MORAL STUDIES

A. INTRODUCTION 1) Moral: - Latin [mores] - Also known as manners / norms 2) Ethics: - Greek [ethos] - Study of morality

8) Deontic Moral Judgment: - Evaluate behavior without consider consequences of action 9) Aretaic Moral Judgment: - Evaluate behavior by consider persons characteristics

10) Types of values: - Instrumental value: 3) Philosophy: = Accept / reject quality to attain goal - Doctrine [Belief] - Intrinsic value: = Accept / reject quality without consider 4) Importance: consequences - Maturity - Subjective value: - Judge / Reason / Act = Accept / reject quality based on persons view B. BASIC ETHICAL CONCEPT AND TYPES - Objective value: OF VALUES = Accept / reject value by study / research - Relative value: 1) Statement: = Accept / reject value based on rules - Message that express judgment imposed by society - Absolute value: 2) Value: = Not influence by norms of society - Quality to accept / reject certain matters C. MORAL AGENT 3) Value Judgment: - Ability to make judgment 1) Moral agent: - Capable of moral evaluation 4) Types of statement: - Normative statement 2) Criteria of moral agent: - Descriptive statement - Moral Content - Moral Form 5) Normative statement: - Moral Dimensions - Statement that contain value 3) Moral Content: 6) Descriptive statement: - Societal rules: - Known as non-normative statement = Improve living standards - Not concerned with judgment of moral = Develop intellectually values = Protect human life - Human characteristics: 7) Types of judgment: = Acquired from parental upbringing / - Deontic judgment religious education / moral instruction - Aretaic judgment

4) Moral Form: - Principalistic ethics: = Law that avoids unrest among people - Altruism ethics: = Provide needs of others - Situational ethics: = Absolute standards consider less important than requirement of particular situation [May contradict] 5) Moral Dimensions: - Reasoning [Head] - Feeling [Heart] - Performance [Hand] 6) Moral Conflict: - Differences may cause conflict - Ethnocentrism: = Group feels greater than other - Communalism: = Group members show respect to - respective people only 7) Forms of conflict: - Collective conflict: = Large number of people under conflict - Individual conflict: = Involves individual / other party 8) Strategies in resolving: - Fraenkel Approach: = Conflict = Choice = Effects = Results = Judgment = Decision - Coomb Approach: = Conflict = Identify = Gather fact = Evaluate fact = Relevance = Decide = Test moral principle

- Cognitive Moral Development: = Level 1 [Pre-conventional]: + Punishment + Satisfy need = Level 2 [Conventional]: + Good behavior + Authority = Level 3 [Post-conventional]: + Social contract with legalistic + Universal ethical principles - Strategy of Hierarchy Building: = Consider order of value [Based on importance] = May not guarantee fundamental value - Strategy of Dissolution: = Develop alternatives to avoid problem = Built upon flexibility at all levels - Strategy of Compromise: = Everyone to agreed benefits = Everyone ranked equally = Not all values be achieved D. ETHICAL THEORY AND CRITICSM 1) Social Morality Theory: - Protect member of society - Ensure harmony - Understand: = Biological Organism = Norms = Mores = Sanction 2) Biological organism: - Society part of inter-related parts 3) Norms: - Required behavior for person 4) Mores: - Moral values to be obeyed in society 5) Sanctions: - Punishment when breached

6) Weakness of Social Morality Theory: - Freedom decreases - Differences in customs / law 7) Types of virtue: - Intellectual virtue: = Ability to reason - Moral virtue: - Dispose to act well [Through repetition] 8) Teleological Moral Theory: - Base moral judgment on Consequences 9) Types of teleological theory: - Utilitarian - Egoism 10) Utilitarian: - Usefulness - Act that is useful in bringing good end - Based principles: = Principle of Utility = Principle of Greatest Happiness 11) Egoism: - Unselfishness - Types of egoism: = Psychological egoism = Ethical egoism 12) Psychological egoism: - Describe behavior of person - Holds people are selfish 13) Ethical egoism: - State people sought to seek for own interest 14) Deontological theory: - Action dont depend on consequences - Greek [duty] 15) Types of Deontology: - Act Deontology: = Moral integrity to determine what to be done - Rule Deontology: = Maintain ethical judgments

16) Concept of goodwill: - Unconditional good in performance of action 17) Principle of Categorical Imperative: - Command must be free from any conditions - Three elements: = Principle must be generally accepted = Action taken with respect = People involved treated as per rules set 18) Principle of Existentialism: - Values stem from free choice of individual RELIGION A. INTRODUCTION 1) Religion: - Belief / faith of teachings - Comprehend history / culture of others - Live in harmony 2) Major religions: - Christianity [Christians] - Islam [Muslims] - Hinduism [Hindus] - Buddhism [Buddhists] - Taoism [Taoists] - Confucianism [Confucianists] - Sikhism [Sikhs] B. CHRISTIANITY 1) The Ten Commandments: = Worship no other gods = Do not make any idols = Do not say Lords name in vain = Honor the Sabbath = Honor father / mother = Do not lie = Do not steal = Do not commit adultery = Do not covet neighbor = Do not covet neighbors possessions

C. BUDDHISM 1) History of Siddharta Gautama: - Born in royal family of Nepal - Kept in palace until age of 29 - Visited neighboring villages - Faced reality of old age, sickness, death - Seek religious enlightenment - Refuted Hinduism 2) Four Noble Truths: - Life is full of suffering - Cause of suffering is ignorance - Stopping desire will stop sufferings - 8 Fold Path is best way to stop suffering 3) Eight Fold Pathway: - Right Belief - Right Intention - Right Speech - Right Action - Right Livelihood - Right Effort - Right Mind - Right Concentration 4) Weakness: - No God - Attain nirvana [Individual will not be - born again] is personal - Buddha is not God - Others may worship Buddha as god D. CONFUCIANISM 1) Introduction: - Educational philosophy - Thought by Confucius 2) Ethical teachings: - ren [Kindness] - shu [Tolerance] - chung [Awareness] - li [Courteous] - yi [Carry out responsibility] - ming [Trying to carry out action regardless of outcome] - xiao [Piety] - zhi [Honesty]

E. TAOISM 1) Introduction: - Based on teaching of Lao Tze - Stress on being in harmony with world 2) Main Concepts: - Dao sheng yi - Yi sheng er - Er sheng san - San sheng wan wu 3) Dao sheng yi: - Dao creates one - Actions are neutral [Not forced] 4) Yi sheng er: - One creates two - Harmonious condition - Give rise to yin and yang 5) Er sheng san: - Two creates three - Interaction of yin and yang, produces three matters: = tian [Heaven] = di [Earth] = ren [Human Beings] 6) San sheng wan wu: - Three creates all creatures - Tian, di, ren creates all in the universe F. HINDUISM 1) History: - Original name is Sanathana Dharma - Spread through literature / folklore 2) Beliefs: - Karma [Action-effect] - Vedas - Reincarnation - Believe in 1 God 3) Vedas [Scriptures]: - Rigveda - Samaveda - Yajurveda - Atharvanaveda

4) Moksha: - Stage of high spiritual freedom - No longer bound to life / death 5) Social order: - brahmana [Religious people] - kshatriya [Administrators] - vaishya [Farmers] - shudra [Slaves] 6) General Principles [According to Swami Vivekananda]: - Each soul is potentially divine - Divinity achieved through worship in man - Education [Manifestation of perfection] - Divinity [Manifestation of divinity] - Serving man is serving God 7) Hindu Gods: - God Brahman [Could appear in three deities]: = Deity Brahma [Gives birth to all things] = Deity Vishnu [Save human from suffer] = Deity Siva [Brave] 8) Weakness: - Hindu extremism - Caste system of discrimination - No certain to attain union with Brahma - Rest are doomed to repeat cycle 9) Festivals: - Thaipusam: = Showing gratitude to God - Deepavali: = Celebrate victory of good over evil

G. SIKHISM 1) History: - Means of creating harmony between Hinduism / Islam 2) Ten Gurus - Guru Nanak Dev - Guru Anggad Dev - Guru Amar Das - Guru Ram Das - Guru Arjan Dev - Guru Hargobind - Guru Har Rai - Guru Har Krishnan - Guru Teg Bahadur - Guru Gobind Rai 3) Identity of Sikh: - Kesh [Uncut hair] - Kara [Steel bangle] - Kashehra [White shorts] - Kanggha [Comb] - Kirpan [Sword] 4) Khalsa: - Child at birth not consider Khalsa even when parents are Sikhs - Only when grows, understand rules and receives Amrit [Sugar water] 5) Beliefs: - One immortal being - Ten Gurus - Wearing five symbols of Sikhs - Abolishment feeling of Caste system 6) Teaching based on Holy Book: - Need for human development - Existence of soul - Humans must open their minds 7) Vasakhi Day: - Establishment of the Khalsa community

H. ISLAM 1) Introduction: - Islam [peace] - Followers [Muslims] - Holy Book [The Holy Quran] 2) The Only God: - Allah [Have other names] - Submit to one God [Live in peace with creator] 3) Muhammad: - Holy Prophet - Entrusted with Message of Islam 4) Sources of Islam: - Legal sources are Holy Quran / Hadiths [Prophets sayings] - Sunnah [Prophets deeds] - Fatwa [Islamic rulling issued by Muslim authority] 5) Principles / Teachings of Islam: - Oneness of God - Oneness of Mankind - Oneness of Messages - Angels and Day of Judgment - Innocent of Man at birth - State and Religion 6) Five Pillars of Islam: - Syahadah (Declaration) [Bearing witness to God - Prayers 5 times a day - Payment of Zakat [2.5% per annum] - Fast of Ramadhan - Performing of Hajj 7) Six Faiths of Islam: - Believe in Allah - Believe in Angels - Believe in Inspired Books - Believe in Prophets - Believe in Last Day - Believe in Fate

8) Festivals: - Hari Raya Puasa - Hari Raya Haji - Maal Hijrah [Awal Muharram] = Holy Prophet migrate from Makkah to Medina - Maulidul Rasul = Phophet Muhammads Birthday