How many protons, neutrons and electrons are in the ions:

24

12

Mg2+

Z = atomic number = 12 = # p+ A = mass number = 24 = # p+ + no 24 = 12 + no no = 12 Intheneutralatom(Mg)#e=#p+ In the Mg2+ cation therehasbeenalossof2e #e=12 2 = 10 Z = atomic number = 9 = # p+ A = mass number = 19 = # p+ + no 19 = 9 + no no = 10 Intheneutralatom(F)#e=#p+ IntheFaniontherehasbeenagainof1e #e=9+1=10

19 9

L ecture 6 E lectronic Structure (C hapter 6)

Atomic Masses (Section 5.4 from last day) The Periodic Table (Sections 6.1- 6.2) Distribution of Electrons in an Atom (Sections 6.3-6.6)

For next day read Chapter 6 Sections 6.7 6.11

A reminder: Lab questions should be directed to your lab instructor Dr. Goyan
2

M ass of an A tom
A tomic M ass (weight) ex. one atom of 12C weighs 1.99 x 10-23 grams A tomic M ass Unit A M U a unit of mass, set relative to a standard mass definition: mass of 1 atom of
12C=12.00000amu

12.0000 amu = 1.99 x 10-23 grams 1 amu = 1.66 x 10-24 grams

3

A tomic M asses of the E lements

atomic masses of the individual elements are generally shown on the periodic table (under the element symbol) represents the average mass, in amu, of an atom of the element, considering the relative percent abundance of all the isotopes of that element A tomic mass of C given as 12.011 amu
12 C

98.98% 13 C 1.11% 14 C <0.01 %

12.000 amu x 0.9898 13.003 amu x 0.0111 14.003 amu x 0.0001

11.866 amu 0.144 amu 0.001 amu

4

W eighted average, atomic mass of C : 12.011 amu

T he Periodic T able of the E lements

Scanning T unnelling M icroscope Youcanseeelectrons

Nanotechnology
6

T he Periodic L aw
M endeleev (and M eyer) 1869 originally arranged all known elements in order of increasing atomic mass (now done in order of increasing atomic number Z) recognized a (periodic) repeating pattern of elements having similar chemical properties
Atomic number

1 H

2 He

3 Li

4 Be

17 18 19 20 9 10 11 12
F Ne Na Mg Cl Ar K Ca

arranged elements with similar properties in vertical columns noticedsomeelementsweremissingabletopredictexistence of elements that had yet to be discovered (and their properties)
7

T he Periodic T able T erminology

T he Modern Periodic T able elements listed in order of so that elements with similar chemical properties are grouped in vertical columns G roup a vertical column of elements ex. He, Ne, Ar etc. contains elements with similar chemical properties numberedIA,IIA,VIIIAandIB,IIB,VIIIB or 1-18 (IUPAC). We will use the Roman numeral system.

Period a horizontal row of elements elements are not related chemically numbered1,2,3,7
8

T he Periodic T able of the E lements

G roup Common Names IA IIA VIIA V IIIA

E lectronic Structure and the Periodic T able

periodic table organized by increasing atomic number (in neutral atoms) it is the number and ar rangement of the electrons around the nucleus that determine the chemical properties of an element elements in a Group show similarities in how their electrons are arranged within the atom The questions we seek to answer: Howareelectronshousedwithinanatom? How does the arrangement of electrons in an atom relate to the properties of that element?
10

Recall C haracteristics of E lectrons in A toms

E lectron subatomic particle with negative charge negligible mass and size located outside the nucleus moves rapidly in a volume that describes the size of the atom thehigheranelectrons , the higher its and thus the it can be from nucleus ,

11

E lectrons in A toms T he Bohr Model

SolarSystemmodel electronstravelinorbitsabout the nucleus electrons closest to the nucleus have lowest energy only certain energies allowed for the electron (energy is quantized) works well for 1 electron systems breaks down for atoms with more than 1 electron no longer the accepted model
12

electron

P+ no

nucleus

O rbits (energy levels)

T he Q uantum M echanical Model (Modern V iew)

the modern description of the electrons in atoms, the quantum mechanical model, comes from the mathematical solutions to the Schrdinger equation (a mathematical description of the behaviour of an electron in a hydrogen atom) the electron does not travel in a circular orbit we cannot say exactly where it is at any time but we can describe the probability of finding it somewhere within a defined region of space electrons within atoms are only allowed to have certain energies (i.e. electron energy is quantized) step versus ramp analogy:
E nergy Ground level (state) Q uantized Continuous
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A llowed E nergy L evels for the E lectron E lectron Shells

E lectron Shells E nergy main energy levels (the steps) electrons that are in the same shell -have approxi mately the same energy and -are approxi mately the same distance from the nucleus

shells are labelled by values of n, where

as n increases: the the

of the shell increases from the nucleus increases electrons

M aximum C apacity per Shell:

14

How many electrons can occupy each of the first four energy levels of the atom?
Theoretically there are an infinite number of electron shells (energy levels), but even the biggest atoms only use the first seven to accommodate all their electrons .

distance from the nucleus

n=4
n=3 n=2 n=1 Electron Shell Analogy: floors of an apartment building
15

Inside the E lectron Shell - E lectron Subshells

E lectron Subshells energy sub-levels within an electron shell subshells are labelled by the value of n, the shell to which they belong, and by a letter: s, p, d, ffor the specific subshell T he first shell (n=1) has only 1 subshellthe T he second shell (n=2) has 2 subshellsthe T he third shell (n=3) has 3 subshellsthe Thefourthshell(n=4)has4subshellsthe E tc. In general: in the n th shell there are n subshells relative energy of subshells:

(within the same shell)

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electrons in the same subshell have the same energy

Subshells found in the first four electron shells

Etc.
n=4 4 subshells 3 subshells 2 subshells 1 subshell -

n=3
n=2 n=1

Electron Subshell Analogy: apartments on a particular floor

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Inside the E lectron Subshell E lectron O rbitals

E lectron O rbitals
each subshell is further divided into orbitals: regions of space around the nucleus where an electron with a specific energy has thehighestprobabilityofbeingfound(electronclouds) All s subshells have a single s orbital All p subshells have three p orbitals All d subshells have five d orbitals All f subshells have seven f orbitals orbitals in the same subshell have the

each orbital can contain a maximum of

orbitals are labelled the same way as the subshell i.e. orbitals in the 3d subshell are called 3d orbitals

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Summary: E lectron Shells, Subshells and O rbitals (n=1 to n=4)

Etc.
Shell 4 4f 4d 4p

4 Subshells

4s
distance from the nucleus Shell 3 3 Subshells 3d 3p 3s

Shell 2

2 Subshells

2p 2s

Shell 1

1 Subshell

1s

shell (n)

n subshells

orbitals

subshell capacity

shell 19 capacity

Size and Shapes of E lectron O rbitals

Orbitals have a definite: Shape specifically related to the type of subshell Size related to the shell they are in

The three dimensional orbital shape is based on the region of space in which there is some probability of finding the electron
We will examine the shapes and energies of the orbitals of the s, p, d and f subshells

20

Shape of an s orbital
probability of finding an electron

probability of finding an electron

Electron density map of a 1s orbital

An electron density map of an orbital shows where the electron spends most of its time (where it is darkest)

21

Shapes of the p orbitals

px

py

pz

There are three p orbitals with different spatial orientations but equal energy: px , py , pz Each p orbital has two lobes
22

Shapes of the d O rbitals

There are five d orbitals - different spatial orientations but equal energy Most d orbitals have four lobes

Shapes of the f O rbitals very complex!

There are seven f orbitals all of equal energy

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E nergy and Size of E lectron O rbitals

As n increases the energy of the shell increases As n increases the of an orbital increases Why? If an electron has more energy, it can move further from the nucleus and therefore size of the orbital increases order of energy and size of orbitals: 1s 2s 3s 4s etc. 2p3p4p5petc. 3d4d5d6detc. 4f 5f Note orbitals within same subshell have the same size and energy: 2p x 2p y 2p z 3p x 3p y 3p z 25

O rbitals - a summary
An orbital : - is an electron cloud - defines the region where an electron is most likely to be found ie: where there is some probability of finding electron density

- probability (electron density) can vary depending on position in the orbital

high density, high probability low density, low probability ex. s orbital: region closest to the nucleus has highest electron density
26

O rbitals a summary

-shape of orbital depends on the subshell

-size and energy of orbital depends on the shell (n) 1s 2s 3s 4s.. 2p 3p 4p ..

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