Hour4 20.2 Edit

CHAPTER 20 COORDINATION
20.2 The Mechanism of Muscular Contraction
PREVIOUS LESSON 20.1 Nervous System

(a)Describe the organization of the nervous system. (b)Explain the general role of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system. (c) Explain the generation of action potential, transmission and characteristic of nerve impulse along an axon. (d)Describe the structure of synapse and explain the mechanism of synaptic transmission across synapses. (e) Compare the transmission of impulse at the synapse and along the axon. (f) Explain the mechanism of action of drugs on the nervous system.
PREVIOUS LECTURE
OBJECTIVES
(a) Describe the structure of neuromuscular junction and explain impulse transmission at the junction (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere (c) Describe the mechanism of muscular contraction based on sliding filament theory
PRIOR KNOWLEDGE :
Neuromuscular Junction
STRUCTURE
A specialized form of synapse Found between the nerve terminals of a motor neuron and the muscle fibres
Objective: (a)Describe the structure of neuromuscular junction and explain impulse transmission at the junction
Motor end-plate
A region on each muscle fibre, where the axon of the motor neuron divides and form non-myelinated branches on the membrane cell surface
Postsynaptic membrane
The muscle cell membrane Has many deep folds called junctional folds
Sarcolemma
Skeletal Muscle
STRUCTURE Muscle fiber cytoplasm Sarcoplasm Internal membranes Actin (thin filament) Myosin (thick filament) Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Myofibrils
Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Sarcolemma
Muscle cell membrane
Myofibrils
Thread-like strands within muscle fibers Actin (thin filament) Troponin Accessory proteins Tropomyosin Myosin (thick filament)

Transverse tubules (T tubules)
Invagination of sarcolemma Extend transversely and surround each myofibril at A and I bands
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Made up of smooth ER Longitudinal interconnected tubules between the myofibrils

Terminal cisternae
Enlargement of the sarcoplasmic reticulum adjacent to the T tubule Store calcium ions
Terminal cisternae
Impulse Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction

An action potential arrives at the junction Ca2+ ions enter the synaptic knob Acetylcholine is released from the synaptic vesicles Acetylcholine diffuses across the synaptic cleft Depolarized the postsynaptic membrane of muscle cells
The action potential produced is propagated along the sarcolema A wave of depolarization spreads to the T tubules and the terminal cisternae Causing the Ca2+ channels to open Ca2+ ions diffuse from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm Triggers muscle contraction
Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere
The Sarcomere
The functional unit of the muscle Consist of thick and thin filaments between the 2 Z lines
Form alternating dark and light bands
The A band
Darkest band Overlapping thick and thin filaments Central dark line M line
Contains proteins to hold the thick filaments
The H band
Dark region A portion of thick filament only No overlapping
The I band
Light region Thin filaments only Has a Z line Contains protein Attachment site for the thin filaments
The distance between 2 Z lines represents 1 sarcomere
Structure of Sarcomere [contracted and relaxed stated]
A Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

MYOSIN Thick filament
Consist of myosin protein molecules Lie parallel to each other Structure:
Head 2 globular structures Extend away from the body of the myosin filament At rest (not contracting), ATP bound to the myosin
Objective: (c) Describe the mechanism of muscular contraction based on sliding filament theory
Myosin is an adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) An enzyme that splits ATP forming ADP and inorganic phosphate(Pi) Attach to specific sites on actin Operate like a hook Cross Bridges
Tail
Joins together with other myosin tails Forming the body of the thick filament
ACTIN
Structure:
Thin filament
Consist of 2 helical strands of actin molecules intertwined with 2 accessory proteins Tropomyosin Long thin strand Fits in the groove of the actin strands Covers the binding sites of myosin heads Troponin Positioned at regular intervals along tropomyosin Has Ca2+ ion binding sites
Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

The sliding filament theory
Muscle contracts when the thin and thick filaments slide past each other Formation of cross-bridges Reduction in the distance between Z-lines of the sarcomere
Muscle Contraction
At rest,
The tropomyosin blocks the myosin binding sites ATP is bound to the myosin Low energy configuration
When stimulated by the nerve impulse,

The wave of depolarization spreads over the muscle Passes from the sarcolemma into the T tubules
When the impulse reaches the vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum,

Ca2+ ions are released into the sarcoplasm Ca2+ ions concentration rises
Ca2+ ions bind to the troponin,

Change its conformation
Tropomyosin-troponin complex move to a new position on each actin molecule

Exposing the myosin-binding sites
ATP is hydrolysed to ADP + Pi

Energy released is transferred to the myosin head Changes shape to a highenergy configuration Myosin heads attach to the actin filament, Forming cross bridge
Cross-Bridge Formation in Muscle Contraction
ADP + Pi are released

Myosin head returns to its low-energy configuration The myosin head bends The actin filament is pulled towards the center of the sarcomere
ADP + Pi
Myosin head binds with ATP

Low-energy configuration Detaches from actin
Muscle Contraction
The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction
Summary of Muscle Contraction

Motor neuron releases acetylcholine Acetylcholine combines with receptors on muscle fiber Depolarization of sarcolemma Action potential spreads through T tubules Ca2+ released from sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ binds to troponin, causing conformational change
Troponin pushes tropomyosin away, exposing the myosin head binding site ATP attached to the myosin head is hydrolized Myosin head binds to exposed active site on actin filament forming cross bridge ADP and Pi released from myosin head Myosin head bend and actin filament pulled towards center of sarcomere Myosin head binds ATP and detaches from actin
NEXT LECTURE

Hour4 20.2 Edit

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Hour4 20.2 Edit

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

CHAPTER 20 COORDINATION

20.2 The Mechanism of Muscular Contraction

PREVIOUS LESSON 20.1 Nervous System

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Structure of Skeletal Muscle

Impulse Transmission at the Neuromuscular Junction

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

The distance between 2 Z lines represents 1 sarcomere

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

Structure of Sarcomere [contracted and relaxed stated]

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

A Skeletal Muscle Fiber

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

Objective: (b) Describe the structure of sarcomere

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

Mechanism of Muscle Contraction

When stimulated by the nerve impulse,

When the impulse reaches the vesicles of the sarcoplasmic reticulum,

Ca2+ ions bind to the troponin,

Tropomyosin-troponin complex move to a new position on each actin molecule

ATP is hydrolysed to ADP + Pi

Cross-Bridge Formation in Muscle Contraction

ADP + Pi are released

Myosin head binds with ATP

The Sliding Filament Model of Muscle Contraction

Summary of Muscle Contraction

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi