CHAPTER 20 COORDINATION 20.

1 NERVOUS SYSTEM

SUB-TOPIC
20.1 Nervous system 20.2 Mechanism of muscle contraction 20.3 Hormones in mammals 20.4 Hormones in plants

OBJECTIVES
(a)Describe the organization of the nervous system. (b)Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

OBJECTIVES
(d)Describe the structure of synapse and explain the mechanism of synaptic transmission across synapses. (e)Compare the transmission of impulse at the synapse and along the axon. (f) Explain the mechanism of action of drugs on the nervous system.

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
The basic unit of the nervous system neuron
Dendrites receive stimuli Nerve cell body @ nucleus transmits the stimuli Axon transmits the impulse to another dendrite

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
Sensory neurons or receptors receive a stimulus from:
ears eyes nose skin mouth - hearing - sight - smell - touch - taste

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE : What is it?

Can be found inside my head.
Makes my body work. Makes me think and feel. Makes sure our hearts keep beating and our lungs keep working without us having to think about it. Part of it makes our muscles work. The biggest part of it makes us think, see, hear, feel and taste. Answer: Brain

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE : What is it?

We each have a backbone, called a spine. It can be found in the spine. It joins the brain at the top of our neck. All through our body there are nerves which connect to it. This is called the nervous system. Messages from the nerves travel to it, which sends them to the brain. Neurons are long, wiry cells that carry electrical messages through the nervous system and the brain. Answer: Spinal cord

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous Central Nervous System (CNS) System (CNS) Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) System (PNS)

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) (CNS) Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) (CNS) Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous Central Nervous System (CNS) System (CNS) Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) System (PNS) Motor Neurons Motor Neurons Sensory Sensory Neurons Neurons

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) (CNS) Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Motor Neurons Motor Neurons Sensory Neurons Sensory Neurons

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous Central Nervous System (CNS) System (CNS) Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) System (PNS) Motor Neurons Motor Neurons Sensory Sensory Neurons Neurons

Somatic Nervous Somatic Nervous System System (voluntary) (voluntary)

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System (involuntary) (involuntary)

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) (CNS) Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Motor Neurons Motor Neurons Sensory Neurons Sensory Neurons

Somatic Nervous System Somatic Nervous System (voluntary) (voluntary)

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System (involuntary) System (involuntary)

THE ORGANIZATION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

The Nervous System The Nervous System Central Nervous Central Nervous System (CNS) System (CNS) Brain Brain Spinal Cord Spinal Cord Peripheral Nervous Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) System (PNS) Motor Neurons Motor Neurons Sensory Sensory Neurons Neurons

Somatic Nervous Somatic Nervous System System (voluntary) (voluntary) Sympathetic Sympathetic Division Division

Autonomic Nervous Autonomic Nervous System System (involuntary) (involuntary) Parasympathetic Parasympathetic Division Division

A General Sense the

pathway of the nervous system

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Made up of highly specialized cells whose function is to:
Receptors Receive stimuli Convert the stimuli into electrical impulses Transduction Transmit the impulses Effectors to
Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

Sensory receptor Sensory input

Motor input

Motor neuron Sensory neuron Brain & spinal cord Effector Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Central nervous system (CNS)

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Central Nervous System (CNS)
Receives & processes information Initiates action Consist of:
Brain Spinal cord
Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

THE NERVOUS SYSTEM

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
Outside of the brain and spinal cord Transmit signals between CNS & the rest of the body

Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

Can be divided into:
. Sensory Neuron Conducts impulses from receptors to the CNS Informs the CNS of the state of the body interior and exterior . Motor Neuron Conducts impulses from CNS to effectors (muscles/glands)
Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

1 Sensory

receptor

2 Sensory neuron

Brain

Ganglion

3
Motor neuron Quadriceps muscles Spinal cord

Interneuron

CNS Flexor muscles Nerve PNS

Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

Figure 28.1B

Motor Neurons Divided into:

. Somatic Nervous System Controls voluntary movements Activates skeletal muscles

Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

. Autonomic Nervous System Controls involuntary responses

Heart rate, peristalsis, sweating, respiration

Actions are controlled in the medulla and the hypothalamus in the brain Influences organs, glands, & smooth muscles

Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

Autonomic Nervous System

Consist of 2 types of neurons: Preganglionic neuron Clusters of Cell body in CNS neurons Myelinated Projects to the autonomic ganglion Postganglionic neuron Cell body in autonomic ganglion Unmyelinated Projects to the effector

Objective: (a) Describe the organization of the nervous system

Autonomic Nervous System

2 divisions:
Sympathetic Fight or flight Energetic and stressful activities Primes body for intense skeletal muscle activity
Objective: (b) Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

Parasympathetic Rest and digest Leisure and maintenance activities Digestion, defecation, and diuresis

Objective: (b) Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system.

Antagonistic Control
Both act on the same target but often give antagonist effect

Eg: heart rate Sympathetic stimulation causes HR to increase Parasympathetic stimulation causes HR to decrease

PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION Brain

Constricts pupil Stimulates saliva production

SYMPATHETIC DIVISION

Eye Salivary glands

Dilates pupil Inhibits saliva production

Constricts bronchi Slows heart

Lung

Relaxes bronchi Accelerates heart

Heart

Adrenal gland

Spinal cord

Liver
Stimulates stomach, pancreas, and intestines

Stomach
Pancreas

Stimulates epinephrine and norepinephrine release Stimulates glucose release Inhibits stomach, pancreas, and intestines Inhibits urination Promotes ejaculation and vaginal contractions

Intestines
Stimulates urination Promotes erection of genitals

Bladder

Genitals

Figure 28.13

SUMMARY:

PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
Sensory receptors are in sense organs, such as eyes, ears, mouth, nose, skin and different regions of the brain respond to different signals. Sensory neurons carry messages toward the CNS from sensory receptors all over body. Sensory receptors act as energy transducers. A transducer is a device for converting a non-electrical signal into an electrical one. In this case, the electrical signal produced is the action potential of a nerve.
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

THE GENERATION OF NERVE RESTING POTENTIAL AND ACTION POTENTIAL All living cells have an electrical charge difference across their cell surface membrane
Due to the difference in the concentration of ions on the outside and inside of a cell Known as Membrane Potential

Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

Resting Potential

The membrane potential of a neuron that is not transmitting signals

Depends on the ionic gradients exist across the plasma membrane of the neuron Develops when the charge is more negative within the cell than from the outside The voltage measured across the plasma membrane is about -70 mV
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

Resting potential is caused by the cell Resting Potential membranes ability to maintain
Voltmeter

a +ve charge on its OUTER surface a -ve charge on its INNER (cytoplasmic) surface

Plasma membrane 70 mV

Microelectrode outside cell

Microelectrode inside cell

Axon

Neuron

Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

Resting Potential Inside the neurons,

The membrane potential of a neuron that is not transmitting signals

Higher K+ ions concentration Lower Na+ ions concentration

Outside the neurons,

Higher Na+ ions concentration Lower K+ ions concentration
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

Resting potential is generated and maintained with help from

Active transport Sodium-potassium pumps Pump K+ into the cell and Na+ out of the cell
OUTSIDE OF CELL
Na+ Na+ channel Plasma membrane K+ channel K+ K+ K+ K
+

K+ Na+

Na+

Na+ Na+

K+ Na+ Na+ Na+

Na+ Na+

Na+ Na+

K+

Na+ - K+ pump

Na+ Protein K+

K+ K+

K+

Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

INSIDE OF CELL

K+

K+

Passive transport (diffusion) Passive ions channels (Na+ and K+)

OUTSIDE OF CELL
Na+ Na+ channel Plasma membrane K+ channel K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ K+ Na+ K+ Na
+

Na+ Na+

K+ Na+ Na+ Na+

Na+ Na
+

Na+ Na+

Na+ - K+ pump

Na+ Protein K+

K+ K+

K+

K+

INSIDE OF CELL

Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

Passive K+ ion channel Most common type of passive ion channel Neuron membrane is highly permeable to K+ ions Passively diffuse out according to the concentration gradient Potassium ion pumped into (active transport) the neuron can diffuse out
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

Passive Na+ ion channel Allows a slow diffusion of Na+ ions into the membrane Permeability to Na+ ions is lower than to the K+ ions Na+ ions pumped out of the neuron cannot easily pass back into the cell This results in the resting potential condition or the :

POLARIZATION STAGE
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

During resting potential: Sodium-potassium pump Pump Na+ out and K+ in actively Passive ions channels Pumps more K+ out than Na+ passively Voltage-gated ions channels CLOSED
Objective: (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon.

Na+

NEXT LECTURE

K+

Na+

3 Additional Na+ channels open,

K+ channels are closed; interior of cell becomes more positive. Na+ Action potential 3 2 4 1

K+

4 Na+ channels close and

inactivate. K+ channels open, and K+ rushes out; interior of cell more negative than outside.

Na+

2 A stimulus opens some Na+

channels; if threshold is reached, action potential is triggered.

Threshold potential 1

5 The K+ channels close

5 relatively slowly, causing a brief undershoot.

Resting potential

Neuron interior
1 Resting state: voltage gated Na+
and K+ channels closed; resting potential is maintained.

Neuron interior

1 Return to resting state.

Figure 28.4