References: http://www.shl.uiowa.edu/services/ter/biological/agents/yersinia.xml http://www.cdc.gov/plague/ http://www.unbc.ca/nlui/wildlife_diseases_bc/plague.htm Collins, Frank. (1996). Medical Microbiology, 4th Edition.

Galveston: University of Texas Medical Branch

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Yersinia pestis
The bringer of the plague

ITS NOT JUST BUBONIC:

The types and symptoms of the big three

MORPHOLOGY:
Contrary to popular knowledge, Y. pestis infection in humans takes three main forms: Bubonic Plague Lymphatic System infection o Swollen lymph nodes, acral gangrene Septicemic Plague Blood Stream infection o Low blood pressure, diarrhea, nausea Pneumonic Plague Respiratory System o Hemoptysis, shortness of breath Gram Negative Plump bacillus shaped (Rod-like) Non-motile (While in host) Facultative anaerobe Bipolar Hairpin shape staining

TRANSMISSION & VECTORS

1. Flea bites: Y. pestis is most often transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. These fleas are maintained most often but not exclusively by rodents. 2. Contact with contaminated fluid or tissue: Often occurs when handling tissue or body fluids of a plague-infected animal.

LIFESTYLE:
Y. pestis bacteria are maintained and survived in a complex cycle involving rodents and fleas. Only when these cycles come into contact with Delete text and place photo here. humans directly does a primary outbreak occur. The two cycles (shown below) are the Wild Cycles (known as the Sylvatic Cycle) and the Urban Cycle. It demonstrates the relationship between the Y. pestis bacterium and rodents. Please note that these cycles are not restricted to rodents but to other animals as well. Infected cats, as an example, may aerosolize Y. pestis and infect their human owners.

3. Infectious droplets: When a person has

plague pneumonia they may cough droplets containing the plague bacteria into the air. These droplets are highly contagious and transmissible to humans.

THE BLACK DEATH

and finally it spread over all of England and so wasted the people that scarce the tenth person of any sort was left alive Geoffrey the Baker (Chronicon Angliae)

VIRULENCE (PATHOGENESIS)
Y. pestis high virulence is due to production of: yadBC gene invasion of epithelial cells Plasminogen activator degrades blood clots F1 and LcrV antigens antiphagocytes and so much more

HISTORICAL CONTEXT
During the middle of the 14 Century, one of the most devastating pathological catastrophes tore through the European continent. Known as the Great Pestilence or the Great Plague, the Black Death left an indelible mark on Europe, killing 30-60 percent of the population and reducing the world population by an estimated 75 million to 100 million people. The resultant loss to the working population of Europe led to permanent changes to religious, social and economic structure.
th

THE GOOD NEWS:

Enter Contact information 555 Street Address City, State 55555 Phone | 555.555.5555 Fax | 555.555.5555 www.website.com
Treatment in a modern world Untreated, Yersinia pestis is overwhelmingly fatal with a mortality rate close to 100%. Treatment and survival rely on early detection and accurate diagnoses. Several classes of antibiotics are effective including: Aminoglycosides Streptomycin Tetracyclines Fluorquinolone ciprofloxacin Antibiotics can also be assigned as prophylactics to prevent future infection for those at risk for exposure.

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Jonathan Tin

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