KATHMANDU UNIVERSITY

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

PROPOSAL
ON

DATA AGGREGATION IN WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS USING ANT COLONY ALGORITHM FOR ENERGY EFFICIENT WILDLIFE MONITORING

Prepared By:Binit K.C. [M.Tech. (IT)]

2nd Semester

October, 2012

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ABSTRACT

Wildlife management has today become a very important topic in terms of protection and preserving our wildlife system and overall balancing the ecosystem and preserving the core of the nature. And being an important area of which requires a lot of work to be done, and has become a priority for many countries and organizations around the world. One of the very basic idea surrounding wildlife management and most importantly for endangered species is a good understanding of a species behavior and habitat. With Nepal being a country with various diverse ecosystem, Nepal do possess various rare and endangered animals and those require constant monitoring so that their habitat can be learned to help them survive the harsh and unpredictable environment.

With the advent of technological field, the way the management is done has seen a great deal of changes and with the help of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), wildlife management system can be designed in such a way that there is minimum invading in their habitat so as to protect their habitat from external interfering. Since a full-fledged WSN requires lot of nodes to work as a wholesome network, and since the wildlife management process can be for longer period there is requirement for energy efficient WSN so that the research process can be carried out for longer period with full maximum utilization of the resources available.

Data aggregation is important in energy constraint wireless sensor networks which exploits correlated sensing data and aggregates at the intermediate nodes to reduce the number of messages exchanged network. An ant colony algorithm for data aggregation in wireless sensor networks provides an opportunity for energy efficiency. Artificial simulated ants will be used to simulate the real time activities that ant perform while searching for source of food or the path using pheromone trail and during this process every ant will explore all possible paths from the source node to the sink node. The data aggregation tree is constructed by the accumulated pheromone resulting in finding the shortest path between their nest and the food sources.

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INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover page Abstract List of Tables List of Figures Abbreviations and symbols

Page No.
i ii iv v vi

CHAPTER No. 1. 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7

Title INTRODUCTION Background Problem System Objectives Literature Review Significance Limitation Organization of Study

Page No. 1-8 1 3 3 4 6 7 7

2. 2.1 2.2 2.3 3. 3.1 3.2 3.3

METHODOLOGY Universe of Study Data Collection and Sampling Testing and Simulation CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION Conclusion Discussion Future Works

9-15 9 10 12 16-17 16 17 17 18

BIBLIOGRAPHY Appendix

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LIST OF TABLES

S. No. Table No. 1 2 3 Table 1 Table 2 Table 3

Caption of the Table Wildlife monitoring in Protective Areas of Nepal Pert Chart Division of work

Page No. 10 14 15

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LIST OF FIGURES

S. No. Figure Number 1 Figure 1

Caption of the Figure Ant Colony Optimization shortest path selection sample

Page No. 12

2 3

Figure 2 Figure 3

ACO algorithm Work Division of the Project

13 15

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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS

ACO APU BNP CNP CO DNPWC EIA GPS GPRS OS VHF WSN WWF

Ant Colony Optimization Anti Poaching Units Bardiya National Park Chitawan National Park Colony Optimization Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation Environment Investigation Agency Global Positioning System General Packet Radio Service Operating System Very High Frequency Wireless Sensor Network World Wildlife Federation

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CHAPTER 1

1.

INTRODUCTION

1.1) Background
Various project work have been done in co-ordination with the various organization involved in the work and has been solely concentrated on upgrading the information system currently available but not in an extended format. So to determine the behavior and location of wild animals, they need to be monitored in some way. So to track the animals the main idea is to use a WSN to track their movements and follow their tracks and try to protect their natural habitat and also help researchers to take the data collected and use the data to further help in their quest to provide a better protection to the animals and the natural landscape and environment of the habitat present.

Considerable research studies have been carried out in protected areas of Nepal over last three decades. Often, these studies are species oriented on selected endangered mammals and do not deliver conservation actions potentially to serve management needs. Comprehensive, multidisciplinary research approach and long term monitoring is scant at present and is of little conservation significance. Research policies, guidelines, prioritization and evaluation criteria are important facets for sound protected area management. Persistent concerted efforts are needed to make research and monitoring as an integral part of protected area management.

With various research being conducted still the available resources which have been widely used in various monitoring activities in other countries have not been widely adopted in regards to monitoring in Nepal and still lag a long way behind in terms of research works being carried out. Use of Wireless Sensor Networks can be applied in the field of wildlife monitoring with WSNs being composed of huge number of sensor nodes which can monitor the environment by collecting, processing as well as transmitting collected data to the remote sink node through direct or multihop transmission. 1|Page Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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With motes being powered with GPRS, Bluetooth, GPS modules, sensor boards, TinyOS and many more, there is a lot of possibilities which can be worked, with these features of the motes which goes in long way to carrying out the monitoring activities. The main concern regarding the sensor nodes is the fact that it is resource constrained and that is where data aggregation using ant colony optimization comes in since the tiny sensor nodes are powered by limited battery resources, energy efficiency is one of the primary challenges to the successful application of WSNs. Usually energy is consumed during three processes which are sensing, processing and communication process.

In ACO (Ant colony optimization) a colony of artificial ants is used to construct solutions guided by the pheromone trails and heuristic information. ACO was inspired by the foraging behavior of real ants. This behavior enables ants to find shortest paths between food sources and their nest. Initially, ants explore the area surrounding their nest in a random manner. As soon as an ant finds a source of food, it evaluates quantity and quality of the food and carries some of this food to the nest. During the return trip, the ant deposits a pheromone trail on the ground. The quantity of pheromone deposited, which may depend on the quantity and quality of the food, will guide other ants to the food source. The indirect communication between the ants via the pheromone trails allows them to find the shortest path between their nest and food sources. This functionality of real ant colonies is exploited in artificial ant colonies in order to solve Optimization problems. In ACO algorithms the pheromone trails are simulated via a parameterized probabilistic model that is called the pheromone model. The pheromone model consists of a set of model parameters whose values are called the pheromone values. The basic ingredient of ACO algorithm is a constructive heuristic that is used for probabilistically constructing solutions using the pheromone values. In general, the ACO approach attempts to solve a CO problem by iterating the following two steps:1. Solutions are constructed using a pheromone model, that is, a parameterized probability distribution over the solution space. 2. The solutions that were constructed in earlier iterations are used to modify the pheromone values in a way that is deemed to bias the search toward high quality solutions.

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1.2) Problem Statement

Natural habitats are vital for assuring sustainable development. Wild habitats are the repositories of biological diversity (biodiversity) which are the raw material for natural selection and adaptation. They provide myriad services that enrich and sustain human life with both tangible and intangible economic and social value. Biodiversity is especially important to South Asia which is home to 13 15% of the world's biodiversity and hosts some of the most charismatic and endangered species on Earth. Habitats across Bangladesh, Bhutan, India and Nepal are home to over 65% of the 3,000 or so remaining wild tigers and the Himalayas is the last redoubt of the critically endangered snow leopard, whose numbers are unknown. India is classified as a megadiverse country and the Himalayas. In Nepal basically various hunting, poaching and illegal trading of animals parts which are endangered are being conducted under a racket making it difficult for activists and those involved in protection a very hard time, so using the latest technology available a well deployed system can be used to make it better for the habitat monitoring of such animals. Poaching has become so intense that tigers have disappeared from many parks throughout Asia. Nowhere has the impact been greater than in India and Nepal which remain the bastions of tiger conservation. Nepal has emerged as the transit hub for the trade in illegal wildlife commodities destined for consumption in East China which is a very serious issue and have to be addressed very soon which can be done with the help of the monitoring system that can be well devised to pertain to the needs of such habitat in need of monitoring.

1.3) Objectives
The main objective of the research undertaken is to: To create an energy efficient wireless sensor network for wildlife monitoring To determine optimal in-network data aggregation points in sensor network using ACO algorithm To test the equipment and various application in co-ordination with the national park in small scale and then try a full-fledged project

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Keep track of the animals travels that are under study and, with immediate learning if they have fell prey to any mishaps naturally or artificially. Develop a fully functional, highly mobile, energy efficient sensing system that determines accurate positional data and can propagate it through the network. To design an optimized system to incorporate as maximum elements as possible for the tracking and usability of the information system as a whole

1.4) Literature Review

Scientists have used a variety of methods to track animal species. Before the 1960s, it was common practice to capture a small number of subjects, attach identifiers (i.e., tags or bands) to them, and release them back into the wild so that they could be tracked. Eventually, the animals were recaptured, or their remains were found, and the identifiers were retrieved. Generally speaking, this approach is cheap and can provide baseline information about the observed wildlife; however, the recovery rate is low and the accuracy is poor due to inevitable observation errors.

The first breakthrough in tracking technology occurred with the advent of radio telemetry. A radio telemeter, which consists of a Very High Frequency (VHF) transmitter, an antenna, and a power cell, is attached to the subject by a harness, a collar, glue, subcutaneous prongs, or surgical implants. Signals emitted by VHF transmitters are detected by using receivers with homing techniques or by applying triangulation-based techniques. Although these approaches can collect much more accurate information than previous methods, the radio telemeter system causes two additional problems: 1) the maximal lifespan of the system is limited by the battery capacity, which is also a common problem in the methods discussed below; and 2) the tracking range is limited by the radio range, which makes wildlife tracking extremely labor-intensive.

Currently, the US/French Argos system is the only functional satellite telemeter system, and it has been widely applied by many wildlife tracking projects. However, to transmit signals to satellites, the Argos system consumes much more power than radio telemeter based systems and thus has a shorter lifespan. Moreover, the 4|Page Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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operating cost is quite high - about USD 500 per animal per month.

The Great Duck Island (GDI) project addressed the requirements for habitat monitoring in general. Its proposed the architecture for monitoring seabird nesting environment and behavior. The deployed network consisted of 32 nodes on a small island off the coast of Maine streaming useful live data onto the web. The application driven design exercise served to identify important areas of further work in data sampling, communications, network re-tasking, and health monitoring. The Princetons ZebraNet Project is an inter disciplinary effort with thrusts in both Biology and Computer Systems to track zebra behavior at Mpala Research Centre, Kenya. ZebraNet team finally developed a fully functional, highly mobile, energy efficient sensing system that determines accurate positional data and can propagate it through the network. Several system level energy management techniques were deployed to reduce energy consumption. The hardware utilized a solar array to recharge the batteries. The system was first tested on January 12, 2004 where seven zebras, six females and one male were collared. Position logs were generated for these zebras. The area covered was around 36 square kms.

Jurdak et al. in their paper related to energy efficient localization for virtual fencing have specified that addresses the tradeoff energy consumption and localization performance in a mobile sensor network application. It focused on combining GPS location with more energy-efficient location sensors to bound position estimate uncertainty in order to prolong node lifetime. The focus was on an outdoor location monitoring application for tracking cattle using smart collars and using empiricallyderived models to explore duty cycling strategies for maintaining position uncertainty, within specified bounds.

Regarding the energy efficiency of the WSNs various works have been carried out in this field which includes Directed diffusion (DD) (Intanagonwiwat et al., 2003), which is a typical data-centric routing paradigm for sensor networks. It consists of four basic elements: interests, data messages, gradients, and reinforcements. In DD, a task, which is a list of attribute-value pairs, is flooded into the whole network as an 5|Page Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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interest for named data. A gradient is a direction state created in each node that receives an interest. Events start flowing toward the originator of interest along the established shortest path. Data from different sources are opportunistically aggregated. However, opportunistic aggregation on a low-latency tree is not efficient because data may not be aggregated on nodes near the sources. In-network data aggregation is an important in energy constraint sensor network which exploits correlated sensing data and aggregates at the intermediate nodes reducing the number of messages exchanged network. In data gathering application large amount of communication is reduced by in-network aggregation achieving maximum lifetime of network.

Optimal aggregation tree problem is NP-hard (Al-Karaki et al., 2004) which is equivalent to Steiner tree (Krishnamachari et al., 2002), weighted set cover (Intanagonwiwat et al., 2002) problems. Many researchers have made efforts on data aggregation in wireless sensor networks (Bhattacharjee and Das, 2007; Intanagonwiwat et al., 2002; Krishnamachari et al., 2002; Li et al., 2006; Misra and Mandal, 2006; Motegi et al., 2006).

In Li et al. (2006), their greedy algorithm constructs a multicast tree by iteratively adding source nodes to the existing tree until all the source nodes and the sink node are included. Initially, the tree includes only the sink node. Each time the algorithm finds a source node among the remaining source nodes, which is closest to the existing tree, it adds the shortest path between that source node and the existing tree to the tree. This process continues until all the source nodes have been included in the tree. In addition, in order to further reduce the computational complexity and improve the quality of the output solution, they design another heuristic approximation algorithm based on minimum spanning tree to construct the data aggregation tree.

1.5) Significance
In Nepal, the poaching and illicit trade of wildlife, particularly Asian big cats, is a major concern. In response, WWF is working with the Nepalese government to close down trade routes and transit markets for illegal wildlife through improved 6|Page Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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monitoring and enforcement. Each year, hundreds of millions of plants and animals are caught or harvested from the wild and then sold as food, pets, ornamental plants, tourist curios and medicine. While a great deal of this trade is legal and is not harming wild populations, a worryingly large proportion is illegal and threatens the survival of many endangered species. With the help of such monitoring system a fast measure can be taken in terms of protecting the endangered species. With such technological advent in recent times, the monitoring system can be moved on from the previously uncanny monitoring system that prevailed in Nepal can be replaced with simple and effective system for monitoring the wildlife and using energy efficient WSNs is a major step towards achieving what has till now been a difficult process regarding the wildlife monitoring.

1.6) Limitation
The main limitation associated with the study is the fact that the permission of the national park is the very core component that defines the entire project and the study itself that has been proposed. The other main limitation of the study which may influence the study during its progress is the technological aspect of the study, since the study itself is being carried out in the wild there may be some interference regarding the transmission of the signal and maybe need to be complied to its suitableness to the environment of the national park where the study will be conducted .The battery that will be used in the nodes will only have some specific lifetime and since it is that specific area which we are trying to concentrate on improving and hence the lifetime of the device thus used will be directly in consideration with the study being conducted. Secure access to the data must be maintained so as to avoid snooping and various other activities which the poachers or other people may use to their advantage and information thus gathered but it will be a long way before that can be achieved and the security part will have to be worked out from the beginning of the study being conducted.

1.7) Organization of Study

The introduction introduces briefly the various aspects of the research that will be carried out and covers the problem that the research is going to address along with 7|Page Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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relevant information about why this is an important problem along with background information, and the purpose of the study. The methodology and further topic covers around with the details of various sources of data and methods used to design the project with theoretical definition regarding various aspects of the project.

The summary, conclusion part of the report discusses about the overall work to be carried out the research and the testing carried out and also about the future work with respect to the project.

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CHAPTER 2 2. METHODOLOGY
2.1) Universe of Study
International trade of wildlife species and products is estimated to be worth USD 20 billion (Chungyalpa 1998). Despite strict legislation ensuring a poacher/trader 15 years' imprisonment or a fine of up to USD 1,300 (or both), trade has continued to flourish (Chungyalpa 1998). In 1991, WWF Nepal and the Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation (DNPWC) sought to identify deterrents to tiger and rhino poaching in the national parks. As a result, antipoaching units (APUs) were formed in Chitawan National Park (CNP) and Bardiya National Park (BNP). Although APUs were set up to reduce the level of poaching of tigers and rhinos, they quickly also became involved in monitoring the trafficking network of wildlife species and their products. Concerns have focused on the increasing trend of Nepal being used as a transit route by well-coordinated and well-financed organized groups with international links. The Environment Investigation Agencys (EIA) recent report The Tiger Skin Trail described Kathmandu as a staging point for illegal skins brought in from India to be sent to Tibet

Responding to the overwhelming concern of the global community and recent tiger conservation issues in India, WWF and TRAFFIC met to strategize on the emerging threats to endangered wildlife due to illegal trade and consumption. A 5-year action plan was drawn up to address issues at various sites in the trade chain. Nepal has been identified as a key player in the transit process. This proposal thus draws upon the action plan as well as on the national level priorities that have been identified as part of WWF Nepals experience of wildlife trade issues in Nepal.

Nepal is a signatory and party to CITES and had in place all legal and institutional instruments to address wildlife trade issues. However, the illegal wildlife trade has recently become more organized, demand has increased and the traders have a more sophisticated system for transporting consignments. Therefore, it is now also 9|Page Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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necessary for Nepal to address external drivers, like international demand and enforcement at cross-border levels, as well as regional level advocacy, policy analysis and feedback, working with non-conventional stakeholders such as transport companies.

There have also been various study regarding the protection of endangered and other in danger in Nepal but most of them have been non-technological methods and have been conducted with help of manual labor and below is the table showing various work regarding the recent survey that has been overtaken:-

Species Rhino

Year 2008

Place Chitawan Bardiya NP and

Methods Total count direct

Results 430

Collaboration DNPWC/CNP/BNP/NA/ WWF Nepal/NTNC/ZSL/Darwin Initiative

Gaur

2008

Parsa WR

Total count

direct

37

DNPWC/PWR/NA/WWF Nepal-TAL

Tiger

2008

Suklaphanta WR

Photographiccapture recapture sampling method

DNPWC/WWF TAL/NTNC-SCP

Nepal-

Gharial

2008

Koshi,Narayani,Rap ti,Babai,Karnali rivers

Total count

direct

81

DNPWC/WWF Nepal

Swamp Deer

2008

Suklaphanta WR

Total count

direct

1674

SWR/WWF TAL/NTNC-SCP

Nepal-

Table 1: - Wildlife monitoring in Protective Areas of Nepal

2.2) Data Collection and Sampling

Since this is an exploratory and descriptive research and its methodology will consist of various conceptual frameworks, study area, source of information, methods and techniques. The study will be done in the Bardiya National Park area, Parsa wildlife reserve and Chitwan National Park to achieve the objectives that has been undertaken for the completion of the research .The reason behind the selection is because the demand and need of information system is very high in wildlife conservation area 10 | P a g e Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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with lots of large organization and with lots of individual working towards its conservation and protection. So to cope with the current requirement and need in terms of protection it is perfect for data collection and analysis, the areas that has been selected for the purpose .A set of questionnaire and pre-testing the questionnaire and field survey and various different methods and techniques of data analysis will be used during the course of this study regarding the information about habitat and the number of animals that will be under investigation. With due concern for the economical completion of the research study, the design in such studies must be rigid and not flexible and must focus attention on the following: -

1. Formulating the objective of the study 2. Designing the methods of data collection 3. Selecting the sample 4. Collecting the data 5. Processing and analyzing the data 6. Reporting the findings.

Primary Data / Secondary Data The being an exploratory and descriptive type, various sources and techniques will be used in gathering the information. Both primary and secondary data relevant to the study will be collected and analyzed during the study.

Sources of Primary Data The organizations who are currently involved with fulfilling their services of providing the work related to wildlife conservation and related field will be the major sources of the primary data. Similarly internal analysis of the organization involved and their promotional scheme and data achieving and striving for the ultimate goal of providing an uncharted information system which may be able to change the face of the information system regarding wildlife research. Also apart from these, the information obtained through observation, discussion and key informant survey will also be given due consideration.

Sources of Secondary Data 11 | P a g e Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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The sources of secondary data will be the various articles, reports, journals, books etc. published by various organization and institutes.

2.3) Testing and Simulation

The Ant-Aggregation algorithm will be simulated in MATLAB with a setting of sensor network of around 50 nodes to support for a single environmental setting with respect to the Bardiya National Park, Chitawan national park and Parsa Wildlife Reserve individually for each setting. The neighborhood is obtained from the random topology. Set of source nodes 20, 30&40 and a destination will be considered for generating optimal aggregation tree using Ant-Aggregation. On varying the ACO parameters and weights of aggregation, shortest distance and correlation, the optimal aggregation tree in sensor network will be the target to be obtained.

Figure 1: - Ant Colony Optimization shortest path selection sample

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Algorithm: Outline of ant colony optimization metaheuristic Set parameters, initialize pheromone trails While termination criterion not satisfied do ConstructAntSolution ApplyLocalSearch /*optional*/ Update pheromones End while

Figure (a): - Basic ACO Algorithm

Each ant located at node i hops to node j selected among the neighbors that have not yet been visited according to probability. Probability that ant k in node i will go to node j. : relative importance of pheromone trial : relative importance of the distance g : neighborhood of current node i dij : node potential, gives estimate of early aggregation or shortest route to destination.

Figure (b): - Mathematical algorithm model

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Initialize (Variable Phermone, Aggregate_count,source,destination)

Iterate 100 times or Converge to optimal cost

Permute source and allocate randomly to each Ant For each ant iteratively constructive route by locally selecting next hop based on probability P(i,j)

Yes

Select Next hop Next K (ant)

Yes

If K reached destination?

Yes No

Find out totalcost

Second Pass: Transverse from destination to source

Until reaches to all source

No

Find optimal aggregation points from optimal aggregation tree: apply labeling of nodes ants visited once are leaf(src) and aggregation nodes having Aggregate_count>1

Figure (c) :- Flowchart representation of ACO

Figure 2 :- ACO algorithm 13 | P a g e Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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S. No. Tasks 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Title selection and Synopsis Literature review Project rationale Design investigation and identify resources available Draft a preliminary design to carry out the research Finalize target area of conducting experiment Identify target group animal and carry out pilot study regarding the monitoring

Estimated time (Weeks) 2 4 2 2 3 2 4

Analyze the data from simulation and real time collection 4 and review pilot study Analyze data and produce equivalent analysis Conclude and finalize Documentation 4 6

Table 2 :- Pert Chart

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Project Work Division

Project selection and confirmation

Designing and overview of the Project

Review and implementation of available similar projects Coding and review of Codes

Identification of possible area of implementation and future works possible

Figure 3:- Work Division of the Project

TASKS
Binit

STUDENTS
Research Assistant 1 Research Assistant 2

Project selection and confirmation Designing and overview of the Project Review of available similar projects Coding and review of Codes Identification of possible area of implementation and future works possible Testing and Debugging Documentation

X X X X X X X

X X

X X

X X

Table 3:- Division of work 15 | P a g e Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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CHAPTER 3

3. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

3.1) Conclusion
Use of WSN is proving to be a very powerful tool and critical to the successful implementation of a project of this scope and complexity. WSN for wildlife monitoring can provide the means to tracking and monitoring of the wildlife and especially endangered as that one. WSNs with various sensor nodes and equipment have provided necessary tools for surveys, navigation, and tracking. Technologies are being utilized to produce status and monitoring data about the wildlife that were invaluable in conducting the research that has been carried out and giving an alternate for resource constrained resource regarding the use of WSNs in tracking system and was very useful in the final outcome with the system thus proposed for the power saving property of the prototype system being very useful in getting the final result which was very effective in the situations and useful for wildlife management using energy efficient WSNs using ACO. Patrolling is a basic and the most important function of protected areas. In spite of patrolling, research and monitoring has remained a low priority activity in most of the protected areas. A simple monitoring process consists of recording wildlife encounters by the staff while on routine patrols, in a standardized format should be practiced in protected areas. The data so collected over a period of time can provide insights into the population dynamics and distribution of most species. But the need today is now to incorporate the use of technological aspect such as WSNs to make it more easy and efficient for tracking and monitoring purpose.

A review of the use WSNs for wildlife management has indicated that these systems are predominantly used for analysis of habitat requirements and the prediction of areas of suitable habitat, and typically consider only relatively short time scales. These approaches to wildlife management can be applied in the case of Tiger and One-horned Rhinos because the issues are ones of ongoing management of data in a 16 | P a g e Department of CSE, Kathmandu University, Kavre

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manner that preserves the complex relationships that exist between data items, allowing them to be analyzed.

3.2) Discussion
The use of energy efficient WSNs will enable to track the position of the animals and their habitat and in turn help in tracking their daily life activities and their position with respect to the national park and the reserve and in turn help in nurturing them and protecting them. Also with respect to information system that has been planned to be designed, the data available from WSN will be used to display various attributes to the various animals for eg :- the current position of the animal, their current location regarding which part of the park they are in so that it can help in panning out data and reference to helping towards better protection of endangered animal can be done using GPS enabled motes available. The research and its use has potential use in various field of the wildlife tracking and then using energy efficient WSNs to represent in various applications in future with further addition of components and can do a great deal of tracking and information system that will be able to provide various information related to wildlife with various pictures, snaps and the history, origin of the animals and various aspects that will be helpful in better protection of endangered animals.

3.3) Future Works

In the future there will be more co-ordination and working with biologists and devote our effort developing adjustable collars that can be remotely controlled and released. Various plan such as to improve the installation of the WSN motes so that theyre placed efficiently in the monitored animals necks while keeping the antenna on the top. Moreover, there a plan to package the motes with various sensor into a smaller case, and perform a large scale field experiment so as to cover a wider area of the National Park and other sanctuary which can be helpful in long term for the researches and those working on protecting the habitat of the endangered species of the animals.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] A Critique of Wildlife Radio-tracking and its Use in National Parks http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/wildlife/radiotrk/wildl.htm. [2] Argos system. http://www.argos-system.org/. [3] GPS enabled collars with UHF uploading link. http://www.lotek.com/gps4400.htm. [4] GSM. http://www.3gpp.org/. [5] Helping Santa keep an eye on Donner and Blitzen. http://www.csiro.au/news/Santas-Reindeers.html. [6] Pasture yen family. http://www.yenfamily.idv.tw/. [7] Science and the Environment Bulletin: Wildlife tracking technologies. http://www.ec.gc.ca/Science/sandejuly99/article1 e.html. [8] ICIMOD, 2008. Land covers dynamics in Sagarmatha National Park. International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, Nepal [9] TurtleNet. http://prisms.cs.umass.edu/dome/turtlenet. [10] UCSD Wireless Topology Discovery Project. http://sysnet.ucsd.edu/wtd/. [11] Nepal Newsletter, Year 17, No. 12. Department of National Parks and Wildlife Conservation, Kathmandu, Nepal [12] The zebranet wildlife tracker. http://www.princeton.edu/mrm/zebranet.html. [13] DNPWC, 2007. Increasing Swamp Deer Population in Suklaphanta Wildlife Reserve. Wildlife [14] M. Birattari, T. Sttzle, L. Paquete, and K. Varrentrapp. A racing algorithm for configuring metaheuristics. In W. B. Langdon et al., editor, Proceedings of the

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[18] Bhattacharjee S, Das N. Distributed data gathering scheduling in multihop wireless sensor networks for improved lifetime. In: International Conference on Computing: Theory and Applications (ICCTA), 2007. [19] M. Grossglauser and D. Tse. Mobility increases the capacity of ad-hoc wireless networks. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 10(4):477486, August 2002. [20] Chen G, Guo T-D, Yang W-G, Zhao T. An improved ant-based routing protocol in wireless sensor networks. In: International Conference on Collaborative Computing: Networking, Applications and Worksharing (CollaborateCom),2006. [21] Y.-T. Huang, Y.-C. Chen, J.-H. Huang, L.-J. Chen, and P. Huang. YushanNet: A Delay-Tolerant Wireless Sensor Network for Hiker Tracking in Yushan National Park. In The International Conference on Mobile Data Management Systems, Services and Middleware, 2009. [22] Akyildiz F, Su W, Sankarasubramaniam Y, Cayirici E. A survey on sensor network. IEEE Commun. Mag. 2002;40(8):10214. [23] Al-Karaki JN, Ul-Mustafa R, Kamal AE. Data aggregation in wireless sensor networksexact and approximate algorithms. In: International Workshop on High-Performance Switching and Routing, 2004. [24] P. Juang, H. Oki, Y. Wang, M. Martonosi, L. S. Peh, and D. Rubenstein. EnergyEfficient Computing for Wildlife Tracking: Design Tradeoffs and Early Experiences with ZebraNet. ACM SIGARCH Computer Architecture News, 30(5):96107, December 2002. [25] O. Landsiedel, J. gila Bitsch, K. Wehrle, J. Thiele, and H. Mallot. Rat Watch: Using Sensor Networks for Animal Observation. In ACM REALWSN, 2006.

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APPENDIX

Figure: - Gantt chart of Data Aggregation In WSN Using Ant Colony Algorithm For Energy Efficient Wildlife Monitoring

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