, and some Pacific island nations and territories. Most countries using the NTSC standard, as well as those using other analog television standards, are switching to newer digital television standards, of which at least four different ones are in use around the world. North America, parts of Central America, and South Korea are adopting the ATSC standards, while other countries are adopting or have adopted other standards. In NTSC, 60 fields are transmitted each second. Each frame is made up of 525 individual scan lines. NTSC is developed in USA.
PAL, short for Phase Alternating Line is the predominant video system or standard

mostly used overseas. In PAL, 25 frames are transmitted each second. Each frame is made up of 625 individual scan lines. PAL system is used in Afghanistan, Indonesia, India, etc. PAL is developed in Germany.
SECAM, also written SCAM (Squentiel couleur mmoire, French for "Sequential

Color with Memory"), is an analogue color television standard from France that was officially introduced in 1967. Although development began in 1956, it took time to convert from the earlier French 819-line system. SECAM broadcasts 25 interlaced frames per second (50 half frames per second) at 625 lines of resolution, 576 of which are the image. Used in France, Russia, Africa, Eastern Europe and the Middle East, some of the countries have since switched from SECAM to PAL or from SECAM to digital TV. Production equipment for SECAM is no longer made, and work is done in component video systems that support 576 scan lines and converted to SECAM for broadcasting. Some TV sets in SECAM countries may be able to accept PAL and NTSC signals as

well. SECAM system is used in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Iraq, etc. SECAM is developed in France.
5. What type of modulations are used to get chrome signal in NTSC, PAL and SECAM

systems? Write down the chroma system bandwidth used in CCIR-G and CCIR-M systems. 6. Draw complete radio frequency spectrum for NTSC system for the TV channel starting from 174 Mhz?
7. Draw complete RF spectrum for 5th channel of CCIR-B system used in Indonesia.