Unit 1 - Food

UNIT 1
FOOD
WARM UP 1 Discuss the following questions. What role does food play in your life? Fresh food vs. preserved food. What are the pros and cons of each of the two categories? When does preserved food make your life easier and when is it absolutely necessary? What methods of food preservation do you know?

READING AND EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION 2 Read the following definition of food preservation and, if there are any words you dont understand, ask your mates to explain them. Food preservation is any one of a number of techniques used especially by the food industry to stop or slow down spoilage (loss of quality, edibility or nutritional value) of food so that the food products can be stored longer. The main task of food preservation consists in preventing the growth of pathogens such as bacteria, yeasts, moulds and other micro-organisms, as well as retarding the oxidation of fats which cause rancidity. Food preservation can also include processes which inhibit visual deterioration that can occur during food preparation; such as the enzymatic browning reaction in apples after they are cut.

3 Work in groups. Each member will get a description of a preservation technique, read the text for him/herself and explain the method to the others. After everyone in your group has taken turn, you should be able to complete the following table with the most relevant information. Method: Subtype 1: DRYING Air drying

How does it work: What food is it applied to:

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Unit 1 - Food Subtype 2: Vacuum drying How does it work: Advantages: Subtype 3: Spray drying

How does it work: What food is it applied to: Subtype 4: Freeze-drying

How does it work:

Method: Subtype:

HEATING Pasteurization

How does it work: What food is it applied to:

Method:

CANNING

How does it work:

Method:

USE OF CHEMICAL ADDITIVES

How does it work: Subtype: Use of sequestrants

How does it work:

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Unit 1 - Food 4 Search the Internet or other sources for the basic information about the following food preservation methods: Smoking, salting, adding sugar, curing, fermentation and radiation.

VOCABULARY 5 Use the following expressions to fill in the gaps in the text below nutritious ingredients raw refining caramelised citric in mix variety saccharin

Food Additives, Colourants, Sweeteners The overall purpose of additives in modern food manufacture is the same as it was in the traditional kitchen to prepare, preserve, process and, as the case may be, cook basic _______ ingredients to convert them into wholesome, attractive, better tasting and _______ food, ready to be consumed. Every cook has his or her own techniques and knows how to transform an everyday dish into something special. Food manufacturers should do, and mostly really do, much the same. On the basis of research programmes and the results achieved, the leading manufacturers have developed effective and economical methods of producing a wide range of foods to suit every taste and pocket. In order to achieve this, they need at their disposal a wide range of additives to perform a number of tasks in the process, from cleaning and _______ the raw materials, to preserving them in optimal condition throughout further processing or distribution, combining them with other _______ and ensuring that they appear attractive to the consumer. Food additives are used either to facilitate or complement a wide _______ of production methods. Their two most basic functions are that they either make food safer by preserving it from bacteria and preventing oxidation and other chemical changes, or they make food look or taste better or feel more pleasing in the mouth. Antioxidant agents, such as _______ acid, may reduce the availability of metalloid ions that can catalyse oxidation reactions. The use of the powerful synthetic antioxidants BHA, BHT and the gallic acid ester is very restricted, while tocopherols, natural or synthetic, are less restricted but are less effective in the protection of processed foods. The most effective use of antioxidants lies in the maximum retardation of the oxidation process e.g. in the fats and oils used in the manufacturing process. Emulsifiers facilitate the mixing together of ingredients that normally would not _______, namely fat and water. This mixing is then maintained by stabilisers. These additives are essential in the production of mayonnaise, chocolate products and fat spreads, reduced-fat substitutes for butter and margarine. They have made an important contribution to consumer choice and, in particular, to dietary change. Colourants, often chemical substances, are used just to enhance the visual properties of foods, while colouring foodstuffs are colourings derived from recognised foods and processed in such a way that the essential characteristics of the food from which they have been derived are maintained. Colouring foodstuffs include bright yellow colours derived from turmeric, oleoresin and safflower; golden yellow to natural orange colours from carrots and paprika; 3/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 1 - Food toffee brown colour from _______ sugar syrup; green colours from spinach leaves and stinging nettles, both rich in chlorophylls; and red, blue and purple colour from concentrates of red and blue fruits, red cabbage and beetroot, rich _______ anthocyanins. Sweeteners come in two basic types intense and bulk. They are permitted in foods that are either energy-reduced or have no added sugar. In particular, they are well-known to dieters and diabetics. Intense sweeteners, such as _______, acesulfame-K and others, are several-hundred times sweeter than sugar. Bulk sweeteners, where the majority are polyols, including erythritol, sorbitol, isomalt and lactitol, are less sweet. Due to the reduced sweetness characteristics of the majority of polyols, it is possible to blend them with other polyols or with intense sweeteners to improve the sweetness and taste quality. This property is known as sweetness synergy. Another benefit is the ability to mask the undesired bitter flavour.
http://www.rsc.org/ebooks/archive/BK 9781905224500 (adapted)

Look at the text again and find the synonyms of the following words: role, task, aim to change into top, most important producers to reach a goal to make easy or easier to make smaller limited delay, slowing down kept absolutely necessary to improve properties to mix, to combine unwanted taste

7 Summarize in your own words what the following additives are used for. antioxidant agents emulsifiers colourants sweeteners

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Unit 1 - Food

SPEAKING SKILLS - showing an interest in what other people are saying 8 Write the eight phrases under the correct headings A, B, C and D A Reacting with disagreement

B Reacting with agreement/understanding

C Reacting with agreement but adding an alternative viewpoint

D Reacting with agreement and adding another similar point

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

I see what you mean. Yes, plus youve got to remember that Thats true, and dont forget that True, but dont you think that? Im not sure about that. Yes, I hadnt thought of that. I dont think I can agree with you about that because Well, you might be right about but what about?

Discuss the following questions/statements. When reacting to your partner, use some of the phrases given in Exercise 8.

1. All additives are harmful. 2. Organic food is not any safer than normal food. The recent outbreak of E-coli has proven
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Unit 1 - Food

3. When you buy food, you should always study the label. 4. People are overconcerned about food safety. Healthy food obsession may result in a
mental disorder. 5. A recent survey has shown that the food sold in Czech chain stores is of a lower quality than the same goods sold e.g. in Austria or Germany. Why is it so?

LANGUAGE USE AND READING COMPREHENSION 10 Match the following synonyms. The knowledge of these words will help you to understand the text about GM food that you are going to read. 1. produce 2. modified 3. alternative 4. concerns 5. protect 6. within 7. consider 8. disgusting 9. interfere 10. prevent a. horrible b. worries c. safeguard d. inside e. altered f. think about g. make h. stop i. substitute j. meddle

11 Complete the text with your own expressions. Use only one word per gap. Media (1) are saying Chinese scientists have developed genetically modified cows that can produce human milk. A British newspaper says a laboratory in China has introduced human genes into dairy cows to produce milk (2) identical to human breast milk. The researchers believe the new GM milk is a healthy alternative (3) milk powder, which many (4) nutritionists say is not so good for babies. Researcher Professor Ning Li addressed peoples concerns that the milk from GM cows could be harmful. He said it would be as safe as milk from ordinary (5) cows. He added the GM milk contains a human protein called lysozome, which helps to protect babies (6) infections in the days and weeks after their birth. Professor Li said the new milk will be on supermarket shelves (7) ten years. He believes it will be very popular, saying: The milk tastes stronger than normal milk. He spoke about how important his teams research (8) . He said: There are 1.5 billion people in the world who dont get enough to eat. Its our duty to develop science and technology, not to (9) it back. We need to feed people first, before we consider ideals and convictions. People on Britains Sky News website had (10) views. One commented: Its totally disgusting. This planet is on a downward (11) into hell. Another said: We interfere (12) nature every time we prevent death by taking engineered drugs. Get used to it. 6/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 1 - Food

12 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12.

Put the correct words from the table below in the above article. (a) reporting (a) almost (a) than (a) infants (a) diary (a) for (a) outside (a) is (a) have (a) differed (a) spring (a) with (b) journalist (b) whole (b) to (b) infantile (b) dietary (b) from (b) around (b) be (b) hold (b) differentiate (b) oblong (b) at (c) journalism (c) every (c) from (c) infant (c) dairy (c) of (c) about (c) are (c) put (c) differs (c) spiral (c) to (d) reports (d) near (d) at (d) infants (d) fairy (d) by (d) within (d) being (d) give (d) differing (d) triangle (d) from

13 Listen and check. From http://www.BreakingNewsEnglish.com/1106/110609-breast.milk.html 14 Decide if a-h below are true (T) or false (F). a. Cows are to replace humans in providing breast milk for babies. b. Human genes were put into cows to make human breast milk. c. The GM milk will be healthier than powdered milk for babies. d. The new milk will protect new-born babies from infections. e. The milk wont be on sale for at least a decade. f. Normal milk tastes stronger than the new GM milk. g. The professor said feeding people is more important than opinions. h. Someone said that using GM milk was the same as taking illegal drugs.

DISCUSSION 15 Discuss the following questions in pairs or small groups. a) What do you think of genetically modified produce? b) Do you think its right to give babies GM milk? c) Whats the worst case scenario with GM food? d) Whats your countrys attitude to all things GM? e) What benefits could the GM milk have? f) Would you give the GM milk to your baby? g) Will you buy the new milk when it comes out? 7/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 1 - Food

h) Do you think itll be totally accepted one day? i) Do you agree that GM milk is little different to taking manufactured drugs? j) Whats next for GM? k) What questions would you like to ask Professor Ning Li? l) What three adjectives describe this story (and why)?
Exercises 10 15 adapted from GM cows to produce human breast milk 9th June, 2011, www. BreakingNewsEnglish.com Copyright Sean Banville 2011

PRE-LISTENING 16 Read quickly the following introduction, it will help you understand the recording on nanotechnology in food industry. Nanofood Imagine a drink that looks like water but can be whatever taste and colour you want. At the press of a microwave button, miniscule capsules carrying the ingredients of your choice release their contents into the drink, while the others remain intact. It sounds like the stuff of Willy Wonkas Chocolate Factory, but something approaching this drink is reputedly in development. Food scientists are tinkering with foods at the nano scale, changing the way they taste and feel, and even improving their nutritional content. Low salt and low fat products that taste like their higher salt and fat counterparts are already being taste tested. In this weeks Frontiers, Sue Broom asks the food industry and researchers why they are making use of the quirky physical laws of the extremely small to create these 'nano' foods. The public outcry over genetically modified foods is a stark reminder of how much people care about what they eat. So does the British consumer want foods created using nanotechnology, and are they safe to eat? The European Food Safety Authority is now bracing itself for 'nano' foods, and has just released their report for public consultation on the potential risks involved. www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/science/frontiers_20081020.shtml

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LISTENING 17 Listen to the recording and answer the following questions.

Nanofood 0 8:42, BBC World Service, Discovery_20081203-1032a

1 What did you hear about drinks and nanoencapsulated flavour? 2 Which industries make use of nanotechnology? 3 Are there any food products manufactured with the use of nanotechnology on the market? 4 What is nanotechnology? 5 How does an atomic force microscope work? 6 Does nanotechnology use new molecules? 7 What is the mantra of the nutritionists? 8 What is a WOW particle? 9 What is the difference between low-fat mayonnaise and the one produced with the help of nanotechnology?

DESCRIPTION 18 Describe the main characteristics of some food, drink, additive, ingredient and let the others to guess what it is. You can use some of the expressions bellow: It is prepared by It is used in/for People drink it/eat it when It contains (large/small amount of). It is typical for Its nutritional value is very high/low, because.

EXPRESSING FREQUENCY AND QUANTITY 19 Look at the expressions below and order them from zero to maximum frequency. always, never, once a month, every day, seldom, on Sundays, often, every other week, almost never, rarely, frequently, three times per year

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20 Assign the quantifiers in the sentences below to the appropriate categories (A,B,C, D or E). A B C D E large quantities: small quantities: zero quantity: more than you need: less than you need:

Very few people know exactly what they eat and drink. Do you drink much coffee? - No, not much. Yes, quite a lot. Too much, Im afraid. Do you drink alcohol? Just a little, on special occasions. Drinking coffee has been associated with a number of harmful and beneficial effects. Recent research provides some evidence that coffee could help prevent type 2 diabetes and neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimers but we do not have enough knowledge to say it is 100% true. They thought they had plenty of time but then something happened and there was little hope (almost none) that they would be able to meet the deadline for the completion of the experiment. But with a bit of luck they managed in the end. However, there are still a few questions to be answered. Many studies say that certain vegetables, berries, red wine, dark chocolate and coffee are great fighters against free radicals; but you should think of how you eat or drink because a plant biochemist at the University of Glasgow, UK, has shown that adding cream to strawberries slows absorption of antioxidants so the final effect is not big enough. Too many people follow diets that are unhealthy because they do not provide enough nutrients.

21 Decide if the quantifiers in ex. 20 are used with countable nouns, uncountable nouns, or both. How many? (countable nouns) How much? (uncountable nouns) How many/How much? (both)

22 Look again at the quantifiers in ex. 19 and complete the rules Many and much are used mostly in negative sentences ( - ) or , while for affirmative sentences (+) it is better to use ( This quantifier can be used in all types of sentences). and = some, but not a lot and = not much/many

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Unit 1 - Food 23 Make sentences using the quantifiers given below A few (of) Some (of) Enough (of) Many (of) Most (of) 9 out of 10 (of) Plenty of A couple of A lot of None of A majority of Almost/nearly every of people/students in my country/members of my family my friends/the students in my class

SURVEY 24 Work in pairs or small groups. Prepare a short survey about some eating/drinking habits or preferences of your colleagues. Think of 3 questions you will ask the others. Take notes of the answers and then make a summary of your findings, using the expressions given in exercise 19.

EXPERIMENT 25 Kitchen myth-busting: Chemistry in Whisking Egg Whites Do you enjoy baking, making your own cakes and cooking fluffy souffls? Then youve probably been warned to be very careful when breaking the eggs and to make sure you dont get even a bit of yolk in the whites before whisking. Because otherwise foam would not be formed and instead of a fluffy delicacy you would get a very flat result. Well, its time to confirm or negate such advice. Watch the video http://animoto.com/play/5wGootw8171ANrajUZzk0A and describe the experiment.

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Unit 2 - Drugs

UNIT 2
DRUGS
WARM UP 1 Discuss in pairs. What experience do you have with hospitals? Do you think they are safe? What are the potential dangers? READING 2 Before reading about one of the potential risks you may encounter, match the following words with their meanings: 1___, 2 ___, 3___, 4___, 5___, 6 1 2 3 Unravelling Bug Resident A B , 7___, 8___, 9___, 10___, 11___, 12___,13 ___ clearing up (e.g. a mystery) something or someone to be affected by an action or development C impediment to free activity, expression, or functioning or a restraining of the function of a bodily organ or an agent (as an enzyme) D formally an insect, informally a pathogen such as virus or bacteria that causes illness E a genus of protozoa that moves by means of pseudopods, and is well-known as a representative unicellular organism F something that is often threatening, provocative, stimulating, or inciting G to grow by rapid production of new parts, cells, buds, or offspring H of the utmost importance, necessary I gastrointestinal tract J inhabitant, someone living in a certain place permanently) K methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, a bacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans. It may also be referred to as multipleresistant Staphylococcus aureus or oxacillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (ORSA). L to make something (hidden or secret) publicly or generally known M coming soon 12/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

4 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1

Gut MRSA Amoeba to reveal Essential Target Inhibition Challenge

1 2 1

Proliferate Forthcoming

Unit 2 - Drugs 3 3 Read the article.

Medicinal compounds
John Mann, Queen's University Belfast, takes a look at drugs on the market. In this issue: an old drug for a new problem Forget MRSA - Clostridium difficile is the new hospital superbug. With C. difficile infections running at about 55,000 per year in the UK and around 5000 resultant deaths, this gram positive anaerobic bacillus is a cause for concern. Clostridium difficile is a natural resident in the gut for ca 3 per cent of the adult population, but many patients acquire the bacillus if they spend more than two weeks in hospital especially if they have been treated with broad spectrum antibiotics. These drugs kill most of the natural gut bacterial flora and allow C. difficile to proliferate. The organism is resistant to most antibiotics and produces toxins and 4-hydroxy-toluene (from tyrosine) leading to serious diarrhoea, colitis and, in severe cases in the elderly, to death. One effective drug against C. difficile is metronidazole (1), a relatively toxic antibacterial agent introduced in 1960 as a treatment for amoebic dysentery (an infection of the intestine by specific amoeba which causes severe diarrhoea). Researchers hypothesise that the drug works by damaging the DNA of the bacillus, and does this after initial reduction of its nitro group via a four-electron process to yield the hydroxylamine. The nitro radical anion and other radical species are possible intermediates of this reduction. A greater understanding of the chemistry of its antibacterial effects may be forthcoming following the unravelling of the biochemistry of C. difficile.

Biochemical breakthrough A recent paper in Nature (2008, 45, 239) revealed how the organism processes the amino acid l-leucine to 4-methylpentenoate. This amino acid is essential for growth of the bacillus, so this process is a possible target for inhibition by drugs. Jihoe Kim and his colleagues at Philipps Universitt, Germany, showed that leucine is first converted into an -keto acid then reduced to the -hydroxyacid, at which point the bacillus faces a difficult problem. This type of acid is chemically difficult to dehydrate because the -hydrogen atom that has to be removed as a proton is not very acidic (pKa around 40). So the bacillus converts the hydroxyacid into a 13/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 2 - Drugs ketyl radical and now the allylic hydrogen atom is more acidic (pKa 14) and can be removed. The overall pathway is shown in the scheme below.

It's too soon to speculate whether the radical intermediates on the metronidazole pathway interact with the ketyl radical generated during leucine reduction, but further investigations of these reductive processes could lead to new drugs for the treatment of C. difficile infections. This is one of the major challenges of the 21st century. Royal Society of Chemistry 2008

READING COMPREHENSION 4 Decide whether the following statements are true or false and explain why. a b c d e f g Clostridium difficile is a new antiviral drug It can be frequently found in the adult population. Normally it is killed by broad spectrum antibiotics It may cause dysentery There is no drug against it Leucine is necessary for the bug Metronidazole interacts with radicals generated during leucine reduction

DISCUSSION 5 Discuss in pairs/small groups. Were you surprised by the fact that British patients often acquire a bacillus in a presumably sterile environment? Do you think the situation in Czech hospitals is different? FALSE FRIENDS 6 Some English words look similar to those in Czech, but they have a completely different meaning. One example was provided in the article above: 14/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 2 - Drugs the bacillus is a cause for concern Can you remember any other false friends? Explain their meaning in English. 7 Chose the correct option a I know you told me it was expensive, but could you tell me what the actual/current price was? b If the container is not isolated/insulated properly, the liquid inside may freeze when the outside temperature drops well below zero. c You have analysed the problem, so whats your meaning/opinion? d This is an OTC (over-the-counter) drug. It means you dont need a receipt/recipe/prescription to buy it in the pharmacy. 8 Odd man out eventually sensible to control extra gymnasium in the end practical to check best quality fitness centre possibly sensitive to manage supplementary grammar school

RULES 9 Some words of Greek or Latin origin have irregular plural. Can you find any patterns within this irregularity? bacillus bacterium criterion spectrum crisis equilibrium formula bacilli bacteria analysis thesis diagnosis curriculum nucleus basis

LISTENING AND REPHRASING 10 Listen to the podcast and fill in the gaps in the rephrased text below

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Unit 2 - Drugs More than 50.000 people over the world Without they die. from sleeping sickness.

Currently there are fluoromethane, is the time you could be a protein NMT. They have their They will also have to

drugs available. Melarsoprol, the one in hospital, taking infusions for 2 weeks. This by attacking the target

arsenic, is very dangerous and has serious side effects. The disadvantage of the other one, in the developing world.

The researchers hope to stop the parasite from

in attacking the parasite while it is in the bloodstream and now is to solve how to the drug through the blood brain barrier. . on the possibility of the parasite becoming

Chemistry World Podcast - May 2010; 17:42 20:35

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Unit 2 - Drugs

WARM UP 11 Discuss in pairs. Do you ever take pills? In what situations? Do you believe that the pills prescribed by your doctor actually help you? Or could it be a placebo effect? PREDICTING AND READING 12 The article you are going to read is about Prozac. Which of the following statements do you think are true and which are false? a Prozac is an antidepressant. b It seems that Prozac and other 3 antidepressants help patients suffering from any form of depression. c If you have too much serotonin, you are likely to suffer from depression. d Prozac may lead to violent and suicidal behaviour. e The manufacturers informed the regulator and the public immediately when they found out about the potential dangers of the drug. 13 Look at the article. Do you know the meanings of the highlighted words and expressions? If not, ask your colleagues or consult your dictionary. 14 Read the article and check your answers in exercise 12.

Soundbite molecules
Simon Cotton, teacher at Uppingham School, takes a look at those compounds that find themselves in the news or relate to our everyday lives. In this issue: depressing news about Prozac What's the problem with Prozac? It has been claimed that Prozac (fluoxetine, 1) and other antidepressants do not do their job.

Didn't clinical trials prove they work? The results of some clinical trials were positive, yes. However, in April analysis by Irving Kirsch of the University of Hull and colleagues on the results of 47 clinical trials involving four different antidepressant drugs showed that a lot of unpublished research indicated these drugs were little more effective than a placebo in treating patients with mild to moderate depression. Only in the case of severe depression were these drugs shown to have a marked effect on patients' condition compared to placebo groups. 17/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 2 - Drugs

Why did prozac become so important? The drug was discovered in 1972, and was brought onto the market by Eli Lilly in 1986-7. Prozac revolutionised the treatment of depression. Until ca 40 years ago depression was a relatively rarely treated condition. Early drug treatments, for example, monoamine oxidase inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressants, tended to target a number of receptors, so they came with a variety of side effects. Prozac and its successors are more selective, so there are fewer side effects. How does the drug work? Prozac is one of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) class of drugs. Serotonin (5hydroxytryptamine, 2) is a signalling molecule (neurotransmitter) in the brain. Levels of serotonin in the brain affect mood. People suffering from depression tend to have low serotonin levels. How does an SSRI help treat depression? In the brain, messages are passed between two nerve cells (neurones) via a synapse, a small gap between the cells. Neurotransmitters, such as serotonin, are released by the transmitting neurone into the gap. These chemicals diffuse across the gap and are recognised by receptors on the receiving (postsynaptic) neurone, initiating a nerve impulse. Only a fraction of the neurotransmitters are lost in this process; the majority are released from the receptors and taken up again into the transmitting neurone (reuptake). An SSRI inhibits the protein involved in the reuptake of serotonin, thus increasing the levels of the neurotransmitter in the synaptic gap and so the molecule is more readily recognised by receptors on the postsynaptic neurone.

Any more depressing news? I'm afraid so. One accusation levelled against Prozac and other SSRIs is that, in some cases, they lead to violent and suicidal behaviour. Recently, the UK's Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA) investigated claims that GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) withheld information on the dangers of young people using its SSRI drug, Seroxat. The regulator concluded that GSK could have disclosed, much earlier, data relating to the risk of suicidal tendencies in under-18s using the drug. So these antidepressants should not be seen as 'instant happiness' pills. People suffering from mild depression may get better without drugs, given better diet and lifestyle, as well as good advice on their approach to life. Yet there are many people who say that Prozac and other

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Unit 2 - Drugs SSRIs are the only treatments that have worked for them, enabling them to carry on living normal lives. ROLE PLAY 15 Student A is a manager of a big international pharmaceutical firm, student B is critical about what the firm is doing. Discuss the following drugs are too expensive and often dont help, testing on animals, gifts to drug prescribers

CLASSROOM DISCUSSION 16 Answer the following questions. Who is number one in the pharmaceutical industry in the Czech Republic? What do you know about the company? Would you like to work there? Why (not)? Is the behaviour of pharmaceutical companies ethical? Why (not)? What do you think about the statement Drugs are so expensive and often unavailable to some people (especially in developing countries) because of the cost of research and development, clinical trials etc. Which is the most important drug in the history of mankind? Do you know any drug developed by a Czech person/team? What do you think about homeopathy?

TEAM WORK 17 In groups, think of a pill you would like to discover. Imagine that you have succeeded and now you are to present it to the public e.g. at a press conference. Prepare a mini presentation with your colleagues, describing the following: what is the drug, what does it do, who is it designed for, what marketing campaign will you choose Think of a TV commercial to promote sales.

VOCABULARY 18 Odd man out. say claim deny insist maintain condition time disorder disease injury scar wound scarf broken knee ulcers Alzheimer disease haemophilia appendicitis sufferer patient nurse 19/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 2 - Drugs

19 Fill in the appropriate adjectives. Bacteria are unicellular microorganisms. There are approximately ten times as many (bacterium) cells as human cells in the human body, with large numbers of bacteria on the skin and in the (digestion) tract. Although the vast majority of these bacteria are (harm) thanks to the (immunity) system, and a few are (benefit), some are (pathogen) bacteria and cause (infection) diseases, including cholera, syphilis, anthrax, leprosy and bubonic plague. The most common (fate) bacterial diseases are (respiration) infections, with tuberculosis alone killing about 2 million people a year, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In developed countries, antibiotics are used to treat bacterial infections and in (variety) agricultural processes, so antibiotic resistance is becoming common. In industry, bacteria are important in processes such as sewage treatment, the production of cheese and yoghurt, and the manufacture of antibiotics and other (?) chemicals.

20 What are the antonyms to the following words? rare majority to disclose information successor mild superior

21 Fill in the missing prepositions. Do you suffer frequent headaches, indigestion, infectious diseases or other conditions? Do you take pain killers or other medicaments? And do you know how they were tested? Testing chemicals animals human toxicity should be reduced and can potentially be eliminated favour using cells or cellular components, says a National Research Council report released last week. Advances systems biology and methods to test cells and tissues are changing the way scientists can determine the risk that chemicals pose ____ humans. The report recommends a new approach chemical testing based ____ scientific understanding how genes, proteins and small molecules interact normal cell function. Current methods __ giving large doses_____ chemicals such as pesticides to laboratory animals and then observing disease symptoms may not be relevant 20/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 2 - Drugs humans exposed ____ much lower levels the substances, notes NRC committee member Mr. Andersen. He is director the computational biology division the Hammer Institutes for Health Sciences ____ North Carolina. Andersen expects the alternatives animal tests to include rapid automated biologically based experiments that can evaluate hundreds ___ thousands __ chemicals over a wide range ___ concentrations. Use in vitro testing would expand the number substances that could be tested and save time, money, and animals. The NRC believe that the next 10 to 20 years testing will remain a mixture animal and in vitro testing but a declining portion will be based tests giving chemicals animals. For the foreseeable future, however, some animal tests will be needed because current methods _____ in vitro tests cannot yet adequately mirror the metabolism _ a whole animal. Changing current, long established animal-based testing practices __ a cellular regime may run _____ resistance. Big effort will be needed to make the change, including formation ____ a free-standing institution to coordinate new approaches ___ toxicity testing, the report says. 22 Divide in two groups. Each group will be given a different set of words. Define your word and let the other group guess what it is. Then swap roles.

LISTENING AND READING COMPREHENSION 23 Listen to the recording and fill in the gaps. Diabetes control with glucose-sensing nanoparticles
www.rsc.org/chemistryworld/podcast/2009/CWpodcast/June09.asp

Interviewer - Chris Smith Now let's go from gases to nanoparticles, tell us more. Interviewee - Matt Wilkinson Yes, indeed Chris and let me start with just by explaining why the researchers Xingju Jin and Chaoxing Li of Nankai University in Tianjin developing these systems and it is also to do with diabetes and as you most probably know that's to deal with dysregulation of insulin response to glucose or sugar in the blood. Now what these have done is 21/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011 and this is interesting, Matt, glucose-sensing

Unit 2 - Drugs developed a nanoparticle that actually responds to high levels of glucose and can release insulin to help break up the glucose and mitigate any effects that diabetes might have. Interviewer - Chris Smith Why is this better than the present situation where diabetics will monitor their and then inject a certain amount of insulin? Surely this is amounting to the same thing because they are going to inject the particles, aren't they? Interviewee - Matt Wilkinson Well, the theory is that if you could take the put it once daily injection of a nanoparticle into the , then the nanoparticle itself could sense when the blood needed the insulin in there, better than we could ourselves because obviously, we look at the effects, long terms of, we're feeling faint because we haven't got enough sugar in the blood, then you might go in and take a blood and give yourself an injection, whereas this way, your body would actually be keeping the glucose levels within a much tighter balance.

Interviewer - Chris Smith Which, we think, adds up to better long-term , because we think it's the wild swings of glucose and insulin that probably make people with diabetes less healthy, so I can understand that. How have they done it, sounds intriguing? Interviewee - Matt Wilkinson Well, what they've done is, they've made polymers that crosslink to form this nanoparticle but they actually reversibly crosslink and what they've done is they've used boronic acids to form this crosslink. These are usually not used in medical application because they're actually quite toxic, but because they crosslink between sugars, all of that toxicity is negated, when these nanoparticles are then in the presence of glucose, the glucose interferes with that binding between the sugar and the boronic disrupts that and releases the contents of the nanoparticle.

Interviewer - Chris Smith So how is the nanoparticle charged with insulin in the first place, is it like a little capsule that then bursts, or is it the insulin sort of bound onto something and its released in a graded fashion in response to the sugar? Interviewee - Matt Wilkinson It's bound within pockets, within the nanoparticle itself and when I say pockets, it is all wrapped up amongst the polymers and then when the glucose comes along, it will undo a 22/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 2 - Drugs certain number of these polymer strands, so that you get a somewhat glucose-concentration specific release. The big problem with this at the moment, say the researchers, is that they've only managed to get about 10% loading of insulin in the nanoparticles, so you would have to take an awful lot of nanoparticles to cope with an insulin episode. Interviewer - Chris Smith It's still an intriguing idea. I'm fascinated, I think it's a brilliant idea, but the thing I'm concerned about is what actually happens to those once you've injected them, as you said they've got various boron based things in them, which does have toxicity attached to it? Interviewee - Matt Wilkinson Well, that's something that they are yet to find out, they've got some very early results, preliminary experiments in mice, that show that the nanoparticles can allow glucose level to an extent, but the main challenge is to the match the glucose sensitivity to the of diabetes patients and then find out what happens to the nanoparticles and really to test their safety in animals long-term and to see how they're expunged from the body. Interviewer - Chris Smith Indeed, but certainly very encouraging news. Thank you Matt.

24 Answer the following questions. 1. What does the nanoparticle do? 2. Why is it better than the insulin injections as used today? 25 Give synonyms or explain in English the meaning of the words in the article levels mitigate to sense releases bursts in a graded fashion response to cope with attached

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Unit 2 - Drugs 26 Look at the text again and find antonyms of the following words: regulation practice strong imbalance short-tem irreversibly absence

TEXT BUILDING 27 Take the pieces of the text given to you by your teacher and put together a guide to mind-altering drugs by linking the headlines to the paragraphs. Work in pairs or small groups. A concise guide to mind-altering drugs
http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn9923-glossary-drugs-and-alcohol.html (Glossary: Drugs and Alcohol 11:09 04 September 2006,NewScientist.com news service)

1 A B C 2 A B C 3 A B C

Alcohol What is it? What does it do? How does it work? Amphetamine-type stimulants What are they? What do they do? How do they work? Caffeine What is it? What does it do? How does it work?

4 A B C

Hallucinogens/psychedelics What are they? What do they do? How do they work?

5 Opiates A What are they? B What do they do? C How do they work? 6 A B C Tobacco What is it? What does it do? How does it work?

WRITING 28 Describe one of the following drugs: cannabis, cocaine or ecstasy. Write down what it is, what it does and how it works. PAIRWORK 29 Discuss in pairs the following questions and statements. 24/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011

Unit 2 - Drugs

Have you had any personal experience with mind altering drugs? Why/why not? If yes, describe it. All mind altering drugs should be banned. If you grow your own marihuana, its only your business. Some people take a trip at a weekend party just to relax and then they function normally during the week - they are not addicts. So whats the problem? Sentences for drug dealing should be as strict as in some Asian countries, i.e. life prison or death penalty. Any school (primary, secondary, university) or employer have the right to require drug tests from their pupils/students/employees. Drug addiction? Cant happen to me.

IN OTHER WORDS 30 Explain the following expressions. overdosing heart failure respiration rate fatigue dose to account for to boost brain activity to suppress appetite lethal dose potent to alter

READING AND LISTENING 31 Read the text. CURRY CAN KILL CANCER CELLS http://www.NewsEnglishLessons.com/0911/091103-curry.html Scientists believe a spice used to make curry can kill cancer cells. The spice is called turmeric and it is very in Indian cooking. Scientists said something in this spice has powers. The lead researcher, Dr Sharon McKenna, found that a known for a long time that natural compounds have the potential to cells. Curcumin may also be good for treating other to like spicy food. If the news is true, Indian restaurants in faulty

turmeric called curcumin killed cancer cells within 24 hours. She said: Scientists have . Researchers are testing it be really busy. Indian food

arthritis and dementia. This is very good news for curry lovers and people who

is becoming more and more popular around the world. In Britain, fish and chips used to be the most popular fast food. Not any more. Nowadays, the favourite British takeaway is chicken tikka an Indian dish. Spicy food might be even more common from now. People worried about cancer might pop in to their local Indian eatery and order a curry doctor. 25/53 Version: 3.0 / 24.8.2011 going to the

Unit 2 - Drugs

32 33

Fill in the gaps with words that make sense and are grammatically correct. Listen and compare with your words.

PHRASE MATCH 34 Match the following phrases from the article 1. 2 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. a spice used very common in this spice has healing killed cancer cells within good for treating researchers are people who a. b. c. d. e. f. g. Indian cooking other diseases testing it to make curry 24 hours powers like spicy food

1__, 2__, 3__, 4__, 5__, 6__, 7__ INTERNET SEARCH, Q&A 35 Internet. Search the Internet and find more information about curry. Prepare 3 questions for your partner. 1. ________________________________________________________ 2. ________________________________________________________ 3. ________________________________________________________

36 Answer your partners questions. IMAGINE 37 Look at the picture. What is the story behind? Describe what you think is happening/has happened.

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Unit 2 - Drugs

38 Use the following words to fill in the gaps and youll get the real story. layers of honey colourless heal liquid nerve endings pulls out skin protectants ways how to make

Dont be surprised if you go to the emergency room with a cut or burn on your hand and the doctor glue. Many medical professionals, consumers and even military use bandages to cure injuries. A liquid bandage is a It reduces pain by covering adherent material that can be sprayed or put directly on a wound. and helps wounds by maintaining moisture

balance and keeping bacteria out, says Ann Salamone, president of Rochal Industries, a private research company in Boca Raton, Florida, that develops such polymer systems. People had been using liquid bandages before the medical versions came on the market. For centuries, humans have applied for example and then in the U.S. by 1998. Synthetic on their injuries. approved for medical use today leave a Octylcyanoacrylate-based glues were approved for medical use first in Canada and Europe polymer film on the skin when the solvent carrier evaporates. Development of liquid first aid for complicated wounds in military situations continues. Earlier this year, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved the sale of a hydrogel liquid bandage that works for 72 hours. Some researchers are now trying to find antibacterial liquid bandages.

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Unit 2 - Drugs

WORDS AND THEIR FAMILIES 39 Scan through the article above and find words with the same or similar meaning. to treat wound to make smaller to use or to put to keep to say yes a thin layer to change from liquid to vapour help to go on

40 How many words from the article can you find? The words are written in all directions horizontal (from left to right and from right to left), vertical and diagonal.
B L Z Q T X Q M A L P U F W K L A Y J K K O R A Y A B R A S B F L F F I O E B Z I F O G F X Z S A S A L I G Q N C G V B N O E T N W Q R K A L V L O F U T U H H C H R B C D Z U T N F R N Y L P E A H I T N V B G E D V D B I T C L N V O A P L D V E R S I O N E S D C U B M A A O O G J Q V U A B A F A R T G L G C V L C D G D F U E I F I R E H O H X M B E U I P C X N P L S A Y W F C C E U L G R E H C R A E S E R K A C U H V T S Z N N W I F W U T N C F

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Unit 2 - Drugs

41 Fill in the table. Noun Adjective colourless liquid nervous surprise medical direct private carrier pain approval synthetic complicated developing interior toxicity impure long deficiency Verb Synonym/definitio n Antonym Collocation

GUIDED WRITING 42 Make sentences by putting the expressions in the correct order. a The bandages/ until the damaged area heals/ work by covering/the wound b and the depth of the wound/depends on the type of liquid bandage/ How long that takes c can also/ Doctors and veterinarians/use these materials /to repair some cuts to internal organs d than stitches/ Liquid bandages / are less traumatic for patients/ because they do not require anaesthesia

e In the 1960s, researchers were thinking/ the Vietnam War./ about using ethylcyanoacrylate superglue/ for closing up wounds and soldiers used it during f g h But ethylcyanoacrylate has never been approved/ should not be/ used on the skin for two main reasons: /for civilian medical use and and release toxic compounds / or monitored to prevent impurities /The short ethyl chains degrade in the body/ and the manufacturing process is not sterile approved for medical use first in Canada and Europe /Long-chain octylcyanoacrylatebased glues / were / and then in the U.S. by 1998

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Unit 2 - Drugs

EXTRA ACTIVITIES 43 Story telling. Divide in groups of 3 4. Each group will get a set of words. In your group, make up a bed time story. You must use all the words given to you! Tell the story to the class. Set A hamster, injection, pill, headache, operation Set B clinical trials, dose, to block, bacteria, patient Set C blood pressure, research, guinea pig, glue, effect 44 Crossword a. Do the crossword. In case of doubt, the sentences in part b should help you.

Across 3. balance 2. often 6. to stop from happening 7. a red liquid in human body

Down 1. another way of doing something 4. lack 4. nutrition 5. causing death

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Unit 2 - Drugs

b. Fill in the gaps by using the words from the crossword above. Its always good to have an (1) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ solution in case the one youre working on fails. Antibiotics may cause problems to children if they are applied too(2) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (3) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ is the condition of a system in which competing influences are balanced. AIDS is the acronym of acquired immuno(4 across)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ syndrome. Patients with hepatitis must be on a strict (4 down) _ _ _ _. In neurosurgery, one wrong cut could be (5) _ _ _ _ _ for the patient. The supervisor should give safety instructions to the lab workers in order to (6) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ accidents. She faints very easily. Her (7) _ _ _ _ _ pressure is too low.

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Unit 2 - Drugs Solution of exercise 27 1A Ethanol produced by the action of yeast on sugars. 1B Ethanol is a biphasic drug: low doses have a different effect to high doses. Small amounts of alcohol (one or two drinks) act as a stimulant, reducing inhibition and producing feelings of mild euphoria. Higher doses depress the central nervous system, initially producing relaxation but then leading to drunkenness - characterised by poor coordination, memory loss, cognitive impairment and blurred vision. Very high doses cause vomiting, coma and death through respiratory failure. The fatal dose varies but is somewhere around 500 milligrams of ethanol per 100 millilitres of blood. 1C At low doses (5 milligrams per 100 millilitres of blood), alcohol sensitises NMDA receptors in the brain, making them more responsive to the excitatory neurotransmitter glutamate, so boosting brain activity. These effects are most pronounced in areas associated with thinking, memory and pleasure. At higher doses it desensitises the same receptors and also activates the inhibitory GABA system. 2A A class of synthetic drugs invented (and still used as) appetite suppressors. Includes amphetamine itself and derivatives including methamphetamine and dextroamphetamine. 2B Amphetamines are powerful stimulants of the central nervous system, producing feelings of euphoria, alertness, mental clarity and increased energy lasting for 2 to 12 hours depending on the dose. The downsides are increased heart rate and blood pressure, nausea, irritability and jitteriness, plus fatigue once the effects have worn off. Overdosing can lead to convulsions, heart failure, coma and death. The fatal dose varies from person to person, with some reports of acute reactions to as little as 2 milligrams and others of non-fatal 500-milligram doses. Most deaths from overdose have been among injecting users. 2C Their principal effect is to block dopamine transporters, which leads to higher-than-normal levels of the pleasure chemical dopamine in the brain. 3A An alkaloid found in coffee, cocoa beans, tea, kola nuts and guarana. Also added to many fizzy drinks, energy drinks, pep pills and cold and flu remedies. 3B It stimulates the central nervous system. Pure caffeine is a moderately powerful drug and is sometimes passed off as amphetamine. In small doses, such as the 150 milligrams in a typical cup of filter coffee, it increases alertness and promotes wakefulness. Caffeine also raises heart and respiration rate and promotes urine production. Higher doses induce jitteriness and anxiety. The fatal dose is about 10 grams. Caffeine raises heart and respiration rate and promotes urine production. 3C Caffeine blocks receptors for the neurotransmitter adenosine, which is generally inhibitory and associated with the onset of sleep. Also raises dopamine levels, and stimulates the release of the fight-or-flight hormone adrenalin. 4A A broad class of natural and synthetic compounds that profoundly alter perception and consciousness. The most widely used are the LSD group, including LSD (lysergic acid diethylamide), LSA (d-lysergic acid amide), DMT (dimethyltryptamine, found in ayahuasca) and psilocybin (the main active ingredient of magic mushrooms). 4B LSD produces experiences far removed from normal reality, including visual and auditory hallucinations, synaesthesia, time distortion, altered sense of self and feelings of detachment. Surfaces undulate and shimmer, colours are more intense and everyday objects can take on a surreal and fascinating appearance. The experience can be extremely frightening. After effects include fatigue and a vague sense of detachment.

Unit 2 - Drugs LSD is one of the most potent psychoactive substances known. Only 25 micrograms are required to produce an effect; 100 micrograms will induce 12 hours or more of profound psychedelia. 4C No one really knows. LSD stimulates three subtypes of serotonin receptor, 5-HT2A, 5-HT2C and 5-HT1A, though it is not clear that this alone can account for its effects. 5A Any compound that stimulates opioid receptors found in the brain, spinal cord and gut. The word "opioid" derives from opium, the narcotic resin extracted from unripe seed pods of the opium poppy (Papaver somniferum). The opiates include naturally occurring alkaloids such as morphine (the main active ingredient of opium), derivatives of these such as heroin, and entirely synthetic compounds such as methadone. 5B Heroin, the most commonly used opiate, can induce euphoria, dreamy drowsiness and a general sense of well-being. The effects of injecting the drug have been described as a "whole-body orgasm", though some users experience no pleasurable effects at all. It also causes nausea, constipation, sweating, itchiness, depressed breathing and heart rate. Higher doses lead to respiratory failure and death. The fatal dose depends on tolerance and how the drug is taken but a naive user would probably die after injecting 200 milligrams. 5C By activating any of the three subtypes of opioid receptors. These normally respond to the body's natural painkilling chemicals including endorphins, which are released in highly stressful situations where pain would be disadvantageous. 6A Dried leaves of the tobacco plant Nicotiana tabacum, a native of South America. Usually smoked but can also be snorted as snuff or chewed. The main active ingredient is the alkaloid nicotine. 6B Nicotine is a mild stimulant which increases alertness, energy levels and memory function. Paradoxically, users also report a relaxant effect. It also increases blood pressure and respiration rate and suppresses appetite. Larger doses cause hallucinations, nausea, vomiting and death. The lethal dose is about 60 milligrams; a typical cigarette delivers about 2 milligrams of nicotine into the bloodstream. 6C Nicotine's principal effect is to stimulate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, which leads to increased levels of the fight-or-flight hormone adrenalin. Also increases levels of dopamine.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials

UNIT 3
CONSERVATION, MATERIALS

WARM UP 1 In pairs / groups, discuss factors which can damage historical buildings. PRE-READING 2 Cover up the text and look only at the title of the article. Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. 2. 3. 4. What do you think the phrase turns yellow in the title means? What do you think the article is going to be about? What information would you like to get from it? Write down six words or phrases which you think you might find in an article on this subject. 3 Match the words with their definitions. 1. tinged 2. rind 3. trapped 4. stain a dirty mark or patch of colour b slightly coloured c hard outer skin or covering d kept, caught

White Tower of London turns yellow Historic buildings blackened by coal smoke may fade into sepia tones as air pollution's composition changes.
1.

Tourists might be a bit flummoxed when they first see the famed White Tower in the Tower of London. The once-white stones are tinged by thin black "rinds", the outer crusts that are a reflection of trapped carbon particles from centuries of coal-burning in the city. But the composition of those black rinds and the color of the stains and crusts that form on historic buildings have been shifting as pollution from coal declines and emissions from cars and other vehicles increase.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials

2.

Yellowing stones at the Tower of London, shown here, could be a disappointment for tourists expecting to see the White Tower. "Because of the changing nature of pollution, the colors [on historic buildings] are changing, going toward yellowy tones," says Peter Brimblecombe, an atmospheric chemist at the University of East Anglia (U.K.). Intrigued by the different colors, Brimblecombe says he and his colleagues set out to answer the question, "what organic chemistry is changing the tones?" Their results are published today on ES&T's Research ASAP website (DOI: 10.1021/es062417w). Led by Alessandra Bonazza of the Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (of the Italian National Research Council), the team took a limited number of samples from the Tower of London. They found that before the 1950s and the shift away from coal, bits of elemental carbon were embedded with gypsum, the result of limestone interacting with atmospheric SO2. The more modern crusts were typically more organic-rich, marking a shift to petroleum and diesel. Concentrations of acetate, oxalate, and formate in the modern layers match modern city atmospheres, the authors say, and these acids' presence indicates increased biological activity in the rinds. "Now, organic material is cementing diesel smoke," Brimblecombe says, and in the modern atmosphere (which has less sulfate), the binding is "more like a plastic adhesive than cement." The new observations are "an interesting addition to the growing view that the pattern of soiling will change" as atmospheric pollutants shift, says Bernard Smith of Queen's University Belfast (U.K.). "How you turn dust into crust turns out to be quite complicated chemically," Smith says, and much work remains to be done on transformation processes. Meanwhile, this new research is "another brick in the wall of the debate" over how buildings weather.

3.

4.

5.

Richard Livingston, a guest researcher at the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology, adds that the new ES&T paper seems to confirm what people suspected as to how weathering mechanisms and coloring might change but that the topic remains controversial. "I would really like to see them doing this kind of study on a whole bunch of different buildings" across Europe and elsewhere, he says, while noting the limited sampling of the study site. In Venice, for example, where industrial sulfur pollution attacked the canal city's limestone building blocks in the 1960s, current patterns may be different because of diesel-burning boats and a lack of automobiles. Smith notes that in the wetter northwest of the U.K., such as Northern Ireland and Scotland, buildings generally made of quartz sandstone have been turning green as climate changes in the region, leading to milder, wetter winters that allow algae to colonize limestone and silicate building stones. One obstacle to studying the problem is that in cities like New York, for example, "the black crust is gone because people are cleaning it," Livingston points out. The question remains whether "it's safer to clean it off or leave it there. That decision is partly policy, partly aesthetic." Brimblecombe emphasizes that this "paradigm shift" in weathering to more organicrich rinds has implications for future restoration and preservation efforts, including for current standards for atmospheric levels of particulate matter near valuable structures. He notes that a lot of people pay good money to see the White Tower and other historic

6.

7.

8.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials buildings, and they expect aesthetically pleasing facades, not blackened or yellowed ones. NAOMI LUBICK http://pubs.acs.org/subscribe/journals/esthag-w/2007/may/science/nl_blackcrusts.html

READING EXERCISES 4 In the text find the words corresponding to the following definitions. 1. change of place, nature 2. a sedimentary rock composed largely of the mineral calcite (calcium carbonate: CaCO3) 3. fixed deeply and firmly 4. to establish firmly, strengthen 5. to make dirty 6. (to cause sth to) change shape or colour because of the action of the sun, rain, wind / to survive, come safely through 5 a) In the paragraphs 1 and 2 find all the words referring to colour (adjectives, nouns, verbs). b) In the text find two expressions referring to a specific type of building stones. 6 According to the text decide whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1. The Tower is made of black stones. 2. The colours on historic buildings are changing because of the changing nature of pollution. 3. The scientists found traces of petroleum and diesel in the more modern crusts. 4. The scientists think it is easy to explain the chemical process how dust turns into crust. 5. The research was done on many different historic buildings in Europe. 6. Historical buildings have always been attacked by the same pollutants. 7. It is still not clear whether it is better to clean the black crust from the buildings. 8. The research should help to set limits of pollutants near historic buildings. 9. Tourists want to see nice facades of historic buildings because they paid money for it.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials 7 8 Explain the words from the text written in bold. Look at the phrases below. With your partner, try to recall exactly how these were used in the text. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 9 once-white stones samples from the Tower of London the pattern of soiling sulphur pollution paradigm shift

Read the text carefully and then give your opinion about the key ideas of each paragraph. Try to use as many different sentence-openings as you can. In my opinion/view. (Personally) I believe/feel.. It seems to me

I think (that)/ of/about

I consider/Im convinced/ (that). Well, I must say...

From my point of view.. As far as Im concerned, ..

10 Prepare a set of four questions relating to any item in the text to ask your colleague. You can use the following question starters. In what context ........? What exactly ..? Where exactly .? In what way ..? 11 Write your opinion about the article. Start your sentences in the following way. What I find surprising.. What I find interesting.. What I find useful. What I agree with What I disagree with. 12 Write a summary of the text. Summarize each paragraph at least by one sentence.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials 13 Four nouns from the text are hidden in the horizontal lines of the puzzle below. Study their meaning and try to find them in the puzzle. 1. 2. 3. 4. A R I a small amount of a product that allows one to find out what it is like a dirty mark or patch of colour the act of restoring a hard outer covering R A C C I T R T S U R T S E A T S I O T N P O S C R A H A M E T P M I L U O E R N R E S T

WARM UP

14

In pairs / groups discuss the possible use of the new stronger paper.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials

PRE READING EXERCISES 15 Cover up the text and look only at the title of the article. Discuss these questions with a partner. 1. 2. 3. 4. What do you think the phrase super paper in the title means? What do you think the article is going to be about? What information would you like to get from it? Write down six words or phrases which you think you might find in an article on this subject.

16

Match the words with their definitions. 1. development 2. to reinforce 3. tough animal and 4. 5. 6. fibre strength network a strong, not easily broken b the quality of being strong c any of thin thread-like parts that together form plant growths d the act of developing e a large system of lines that cross one another or are connected f to make stronger

New 'super-paper' is stronger than cast iron

1. Punching your way out of a paper bag could become a lot harder, thanks to the development of a new kind of paper that is stronger than cast iron. 2. The new paper could be used to reinforce conventional paper, produce extra-strong sticky tape or help create tough synthetic replacements for biological tissues, says Lars Berglund from the Swedish Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, Sweden. 3. Despite its great strength, Berglund's "nanopaper" is produced from a biological material found in conventional paper: cellulose. This long sugar molecule is a principal component of plant cell walls and is the most common organic compound on Earth. 4. Wood is typically about half cellulose, mixed with other structural compounds.

5. In plant cell walls individual cellulose molecules bind together to produce fibres around 20 nanometres in diameter, 5000 times thinner than a human hair. These fibres form tough networks that provide the cell walls with structural support.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials 6."Cellulose nanofibres are the main reinforcement in all plant structures and are characterised by nanoscale dimensions, high strength and toughness," Berglund told New Scientist. 7. Cellulose, which is extracted from wood to make paper, is the basis of cellophane, and has also recently been used by materials scientists developing novel plastic materials. But they have used it only as a cheap filler material, ignoring its mechanical properties. 8. However, the mechanical processes used to pulp wood and process it into paper damage the individual cellulose fibres, greatly reducing their strength. So Berglund and colleagues have developed a gentler process that preserves the fibres' strength.
18:20 06 June 2008, NewScientist.com news service Jon Evans

READ THE TEXT AND DO THE FOLLOWING EXERCISES 17 In paragraphs 2 and 3 find all adjectives. 18 According to the text decide whether the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. The new paper is as strong as cast iron. Conventional paper could be reinforced by the new paper. The new paper is synthetic. Cellulose fibres are extremely thin. Cellulose nanofibres arent strong.

19 Explain the words from the text written in bold. 20 Look at the phrases below. With your partner, try to recall exactly how these were used in the text. 1. 2. 3. the most common organic compound 20 nanometres in diameter cellulose

21 Read the text carefully and then give your opinion about the key ideas of each paragraph. Try to use as many different sentence-openings as you can.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials

I think (that)/ of/about

In my opinion/view.

(Personally) I believe/feel.. It seems to me

I consider/Im convinced/ (that). Well, I must say....

From my point of view..

As far as Im concerned, ...

22

Prepare a set of four questions relating to any item in the text to ask your colleague. You can use the following question starters. In what context ........? What exactly ..? Where exactly .? In what way ..?

23 Write your opinion about the article. Start your sentences in the following way. What I find surprising.. What I find interesting.. What I find useful. What I agree with What I disagree with.

24 Write a short summary of the text.

25 Four nouns from the text are hidden in the horizontal lines of the puzzle below. Study their meaning and try to find them in the puzzle. 1. 2. 3. 4. wood material softened and used for making paper to fasten or bring together; connect following accepted customs any of the parts that together make a whole system

Unit 3 Conservation, materials A R I R A C C I T O J C M O O P I N O N V N S E E O N N P T T U I E L O M P N U E A R M L E A I

EXERCISES 26 Some adjectives related to the properties of materials are defined in the following table. Match the words in the left column with their definitions given in the right column.

PROPERTY 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 brittle hard tough soft flexible rigid smooth rough combustible transparent flammable a b c d e f g h i j k

DESCRIPTION that cannot be bent easily permitting the passage of light not firm against pressure; not stiff having an uneven, bumpy surface easy to set on fire hard but easily broken that can be bent easily not easily cut; not easily weakened having an even surface without sharply raised or lowered places that can catch fire and burn easily that cannot easily be broken, or pressed down

1__ 2__ 3__ 4__ 5__ 6__ 7__ 8__ 9__ 10__ 11__

27 Some words and phrases related to the properties of materials are defined in the following table. Match the words and phrases in the left column with their definitions given in the right column. PROPERTY 1 durability 2 workability 3 conductivity a b c DESCRIPTION the ability of a material to resist degradation through oxidation the ability of a material that allows heat or electricity to pass through the resistance of a material to breaking when there is a

Unit 3 Conservation, materials crack in it the ability of a material to last a long time the ability of a material to be shaped or consolidated in forms easily the ability of a material to return to its original shape after being stretched

4 elasticity 5 tensile strength 6 corrosion resistance 1__ 2__ 3__ 4__ 5__ 6__

d e f

28 Study the two columns below and make statements to describe the properties of the given materials. Example Porcelain is a brittle material. MATERIAL wood diamond rubber glass leather sandpaper paper stone PROPERTY brittle rough smooth flammable tough hard insoluble non-combustible

29

Study the words that can be used to describe the properties of materials. Explain their meanings. Find their antonyms. PROPERTY brittle tough flexible smooth firm transparent natural reactive thick dry ANTONYM

Unit 3 Conservation, materials

30 Decide which prefix is correct with the following words. __ __organic __ __ __advantage __ __soluble __ __ __elastic __ __efficient __ __ __metal __ __ __similar 31 __ __use __ __expected __ __flexible __ __damaged __ __equal __ __penetrable __ __ __flammable __ __correct __ __usual __ __pure __ __build __ __even __ __accurate __ __decorate

Study the following table and complete the missing adjectives and nouns. ADJECTIVE long light weak roughness corrosion thick rigid ceramics strong soft conductivity fragile NOUN

32

Study the following table and complete the missing nouns and verbs. NOUN light stucco select conservation solidity renew VERB

Unit 3 Conservation, materials resistance renovate penetrate damage

33 Make correct collocations combining words from both columns. In pairs, use them in sentences. wall historical analytical organic restoration laboratory corrosive natural research chemical materials centres processes problems methods sciences monuments work paintings projects

34 Find pairs of words with similar meanings. Explain them. damage effective complete consist of restore protection pervious moist artificial damp permanent man-made be composed of penetrable renovate efficient finish harm stable care

35

Study the following pattern. Something is slightly much a lot considerably far Stronger more/less flexible

than something else

Compare different materials using the above-given pattern.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

rubber / flexible / metal wood / tough / sandstone paper / smooth / sandpaper stone / hard / diamond polystyrene / poor conductor of heat / steel glass / brittle / ceramics copper / good conductor of electricity / iron

36 a) Study the following patterns and fill in the gaps. be used to do st be used for st / doing st be used as st

1. 2. 3. 4.

Stone ____________________________ cover the facade of historical buildings. Glass ____________________________ window panels. Wood ____________________________ building material. Chlorine dioxide ____________________removing lignin from the pulp. b) Rewrite the following sentences as shown below. Example Wood is used for making doors. Wood is used to make doors.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Mineral wool is used for insulating buildings. Stone is used for facing walls. Glass can be used for covering the entire facade of a building. These paints are used for coating the facade.

c) Study the table and fill in the gaps in sentences with from or of. be made of be made from is usually used when a material has not been substantially changed is used when a material is changed into a completely different form

1. Some plastics are ________________________________ naturally pre-formed molecules. 2. These vases ____________________________________ cut glass. 3. Polymers can be _________________________________ crude oil. 4. Glass is ________________________________________ sand, limestone, and salt.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials 5. Window frames are ______________________________ plastic or wood. 6. Traditional types of porcelain are often _______________china clay.

37 Work in pairs. Choose a material and write as full description of this material as possible. Then read out your description, without revealing what the material is. The rest of the class must discover, from the description, the identity of the material. 38 Think about the meaning of the two verbs given below. Explain their meaning and give some examples of reusing and recycling different materials or products. REUSE meaning examples 39 a) Look at the drawings of basic two-dimensional shapes. Label each shape with the correct word and write adjectives related to these shapes. How are they pronounced? RECYCLE

Answer the following questions. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Which figure is curved? Which figure has three angles? Which figures have parallel sides? Which figure always has equal sides? Which figure may have equal sides?

b) Draw three-dimensional shapes from the following table. Match the correct word with the correct shape. pyramid sphere cube triangular prism cylinder hemisphere cone

40 Fill in the blanks in the following text by writing the word for the given definition or expression. The first letter is written in bold.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. to be made by pouring into a shaped container not easily moved or changed to be made by changing shape not naturally produced the distance from one end to the other a plastic that is soft and bendable when heated to become firm or stiff the quality of being plastic

Plastic is any of various organic compounds produced by polymerization, capable of being moulded, extruded, c______________________ (1) into various shapes and films, or drawn into filaments, used as textile fibres. Plastics are materials s _____________________ (2) in normal use, but at some stage of their manufacture are plastic and can be shaped or m __________________ __(3) by heat, pressure, or both. Most plastics are polymers and are classified into two main groups: thermoplastic and thermosetting materials. A polymer is a substance, having large molecules consisting of repeated units, monomers. There are a number of natural polymers, such as polysaccharides. S __________________ (4) polymers are extensively used in plastics. Polymers do not have a definite formula since they consist of chains of different l ________________ (5). T__________________(6) materials can be repeatedly melted or softened by heating and h_________________________(7) again on cooling without a change of properties. Thermosetting materials are initially soft, but changed irreversibly to a hard rigid form having been subjected to heat and pressure. They lose their p_____________________ (8).

41 Read the text below. Use the word given in bold at the end of each line to form a related word that fits in the space in the same line. The _____________________tanning process takes the hide through as many as 15 steps from soaking, liming, and pickling to tanning, ___________________and fat liquoring, the step in which oils are introduced into the skin before the leather is dried to replace the natural oils __________________ in processing. The result is leather in its final form. loss dye convention

The process starts with dry-cured or wet-salted skins, which are cleaned and rehydrated.

Unit 3 Conservation, materials The hides are soaked in a _________________________of detergents, ________________- killing agents, and proteolytic enzymes that help clean the pelt. Cleaning is followed by a lime bath to _______________ hair from the hide. The lime bath, sodium sulfide or hydrosulfide, breaks down ________________ structural proteins known as keratins in the hair and skin and removes other proteins that would otherwise __________________ into a hard, inflexible glue and clog the leather . Liming also causes osmotic swelling, which loosens bundles of collagen fiber in the skin so that tanning agents can ______________ thorough penetrate. De-liming, with neutralizers such as ammonium chloride, in turn prepares the hide for bating. Bating imparts further ___________________ , stretch, and flexibility, by removing any unwanted hide components that remain. Today, bacterial enzymes have ____________________ the animal and poultry dung once used as a source of enzymes. replacement soft stiff removal fibre soluble bacterial

42 Complete the following paragraph with one of the words written in the box. facade caring materials research organic damage means monuments application engaged paintings restoration

The Department of Chemical Technology of Monument Conservation is ____________ (1) in studying chemical problems associated with ________________________ (2) for cultural historical _______________________ (3) : studies of causes of ____________________ (4), development and application of methods and ____________________ (5) for preservations of ______________ (6) materials (wood, paper, parchment, etc.), inorganic ___________ (7) (stone, plaster, wall ______________________ (8) , ceramics, etc.), studies and __________________ (9) of methods and means for _____________(10)

Unit 3 Conservation, materials of historical buildings ________________ (11) painting, preserving plasters, etc. and application of analytical methods in _________________(12) of historical objects.

43 The word order in the following sentences is wrong. Rearrange the words and phrases to make correct sentences about oil painting. 1. 2. 3. 4. /time /is/olive oil/for/long/The drying/ /Oil painting/ with /emerged from/egg-oil/experimentation/ tempera painting / /thinner/This/paints/the resulting/makes/ /a 20-th century/Chemistry/also/challenge/is/for/to oil painting /responsible/

44

Read the following paragraph about cellulose and make questions for the answers from this paragraph.

Cellulose is a polysaccharide that occurs widely in nature in fibrous forms as the structural material in the cell walls of plants. Its macromolecules consist of long unbranched chains of glucose units. It is obtained from wood pulp, cotton, and other sources. It is used in the manufacture of paper, rayon, plastics, and explosives. 1. _____________________________________________________________________? A polysaccharide. 2. _____________________________________________________________________ ? In nature. 3. _____________________________________________________________________ ? Its macromolecules. 4. _____________________________________________________________________ ? Long unbranched chains of glucose units.

5. _____________________________________________________________________ ? Wood pulp, cotton, and other sources. 6. _____________________________________________________________________ ? In the manufacture of paper, rayon, plastics, and explosives.

45 Unscramble each of the following groups of letters to make a real word verb related to conservation. Form nouns from these verbs. VERB NOUN

Unit 3 Conservation, materials SRETERO LETCES SEPREVER TROCPET CNORTERCUTS 46 P E M E T A L A S The names of 10 materials are hidden in the puzzle below. The words may be horizontal or vertical. O S R M O C U K E S E A O G L B A P T N P S Y A G L A O M L U P Y C I P N L A B S T U T E E O S R U B B E R D H T A M E R O O T R I C O E N R M P I C K G L A S S W O O D S A L I T A S R M A R B L E

LISTENING 47 Listen and decide whether the following statements are true or false. 1. The research comes out of the Queen University of Technology. 2. The nanoparticles of gold occur in the gold paint. 3. The nanoparticles of gold become catalytic reactive through the photoactivity. 4. The particles of gold vibrate very quickly all the time. 5. The gold paint will be used to clean up the earths atmosphere in the near future.
www.rsc.org/chemistryworld (podcast September 2008 - stained glass windows purify church air 24:46)

48 Listen and fill in the spaces. Interviewer - Chris Smith Now talking of catalysts, who wouldve believed that medieval _____________________ of church windows would turn out to be amongst the world's first nanotechnologists, who also have an eye for clean air Fred? Interviewee - Fred Campbell

Unit 3 Conservation, materials They are cleansing the atmosphere indeed. This is ____________________________ that comes out of the Queensland University of Technology from a guy called professor Zhu and what hes found is that stained glass windows that is painted with gold paint actually contain nanoparticles of gold within the paint and what that can do when the sun shines on it, they become catalytically active through this photoactivity and theyre able to then decompose volatile organic compounds sort of in the air, so these are compounds that you associate with, sort of, with new furniture, varnishes and things like that that are inherently unhealthy to you and in the same way as, sort of, _______________________________________is unhealthy to you. Interviewer - Chris Smith How did the nanoparticles get in the paint? Interviewee - Fred Campbell The paint itself just contains the nanoparticles. These are particles of gold that are small enough to act in a way that nanoparticles do so that when the sunlight hits them they vibrate very quickly and that makes them some catalytically active and when the volatile organic compounds hit the gold nanoparticles they just literally shape themselves up into just side products of _____________________________________which on the scale that theyre released are deemed to be non harmful. Interviewer - Chris Smith Is this viable though? I mean admittedly it's all very well for the church window, but how much on a big scale conversion of these volatiles is this contributing and also is this telling us that we should be doing more of this kind of thing but scale it up in some way.

Interviewee - Fred Campbell Well, I mean of course theres this sort of inherent limiting factor of you don't want to go around painting everything gold. It's a nice article that has come out that suggests that, you know, possibly the glaziers of medieval times were the first nanotechnologists of our time and all that, but on a practical scale, I mean it is not practical to paint everything in gold and therefore you can never really take it on to clean up_________________________________________ . Interviewer - Chris Smith

Unit 3 Conservation, materials But can we steal the idea and put into, say, the exhaust pipes of cars or peoples houses. Interviewee - Fred Campbell Well, obviously it needs to be photoactive, so it has to have the sunlight hitting at it. So to put it in exhaust of someone's car is probably not viable. You can certainly take the idea but you would have to change this, sort of, __________________________________, to something much more viable, much more cheaper that you could use on a large scale. Interviewer - Chris Smith Thank you Fred.
www.rsc.org/chemistryworld (podcast September 2008 -stained glass windows purify church air? 24:46)