Session 5.

Supporting Network Planning Tools II

by Roland Gtz

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Modern Radio Network Planning Tools

Radio Network Planning Tool

Data Management
Data / Result Output

Network Processor

Interference Analysis

Propagation Prediction

Graphical User Interface

Data Management

Geo Information System

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Data Management

Data Management

What is the Minimum Set of Data you need to perform a Basic Coverage Prediction?

Coordinates of the Transmitter Radiated Power Frequency Antenna Pattern

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What other kind of Data have to be managed and Why?

Data describing the Transmitter Antenna all technical parameters (power range, frequency range, sensitivity...) Data describing the Network Sites Cells, Sectors, links neighbouring relations frequency plans, frequency rasters Data describing Interfering Networks same service other operators other services in other countries
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Data Management

Data Management

What other kind of Data have to be managed and Why?

for Tool Administration User / Role Password System Layout Result Data Base Coverage Maps Interference Relations Network Analysis which have been performed in the past

Libaries Antenna Equipment Transmitter Equipment Receiver Equipment ...

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Example: Microwave Link

Data Management

Gain

Gain

Pathloss Antenna
EIRP Feeder Loss
Feeder Loss

Branching Loss Connector Loss Tx Power

Branching Loss Connector Loss

Tx

Device

Rx
Receive Level

Site 1 Operator

Site 2
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Example: Microwave Link

Data Management
Microwave Link

Site A Operator A

Site B Operator B

Frequency Raster

Antenna

Device

Diversity Antenna

Antenna

Device

Diversity Antenna

Receiver
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Transmitter

Receiver

Transmitter
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Database Concepts

Information Database

Data Management

Information Database

Central DB

Update IDB (area or project status)

Update your WDB (area or project status)

Work Database

Work Database

Client A
Working Database
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Client B
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Live Planning Tool Demonstration

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Data Management

Detailed Data Information are necessary to perform comprehensive network analysis / optimisations An comprehensive Data Management allows keeping all network data in one central data base makes daily work easier (Libraries)

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Modern Radio Network Planning Tools

Radio Network Planning Tool

Graphical User Interface

Data / Result Output

Network Processor

Interference Analysis

Propagation Prediction

Graphical User Interface

Data Management

Geo Information System

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Spreadsheets Spreadsheets offer a view on database tables.

All records of the related database table (e.g all sectors) can be edited:

Graphical User Interface

Each row contains information for one object e.g Antenna type, antenna height, azimuth etc. for a specific sector

Each column stands for one specific database field e.g Antenna Height

The following options are available to work with spreadsheets Edit functions Query Functions Functions to change the layout of the spreadsheet Functions for graphical display of the spreadsheet data Import / Export Functions
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Editors

Editor views allow to edit all data related to a specific object

Graphical User Interface

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Working Window

Graphical User Interface

Menu

Toolbar

Working map

Value display (status bar)

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Task: Creating new Sites

Graphical User Interface 1. Graphically on a map:

Activate the site tool Click on a pixel on the map Co-ordinates from selected position on map

2. In the site table:

Enter co-ordinates manually

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Live Planning Tool Demonstration

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Modern Radio Network Planning Tools

Radio Network Planning Tool

Propagation Prediction
Data / Result Output

Network Processor

Interference Analysis

Propagation Prediction

Graphical User Interface

Data Management

Geo Information System

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Wave Propagation Effects

Propagation Prediction

refraction

tropospheric effects
Atmospheric Absorption Loss f>10 GHz

free space propagation diffraction

Rain Attenuation f>5GHz

scattering

reflection

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Refraction

The refraction of the VHF/UHF signal in the troposphere causes an enhancement of the radio horizon compared to the geometric horizon

Propagation Prediction

n
1

Low density

n
2

K=1, homogene Atmosphere

High density

K= 4/3 Standard Atmosphere

Earth Radius

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16

20

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28

32

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19

40

Distance in km

Diffraction

Diffraction: a signal could be received even if there is no line of sight diffraction means also an attenuation of the wave. higher frequency -> higher diffraction attenuation.

Propagation Prediction

replace obstacles by Knife-edges

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Reflection

d2 = d2T + d2R
d1 hT d2T

d1 = d + (hR hT )
2

Propagation Prediction

d 2 = d 2 + (hR + hT )

d2R

hR

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Scattering

Propagation Prediction

from point

from rough surface

from volume

Ei Es

Ei Es

Ei

Es

analytical model for sphere numerical techniques

modified reflection coefficient

radiative transfer theory statistical models

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Wave Propagation Models VHF/UHF

Modern Radio Network Planning Tools offer a wide range of Propagation Models Information models Sight Check Sight Check (Fresnel) Physical models Free space Epstein-Peterson Empirical models Okumura-Hata Mixed models Longley-Rice ITU-R P.370 ITU-R P.1546 GEG L&S VHF/UHF
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Propagation Prediction

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Models and Frequency Ranges

Okumura Hata Model 2 ITU530 Microwave Model ITU452 Microwave Model Walfish Ikegami Model Okumura Hata Model 1 Longley Rice Model Aeronautical Model Flat Earth Model Egli Urban Model HCM Model ITU370 Model ITU 567 Model CEPT Model ITU533 Shortwave Model Sky Wave Model Ground Wave Model Free Space Model
30 Hz 300 Hz 3KHz 30KHz 300 KHz 3 MHz 30 MHz 10 kHz 150kHz 3MHz 1,7MHz 30 MHz 30MHz 30MHz 30MHz 30MHz 30MHz 30MHz 30MHz 30MHz 30MHz 150MHz

1,5GHz 800MHz 800MHz 800MHz

2 GHz 70GHz 70GHz 2GHz 1,5GHz 40GHz 30GHz 10GHz 10GHz 2GHz 1GHz 1 GHz

250 MHz

300 MHz

3 GHz

30 GHz

300 GHz

VLF
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LF

MF

HF

VHF UHF SHF EHF

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Version 15.05.2002 FF

Sight Check

performs line of sight (LOS) check result

Propagation Prediction

sight no sight

TX

profile
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Sight Check (Fresnel) performs extended line of sight (LOS) check result

Propagation Prediction

sight, no obstacles within 1st Fresnel zone sight, but obstacle within 1st Fresnel zone no sight

TX

profile
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Free Space

180 160 140 ERP ERP ERP ERP = = = = 1W 10 W 100 W 1 kW

Propagation Prediction

E [dBuV/m]

120 100 80 60 40 20 0 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

propagation over a flat earth

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90

100

d [km]

Determines the field strength value purely on the basis of the loss due to the distance d from the transmitter Selected calculation mode affects the k-factor for the calculation (see sight check) Additionally the consideration of morphological classes is possible if available; the clutter heights of the urban and rural morphologic classes are added to the topological heights 27
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Propagation Model ITU-R 370 latest version 1995 coordination model tends to overestimate fieldstrength basis: measured data from North America, Europe, North Sea (cold) and Mediterranean Sea (warm) condensed to a set of curves: fieldstrength E over a homogenous terrain as a function of distance d (10 km ... 1 000 km) for ...
frequency ranges VHF (30 ... 250 MHz) and UHF (450 ... 1 000 MHz) power of 1kW ERP effective transmitter antenna height 37.5 m ... 1 200 m (3 km d 15 km) terrain roughness h = 50 m (10 km d 50 km) receiver location over land, cold sea or warm sea receiver antenna height hR = 10 m 50 % location probability 1%, 5%, 10% and 50% time probability Used for highest compatibility with international planning procedures
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Propagation Prediction

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ITU-R 370 - Definition heff

Propagation Prediction

heff = hsite, asl + hantenna - hav hav: average terrain height between 3 km and 15 km from transmitter

Transmitter

heff

3 km

15 km

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ITU-R 370 - Definition h

h is the difference between terrain heights exceeded by 10% and 90% of the values between 10 km and 50 km from the transmitter
10 km
800 700 600 h [m] h [m] 500 400 300 200 100 0 0 11 23 34 45 55 67 77 distance from transmitter d [km]

Propagation Prediction

50 km
800 700 600

500 400 300 200 100 0 1 10 20 29 39 49 58 68 77 87 97 % (10 km ... 50 km)

90% 10%

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ITU-R 370 Propagation Curves

Propagation Prediction

Free space propagation

Free space propagation

heff = 150 m

heff = 150 m

propagation curve 50% time (steady or continuous)

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propagation curve 1% time (tropospheric) 31

ITU-R 370 Implementations

Propagation Prediction

3 different Implementations for ITU-R 370 Models ITU-R 370 Database effective antenna height from database h = const. from user ITU-R 370 Transmitter effective antenna height from database h dynamically from digital terrain data ITU-R 370 Terrain effective antenna from digital terrain data h dynamically from digital terrain data -> see Live Demo
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The New Model: ITU-R 1546

Propagation Prediction

Major changes between ITU-R 370 and ITU-R 1546 Interpolation and extension in frequency (between 3 curves from 30 MHz ... 3 000 MHz) Extension to distances below 10 km from transmitter (1 km) Terrain roughness is no longer a parameter More complex calculation near the transmitter calculation procedure for negative heff, curves extended to 10 m Interpolation for time variability (between curves) Location's standard deviation as a function of frequency More complex land sea path calculation

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Okumura-Hata

Propagation Prediction

empirical model for propagation along flat and homogenous urban terrain based on measurements for vertical polarization by Okumura and ... interpolated formulas by Hata Extensions to Okumura-Hata calculation of effective transmitter antenna height hT hT,eff (different options) additional diffraction term for paths without sight consideration of morphological heights in diffraction term subdivision of the 4 morphological classes of Okumura-Hata into 16 classes (morphological gain with respect to urban areas) correction for non flat earth (terrain slope)
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Okumura-Hata
Model parameters for Extended Hata Model

Propagation Prediction

Edit coefficients of Edit coefficients of hata equation hata equation

Edit parameter Edit parameter for for tangent fitting tangent fitting Select Select environment environment correction correction Set parameter Set parameter for morpho for morpho model model

Set frequency and Set frequency and receiver heigth receiver heigth Enable earth Enable earth curvature curvature correction correction Enable diffraction model Enable diffraction model -Deygout (ITU) -Deygout (ITU) -Epsteint Petersen -Epsteint Petersen -Deygout (enhanced for speed) ) -Deygout (enhanced for speed

Select morpho Select morpho model model

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Micro Cell Model

Propagation Prediction

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Prediction Models

Propagation Prediction

Non-Terrain Based
Use of "effective antenna height" Monotonous decline of field strength with increasing distance to transmitter Example: ITU-R P. 370

DTM Based
Diffraction, shading, reflection Terrain elevation and land use (morphology) 2D and 3D models Examples: "Epstein-Peterson", "Longley&Rice", "Okumura-Hata"
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Live Planning Tool Demonstration

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