PROJECT MANAGEMENT & ECONOMICS

SESSIONS 22 & 23 Time Analysis

TIME ANALYSIS
Time estimates of each activity indicates how long it takes to carry out various activities, and therefore completes the whole project. Time estimates are usually in terms of hours, days, weeks. It involves: calculation of the quantities of each activity; determination of the resources available; and determination of the output rate of each resource.
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

COMPONENTS OF TIME ANALYSIS (ES/EF/LS/LF + FLOAT)

Earliest and latest times of starting and finishing various activities, Floats - total, free, independent etc.
Latest start
Latest finish

TES TLS TEF TLF

Earliest start

j
d
Earliest finish

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

THE FORWARD PASS

A 2 E

G H

This is the earliest time by which an event can be achieved. It is the earliest time (TE) by which ALL THE PRECEDING ACTIVITIES merging into that event have been completed.

If d is the activity duration, TES is the earliest start time of the activity then the earliest start finish time of this activity is:

TEF = TES + d
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

FORWARD PASS
Early start TES
Early finish TEF

Late start TLS

Late finish TLF

If several activities lead to an event, the Earliest Event Time is fixed by the maximum duration. Total project time is given by the earliest event time for the final event
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

FORWARD PASS
2
A 0 2 B 6

E 4
D 1 F 3 J 8

H 13
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

FORWARD PASS
2 2 A 2 0 B 1 6 3 1 6 D 5 7 F 6 3 8 10 J 7 19

E
4

C 3 4 6

G 4

H
13

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

BACKWARD PASS
2 2 A 0 1 2 6 E 4 7 3

B 6
3 C

D 1

5 G

F 3

1 0 6

19

J 8

4 6

4
H 13

This is the latest time TLF at which ALL THE ACTIVITIES WHICH MUST IMMEDIATELY PRECEDE the event can be completed WITHOUT INCREASING THE OVERALL PROJECT DURATION. The latest start time duration.

TLS of an activity is its latest Finish time TLF minus its TLS = TLF - d

If two or more arrow tails converge in one event the minimum duration is used.
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

BACKWARD PASS
2 2 A 2 0 0 B 1 6 3 1 6 6 D 5 7 8 F 6 3 8 10 11 J 7 19 19 7

E
4

3
4 6 6

G 4

H
13

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

CRITICAL PATH
The overall duration of the project The longest path between start and end events Critical because any increase in the duration of any activity lying on it will increase the overall project duration. Activities and events lying on the critical path are called CRITICAL ACTIVITIES AND CRITICAL EVENTS.
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

REQUIREMENTS FOR DETERMINING THE CRITICAL PATH The requirements for a critical activity are therefore:

TES = TLS REQUIREMENT 2: TEF = TLF; REQUIREMENT 3: TLF - TES = d.

REQUIREMENT 1:
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

THE CRITICAL PATH

2 2 A 2 0 0 B 1 3 6 6 D 7 8 F 5 10 11 J 19 19 7 E 4

6 3 8

C 3 4 6 6

G 4 H 13

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

Critical Path
Vital for resource scheduling and allocation PM can reschedule events which are not on the critical path for accomplishment during other time periods when maximum utilisation of resources can be achieved, provided that the critical path time is not extended.
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

FLOAT
Float is spare time or leeway.

If an activity has float, it means that it can either be started at the early start time and complete by the early finish time or it can be started at the beginning late start time and completed by the late finish time. Whichever alternative is adopted, the overall project duration will be maintained.
If each event is achieved by its latest event-time, the overall project duration will be achieved. Activities on the CRITICAL PATH have no spare time or leeway, i.e THEIR FLOAT IS 0
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

TOTAL FLOAT
Total float for an activity i-j is the greatest period of time by which an activity can be delayed, or the amount by which its duration can be increased, without NECESSARILY causing a delay in subsequent activities or increase to the total project duration.
Total Float =

Latest succeeding event time - Earliest preceding event time - Duration

TFij = TLF - (TES + d) = TLF - TES - d

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

FREE FLOAT
Free float for an activity i-j is the greatest period of time by which an activity can be delayed without POSSIBLY causing a delay in subsequent activities providing the activity starts at its earliest time.
Free Float= Earliest succeeding event time - Earliest preceding event time - Duration

FFi j = TEF - (TES + d) = TEF - TES - d

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

INDEPENDENT FLOAT
The amount of spare time which can be used without affecting any succeeding activity which cannot be affected by any preceding activity.
Independent Float = Earliest succeeding event time - Latest preceding event time - Duration

IFi j = TEF - (TLS + d) = TEF - TLS - d

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

A B C E

FLOAT

FLOAT FLOAT

D F

FLOAT FLOAT

FLOAT

G H
FLOAT

Overlapping Activities
Many jobs/activities can overlap
e.g. in forming in-situ concrete columns to a floor steelfixing would begin first, then formwork, then concrete.

Split activities into sections say 1/3rds. Reinforcement / floor - 12 days Formwork / floor - 15 days Concrete / floor - 6 days
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

OVERLAPPING
1
Rft 4

Rft 4

Rft 4

Fwk

Fwk

Fwk

Conc

10

Conc

11

Conc

12

Incremental Technique
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

OVERLAPPING
0 1
Rft 4

4 2
Rft 4

8 3
Rft 4

12 4 14
Fwk 5 Fwk

4 3

Fwk 5

9 6

19 4 19 21
Conc

9 4

14
Conc

Conc

10

Incremental Technique
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

OVERLAPPING
0 1
Rft 4

4 2
Rft 4

8 3
Rft 4

12 4 14
Fwk 5 Fwk

4 5

Fwk 5

9 6

19 8 19 21
Conc

9 9

14
Conc

10

Conc

11

12

Incremental Technique
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

Lead and Lag Time

Lead Time: Part of activity which must be
done before following activity can start

Lag Time: Part of activity cannot begin until

the preceding activity have finished
A
Lead

B
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

Lag

OVERLAPPING
Reinforcement 12

4
Formwork 15

5
Concrete 6

Ladder Technique
DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA

Reinforcement Formwork Concrete

DR ASSEM AL-HAJJ, Univation, RGU Project Management and Economics. SITP-SPDC, NIGERIA