EE207 Electrical Power

EE207 Electrical Power
Lecture 6 Power Transmission and Distribution
Generation of Electrical Power

There are three main types of generating stations:
Thermal Generating Stations Hydropower Generating Stations Nuclear Generating Stations
Thermal Stations
Thermal generating stations produce electricity from the heat released by the combustion of coal, oil or natural gas. Thermal stations are rated between 200-1500MW and usually located near a river or lake because of the large quantity of cooling water required.
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The efficiency of thermal generating station is always low. The maximum efficiency of any machine that converts heat energy into mechanical energy is given as:
T2 = ( 1 ) 100 T1
=efficiency of the machine % T1=Temperature of gas entering the turbine [K] T2=Temperature of gas leaving the turbine [K]

Note that T2/T1 should be as small as possible to obtain high efficiency. The highest feasible value for T1 is 550 oC (823K). Because we can not exceed the temperature that steel and other metals can withstand. Also T1 is usually in range of 20 oC (ambient Temperature).
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11 1 S3 2 LP G HP P1 9 S1 3 4 5 MP 6 S4 P4 10 8 P3 7
Cooling Water in
S2
Cooling Water out
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Thermal Power Plant


The basic structure of a thermal generating station consists of the following components: (1) A huge boiler: Transferring heat from the burning fuel to row of water tubes (S1) surrounded by flames. Pump P1 keeps the water circulating. (2) Drum: Containing water and steam under high pressure. Steam races towards the High pressure pump HP after passing through Superheater S2. Superheater S2 ensures that the steam is dry to improve the station overall efficiency.

(3) HP: converts thermal energy into mechanical energy by letting the steam expands as it moves through the turbine blades. In order to prevent premature condensation the steam passes through a reheater S3. (4) MP: Medium Pressure turbine is similar to the HP turbine except it is bigger so that the steam may still expand more. (5) LP: Low Pressure turbine consists of two identical sections. Removes the available energy from the steam.

(6) Condenser: Causing the steam to condense by passing it over the cooling pipes S4. A condensate pump P2 removes the lukewarm condensed steam and drives it through a reheater (7) towards a feedwater pump (8). (7) Heat Exchanger: Receives hot steam bled from the HP to raise the temperature of the feedwater. This will improve the efficiency of the station. (9) Burners: supply and control the amount of gas,oil, or coal injected into the boiler.

(10) Forced-draft fan: supplies enormous quantities of air needed for combustion. (11) Induced-draft fan: carries the products of combustion and gases towards cleansing apparatus then to the outside air. (12) G: generator directly coupled to all three turbines converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.
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Thermal Stations and the Environment.
The main combustion products when oil, coal, gas are burned: CO2 (Carbon dioxide), SO2 (Sulfur dioxide) and Water. Water and CO2 produce no immediate environmental effects, but SO2 creates substances that give rise to acid rain. Natural gas produces only Water and CO2. This explains why Natural gas is preferable. Usually filters are used to remove particles from the boilergas flue stream.

Hydropower Generating Stations These stations converts the energy of moving water into electrical energy by means of hydraulic turbines coupled to synchronous generators. The power that can be extracted from a waterfall depends on the height and the rate of flow and is given by:
where, q: water rate of flow m3/s P: available water power kW
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P = 9.8qh
h: head of water m
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Types of Hydropower stations
High Head developments: have head in excess of 300m and high speed Pelton turbines are used. The amount of impounded water is usually small. Medium Head developments: have heads between 30 and 300 m, and medium speed Francis turbines are used. A dam is usually built across a river bed in relatively mountainous area. The amount of impounded water is huge. Low Head developments: have heads under 30m and low speed Kaplan or Francis turbines are used. These stations usually extract power from flowing rivers.

Makeup of a Hydropower Plant
A hydropower installation consists of: Dams: made of earth and concrete are built across river beds to create a storage reservoirs. Dams permit us to regulate the water flow throughout the year. Spillways adjacent to the dam are provided to discharge water whenever the reservoir level is too high Conduits, Penstock, and Scroll-Case: Conduits: lead the water from the dam site to the generating plant. Penstock: huge steel pipes that channels the water into a scroll-case that surrounds the turbine.

Scroll-Case: distribute the water evenly around the turbines circumference.Guide vanes and wicket gates control the water so that it flows smoothly into the runner blades. Wicket gates open and close in response to a powerful hydraulic mechanism controlled by the respective turbine governors. Draft Tube and Tailrace: Carefully designed vertical channels to remove water from the turbine. The water is led to a tailrace which channels the water to a downstream river bed. Powerhouse: Contains Synchronous generator, transformers, circuit breakers and control apparatus.
Transmission of Electrical Energy

A transmission and Distribution must satisfy the following basic requirements:
Provide at all times the power that consumers need. Maintain a stable, nominal voltage that does not vary by more than 10%. Maintain a stable frequency that does not vary by more than 0.1%. Supply energy at an acceptable price. Meet standards of safety. Respect environmental standards.

An Elementary Transmission and Distribution system is depicted below.
Generation
Medium EHV
Transmission
HV Tie-line 115kV
Distribution
MV LV 120/240V single phase
G1
345kV
2.4kV to 69kV
to 230kV to 765kV
G2
600V three phase
Heavy Medium industry industry
Small industry Commerce Residences
Generating Transmission Rajparthiban Kumar Substations Stations
Interconnection Transmission EE207 Electrical Power Substations Substations
Distribution Substations
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Transmission substations: Change the line voltage by
means of a step up/step down transformer and regulate it by means of static var compensators, synchronous condensers.
Distribution substations: Change medium voltage to

low voltage by means of step down transformers which may have automatic tap-changing capabilities to regulate the low voltage.
Power distribution systems are divided into two major categories:


Transmission Systems: The line voltage is roughly between 115kV and 800kV. Distribution Systems: The voltage is generally in the range of 120V and 69kV. This is subdivided into:
Medium Voltage Distribution Systems: 2.4kV to 69kV, and Low Voltage Distribution Systems: 120 to 600V.
The design of a power line depends on the following factors:

The amount of active power it has to transmit The distance over which the power must be carried. The cost of the power line. Esthetic considerations, urban congestion, ease of installation, and expected growth.
EE207 Electrical Power 18
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Types of Power lines according to voltage class:
Low voltage (LV) lines: Provide power to buildings, factories, commercial establishments. These are usually insulated Aluminium conductors (as overhead or underground cables). often transfer power from local pole-mounted distribution transformer to the service entrance of the customer. Medium Voltage (MV) lines: Tie the load centres (high rise buildings, shopping centres, campusesetc.) to one of the substations of the utility company. The voltage level is 2.4kV to 69 kV. High Voltage (HV) lines: connect the main substation to the generating station. The lines are either aerial

conductors or underground cables. The voltage level is below 230kV. Extra High Voltage (EHV) lines: are used when the generating stations are very far from the load centres. These lines operate at voltage levels up to 800kV and may be as long as 1000km.
Components of a HV Transmission Line:

Conductors: conductors for HV transmission are always bare. The are made of stranded copper or Steel Reinforced aluminium Cables (ACSR). ACSR are usually preferred because they are lighter and more economical.

Insulators: made of Porcelain and serve to support and anchor the conductors and to insulate them from ground.
Pin-type insulators for voltages below 70kV. Suspension-type insulators for HV.
Pin type Insulator
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Suspension type EE207 Electrical Power
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Supporting Structure: must keep the conductors at a safe height from ground and at an adequate distance from each other. For voltages below 70kV wooden poles can be used and steel towers made of galvanisedangle-iron pieces are used for very high voltages.
Equivalent Circuit of a Power Transmission Line Generally an ac PTL posses a resistance (r), an inductive reactance (xL), and a capacitive reactance (xC) uniformly distributed over the entire length of the line.

L r jxL -jxC N
The line equivalent circuit can be simplified by lumping the individual resistances, inductances and capacitances to give a total resistance (R) and total inductance and capacitance (jXL) and (jXC) respectively. Thus the simplified equivalent circuit of a PTL becomes:

L R jXL
-j2XC N
-j2XC
Note that the total Capacitances is divided into two parts (each equal to 2XC) at both ends of the line.
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The circuit can be simplified further by omitting one or more of the equivalent circuit parameters based on the amount of active, reactive power associated with the line.
For LV lines, the distance is short and and the voltage is low, thus capacitive reactive power QC associated with the line is very small and negligible. Thus the capacitive component can be omitted.
E2 QC = XC

R jXL
PTL Low & Medium voltage Simplified Equivalent cct.
HV and EHV lines are always long, and so the reactive powers associated with the line inductances and capacitances become more important. Also the efficiency of the line is high so the I2R associated with the line resistance become small, thus HV and EHV simplified equivalent cct. becomes:

jXL
E1
-j2XC
-j2XC
E2
HV and EHV voltage Simplified Equivalent cct.
Example: a PTL delivers 300MW to 3-phase load (see figure). If the line voltage at both ends (source and Load) is 230kV, determine the following:

50km 230kV 1000k cmil 300MW load
Line parameters: 0.065/km Inductance: 0.5 /km Capacitance: 300k.km
Active, Reactive power associated with the line. The approximate equivalent circuit, per phase.
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Solution R=50km x 0.065 /km =3.25 XL=50km x 0.5 /km = 25 XC= 300000 .km /50km = 6000 The line to neutral voltage E=230kV/3=133kV The active power per phase P=300MW/3=100MW The load current I=100MW/133kV=750A If we temporarily neglect the presence of the capacitor in parallel with the load, then line I2R loss

Pline=I2R=(750)2x 3.25=1.83MW (1.8% of total P) The absorbed reactive power of the line: QLn= I2XL=(750)2 x 25=14.1 Mvar (14% of total P). Reactive power generated by the capacitor at each end: E2/XC=(133)2 /12000=1.47Mvar Total reactive power generated by the capacitors QCln =2 x 1.47Mvar = 2.94 Mvar ( 3 % of total P) Comparing Pline,QLn and QCln shows that QLn is the dominant component, and thus the line is inductive. The resistance and Capacitance of the line can be neglected.

Voltage Regulation and Power Capability of TL Four types of lines will be examined in terms of voltage regulation and Active power handling capabilities. 1. Resistive lines
I R ES P ER
Source
TL Equivalent Impedance
Variable Load
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ES
0.95ES
0.5ES
ER
0 19%
P=E2S/4R
100%
Characteristics of Resistive line
The maximum power that can be transmitted by the line to the load is obtained when the load impedance is equal the complex conjugate of the line impedance.

Under this condition the load voltage ER=(1/2)Es and the maximum power transferred to the load Pmax= Es2/4R However this voltage level at the load is not acceptable. If we consider 5% voltage regulation (i.e. ER=0.95ES)is an acceptable limit, the the power that can be transferred by the line to the load: P= (0.95Es)2/19R this power is only 19% of the maximum power (Pmax)!

This can be shown as:
E R = 0.95 E s E s 0.95 E s 0.05 E s I= and thus , = R R ER Rload = = 19 R , and load Power , I 0.05 E s 2 0.0475 E s2 Pload = ( ) 19 R = R R Pload 0.0475 E s2 / R = = 19% 2 Pmax Es / 4R

EE207 Electrical Power - Lecture 6

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EE207 Electrical Power - Lecture 6

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Lecture 6 Power Transmission and Distribution

Generation of Electrical Power

Generation of Electrical Power

Generation of Electrical Power