G.K.

M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 01 Topic: Introduction of MIS

A definition of management information system, as the term is generally understood, is an integrated, user machine system for providing information to support operations, management, and decision making functions in an organization. The system utilizes computer hardware and software; manual procedures; models for analysis, planning, control and decision making; and a database. The fact that it is an integrated system does not mean that it is a single, monolithic structure; rather, it means that the parts fit into an overall design.

The elements of the definition are highlighted below: A management information system is an integrated user machine system for providing information. To support the operation, management, analysis, and decision making function in an organization The system utilizes computer hardware and software manual procedures model for analysis, planning, control and decision making and a database. The elements of the definition are highlighted below: A management information system is an Integrated user machine system for providing information to support the operation, management, analysis, and decision making function in an organization The system utilizes computer hardware and software manual procedures mdel for analysis, planning, control and decision making and a database

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 02 Topic: Data, Information, and Intelligence,
The term data means groups of information that represent the qualitative or quantitative attributes of a variable or set of variables. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graphs, images, or observations of a set of variables. Information is the result of processing, manipulating and organizing data in a way that adds to the knowledge of the person receiving it. Information is a term with many meanings depending on context, but is as a rule closely related to such concepts as meaning, knowledge, instruction, communication, representation, and mental stimulus. Information is a message received and understood. In terms of data, it can be defined as a collection of facts from which conclusions may be drawn. Information management (IM) is the collection and management of information from one or more sources and the distribution of that information to one or more audiences. This sometimes involves those who have a stake in, or a right to that information. In short, information management entails organizing, retrieving, acquiring and maintaining information. Intelligence refers to discrete or secret information with currency and relevance, and the abstraction, evaluation, and understanding of such information for its accuracy and value. Theories of Intelligence: We can become more intelligent through study and practice, through access to appropriate tools, and through learning to make effective use of these tools (Perkins, 1995). Howard Gardner David Perkins Robert Sternberg

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 03 Topic: Information Technology
Information technology (IT), as defined by the Information Technology Association of America (ITAA), is "the study, design, development, implementation, support or management of computer-based information systems, particularly software applications and computer hardware." IT deals with the use of electronic computers and computer software to convert, store, protect process, transmit, and securely retrieve information. IT can be defined as a collection of computer hardware, software, databases, networking and telecommunication devices that helps the organization to manage the business process more effectively and efficiently.
A Computer is essentially a system of input/output devices and a processor. The computer performs arithmetic and logic operations in a CPU- central processing unit, based on program instructions. The two capabilities most computer share are: High speed processing Arithmetic and logic

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 04 Topic: Meaning of IS & its functions
An information system is a collection of hardware, software, data, people and procedures that are designed to generate information that supports the day-to-day, short-range, and long-range activities of users in an organization. Information systems generally are classified into five categories: office information systems, transaction processing systems, management information systems, decision support systems, and expert systems

An information system (IS) - or application landscape - is any combination of information technology and people's activities that support operations, management, and decision making. Information system is computer system that support end-users, giving them access to the information. The transformation of data into information is primary function of information system [IS].

SOURCE

COLLECTION OF DATA DATA

ALLOCATION

PROCESSING

OUTPUT

TO REDUCE UNCERTAINITY

INFORMATION

USER

DECISION

TACKLE BUSINESS PROBLEM

TO BE COMPETITIVE

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 05 Topic: Evolution of information system
Based on the needs and requirements of the organization MIS has been evolving though the period of time. MIS was manually operational before the invention of computer application in this area. The following table illustrates the evolution of information system.
Decade 1951-60 1961-70 Information systems Electronic data processing Management information system Decision Support System, expert system Artificial intelligence, Executive information system Knowledge management system, end user computing Characteristics of information systems Collecting, manipulating, storing of data. No scope for decision making Pervasive in all level of the management decisions. Solution for structured decisions Analytical models for semi structured decisions Solution for unstructured decision making through advanced graphics Intelligence workstation for knowledge work which involves thinking, processing information and formulating analyses , recommendations and procedures

1971-80 1981 and above 1985 and above

types of information systems: transaction processing systems MIS decision support systems expert systems executive information systems geographical information systems E-commerce systems multi-media systems

differences in: users size, scope complexity, certainty, familiarity

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 06 Topic: Types based on functions & hierarchy
The IT provides support in 3 major areas: communication collaboration Data access (including knowledge sharing). Such support is usually given by an information system that we call an application program. An application is a system developed for specific purpose or function, such as facilitating each function properly.

Types based on functions:

Departmental IS Plant IS Divisional IS Enterprise wide IS Inter organizational IS Key functional areas.

A TYPE IS based on hierarchy:

One way to classify IS by their organizational structure and hierarchical structure. Executive IS, DSS, MIS, and TPS.

BASIC KINDS OF IS: Operational-level systems Management-level systems Strategic-level systems

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 07 Topic: Introduction to System Analyst
A systems analyst researches problem, plans solutions, recommends software and systems, and coordinates development to meet business or other requirements. They will be familiar with multiple varieties of programming languages, operating systems, and computer hardware platforms. Because they often write user requests into technical specifications, the systems analysts are the liaisons between vendors and information technology professionals. They may be responsible for developing cost analysis, design considerations, and implementation time-lines. A systems analyst may:

Plan a system flow from the ground up. Interact with customers to learn and document requirements that are then used to produce business requirements documents. Write technical requirements from a critical phase. Interact with designers to understand software limitations. Help programmers during system development, ex: provide use cases, flowcharts or even Database design. Perform system testing. Deploy the completed system. Document requirements or contribute to user manuals. Whenever a development process is conducted, the system analyst is responsible for designing components and providing that information to the developer.

Who is system analyst: A system analyst is the person who selects and configures computer systems for an organization or business. His or her job typically begins with determining the intended purpose of the computers. When configuring computer systems for a business, the analyst must select both hardware and software.

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 08 Topic: Role of System Analyst
The system analyst is the person (or persons) who guides through the development of an IS. The primary objective of any system analyst is to identify the need of the organization by acquiring information by various means and methods. Information acquired by the analyst can be either computer based or manual. Collection of information is the vital step as indirectly all the major decisions taken in the organizations are influenced. The system analyst has to coordinate with the system users, computer programmers, manager and number of people who are related with the use of system. Following are the tasks performed by the system analyst. The systems analyst systematically assesses how users interact with technology and businesses function by examining the inputting and processing of data and the outputting of information with the intent of improving organizational processes. Many improvements involve better support of users work tasks and business functions through the use of computerized information systems. This definition emphasizes a systematic, methodical approach to analyzingand potentially improvingwhat is occurring in the specific context experienced by users and created by a business.

In performing these tasks the analyst must always match the information system objectives with the goals of the organization. Systems analysts as a consultant Systems analysts as a programmer Systems analysts as supporting expert Systems analysts as agent of change The architects

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Period: 09 Topic: Responsibilities & functions of system analysts
A person who conducts a methodical study and evaluation of an activity such as business to identify its desired objective in order to determine procedures by which these objectives can be gained is technically designated as system analysts. Skills of system analysts: Technical skills Interpersonal skills Management skills Analytical skills Functions: Examining the existing IS and procedures of the procedures of the organization with a view to find problems and inefficiencies. Analyzing the findings to develop a basis for designing a new improved system effectively. Designing a new system that maximizes efficiency, minimizes problem and achieves the set objectives. Testing and implementing the new system, including its appraisal before and after implementation, its documentation and regular maintenance. Examining the feasibility of new or replacement system proposal.

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 10 Topic: Introduction of system analysis & system design
System analysis is the process of investing a system, identifying problems, and using the information to recommend improvements to the system. System analysis is a systematic investigation of areal or planned system to determine the functions of the system and how they relate to each other and to other system Characteristics: Top-down approach Use of tools and techniques Abstraction of models Users role Iterative development Use of advanced technology

Objectives: To describe what the customer requires. To establish a basis for the creation of a software design To define a set of requirement that can be validated once the software is built, special notation and graphical symbols are used to describe and partition the functionality of system. System design is the process of planning a new business system or one to replace or complement an existing system.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 11 Topic: SDLC System Development Life Cycle: The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) is a
conceptual model used in project management that describes the stages involved in an information system development project from an initial feasibility study through maintenance of the completed application.

Phases of software development cycle:

System study Feasibility study System analysis System design Coding Testing Implementation Maintenance

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 12 Topic: SSLC
SYSTEM SOFTWARE LIFE CYCLE MODELS: software development process, also
known as a software development life cycle (SDLC), is a structure imposed on the development of a software product. Similar terms include software life cycle and software process. It is often considered a subset of systems development life cycle. There are several models for such processes, each describing approaches to a variety of tasks or activities that take place during the process. Some people consider a lifecycle model a more general term and a software development process a more specific term. For example, there are many specific software development processes that 'fit' the spiral lifecycle model. ISO/IEC 12207 is an international standard for software lifecycle processes. It aims to be the standard that defines all the tasks required for developing and maintaining software.

1. Classical waterfall model 2. Iterative waterfall model 3. Prototyping model 4. Evolutionary model 5. Spiral model

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 13 Topic: System analysis & system design
Systems analysis is a process of collecting factual data, understand the processes involved, identifying problems and recommending feasible suggestions for improving the system functioning. This involves studying the business processes, gathering operational data, understand the information flow, finding out bottlenecks and evolving solutions for overcoming the weaknesses of the system so as to achieve the organizational goals. System Analysis also includes subdividing of complex process involving the entire system, identification of data store and manual processes. System Design Based on the user requirements and the detailed analysis of the existing system, the new system must be designed. This is the phase of system designing. It is the most crucial phase in the developments of a system. The logical system design arrived at as a result of systems analysis is converted into physical system design. Normally, the design proceeds in two stages:
1. 2.

Preliminary or General Design Structured or Detailed Design

Preliminary or General Design: In the preliminary or general design, the features of the new system are specified. The costs of implementing these features and the benefits to be derived are estimated. If the project is still considered to be feasible, we move to the detailed design stage. Structured or Detailed Design: In the detailed design stage, computer oriented work begins in earnest. At this stage, the design of the system becomes more structured. Structure design is a blue print of a computer system solution to a given problem having the same components and inter-relationships among the same components as the original problem. Input, output, databases, forms, codification schemes and processing specifications are drawn up in detail. In the design stage, the programming language and the hardware and software platform in which the new system will run are also decided.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 14 Topic: Tools
Systems Analysis Analysis of existing hardware/software User requirements analysis Logical systems design: Conceptual data model (Entity-Relationship Diagram) Conceptual process model (Data Flow Diagram) Functional application description

Systems Design Relational database model and data dictionary (sometimes included in Systems Analysis phase) Detailed description of application inputs and outputs Detailed conceptual design of forms, reports, application programs and other application components Yields System Design Specification

There are several tools and techniques used for describing the system design of the system. These tools and techniques are:
1. Flowchart

2. Data flow diagram (DFD) 3. Data dictionary 4. Structured English 5. Decision table 6. Decision tree

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 15 Topic: Data flow diagram & Entity relationship A data-flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the "flow" of data through an information system. DFDs can also be used for the visualization of data processing (structured design).

An entity-relationship model (ERM) is an abstract and conceptual representation of data. Entity-relationship modeling is a database modeling method, used to produce a type of conceptual representation data model of a system, often a relational database. Diagrams created by this process are called Entity-Relationship Diagrams (or) ER diagrams, or ERDs. COMPONENTS OF AN ERD:
1. Object types 2. Relationships 3. Associative object type indicators 4. Super type / sub type indicators.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 16 Topic: Object Modeling
OBJECT MODELING TECHNIQUE (OMT) is a well-known example of a software engineering methodology .it deals with object- oriented development in the analysis & design phases. The analysis phase starts with a problem statement which includes a list of goals & a definitive enumeration of key concepts within a domain. This problem statement is then expanded into three views or models. - object model - dynamic model -functional model The system design phase follows the analysis phase. Here the overall architecture is established.

The OMT software engineering methodology is sequential in the sense that first comes analysis, followed by design. In each phase, a cyclical approach is taken among the smaller steps. The OMT is very much like the Booch methodology where emphasis is placed on the analysis and design phases for initial product delivery. Both the OMT and Booch do not emphasize implementation, testing, or other life cycle stages. OOAD-Object oriented analysis and design.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 17 Topic: DBMS-database management system DATA BASE: A Collection of integrated data items that can be retrieved for various
applications. A Database is a collection of related files DBMS is a set of systems software programs that organizes and maintains in a database for providing the information. DBMS is system software used to manage the organization, storage, access, security and integrity of data in a structured database. That permits an organization to centralize data, manage them efficiently, and provide access to the stored data by application programs. DBMS- Special software to create & maintain a database & enable individual business applications to extracts the data they need without having to create separate files or data definitions in their computer programs A DBMS has three components: Data Definition Language Data Manipulation Language Data dictionary

TYPES OF DATABASE Operational database Analytical database Data warehouse Distributed database End-user database External database

Function of DBMS: Stores data in a uniform and consistent way, Organizes the data, Accesses the files updates the records, Retrieves data as requested, Adding and deleting records, Reorganizing the data base by reassigning storage space processing more efficient., Provides data security

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 18 Topic: RBMS RDBMS RELATIONAL DBMS RDBMS may be a DBMS in which data is stored in the form of tables and the
relationship among the data is also stored in the form of tables.It represents all data in the database as simple two dimensional tables called relations. Tables may be referred to as files. Information in more than one file can be extracted and combined. RDMBS structured query language (SQL) is the principal data manipulation language for relational DBMS & major tool for querying , updating , reading a relational database. The most popular RDBMS are MS SQLserver,DB2, Oracle, and MySQL

RDBMS components
Interface drivers SQL engine Transaction engine Relational engine Storage engine

Difference between DBMA & RDBMS

DBMS is single user system. RDBMS is a multi user system. DBMS do not store data in the table format while RDBMS stores data in the form of table. Most of the DBMS are not supporting client / server architecture as it is supported by RDBMS Most of the DBMS do not support distributed databases while RDBMS is do that.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -2 Period: 19 Topic: OODBMS
In programming languages is to utilize objects, thereby making OODBMS in the 1980s. OO (Object Oriented) programmers can develop the product, store them as objects, and can replicate or modify existing objects to make new objects within the OODBMS. Information today includes not only data but video, audio, graphs, and photos which are considered complex data types that relational database could not. Its consistent, data independent, secure, controlled & extensible data management services to support the object oriented model. They were created to handle big & complex data that relational databases could not. Its stores the data & procedure as objects that can be automatically retrieved & shared. OODBMS are becoming popular because they can be used to manage the various multimedia components or java applets used in web applications, drawings images , photographs, voice, and full motion videos etc.

OBJECT ORIENTED PROGRAMMING RESULTS IN 4 CHARACTERSITICS: 1. INHERITANCE 2. DATA ENCAPSULATION 3. OBJECT IDENTITY 4. POLYMORPHISM

ADVANTAGES: Object oriented is a more natural way of thinking The defined operations of those types of systems are dependent on the particular database applications running at a given moment. Data types of object oriented databases can be extend to support complex data, such as images , digital & audio/ video along with other multi-media operations.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Period: 20 Topic: Financial Information system
FINANCIAL INFORMATION SYSTEM Finance function is responsible for overall financial planning and raising of capital. Financial IS has a significant impact on other IS when one considers that the ultimate common denominator of many operating decisions in finance.

INPUT SUBSYSTEM: Transactional data Forecasting data Financial intelligence Financial strategic data

OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM: forecasting funds management audit and control

INPUT SUBSYSTEM
TRANSACTIONAL DATA

OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM

FORECASTING FORECASTING DATA

DATA
FINANCIAL INTELLIGENCE DATA

USERS
FUNDS MANAGEMENT

BASE

AUDIT & FINANCIAL STRATEGIC DATA CONTROL

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Period: 21 Topic: Marketing Information system
MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM Marketing is concerned with identifying the needs & wants of customers & effectively offer goods & services.The role of Marketing IS to assess the managers information needs, develop the needed information and distribute that information in a timely fashion. The INPUT subsystems of marketing IS are: Internal records system Marketing intelligence system Marketing research system Marketing decision support and analysis system

INPUT SUB SYSTEM

INTERNAL RECORDS MARKETING INTELIGENCE DATA

MARKETING INFORMATION SYSTEM

OUTPUT SUB SYSTEM PRODUCT PLAAN OTHER AREAS

PRICE PLAN DATA

MARKETING RESEARCH DATA

MARKETING DECISION SUPPORT DATA

BASE

PLACE PLAN PROMOTION PLAN

EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Period: 21 Topic: Personnel Information system
PERSONNEL INFORMATION SYSTEM-PIS PIS is a staff function that supports the activities of the firms line functions. The functions carried out by personnel administration generally impact all other functional areas of an organization. INPUT SUBSYSTEM: Transactional Data Functional plans External data OUTPUT SUBSYSTEM organizational resource planning organizational management payroll & admin

INPUT
TRANSACTIONAL DATA

OUTPUT
ORGANISATIONAL RESOURCE PLANNING

FUNCTIONAL PLANS

DATA BASE

ORGANISATIONAL MANAGEMENT

USERS

EXTERNAL DATA

PAYROLL ADMIN

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Period: 22 Topic: Production Information system
Inputs to the Manufacturing MIS Strategic plan or corporate policies. The TPS: Order processing Inventory data Receiving and inspecting data Personnel data Production process

External sources

Manufacturing MIS Subsystems and Outputs Design and engineering Master production scheduling Inventory control Manufacturing resource planning Just-in-time inventory and manufacturing Process control Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) Quality control and testing

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Topic: Materials Information System Materials Information System signifies one and the same system, which helps the materials managers to know where the required item is available for production. Materials intelligence Selection of right quality, quantity, and supplier. Planning for both short & long term MRP Budgeting Period: 24

Unit -3
24

Period: 25

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Topic: DSS-Decision Support System
MANAGEMENT SUPPORT SYSTEM MSS: Management support system focus on managerial uses of information resources. These systems provide information to managers for planning and decision making by internal & external data. 3 types of Management support system: Decision support system-DSS Executive information support system-EIS Expert system. DSS are designed to support the decision making process of managers to improve their effectiveness & thereby efficiency of the enterprise. DSS are also described as interactive IS that help managers utilize data analysis models to solve unstructured problems. A DSS is an interactive , flexible , and adaptable computer based information system that utilizes decision rules , models, & model base coupled with a comprehensive database & the decision makers own insight, leading to specific, implemental decisions in solving problems that would not be amenable to a management science models per.. This definition clearly presents the characteristics of a DSS: Is a MSS whose capabilities go beyond those of MIS? Is only supportive in nature & human decision makers still retain their supremacy. Is individual specific. Extensively uses databases. Also incorporates various mathematical, statistical, operational research models. Provides good user interfaces for decision makers.

TYPES AND FEATURES OF DSS: DSS may be a data or model oriented. The data oriented DSS have greater input of data RETRIEVEL & DATA ANALYSIS. Model oriented DSS has powerful facilities for simulation of decision scenarios by estimating the outcome of action & generating suggestions.

Unit -3 Topic: EIS-EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS-EIS

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Period: 26

G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester
The top executives need fast access to up-to-date, concise information & exception reports with facilities to personalized information & analysis. The IS designed to provide to such needs of top executives are called executive IS (EIS) or executive support systems. IS is a software, front ended by a user-terminal and a interface. It electronically provides executives with rapid & reliable access to information regarding key areas of business, and helps them to perm their management functions and achieve business objectives. CHARACTERISTICS OF EIS: Need for a separate executive database. Data aggregation facilities Highly user-friendly interface Flexible menu- based data retrieval High-quality business graphics Simple modeling facilities Communications Automated links to others databases.

HOW DOES AN EIS WORK On the basis of identification & monitoring of key performance indicators (KPI) & critical success factors (CSF). Typical status reporting facilities provided by an EIS include Drill-down- offer highest level of summary data with over-view of performance of each.

Exception reporting- opposite of drill down , instead of starting with aggregate

information and later digging for details , looks for details against user- defined levels of acceptability. Trend monitoring- finding out the directions in which a given set of numbers is moving.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Period: 27 Topic: KMS KMS refers to a system for managing knowledge in organizations for supporting creation, capture, storage and dissemination of information.
The idea of a KM system is to enable employees to have ready access to the organization's documented base of facts, sources of information, and solutions. Sharing of valuable organizational information throughout organizational hierarchy. Can avoid re -inventing the wheel, reducing surplus work. May reduce training time for new employees Retention of Intellectual Property after the employee leaves if such knowledge can be stored. KNOWLEDGE WORK SYSTEMS (KWS): The KWS are specially designed to promote the creation of knowledge and to ensure that new knowledge & technical expertise are properly integrated into the business. Includes researchers, designers, architects, scientist and engineers who primarily create knowledge and information for the org.. Examples CAD/CAM, 3D visualization, virtual reality systems, Investment workstations.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Period: 28 Topic: GIS-GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM
A Geographic information system (GIS) is a computer program for storing, retrieving, analyzing, & displaying cartographic data. Technically, a GIS is a system that includes mapping software & its application to remote sensing, land surveying, aerial photography, geography, & tools that can be implemented with GIS software. A Geographic information system is a computer system that uses location information: Address Postal code Census block Latitude / longitude coordinates

With a GIS, you can: Map customers to study demographics Look for patterns in the way a disease is spreading Model the path of atmospheric pollution And much more

A GIS can also map information stored in: Spreadsheets Database

GIS allows you to see: Patterns Relationships Trends

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -3 Period: 29 Topic: INTERNATIONAL INFORMATION SYSTEM-IIS
Business is turning themselves into global organization. To handle these challenges the companies will need faster communications and information processing. Company will have to rely more on information technology to manage global organization. This type of creation of IS in co operating in one or more countries is referred to as IIS. Globalization Barriers to ISS: Legal issues Market access issues Financial issues Language and translation Purchasing in different currencies Challenges of ISS: Technological challenges Regulations and tariffs Differences in payment mechanisms Language differences Cultural differences Conflicting economic, scientific and security interests Political challenges Different standards Legal barriers Different time zones.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 30 Topic: Introduction to SECURITY AND CONTROL
SECURITY: Security refers to the protection of computer based resources hardware, software,

data, procedures and people against alteration, destruction, or unauthorized use. All computer systems & communications channels face security threats that can compromise systems, the services provided by the systems, and data stored on or transmitted between systems. The most common threats are: denial-of-service Interception Manipulation Masquerading repudiation

CONTROLS The combination of manual and automated measures that safeguards IS and ensure that they perform according to management standards is termed controls. Controls consist of all the methods, policies, and organizational procedures that ensure the safety of the organization assets the accuracy and reliability of its accounting records, and operational adherence to management standards. Properly designed controls may prevent errors from occurring, deter criminals from attacking the system, and deny access to authorized persons.

General controls Physical controls Access controls Biometric controls Data security controls Other general controls

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 31 Topic: Security system & types of testing
CHALLENGES OF IS SECURITY: Internal the mode of attack is within the organization. For example, employees misusing their authentication right and access permissions. External originating outside the organization, for example, hackers and viruses. Natural due to natural disasters or system failure, for example, earthquakes.

TESTING Security testing is possibly the surest determinant of whether a system is configured and continues to be configured to the correct security controls and policy. Security testing is a process to determine that an information system protects data and maintains functionally as intended. Security testing provides insight into the other system development life cycle activities such as risk analysis and contingency planning. Security testing results should be documented and made available foe staff involved in other IT AND Security related areas.
Specifically, security testing results can be used in the following ways:

As a reference point for corrective action. In defining mitigation activities to address identified vulnerabilities. As a benchmark for tracking an organization progress in meeting security requirement. To assess implementation status of system security requirement. To conduct cost/ benefit analysis for improvement to system security To enhance other life-cycle activities, such as risk assessments, certification and authorization (C&A), performance improvement efforts.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 32 Topic: Error Deduction & controls: Controls consist of all the methods, policies, and
organizational procedures that ensure the safety of the organization assets the accuracy and reliability of its accounting records, and operational adherence to management standards. Properly designed controls may prevent errors from occurring, deter criminals from attacking the system, and deny access to authorized persons. General controls Physical controls Access controls Biometric controls Data security controls Other general controls

Application controls Input controls Processing controls Output controls

Controls for network protection Access control Encryption Cable testers firewalls

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 33 Topic: IS Vulnerability
VULNERABILITY

In computer security, the term vulnerability is a weakness which allows an attacker to reduce a system information assurance. vulnerability is the intersection of 3 elements: A system susceptibility or flaw, attacker access to the flaw, and attacker capacity to exploit the flaw.

IS vulnerability

It is termed as a flaw [fault] or weakness in system security procedure, design, implementation, or internal controls that could be exercised (accidentally triggered or intentionally exploited) and result in a security breach or a violation of the system security policy.

CAUSES OF VULNERABILITY

Complexity Familiarity Connectivity Password management flaws Fundamental operating system design flaws Internet website browsing Software bugs Unchecked user input

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 34 Topic: Computer crimes
Its includes traditional criminal acts committed with a computer as well as new offenses that lack any parallels with non-computer crimes The U.S department of justice [DOJ] broadly defines computer crimes as any violations of criminal law that involve knowledge of computer technology for their perpetration, investigation, or prosecution.

Cyber-crimes are frequently grouped into 3 categories.

The first are those in which the computer comprises the object of crime and in which the perpetrator targets the computer itself. The second category involves those in which the computer forms the subject of a crime, either as the physical site of the offense or as the source of some form of loss or damage. Third, which computer serves the instrument used to commit traditional crimes in cyberspaces? This encompasses offenses like cyber-fraud, online harassment, and child pornography.

Types of computer crimes: Spam Fraud Obscene or offensive content Harassment Drug trafficking Cyber terrorism

Cyber crime: Any criminal activity that uses a computer either as an instrumentally, target or means for perpetuating further crimes comes within the ambit of cyber crime. A generalized definition is unlawful acts wherein the computer is either a tool or target or both Reasons for cyber crimes: Capacity to store data in comparatively small space. Easy to access. Complex, Negligence, Loss of evidence
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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 35 Topic: SECURING THE WEBSITE
Right when choosing your web hosting company you need to ask about their servers & how secure they are. Do they update software quickly & automatically? What operating system is used & is used and is it secure? Make sure that if you have sensitive data such as a customer credit card / personal information that is transmitted or stored, keep data secure. Use packet filtering and firewall settings to restrict unauthorized sites. Make it password protected. Vulnerability scanners are used in some cases to find the weakness in yours sites security. Once your business is connected to the internet, its your responsibility to protect your business data & information against unwanted intruders. You should ensure that your connection to the internet is secure. Some issues to consider when securing your website are: Working procedures Virus and spy ware protection software Firewalls Back up data Using secure passwords
Ensure the security of your electronic transactions:

Spoofing Unauthorized disclosure Unauthorized action Data alteration Antivirus:

Malware Viruses, Trojans, Spy ware, Worms, Bots. Anti-spy ware

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 36 Topic: security the Intranets and Wireless Networks
Securing the intranet: An intranet is an internal information system based on internet

technology, web services, TCP/IP and HTTP communication protocols and HTML publishing The intranet is a technology that allows an organization to define itself as a whole entity, a group, where everyone knows their roles, and everyone is working on the improvement and health of organization Its a smaller version of internet that only the members of an organization can see internal network by keeping it private, secure and affordable.
Business applications of intranet: organization use intranets for variety of internal functions. Human resources intranet Sales and marketing intranet Information system intranet Executive or corporate intranet Customer service intranet Finance intranet

Advantages of an intranet:

Exchange files with other branches, co or people is much faster than traditional methods Global communication is another advantages Inter-office network communication network
Timely updates

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 37 Topic: Software Audit
AUDIT:

Audits provide an independent evaluation of software products or process to ascertain compliance to standards, specifications, and procedures based on objectives criteria that included documents that specify. Software audit is a regular investigation of the software installed on all computers in an organization to ensure that it is authorized or licensed. Software audit minimize the risk of prosecution for software theft, minimize the risk of viruses through uncontrolled software copying and ensure technical support is available to all users.
Purpose or need for software audit:

To identify critical security issues before they are exploited. To perform extensive, regular security audit on the installed software or systems to reduce vulnerabilities To locate the most problematic crashes of application, and improving debug (clear up, correct, sort out) capabilities. To conduct software vulnerability assessment, and gain control over organization private data etc. Auditing regularly the commercial software, provide quality assurance requirement .

SOFTWARE AUDIT REVIEW:

Type of software review in which one or more auditors who are not members of the software development organization conduct. An independent examination of software product, software process, or set of software process to access compliance with specifications, standards, contractual agreement, or other criteria. Software product is kind of technical document, IEEE std.1028 offers a list of 32 examples of software products subjects to audit

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -4 Period: 38 Topic: Ethics in IT
Ethics is a moral code and set of rules which establishes boundaries of generally accepted behavior. Morality is social conventions about right and wrong. Ethics is a set of beliefs about right and wrong behavior. Ethical behavior conforms to generally accepted social norms.

Ethics in IT:
Data mining Social networking E-mail spam Intellectual property / IT Filtering online content

Ethics and IT professionals:

The IT professional like programmers , system analysts, software, software engineers, database administrators, local area network [LAN] administrators, chief information officers [CIO's] are responsible to following stakeholders in terms of keeping ethical behavior in IT.

Relationships between IT professionals and employers. Relationships between IT professionals and clients Relationships between IT professionals and suppliers Relationships between IT professionals and other professionals Relationships between IT professionals and IT users Relationships between IT professionals and society

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 39 Topic: e-Business & its Classification
Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services.1 It also pertains to any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather than by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. Is e-commerce the same as e-business? While some use e-commerce and e-business interchangeably, they are distinct concepts. In ecommerce, information and communications technology (ICT) is used in inter-business or inter-organizational transactions (transactions between and among firms/organizations) and in business-to-consumer transactions (transactions between firms/organizations and individuals). In e-business, on the other hand, ICT is used to enhance ones business. It includes any process that a business organization (either a for-profit, governmental or non-profit entity) conducts over a computer-mediated network. A more comprehensive definition of e-business is: The transformation of an organizations processes to deliver additional customer value through the application of technologies, philosophies and computing paradigm of the new economy. What are the different types of e-commerce? The major different types of e-commerce are: 1. business-to-business (B2B); 2. business to-consumer (B2C); 3. business-to-government (B2G); 4. consumer-to-consumer (C2C); 5. mobile commerce (m-commerce)

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 40 Topic: e-governance
The term e-government is of recent origin and there exists no standard definition since the conceptual understanding is still evolving. The generally accepted definition is: "egovernment" or electronic government refers to the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) by government agencies for any or all of the following reasons: Exchange of information with citizens, businesses or other government departments Speedier and more efficient delivery of public services Improving internal efficiency Reducing costs or increasing revenue Re-structuring of administrative processes Defining e-governance: The application of electric means in: [1] the interaction between government and citizens and government and business, as well as in [2] internal government operations to simplify and improve democratic, government and business aspects of governance. E-administration E-services E-governance E-democracy

Delivery models & activities of e- governance: Government-to-citizen or Government-to-customer[G2C] Government-to-business[G2B] Government-to- Government[G2G] Government-to-employees[G2E]

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 41 Topic: ERP
Enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems integrate internal and external management information across an entire organization, embracing finance/accounting, manufacturing, sales and service, customer relationship management, etc. ERP systems automate this activity with an integrated software application. Their purpose is to facilitate the flow of information between all business functions inside the boundaries of the organization and manage the connections to outside stakeholders.ERP is a software architecture that facilitates the flow of information among the different functions within an enterprise. Similarly, ERP facilitates information sharing across organizational units and geographical locations. It enables decision-makers to have an enterprise-wide view of the information they need in a timely, reliable and consistent fashion. A business strategy and set of industry-domain-specific applications that build customer and shareholder communities value network system by enabling and optimizing enterprise and inter-enterprise collaborative operational and financial processes Installing an ERP system has many advantages - both direct and indirect. The direct advantages include improved efficiency information integration for better decision-making, faster response time to customer queries, etc. The indirect benefits include better corporate image, improved customer goodwill, customer satisfaction and so on. Some of the benefits are quantitative (tangible) while others are nonquantitative (intangible). Tangible benefits are those measured in monetary terms and intangible benefits cannot be measured in monetary terms but they do have a very significant business impact. Tangible benefits:

Improves the productivity of process and personnel Lowering the cost of products and services purchased Paper and postage cost reductions Inventory reduction Lead time reduction Reduced stock obsolescence Faster product / service look-up and ordering saving time and money Automated ordering and payment, lowering payment processing and paper costs

Intangible benefits:

Increases organizational transparency and responsibility Accurate and faster access to data for timely decisions Can reach more vendors, producing more competitive bids ;
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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 42 Topic: SCM
A supply chain is a network of facilities and distribution options that performs the functions of procurement of materials, transformation of these materials into intermediate and finished products, and the distribution of these finished products to customers. Supply chains exist in both service and manufacturing organizations, although the complexity of the chain may vary greatly from industry to industry and firm to firm.

There are four major decision areas in supply chain management: 1) location, 2) production, 3) inventory, and 4) transportation (distribution), and there are both strategic and operational elements in each of these decision areas.

Information In The Supply Chain

Plan
Suppliers Manufacturers Warehouses & Distribution Centers Retailer

Source

Make

Deliver

Sell

Order Lead Time Delivery Lead Time Production Lead Time

Each facility further away from actual customer demand must make forecasts of demand Lacking actual customer buying data, each facility bases its forecasts on downstream orders, which are more variable than actual demand To accommodate variability, inventory levels are overstocked thus increasing inventory carrying costs

Its estimated that the typical pharmaceutical company supply chain carries over 100 days of product to accommodate uncertainty

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 43 Topic: e-CRM
e-CRM This concept is derived from E-commerce. It also uses net environment i.e., intranet, extranet and internet. Electronic CRM concerns all forms of managing relationships with customers making use of Information Technology (IT). eCRM is enterprises using IT to integrate internal organization resources and external marketing strategies to understand and fulfill their customers needs. Comparing with traditional CRM, the integrated information for eCRM intraorganizational collaboration can be more efficient to communicate with customers.

Major differences between CRM and eCRM : Customer contacts

CRM Contact with customer made through the retail store, phone, and fax. eCRM All of the traditional methods are used in addition to Internet, email, wireless, and PDA technologies.

System interface

CRM Implements the use of ERP systems, emphasis is on the back-end. eCRM Geared more toward front end, which interacts with the back-end through use of ERP systems, data warehouses, and data marts.

System overhead (client computers)

CRM The client must download various applications to view the web-enabled applications. They would have to be rewritten for different platform. eCRM Does not have these requirements because the client uses the browser.

Customization and personalization of information

CRM Views differ based on the audience, and personalized views are not available. Individual personalization requires program changes. eCRM Personalized individual views based on purchase history and preferences. Individual has ability to customize view.

System focus

CRM System (created for internal use) designed based on job function and products. Web applications designed for a single department or business unit. eCRM System (created for external use) designed based on customer needs. Web application designed for enterprise-wide use.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 44 Topic: Data warehousing & data mining
In computing, a data warehouse (DW) is a database used for reporting and analysis. The data stored in the warehouse is uploaded from the operational systems. The data may pass through an operational data store for additional operations before it is used in the DW for reporting. A data warehouse maintains its functions in three layers: staging, integration, and access. Staging is used to store raw data for use by developers. The integration layer is used to integrate data and to have a level of abstraction from users. The access layer is for getting data out for users.Data warehouses can be subdivided into data marts. Data marts store subsets of data from a warehouse.

Data mining (the analysis step of the knowledge discovery in databases process or KDD), a relatively young and interdisciplinary field of computer science is the process of discovering new patterns from large data sets involving methods at the intersection of artificial intelligence, machine learning, statistics and database systems. The goal of data mining is to extract knowledge from a data set in a human-understandable structure and involves database and data management, data preprocessing, model and inference considerations, interestingness metrics, complexity considerations, post-processing of found structure, visualization and online updating.

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 45 Topic: Business Intelligence
Business intelligence (BI) mainly refers to computer-based techniques used in identifying, extracting and analyzing business data, such as sales revenue by products and/or departments, or by associated costs and incomes. BI technologies provide historical, current and predictive views of business operations. Common functions of business intelligence technologies are reporting, online analytical processing, analytics, data mining, process mining, complex event processing, business performance management, benchmarking, text mining and predictive analytics.
BI is a business management term which refers to applications and technologies which are used to gather, provide access to, and analyze data and information about their company operations The 5 key stages of BI:
1. Data sourcing 2. data analysis 3. data situation awareness 4. risk assessment 5. decision support

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 46 Topic: Pervasive computing
The word pervasive and ubiquitous mean existing everywhere. It is growing trend towards embedding microprocessors in everyday objects so they can communicate information. According to Mark Weise, Pervasive computing is roughly the opposite of virtual reality. Where virtual reality puts people inside a computer -generated world, Pervasive computing forces the computer to live out here in the world with people. PRINCIPLES: DECENTRALIZATION DIVERSIFICATION CONNECTIVITY SIMPLICITY

TECHNOLOGIES: COMPUTING-DEVICES COMMUNICATIONS-CONNECTIVITY USER INTERFACES

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G.K.M College of Engineering & Technology Department of Management Studies SubjectName: Management Information System R/TP/01 Subject Code: BA9225 Issue C: Rev 01 Class: MBA I Year/II Semester Unit -5 Period: 47 Topic: CMM
What is the Capability Maturity Model (CMM)? The application of process management and quality improvement concepts to software development and maintenance. A guide for evolving toward a culture of engineering excellence. A model for organizational improvement. Focuses on practices that are under control of the software group Presents a minimum set of recommended practices that have been shown to enhance a software development and maintenance capability It defines the expectation (the what) Without overly constraining the implementation (the how) Levels of CMM: 1. Initial level 2. Repeatable level 3. Defined level 4.Managed level 5.Optimizing level

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