Protection, Substation Automation, Power Quality and Measurement

6.2 Protection Systems

Calculation example The feeder conguration of g. 6.2-116 and the associated load and short-circuit currents are given. Numerical overcurrent relays 7SJ60 with normal inverse-time characteristics are applied. The relay operating times, depending on the current, can be derived from the diagram or calculated with the formula given in g. 6.2-117. The Ip / IN settings shown in g. 6.2-116 have been chosen to get pickup values safely above maximum load current. This current setting should be lowest for the relay farthest downstream. The relays further upstream should each have equal or higher current settings.

52M
51M

Operating time

52F
51F

52F
51F

0.2-0.4 Time grading Fault Fault inception detection

t 51F
Set time delay

t 52F
Circuit-breaker interruption time

Interruption of fault current

Overshoot*
t OS t 51M
Margin tM

The time multiplier settings can now be calculated as follows: Station C: For coordination with the fuses, we consider the fault in location F1. The short-circuit current Iscc. max. related to 13.8 kV is 523 A. This results in 7.47 for I / Ip at the overcurrent relay in location C. With this value and Tp = 0.05, an operating time of tA = 0.17 s can be derived from g 6.2-114. This setting was selected for the overcurrent relay to get a safe grading time over the fuse on the transformer low-voltage side. Safety margin for the setting values for the relay at station C are therefore: Pickup current: Ip / IN = 0.7 Time multiplier: Tp = 0.05 Station B: The relay in B has a primary protection function for line B-C and a backup function for the relay in C. The maximum through-fault current of 1.395 A becomes effective for a fault in location F2. For the relay in C, an operating time time of 0.11 s (I / Ip = 19.93) is obtained. It is assumed that no special requirements for short operating times exist and therefore an average time grading interval of 0.3 s can be chosen. The operating time of the relay in B can then be calculated.
Time grading

*also called overtravel or coasting time

trs = t51M t51F = t52F + tOS + tM Example 1 Oil circuit-breaker Mechanical relays Safety margin for measuring errors, etc. Example 2 Vacuum circuit-breaker Numerical relays Safety margin tTG =0.10 s + 0.15 s + 0.15 s = 0.40 s t52F = 0.10 s tOS = 0.15 s tM = 0.15 s tTG = 0.08 + 0.02 + 0.10 = 0.20 s t52F = 0.08 s tOS = 0.02 s tM = 0.10 s

Fig. 6.2-115: Time grading of overcurrent-time relays

A 13.8 kV 51 7SJ60

F4 B

F3 C

F2

13.8 kV/ 0.4 kV 625 kVA 5.0 %

Fuse: D 160 A L.V. 75

Load F1 Load Load

51 7SJ60

51 7SJ60

Station

Max. load A 300 170 50

ISCC. max* A 4,500 2,690 1,395 523

CT ratio 400 / 5 200 / 5 100 / 5

Ip / IN** Iprim*** A 1.0 1.1 0.7 400 220 70

I I / Ip = scc. max Iprim 11.25 12.23 19.93

A B

tB = 0.11 + 0.3 = 0.41 s 1,395 A Value of Ip / IN = = 6.34 (g. 6.2-116) 220 A With the operating time 0.41 s and Ip / IN = 6.34, Tp = 0.11 can be derived from g. 6.2-117.

C D

*) ISCC. max = Maximum short-circuit current = Relay current multiplier setting **) Ip / IN = Primary setting current corresponding to Ip / IN ***) Iprim

Fig. 6.2-116: Time grading of inverse-time relays for a radial feeder

322

Siemens Energy Sector Power Engineering Guide Edition 7.0