FORCED CONVECTION

AIM:
To conduct heat transfer in the available apparatus by using the convection phenomena and thereby Comparing the values of the theoretical and experimental heat transfer coefficient.

INTRODUCTION: Convection is a phenomenon of heat transfer between a fluid medium and solid surface. Convection is of two types. Natural or free convection Forced convection. The fluid medium generally used or water.

FORCED CONVECTION: For cases where the fluid is already in motion, heat conducted into the fluid will be transported away chiefly by fluid medium. These cases are known as forced convection. It requires a pressure gradient to drive the fluid motion opposite to gravity gradient to induce motion through buoyancy.

FACTORS INFLUENCING: Difference in temperature between two surfaces or medium. Density differences. External agency.

APPARATUS REQUIRED: The apparatus is modular and portable system having good degree of insulation in part of thermal and electrical shocks to trainers. It is made of mild steel, copper, plywood, stainless steel, enamel etc. It has the following basic components. Extra terminal Toggle switches System indicators Voltmeter Ammeter Thermocouple Temperature indicator

FORCED CONVECTION

FORCED CONVECTION: S.NO T1 TEMPERATUE T2 (C) T3 T4

FORMULA: Heat transfer coefficient(experimentally) : Q h = ---------- (W/m2c) ATm A = DL where, D Diameter of the pipe (mm ) L Length of the test section (mm )

(T2+T3 ) T = ------------ 2

(T1+T4) ---------2

where, T1 inlet temperature of air (C) T2 inlet temperature of oil (C) T3 outlet coil temperature (C) T4 outlet temperature of air (C) Q =VI where, V voltmeter readings (v) I ammeter readings (A) efficiency of the instrument

Heat transfer coefficient (theoretically) : 0.023NRe.08NPr.04 k hthe = ----------------------- (W/m2 C) D Where, NRe NPr K D Reynolds number Prandle number Thermal conductivity of air ( W/m C) Diameter of rod (m)

PRECAUTION: Keep the thermostat at zero volts before switching on and off the system. The equipment must have earth point. Multi channel temperature indicator, Selector switch knob must be handled safely and gently. Do not exceed voltmeter reading beyond 180 V and temperature of 150 C. PROCEDURE: Energize the system through 230 V, 50 Hz power supply keeping all switches in off position. Note whether the temperature indicator is giving fluctuation reading and these flux appear when voltage is below 200 V. Keep the dimmer stat at 75-100 % position where starting and decreasing gradually the temperature starts flowing only from 85-100 V, power input. Load dimmer stat through 50 V and 5A and allow the system warm up for few minutes. Constantly tabulate reading of temperature against steady power input of ammeter and voltmeter, till steady state is reached and calculations are made after setting steady state. Once the experiment is over the system must put off and allowed to cool down. Similarly by varying ampere and volts through dimmer stat, another set of observations can be made. INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS: Flow of water in condenser tubes. Fluid passing through the tubes of a heat exchanger. Cooling of internal combustion engine. Air conditioning insulation and nuclear reactor.

RESULT: For a given volt and current the overall heat transfer coefficient for the forced convection was calculated. By experimental method hexp = By theoretical method hthe =